Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What Causes Nasal Cancer? | What Causes Paranasal Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer. But we do know some of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer. For example, some risk factors, such as workplace exposure to certain chemicals, may cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the nose and sinuses. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as workplace exposures to certain chemicals and tobacco use, cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. […] Gene changes related to these cancers usually develop during life rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations are often the result of exposure to cancer-causing chemicals like those found in the workplace or in tobacco smoke. Acquired mutations probably cause most nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers, but sometimes they happen for no apparent reason.

• #1 Nasal and paranasal tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-paranasal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20354136

  Nasal and paranasal tumors happen when cells in the nasal cavity or chambers around the nose develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer. […] Factors that may increase the risk of nasal and paranasal tumors include: Smoking tobacco increases the risk. This includes cigarettes, cigars and pipes.

• #1 Nasal and sinus cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasal-and-sinus-cancer/

  Nasal and sinus cancer is a rare cancer that affects the nasal cavity (the space behind your nose) and the sinuses (small air-filled cavities inside your nose, cheekbones and forehead). […] Several factors are known to increase the risk of developing nasal and sinus cancer. These include: prolonged exposure to certain substances through your work including wood dust, leather dust, cloth fibres, nickel, chromium and formaldehyde; smoking the more you smoke, the higher your risk of developing several types of cancer, including nasal and sinus cancer; human papillomavirus (HPV) a group of viruses that affect the skin and moist membranes, such as the mouth and throat. […] The Cancer Research UK website has more information about the risks and causes of nasal and sinus cancer.

• #1 Nasal and Sinus Cancer Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/head-and-neck-cancers/nasal-and-sinus-cancer/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of nasal and sinus cancers is unknown, but certain factors can increase your risk of developing these types of cancers. Risk factors include: […] Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) […] Being male and older than 40 years […] Smoking […] Being exposed to certain workplace chemicals or dust, such as those found in the following jobs: furniture making, sawmill work, woodworking (carpentry), shoemaking, metal-plating, flour mill or bakery work.

• #1 Risk factors for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. Being exposed to wood dust is the most important risk factor for cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus is rare, so it can be hard to figure out what increases the risk for this type of cancer. It is found more often in people older than 40 years of age. More men develop this type of cancer than women, probably because men are more likely to work in the industries that expose them to the risk factors. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Being exposed to large amounts of wood dust is an important risk factor for developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus, especially adenocarcinoma. The risk is high in industries like furniture and cabinet making, sawmill works and carpentry.

• #1 Risk factors for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/risks

  People working in shoe and boot manufacturing have a higher risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus, especially when they are exposed to leather dust. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Being exposed to dust or chemicals from certain nickel compounds (nickel sulphides and oxides) in the nickel-refining industry increases the risk for cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] An inverting papilloma is a type of non-cancerous growth on the lining of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Some inverting papillomas may develop into cancer, so they are often removed by surgery. […] Studies show that workers exposed to the strong acid process and chemicals used to make isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) have a higher risk for cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus.

• #1 Nasal sinus cancer – Occupational Diseases | Haz-Map

  https://haz-map.com/Diseases/140

  Agents associated with sino-nasal cancer include formaldehyde, leather dust, and wood dust. […] Nickel-refining, chrome refining, and chrome-plating workers showed increased risk in some studies. […] Softwood dust is associated with squamous cell carcinoma, and hardwood dust is associated with adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity. […] An increased risk exists for sawmill workers, furniture workers, wood products workers, and carpenters. […] Sino-nasal cancer is associated with occupational exposure to nickel (refining), wood dusts (furniture making), boot and shoe dusts (manufacturing), hexavalent chromium (pigment manufacturing), and radium (dial painting). […] Strong evidence: Boot and shoe manufacture and repair; furniture and cabinet making; isopropanol manufacture, strong acid process (sulfuric acid); nickel refining (nickel oxides and sulfides); wood dust. […] „There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of leather dust. Leather dust causes cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.” […] A study of 86 cases found increased risk when exposure to inhalable wood dust exceeded 3.5 mg/m3.

• #1 Nasal and paranasal tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-paranasal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20354136

  Being exposed to air pollution. Breathing in polluted air increases the risk of nasal and paranasal tumors. […] Being exposed to chemicals and irritants in the air at work. These may include wood dust, fumes from glue, rubbing alcohol and formaldehyde, and dust from flour, chromium and nickel. […] Being exposed to human papillomavirus, also called HPV. HPV is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in cells that can lead to many types of cancer.

• #1 Risks And Causes Of Nasal And Paranasal Sinus Cancer

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer/risks-causes

  Smoking tobacco is one of the biggest causes of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer. […] Smoking increases your risk of nasal cavity cancer. If you smoke, you are at a higher than average risk of developing this type of cancer. […] Research shows that some jobs increase your risk of developing nasal and paranasal sinus cancer. This is because they can expose you to certain chemicals. […] About 30 in every 100 cases (30%) of nasal and paranasal sinus cancers are linked to HPV. […] Previous radiotherapy for hereditary retinoblastoma has been linked with some types of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer lists the following substances as having limited evidence for increasing your risk of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer: chromium (VI) compounds, formaldehyde, cloth fibres.

• #1 A case-control study on occupational risk factors for sino-nasal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2693673/

  The significant dose response observed between the risk of AD and increasing textile dust exposure supports the existence of an association found in a pooled analysis of 12 case-control studies. […] Arsenic is another well-established carcinogen (group 1 IARC), but only a few case reports have been published on SNC and occupational exposure to arsenic. […] Some occupational risk factors for SNEC (wood and leather dusts) were confirmed, and doseresponse effects were observed for other hazards (welding fumes, organic solvents and textile dusts) that merit further investigation.

• #1 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  Risk factors for sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) have been extensively investigated. They are complicated, multifactorial, and somewhat controversial. The idea that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma in this area are associated with exposure to nickel dust, mustard gas, thorotrast, isopropyl oil, chromium, or dichlorodiethyl sulfide is well established. Wood dust exposure, in particular, is found to increase the risk of SCC 21 times and the risk of adenocarcinoma 874 times. […] In addition, cigarette smoke is associated with a greater risk of SNM. […] A careful social and employment history should be asked of all patients presenting with symptoms concerning for SNM. […] Viral infections and their relationship to malignancy is an interesting area that has not received sufficient investigation.

• #1 What Are the Risk Factors for Nose Cancer or Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that increases your chances of getting a disease like cancer. […] Researchers have found a few risk factors that make a person more likely to develop nasal cavity (nose) and paranasal sinus cancer. Most of these are exposures to inhaled substances in the workplace. Other risk factors are similar to those for other cancers in the head and neck area, such as smoking. […] Smoking increases the risk of nasal cavity cancer, specifically the squamous cell type. […] The human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found in some cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, but because these cancers are rare, more research is needed to show that HPV infection causes them. […] Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are about 2 times more common in men than women.

• #1 Risk factors for cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses among white men in the United States – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8256781/

  A case-control analysis of cancer of the nasal cavity and sinuses was performed using data from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey. […] Cigarette smoking was related to an increased risk of nasal cancer, with a doubling of risk among heavy or long-term smokers and a reduction in risk among long-term quitters. […] After adjustment for smoking, a significant dose-response relation was also noted between alcohol drinking and risk of nasal cancer. […] High consumption of salted/smoked foods was associated with elevated risk, and risk tended to decrease with increasing intake of vegetables. […] The study confirms that cigarette smoking is a risk factor for nasal cancer, and provides further evidence that dietary factors may play a role in the etiology of this malignancy.

• #1 Nose Cancer and Sinus Cancer – Head and Neck Cancer Australia

  https://www.headandneckcancer.org.au/types-of-head-neck-cancer/nasal-cancer/

  Different types of cancer can develop from the different kinds of cells in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The most common are called squamous cell carcinoma (arising from the lining of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses) and adenocarcinoma (arising from the small gland cells throughout the sinuses). […] The main causes of nose and paranasal sinus cancers are: Smoking (cigarettes, cigars or pipes) or using smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco) If a person smokes or has smoked in the past, they have a higher risk of getting nasal and paranasal sinus cancer than someone who has never smoked. […] Drinking alcohol If a person drinks a lot of alcohol over many years, they have a higher risk of getting nasal and paranasal sinus cancer, especially combined with smoking.

• #1 Risk factors for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/risks

  Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) called extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. This form of NHL can affect the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses. […] Treating retinoblastoma with radiation therapy increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus later on.

• #1 Sinus Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/sinus-cancer/risk-factors

  The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), known for causing mononucleosis in young adults, may be associated with the development of certain cancers, including nasopharyngeal cancer. EBV is prevalent in individuals of Asian ancestry and those who eat lots of smoked fish. […] Workplace exposure to certain chemicals and substances may increase the risk of sinus cancer, especially in those involved in woodworking, baking with flour or working with nickel and other heavy metals.

• #1 Nasal and sinus cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/nasal-and-sinus-cancer/

  Several factors are known to increase the risk of developing nasal and sinus cancer, including: […] your gender men are more likely to develop nasal and sinus cancer than women […] prolonged exposure to certain substances through your work, including wood dust, leather dust, nickel, chromium and formaldehyde […] smoking the more you smoke, the higher your risk of developing several types of cancer, including nasal and sinus cancer […] human papilloma virus (HPV) a group of viruses that affect the skin and moist membranes, such as the mouth and throat.

• #1 What Are the Risk Factors for Nose Cancer or Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  About 80% (8 out of 10 people) of people diagnosed with cancer of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus are older than 55 years of age. […] Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are much more common among White people than Black people. […] People with the hereditary form of retinoblastoma, a type of eye cancer that typically develops in children, have an increased risk of nasal cavity cancer if the retinoblastoma was treated with radiation.

• #1 Nasal and sinus cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/nasal-and-sinus-cancer

  The exact causes of nasal and sinus cancer are not known but there are risk factors that can increase the chances of developing it. […] Nasal and sinus cancer is more common in people who handle or breathe in certain chemicals or dust for many years because of their job. These include formaldehyde, wood dust and leather dust. […] Smoking tobacco may also increase the risk of nasal and sinus cancer. […] Some cases of nasal and sinus cancer may be linked to an infection called human papilloma virus (HPV). […] Most people have HPV at some time during their life. But most people with HPV do not develop nasal and sinus cancer. […] As with other cancers, nasal and sinus cancer is not infectious and cannot be passed onto other people.

• #1 Causes of Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cancer | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/paranasal-sinus-nasal-cavity-cancer/paranasal-sinus-nasal-cavity-cancer-causes.html

  There is no way to know for sure if you’re going to get paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. Certain factors can make you more likely than someone else to get it. These are called risk factors. […] People who are exposed to mustard gas, isopropyl oils, volatile hydrocarbons, or metals like nickel and chromium (which occurs most commonly in the leather tanning, nickel mining and carpentry industries) have an increased risk of developing paranasal sinus cancer. Chronic sinusitis may also increase the risk of developing the disease. […] In addition, tobacco use increases the risk of developing the most common form of paranasal sinus cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) although tobacco’s role in other types of paranasal sinus cancer is less clear.

• #1 Can Chronic Sinusitis or Nasal Congestion Lead to Sinus Cancer?

  https://www.socalsinus.com/can-chronic-sinusitis-or-nasal-congestion-lead-to-sinus-cancer/

  While chronic sinusitis itself is not a direct cause of sinus cancer, there is some evidence to suggest a potential association between the two. Chronic inflammation, as seen in long-term sinusitis, can lead to abnormal changes in the tissue lining the sinuses. Over time, chronically inflamed nasal tissues may become cancerous. […] Several studies have explored the relationship between chronic sinusitis and sinus cancer. The evidence suggests that individuals with a history of chronic sinusitis have an increased risk of developing certain types of sinonasal malignancies, particularly squamous cell carcinoma in the nasal and sinus cavities. The study suggested that chronic inflammation might affect the carcinogenic process. […] However, most individuals with chronic sinusitis do not develop sinus cancer. The incidence of sinus cancer remains low, even among those with chronic sinus inflammation. Factors such as genetics, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices are likely to play a more significant role in the development of sinus cancer than chronic sinusitis alone.

• #1 Nose and Sinus Cancer in Cats – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Recovery, Management, Cost

  https://wagwalking.com/cat/condition/nose-and-sinus-cancer

  Nose and sinus cancers are considered fairly rare in cats and other companion animals. […] Like many cancers occurring in cats and other companion animals, the exact cause of nose and sinus cancer is unknown. Cancer occurs due to abnormal cell growth, and nose and sinus cancer is no different. It can be caused by skin, lymphatic, bone, or other types of cells. Risk factors that may increase the likelihood of sinus or nose cancer in cats include: Age more likely to develop in older cats, Sex male cats are affected almost twice as often, Urban dwelling, Exposure to pollutants, Exposure to certain chemicals or poisons, Chronic or frequent infections, Living in a home with a smoker, Presence of cancer elsewhere in the body.

• #1 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/nasal.htm

  Risk factors for cancer of the nasopharynx include: Salted fish and other preserved foods. The higher rates of cancer of the nasopharynx among people from China and southeast Asia have been linked with eating salted preserved fish, a part of the traditional diet in this region of the world. Some other preserved foods eaten by people in other parts of the world have also been associated with this disease. Risk is greatest for people who first started eating these foods at a very young age. […] Epstein-Barr virus. Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to increased risk for cancer of the nasopharynx. EBV is a very common virus that causes infectious mononucleosis („mono”). However, most people infected with EBV do not get cancer of the nasopharynx, so the virus alone cannot be the cause of the cancer.

• #1 Nose cancer (paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nose-cancer

  Nose cancer is cancer that develops in cells within your nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses or both. […] Risk factors for nose cancer include smoking, drinking alcohol and breathing in certain dusts or chemicals. […] There are various risk factors that make you more likely to develop nose cancer. These include: smoking, using smokeless tobacco-like snuff or chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol, breathing in certain dusts like wood or leather dusts or certain chemicals. […] Nose cancer is more than twice as common in males than in females. It is also more common in people over the age of 45. […] Cancer can’t be fully prevented, but you can reduce your risk of developing nose cancer by not smoking, avoiding alcohol and avoiding exposure to various dusts and chemicals, especially in the workplace.

• #2 Nasal and sinus cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasal-and-sinus-cancer/

  Nasal and sinus cancer is a rare cancer that affects the nasal cavity (the space behind your nose) and the sinuses (small air-filled cavities inside your nose, cheekbones and forehead). […] Several factors are known to increase the risk of developing nasal and sinus cancer. These include: prolonged exposure to certain substances through your work including wood dust, leather dust, cloth fibres, nickel, chromium and formaldehyde; smoking the more you smoke, the higher your risk of developing several types of cancer, including nasal and sinus cancer; human papillomavirus (HPV) a group of viruses that affect the skin and moist membranes, such as the mouth and throat. […] The Cancer Research UK website has more information about the risks and causes of nasal and sinus cancer.

• #2 Nasal and paranasal tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-paranasal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20354136

  Nasal and paranasal tumors happen when cells in the nasal cavity or chambers around the nose develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer. […] Factors that may increase the risk of nasal and paranasal tumors include: Smoking tobacco increases the risk. This includes cigarettes, cigars and pipes.

• #2 A case-control study on occupational risk factors for sino-nasal cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2693673/

  Sino-nasal cancer has been consistently associated with exposure to wood dust, leather dust, nickel and chromium compounds; for other occupational hazards, the findings are somewhat mixed. […] The risk of adenocarcinoma was significantly increased with ever-exposure to wood dust (odds ratio; OR=58.6), and to leather dust (OR=32.8) and organic solvents (OR=4.3) after controlling for wood dust, whereas ever-exposure to welding fumes (OR=3.7) and arsenic (OR=4.4) significantly increased the risk for squamous cell carcinoma. […] Some occupational risk factors for SNEC were confirmed, and doseresponse relationships were observed for other hazards that merit further investigation. […] The high risk for adenocarcinoma with low-intensity exposure to wood dust lends support for a reduction in the occupational threshold value.

• #2 Risk factors for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/risks

  People working in shoe and boot manufacturing have a higher risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus, especially when they are exposed to leather dust. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] Being exposed to dust or chemicals from certain nickel compounds (nickel sulphides and oxides) in the nickel-refining industry increases the risk for cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus. […] An inverting papilloma is a type of non-cancerous growth on the lining of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Some inverting papillomas may develop into cancer, so they are often removed by surgery. […] Studies show that workers exposed to the strong acid process and chemicals used to make isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) have a higher risk for cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus.

• #2 Nasal and paranasal tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-paranasal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20354136

  Being exposed to air pollution. Breathing in polluted air increases the risk of nasal and paranasal tumors. […] Being exposed to chemicals and irritants in the air at work. These may include wood dust, fumes from glue, rubbing alcohol and formaldehyde, and dust from flour, chromium and nickel. […] Being exposed to human papillomavirus, also called HPV. HPV is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in cells that can lead to many types of cancer.

• #2 Sinus Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/sinus-cancer/risk-factors

  Increased age is a risk factor for developing sinus cancer. Approximately 80 percent of patients diagnosed with paranasal or nasal cavity cancers are over the age of 55. […] Previous cancer treatments may increase the risk for developing sinus cancer. Exposure to high doses of radiation therapy, particularly in the head or neck region, may raise the risk of sinus and other head and neck cancers. In addition, patients who undergo radiation for retinoblastoma, an inherited eye cancer typically found in children, have an increased risk of developing nasal cavity cancer. […] Smoking may increase the risk for developing nasal cavity cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer. According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 85 percent of people diagnosed with head and neck cancers have used tobacco, particularly cigarettes.

• #2 Nose Cancer and Sinus Cancer – Head and Neck Cancer Australia

  https://www.headandneckcancer.org.au/types-of-head-neck-cancer/nasal-cancer/

  Breathing in certain chemicals or dust that may cause cancer including wood dust (hard and soft wood), leather dust (e.g. shoe making), chromium, nickel, heavy metal exposure, formaldehyde, cloth fibres (e.g. textile manufacturing) and mineral oils (used in metal work and printing. […] Other factors that may increase the risk of nose and paranasal sinus cancer are: Being male in Australia nasal and paranasal sinus cancers are twice as common in men compared to women […] Age most nasal and para nasal sinus cancers are common in people aged 45 years and over.

• #2 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-overview

  Preliminary studies show that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) in elevated levels of expression may be associated with early events in inverting papilloma (IP) carcinogenesis. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection may also be an early event in a multistep process of malignant transformation of inverting papilloma (IP). […] A study by Oliver et al, using the US National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), suggested that HPV also has a frequent role in the development of sinonasal SCC and that the overall survival rate tends to be better in patients with HPV-positive sinonasal SCC.

• #2 What Are the Risk Factors for Nose Cancer or Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  About 80% (8 out of 10 people) of people diagnosed with cancer of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus are older than 55 years of age. […] Cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are much more common among White people than Black people. […] People with the hereditary form of retinoblastoma, a type of eye cancer that typically develops in children, have an increased risk of nasal cavity cancer if the retinoblastoma was treated with radiation.

• #2 Risk factors for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/risks

  Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) called extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. This form of NHL can affect the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses. […] Treating retinoblastoma with radiation therapy increases the risk of developing cancer of the nasal cavity or a paranasal sinus later on.

Zobacz więcej