Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Food allergy and intolerance | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/food-allergy-and-intolerance

  Food intolerance occurs when the body has a chemical reaction to eating a particular food or drink. […] Food intolerance does not involve the immune system and does not cause severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). […] Food intolerance is a chemical reaction that some people have after eating or drinking some foods; it is not an immune response. Food intolerance has been associated with asthma, chronic fatigue syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

• #2 Food Intolerance: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21688-food-intolerance

  Food intolerances affect your digestive system. People who suffer from an intolerance, or sensitivity, cant break down certain foods. They develop gas, diarrhea and other problems. An intolerance or food sensitivity is inconvenient but not life-threatening. […] When you have a food intolerance, it means your digestive system has a hard time digesting (breaking down) a food. Another word for food intolerance is food sensitivity. […] Food intolerance means your gut is sensitive to certain foods and cant tolerate them. When you eat these foods, you may experience uncomfortable symptoms like gas, diarrhea and abdominal pain. […] People with food intolerances often dont make enough of a particular enzyme that the digestive system needs to break down a certain food or ingredient. […] Certain gastrointestinal conditions may make you more prone to food sensitivities. […] Food intolerances tend to be lifelong. Most people can manage symptoms if they reduce or cut out foods that cause digestive problems. Food intolerance may be an inconvenience (and the symptoms unpleasant), but it isnt a life-threatening problem like a food allergy.

• #3 Food intolerance and food allergy in adults: An overview – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/food-intolerance-and-food-allergy-in-adults-an-overview

  Food allergies are adverse reactions to foods due to immunologic mechanisms. Most adverse food reactions in adults are due to various forms of food intolerance, which are nonimmunologic reactions. […] Food intolerance refers to difficulty digesting or metabolizing a particular food. Food intolerance disorders are a subset of all adverse food reactions and are reported by 15 to 20 percent of the population. […] Food intolerances are not immunologic allergies and do not carry the same risk, although patients may not appreciate this distinction. A simple way to explain the difference is that food intolerance generally involves the digestive system, the amount of food ingested is directly related to the severity of symptoms, and the food causes similar symptoms with each exposure. In contrast, food allergies involve the immune system and, with immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergies, even tiny amounts of the food can cause severe reactions. […] Clinical features of food intolerances traverse a spectrum of organ systems and vary among different disorders, although most involve prominent gastrointestinal symptoms. Excessive intestinal gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are common symptoms.

• #4 The Differential Diagnosis of Food Intolerance (22.05.2009)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/64803/The-Differential-Diagnosis-of-Food-Intolerance%7C

  The majority of cases of food intolerance (15% to 20%) are due to non-immunological causes. These causes range from pseudoallergic reactions to enzymopathies, chronic infections, and psychosomatic reactions that are associated with food intolerance. The prevalence of true food allergy, i.e., immunologically mediated intolerance reactions, is only 2% to 5%. […] Food intolerance of functional origin is often caused only by an isolated functional disorder (such as lactase deficiency in the small intestine) and is initially unaccompanied by any other anatomical or morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Food intolerance of structural etiology, on the other hand, has its origin in an anatomically and morphologically demonstrable disease involving a structural alteration in the gastrointestinal tract. This results secondarily in food-associated symptoms.

• #5 Food Intolerance: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21688-food-intolerance

  Food intolerances affect your digestive system. People who suffer from an intolerance, or sensitivity, cant break down certain foods. They develop gas, diarrhea and other problems. An intolerance or food sensitivity is inconvenient but not life-threatening. […] When you have a food intolerance, it means your digestive system has a hard time digesting (breaking down) a food. Another word for food intolerance is food sensitivity. […] Food intolerance means your gut is sensitive to certain foods and cant tolerate them. When you eat these foods, you may experience uncomfortable symptoms like gas, diarrhea and abdominal pain. […] People with food intolerances often dont make enough of a particular enzyme that the digestive system needs to break down a certain food or ingredient. […] Certain gastrointestinal conditions may make you more prone to food sensitivities. […] Food intolerances tend to be lifelong. Most people can manage symptoms if they reduce or cut out foods that cause digestive problems. Food intolerance may be an inconvenience (and the symptoms unpleasant), but it isnt a life-threatening problem like a food allergy.

• #6 Food intolerance and food allergy in adults: An overview – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/food-intolerance-and-food-allergy-in-adults-an-overview

  Food allergies are adverse reactions to foods due to immunologic mechanisms. Most adverse food reactions in adults are due to various forms of food intolerance, which are nonimmunologic reactions. […] Food intolerance refers to difficulty digesting or metabolizing a particular food. Food intolerance disorders are a subset of all adverse food reactions and are reported by 15 to 20 percent of the population. […] Food intolerances are not immunologic allergies and do not carry the same risk, although patients may not appreciate this distinction. A simple way to explain the difference is that food intolerance generally involves the digestive system, the amount of food ingested is directly related to the severity of symptoms, and the food causes similar symptoms with each exposure. In contrast, food allergies involve the immune system and, with immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergies, even tiny amounts of the food can cause severe reactions. […] Clinical features of food intolerances traverse a spectrum of organ systems and vary among different disorders, although most involve prominent gastrointestinal symptoms. Excessive intestinal gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are common symptoms.

• #7 Food Intolerance: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21688-food-intolerance

  Food intolerances affect your digestive system. People who suffer from an intolerance, or sensitivity, cant break down certain foods. They develop gas, diarrhea and other problems. An intolerance or food sensitivity is inconvenient but not life-threatening. […] When you have a food intolerance, it means your digestive system has a hard time digesting (breaking down) a food. Another word for food intolerance is food sensitivity. […] Food intolerance means your gut is sensitive to certain foods and cant tolerate them. When you eat these foods, you may experience uncomfortable symptoms like gas, diarrhea and abdominal pain. […] People with food intolerances often dont make enough of a particular enzyme that the digestive system needs to break down a certain food or ingredient. […] Certain gastrointestinal conditions may make you more prone to food sensitivities. […] Food intolerances tend to be lifelong. Most people can manage symptoms if they reduce or cut out foods that cause digestive problems. Food intolerance may be an inconvenience (and the symptoms unpleasant), but it isnt a life-threatening problem like a food allergy.

• #8 Sensitivities vs. Allergies | Pomona College in Claremont, California – Pomona College

  https://www.pomona.edu/administration/dining/health-wellness/allergies/sensitivities-vs-allergies

  Food intolerance can produce some digestive symptoms that are similar to food sensitivity but it doesn’t involve the immune system. […] Instead, when the food in question is consumed, it is not properly digested and begins to ferment inside the gut. […] The best example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance. […] This condition is characterized by bloating, loose stools or diarrhea and gas. […] Lactose intolerance is caused by an inability of the body to produce enough of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose, the primary sugar found in milk.

• #9 Sensitivities vs. Allergies | Pomona College in Claremont, California – Pomona College

  https://www.pomona.edu/administration/dining/health-wellness/allergies/sensitivities-vs-allergies

  Food intolerance can produce some digestive symptoms that are similar to food sensitivity but it doesn’t involve the immune system. […] Instead, when the food in question is consumed, it is not properly digested and begins to ferment inside the gut. […] The best example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance. […] This condition is characterized by bloating, loose stools or diarrhea and gas. […] Lactose intolerance is caused by an inability of the body to produce enough of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose, the primary sugar found in milk.

• #10 Food Allergies & Sensitivities: Symptoms & Treatments FAQ

  https://acupuncturenutrition.com/food-allergies-sensitivities-faq/

  Food intolerance can produce some digestive symptoms that are similar to food sensitivity but it doesnt involve the immune system. Instead, when the food in question is consumed, it is not properly digested and begins to ferment inside the gut. The best example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance. This condition is characterized by bloating, loose stools or diarrhea, and gas. Lactose intolerance is caused by an inability of the body to produce enough of the enzyme lactase which breaks down lactose, the primary sugar found in milk. […] The symptoms that result when we have food sensitivities are caused by the release of toxic chemicals such as histamine from from immune cells. The table below describes the sequence of events involved in developing symptoms from food sensitivities. Immune system identifies foods and food substances as foreign. Immune mechanisms (IgG, IgM, IgA, Complement) and non-Immune mechanisms trigger immune cells to attack Chemicals such as histamine are released from immune cells to destroy invaders. Tissue inflammation and damage occurs leading to symptoms. Migraines, Fibromyalgia, IBS, Arthritis etc.

• #11 Is it a food intolerance, allergy, or something else? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/is-it-a-food-intolerance-allergy-or-something-else

  When you’re intolerant to a particular food, it’s usually because your body lacks an enzyme needed to break down a component in that food (such as lactose, the sugar in milk). Or, your body might be sensitive to a particular chemical or additive in the food. The process leading to food intolerance often starts early in life, but symptoms can be too subtle to notice at first. „People may become more aware of intolerances as they get older,” Dr. Kelly says. […] Your body can’t break down the sugar lactose because your gut contains reduced levels of the intestinal enzyme lactase. […] You have many of the same symptoms as someone with celiac disease after eating wheat or other foods containing gluten (stomach pains, bloating, fatigue), but your immune system doesn’t produce the blood test abnormalities seen in people with celiac disease, and there is no evidence of damage in the intestines.

• #12 Food intolerance: Causes, types, symptoms, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263965

  Food intolerances arise if the body is unable to digest a certain food. This impairment may be due to a lack of digestive enzymes or a sensitivity to certain chemicals. […] While a food allergy results from an immune response to a specific food, food intolerances usually involve the digestive system, not the immune system. […] The body uses digestive enzymes to break down foods. If a person lacks certain enzymes, they may be less able to digest certain foods. […] In these individuals, the fructose in foods ferments in the gut, leading to gas, fullness, bloating, cramps, and diarrhea. […] Gluten intolerance differs from celiac disease an autoimmune system response to gluten and wheat allergy, an allergic response to wheat. However, the symptoms of these conditions may be similar. […] Food intolerances can mimic the symptoms of chronic digestive conditions, such as IBS. However, certain patterns in the symptoms can help a doctor distinguish between the two. […] Food intolerances arise when the body cannot properly digest certain foods. Lactose intolerance and gluten intolerance are common types.

• #13 Gluten Intolerance: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21622-gluten-intolerance

  Gluten intolerance is when you get sick after eating gluten. Gluten intolerance is also called non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] The exact causes of gluten intolerance arent well understood. Some research shows that people may not be sensitive to gluten, but to a certain carbohydrate found in many foods. Their bodies dont absorb the carbohydrate as they should. It stays in their guts and ferments, causing sickness. […] Other research suggests that wheat might affect the lining of some peoples digestive tracts. This lining usually keeps bacteria from leaking out of your intestines. But in people with a gluten intolerance, the lining may not work as it should, allowing bacteria into their blood or liver and causing inflammation.

• #14 Food Allergies & Sensitivities: Symptoms & Treatments FAQ

  https://acupuncturenutrition.com/food-allergies-sensitivities-faq/

  Food intolerance can produce some digestive symptoms that are similar to food sensitivity but it doesnt involve the immune system. Instead, when the food in question is consumed, it is not properly digested and begins to ferment inside the gut. The best example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance. This condition is characterized by bloating, loose stools or diarrhea, and gas. Lactose intolerance is caused by an inability of the body to produce enough of the enzyme lactase which breaks down lactose, the primary sugar found in milk. […] The symptoms that result when we have food sensitivities are caused by the release of toxic chemicals such as histamine from from immune cells. The table below describes the sequence of events involved in developing symptoms from food sensitivities. Immune system identifies foods and food substances as foreign. Immune mechanisms (IgG, IgM, IgA, Complement) and non-Immune mechanisms trigger immune cells to attack Chemicals such as histamine are released from immune cells to destroy invaders. Tissue inflammation and damage occurs leading to symptoms. Migraines, Fibromyalgia, IBS, Arthritis etc.

• #15 Sensitivities vs. Allergies | Pomona College in Claremont, California – Pomona College

  https://www.pomona.edu/administration/dining/health-wellness/allergies/sensitivities-vs-allergies

  Food intolerance can produce some digestive symptoms that are similar to food sensitivity but it doesn’t involve the immune system. […] Instead, when the food in question is consumed, it is not properly digested and begins to ferment inside the gut. […] The best example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance. […] This condition is characterized by bloating, loose stools or diarrhea and gas. […] Lactose intolerance is caused by an inability of the body to produce enough of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose, the primary sugar found in milk.

• #16 Sensitivities vs. Allergies | Pomona College in Claremont, California – Pomona College

  https://www.pomona.edu/administration/dining/health-wellness/allergies/sensitivities-vs-allergies

  Food intolerance can produce some digestive symptoms that are similar to food sensitivity but it doesn’t involve the immune system. […] Instead, when the food in question is consumed, it is not properly digested and begins to ferment inside the gut. […] The best example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance. […] This condition is characterized by bloating, loose stools or diarrhea and gas. […] Lactose intolerance is caused by an inability of the body to produce enough of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose, the primary sugar found in milk.

• #17 Food Allergies vs Food Sensitivities – What’s the Difference? | Autism Dietitian

  https://www.autismdietitian.com/blog/food-reactions

  Food intolerance involves the lack of an enzyme (i.e. lactase, sucrase, etc). […] Typical cells involved: Gut bacteria digests the indigestible product (i.e. lactose, sucrose, etc) and produces hydrogen and methane gas, and sometimes lactic acid, causing loose stools. […] Common symptoms: Diarrhea, stomach cramping, nausea, sometimes vomiting. […] Typical reaction timeline: 30 minutes to 2 hours. […] As food intolerances often are caused by the absence of a digestive enzyme, it’s important for us to look at many digestive enzymes, not just the most common lactase. […] One study reported that decreased disaccharidase activity (including lactase, maltase, sucrose glucoamylase, and palatinase) associated with functional GI abnormalities was reported in children with autism. […] Other studies suggest that Elastase-1 is an important pancreatic enzyme that is important to take into consideration for autism.

• #18 Gluten Intolerance: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21622-gluten-intolerance

  Gluten intolerance is when you get sick after eating gluten. Gluten intolerance is also called non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] The exact causes of gluten intolerance arent well understood. Some research shows that people may not be sensitive to gluten, but to a certain carbohydrate found in many foods. Their bodies dont absorb the carbohydrate as they should. It stays in their guts and ferments, causing sickness. […] Other research suggests that wheat might affect the lining of some peoples digestive tracts. This lining usually keeps bacteria from leaking out of your intestines. But in people with a gluten intolerance, the lining may not work as it should, allowing bacteria into their blood or liver and causing inflammation.

• #19 The Connection Between Food Sensitivity and Leaky Gut – Blog

  https://www.cnslab.co.uk/blog/post/food-sensitivity-leaky-gut.html

  There is a widespread erroneous belief that immune system reactions to the foods we eat are exclusively associated with IgE antibody mediated mechanisms (true allergy). However, according to more recent studies, IgG-dependent hypersensitivity, characterised by a delayed immune response, also plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of food reactions, often referred to as food sensitivity. […] Evidence suggests that the development of IgG-mediated food sensitivity is directly related to increased permeability of the intestinal barrier. […] There is increasing evidence that damage to the tight junctions and the subsequent influx of toxins and allergens leads to abnormal immune reactions and the potential development of autoimmune diseases. […] A number of studies have shown that damage to the tight junctions is the precipitating cause for the development of food specific IgG antibodies.

• #20 The Connection Between Food Sensitivity and Leaky Gut – Blog

  https://www.cnslab.co.uk/blog/post/food-sensitivity-leaky-gut.html

  There is a widespread erroneous belief that immune system reactions to the foods we eat are exclusively associated with IgE antibody mediated mechanisms (true allergy). However, according to more recent studies, IgG-dependent hypersensitivity, characterised by a delayed immune response, also plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of food reactions, often referred to as food sensitivity. […] Evidence suggests that the development of IgG-mediated food sensitivity is directly related to increased permeability of the intestinal barrier. […] There is increasing evidence that damage to the tight junctions and the subsequent influx of toxins and allergens leads to abnormal immune reactions and the potential development of autoimmune diseases. […] A number of studies have shown that damage to the tight junctions is the precipitating cause for the development of food specific IgG antibodies.

• #21 Food Intolerance Versus Food Allergy

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/food-intolerance

  Food intolerance response takes place in the digestive system. It occurs when you are unable to properly breakdown the food. This could be due to enzyme deficiencies, sensitivity to food additives or reactions to naturally occurring chemicals in foods. […] A food allergic reaction involves the immune system. Your immune system controls how your body defends itself. For instance, if you have an allergy to cows milk, your immune system identifies cows milk as an invader or allergen. Your immune system overreacts by producing antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction. Each type of IgE has a specific radar for each type of allergen. […] Unlike an intolerance to food, a food allergy can cause a serious or even life-threatening reaction by eating a microscopic amount, touching or inhaling the food.

• #22 Food intolerance and food allergy in adults: An overview – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/food-intolerance-and-food-allergy-in-adults-an-overview

  Food allergies are adverse reactions to foods due to immunologic mechanisms. Most adverse food reactions in adults are due to various forms of food intolerance, which are nonimmunologic reactions. […] Food intolerance refers to difficulty digesting or metabolizing a particular food. Food intolerance disorders are a subset of all adverse food reactions and are reported by 15 to 20 percent of the population. […] Food intolerances are not immunologic allergies and do not carry the same risk, although patients may not appreciate this distinction. A simple way to explain the difference is that food intolerance generally involves the digestive system, the amount of food ingested is directly related to the severity of symptoms, and the food causes similar symptoms with each exposure. In contrast, food allergies involve the immune system and, with immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergies, even tiny amounts of the food can cause severe reactions. […] Clinical features of food intolerances traverse a spectrum of organ systems and vary among different disorders, although most involve prominent gastrointestinal symptoms. Excessive intestinal gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are common symptoms.

• #23 Food allergy and intolerance | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/food-allergy-and-intolerance

  Food intolerance occurs when the body has a chemical reaction to eating a particular food or drink. […] Food intolerance does not involve the immune system and does not cause severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). […] Food intolerance is a chemical reaction that some people have after eating or drinking some foods; it is not an immune response. Food intolerance has been associated with asthma, chronic fatigue syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

• #24 Food Intolerance Versus Food Allergy

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/food-intolerance

  Food intolerance response takes place in the digestive system. It occurs when you are unable to properly breakdown the food. This could be due to enzyme deficiencies, sensitivity to food additives or reactions to naturally occurring chemicals in foods. […] A food allergic reaction involves the immune system. Your immune system controls how your body defends itself. For instance, if you have an allergy to cows milk, your immune system identifies cows milk as an invader or allergen. Your immune system overreacts by producing antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction. Each type of IgE has a specific radar for each type of allergen. […] Unlike an intolerance to food, a food allergy can cause a serious or even life-threatening reaction by eating a microscopic amount, touching or inhaling the food.

• #25 Food intolerance and food allergy in adults: An overview – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/food-intolerance-and-food-allergy-in-adults-an-overview

  Food allergies are adverse reactions to foods due to immunologic mechanisms. Most adverse food reactions in adults are due to various forms of food intolerance, which are nonimmunologic reactions. […] Food intolerance refers to difficulty digesting or metabolizing a particular food. Food intolerance disorders are a subset of all adverse food reactions and are reported by 15 to 20 percent of the population. […] Food intolerances are not immunologic allergies and do not carry the same risk, although patients may not appreciate this distinction. A simple way to explain the difference is that food intolerance generally involves the digestive system, the amount of food ingested is directly related to the severity of symptoms, and the food causes similar symptoms with each exposure. In contrast, food allergies involve the immune system and, with immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergies, even tiny amounts of the food can cause severe reactions. […] Clinical features of food intolerances traverse a spectrum of organ systems and vary among different disorders, although most involve prominent gastrointestinal symptoms. Excessive intestinal gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are common symptoms.

• #26 Food, nutrition and agriculture – 26

  https://www.fao.org/4/x7133m/x7133m03.htm

  Exposure to food allergens elicits the formation of specific IgE antibodies by the B-cells that exist in many tissues, including the intestinal tract. […] The interaction of small amounts of the allergen with the mast cell-bound IgE antibodies triggers the release of massive quantities of mediators. […] Individuals with IgE-mediated allergic reactions to foods experience symptoms on exposure to small amounts of the offending food. […] The interaction of a small amount of allergen with IgE antibodies on the surface of the mast cell releases massive quantities of mediators, which accounts for the low degree of tolerance. […] The precise threshold doses for allergenic foods are unknown, exposure to as little as 1 to 2 mg of the offending food will elicit allergic reactions in some sensitive individuals.

• #27 Mechanism of Food Intolerance – Foodtest ételintolerancia vizsgálat

  https://foodtest.hu/en/mechanism-of-food-intolerance/

  The mechanism of food intolerance involves the production of antigen/antibody complexes which are deposited in the tissues, triggering the release of inflammatory chemicals causing damage and inflammation in that particular tissue. This could be in any part of the body such as for example, the gut, causing IBS symptoms; in the joints, producing symptoms of arthritis; in the head producing migraines etc […] The symptoms of food intolerance tend to be delayed because this formation of complexes is a gradual process it does not happen immediately […] Macrophages release inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.

• #28 Food Allergies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-overview

  IgE antibodymediated responses are the most widely recognized form of food allergy and account for most reactions. IgE-mediated reactions are generally acute, and most reactions occur within minutes of ingesting the offending food. […] Patients with atopy produce IgE antibodies to specific epitopes (areas of the protein or carbohydrate moieties) of one or more food allergens. These antibodies bind to high-affinity IgE receptors on circulating basophils and tissue mast cells present throughout the body, including in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract. […] Subsequent allergen exposure binds and cross links IgE antibodies on the cell surface, resulting in receptor activation and intracellular signaling that initiates the release of inflammatory mediators (eg, histamine) and synthesis of additional factors (eg, chemotactic factors, cytokines) that promote allergic inflammation. The effects of these mediators on surrounding tissues result in vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, and mucus secretion, which, in turn, are responsible for the spectrum of clinical symptoms observed during acute allergic reactions to food.

• #29 Food Intolerance: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21688-food-intolerance

  Food intolerances affect your digestive system. People who suffer from an intolerance, or sensitivity, cant break down certain foods. They develop gas, diarrhea and other problems. An intolerance or food sensitivity is inconvenient but not life-threatening. […] When you have a food intolerance, it means your digestive system has a hard time digesting (breaking down) a food. Another word for food intolerance is food sensitivity. […] Food intolerance means your gut is sensitive to certain foods and cant tolerate them. When you eat these foods, you may experience uncomfortable symptoms like gas, diarrhea and abdominal pain. […] People with food intolerances often dont make enough of a particular enzyme that the digestive system needs to break down a certain food or ingredient. […] Certain gastrointestinal conditions may make you more prone to food sensitivities. […] Food intolerances tend to be lifelong. Most people can manage symptoms if they reduce or cut out foods that cause digestive problems. Food intolerance may be an inconvenience (and the symptoms unpleasant), but it isnt a life-threatening problem like a food allergy.

• #30 Food Intolerance Versus Food Allergy

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/food-intolerance

  Food intolerance response takes place in the digestive system. It occurs when you are unable to properly breakdown the food. This could be due to enzyme deficiencies, sensitivity to food additives or reactions to naturally occurring chemicals in foods. […] A food allergic reaction involves the immune system. Your immune system controls how your body defends itself. For instance, if you have an allergy to cows milk, your immune system identifies cows milk as an invader or allergen. Your immune system overreacts by producing antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction. Each type of IgE has a specific radar for each type of allergen. […] Unlike an intolerance to food, a food allergy can cause a serious or even life-threatening reaction by eating a microscopic amount, touching or inhaling the food.

• #31 Food Allergies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-overview

  IgE antibodymediated responses are the most widely recognized form of food allergy and account for most reactions. IgE-mediated reactions are generally acute, and most reactions occur within minutes of ingesting the offending food. […] Patients with atopy produce IgE antibodies to specific epitopes (areas of the protein or carbohydrate moieties) of one or more food allergens. These antibodies bind to high-affinity IgE receptors on circulating basophils and tissue mast cells present throughout the body, including in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract. […] Subsequent allergen exposure binds and cross links IgE antibodies on the cell surface, resulting in receptor activation and intracellular signaling that initiates the release of inflammatory mediators (eg, histamine) and synthesis of additional factors (eg, chemotactic factors, cytokines) that promote allergic inflammation. The effects of these mediators on surrounding tissues result in vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, and mucus secretion, which, in turn, are responsible for the spectrum of clinical symptoms observed during acute allergic reactions to food.

• #32 Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies

  https://www.termedia.pl/Participation-of-reactive-oxygen-species-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergies,123,52069,1,1.html

  In the FA mechanism, Th2 lymphocytes are activated and cytokines are released, supporting the proliferation of B lymphocytes, switching antibody classes towards IgE and differentiating B lymphocytes into antibody-secreting plasma cells. […] IgE has a strong affinity for FcR1 receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils. […] These cells contain histamine and are capable of producing strong lipid mediators, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. […] The release of these compounds from cells results in symptoms characteristic of allergy, such as tissue swelling, drop in blood pressure and bronchial narrowing. […] The production of leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor and interleukins: 4, 5 and 13 maintain inflammation in the body. […] Reactive oxygen species are also involved in the pathogenesis of food allergies.

• #33 Food Allergies & Sensitivities: Symptoms & Treatments FAQ

  https://acupuncturenutrition.com/food-allergies-sensitivities-faq/

  Food intolerance can produce some digestive symptoms that are similar to food sensitivity but it doesnt involve the immune system. Instead, when the food in question is consumed, it is not properly digested and begins to ferment inside the gut. The best example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance. This condition is characterized by bloating, loose stools or diarrhea, and gas. Lactose intolerance is caused by an inability of the body to produce enough of the enzyme lactase which breaks down lactose, the primary sugar found in milk. […] The symptoms that result when we have food sensitivities are caused by the release of toxic chemicals such as histamine from from immune cells. The table below describes the sequence of events involved in developing symptoms from food sensitivities. Immune system identifies foods and food substances as foreign. Immune mechanisms (IgG, IgM, IgA, Complement) and non-Immune mechanisms trigger immune cells to attack Chemicals such as histamine are released from immune cells to destroy invaders. Tissue inflammation and damage occurs leading to symptoms. Migraines, Fibromyalgia, IBS, Arthritis etc.

• #34 Food Intolerance – ECARF

  https://www.ecarf.org/en/information-portal/general-allergy-info/food-intolerance/

  In primary fructose intolerance, the sugar cannot be properly broken down due to an enzyme deficiency. […] In people with histamine intolerance, histamine is not properly broken down in the intestine. The reasons behind this are not yet fully understood. The assumption is that the patient either does not produce enough diamine oxidase, or that the diamine oxidase is in an inactive form.

• #35 Food intolerance – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/food-other-adverse-reactions/food-intolerance

  Food intolerances describe a wide range of adverse reactions to foods. Food intolerances are sometimes confused with food allergy but do not cause allergic reactions. Food intolerances: […] Non-IgE mediated food allergies are sometimes called food intolerances. These food allergies are different to food intolerances as they involve the immune system. […] Food intolerances include: […] Symptoms caused by food intolerance can affect the: […] Foods contain proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nutrients, and many natural chemicals. Some naturally occurring substances add flavour and smell to food, but they can trigger symptoms in some people: […] Food intolerances can often be difficult to diagnose as symptoms can depend on the substance and amount eaten. Diagnosis should be based on clinical history, response to treatment, and testing.

• #36 Food Intolerance – ECARF

  https://www.ecarf.org/en/information-portal/general-allergy-info/food-intolerance/

  Food intolerance is a non-specific term used to describe the inability to tolerate certain substances, such as lactose or fructose intolerance. […] Many intolerances are due to an enzyme defect. An enzyme deficiency in the gut causes symptoms such as bloating, cramps, diarrhoea or constipation (as is the case in lactose intolerance). Because the enzyme is missing, the carbohydrates in food cannot be properly digested. […] Some intolerances, such as histamine intolerance, may be accompanied by what are called pseudoallergic reactions. The symptoms are very similar to an allergic reaction (e.g. difficulty breathing or skin rash). […] A number of diagnostic methods are available for diagnosing food intolerances; some of these are different than the tests used to diagnose allergies. An in-depth anamesis, food diary, a breath test or provocation test are the methods of choice for determining whether specific symptoms are due to an intolerance.

• #37 Sensitivities vs. Allergies | Pomona College in Claremont, California – Pomona College

  https://www.pomona.edu/administration/dining/health-wellness/allergies/sensitivities-vs-allergies

  Food intolerance can produce some digestive symptoms that are similar to food sensitivity but it doesn’t involve the immune system. […] Instead, when the food in question is consumed, it is not properly digested and begins to ferment inside the gut. […] The best example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance. […] This condition is characterized by bloating, loose stools or diarrhea and gas. […] Lactose intolerance is caused by an inability of the body to produce enough of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose, the primary sugar found in milk.

• #38 Food Allergies & Sensitivities: Symptoms & Treatments FAQ

  https://acupuncturenutrition.com/food-allergies-sensitivities-faq/

  Food intolerance can produce some digestive symptoms that are similar to food sensitivity but it doesnt involve the immune system. Instead, when the food in question is consumed, it is not properly digested and begins to ferment inside the gut. The best example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance. This condition is characterized by bloating, loose stools or diarrhea, and gas. Lactose intolerance is caused by an inability of the body to produce enough of the enzyme lactase which breaks down lactose, the primary sugar found in milk. […] The symptoms that result when we have food sensitivities are caused by the release of toxic chemicals such as histamine from from immune cells. The table below describes the sequence of events involved in developing symptoms from food sensitivities. Immune system identifies foods and food substances as foreign. Immune mechanisms (IgG, IgM, IgA, Complement) and non-Immune mechanisms trigger immune cells to attack Chemicals such as histamine are released from immune cells to destroy invaders. Tissue inflammation and damage occurs leading to symptoms. Migraines, Fibromyalgia, IBS, Arthritis etc.

• #39 Sensitivities vs. Allergies | Pomona College in Claremont, California – Pomona College

  https://www.pomona.edu/administration/dining/health-wellness/allergies/sensitivities-vs-allergies

  Food intolerance can produce some digestive symptoms that are similar to food sensitivity but it doesn’t involve the immune system. […] Instead, when the food in question is consumed, it is not properly digested and begins to ferment inside the gut. […] The best example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance. […] This condition is characterized by bloating, loose stools or diarrhea and gas. […] Lactose intolerance is caused by an inability of the body to produce enough of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose, the primary sugar found in milk.

• #40 Food intolerance: Causes, types, symptoms, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263965

  Food intolerances arise if the body is unable to digest a certain food. This impairment may be due to a lack of digestive enzymes or a sensitivity to certain chemicals. […] While a food allergy results from an immune response to a specific food, food intolerances usually involve the digestive system, not the immune system. […] The body uses digestive enzymes to break down foods. If a person lacks certain enzymes, they may be less able to digest certain foods. […] In these individuals, the fructose in foods ferments in the gut, leading to gas, fullness, bloating, cramps, and diarrhea. […] Gluten intolerance differs from celiac disease an autoimmune system response to gluten and wheat allergy, an allergic response to wheat. However, the symptoms of these conditions may be similar. […] Food intolerances can mimic the symptoms of chronic digestive conditions, such as IBS. However, certain patterns in the symptoms can help a doctor distinguish between the two. […] Food intolerances arise when the body cannot properly digest certain foods. Lactose intolerance and gluten intolerance are common types.

• #41 Food Intolerance – ECARF

  https://www.ecarf.org/en/information-portal/general-allergy-info/food-intolerance/

  In primary fructose intolerance, the sugar cannot be properly broken down due to an enzyme deficiency. […] In people with histamine intolerance, histamine is not properly broken down in the intestine. The reasons behind this are not yet fully understood. The assumption is that the patient either does not produce enough diamine oxidase, or that the diamine oxidase is in an inactive form.

• #42 Food intolerance: Causes, types, symptoms, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263965

  Food intolerances arise if the body is unable to digest a certain food. This impairment may be due to a lack of digestive enzymes or a sensitivity to certain chemicals. […] While a food allergy results from an immune response to a specific food, food intolerances usually involve the digestive system, not the immune system. […] The body uses digestive enzymes to break down foods. If a person lacks certain enzymes, they may be less able to digest certain foods. […] In these individuals, the fructose in foods ferments in the gut, leading to gas, fullness, bloating, cramps, and diarrhea. […] Gluten intolerance differs from celiac disease an autoimmune system response to gluten and wheat allergy, an allergic response to wheat. However, the symptoms of these conditions may be similar. […] Food intolerances can mimic the symptoms of chronic digestive conditions, such as IBS. However, certain patterns in the symptoms can help a doctor distinguish between the two. […] Food intolerances arise when the body cannot properly digest certain foods. Lactose intolerance and gluten intolerance are common types.

• #43 Food intolerance: Causes, types, symptoms, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263965

  Food intolerances arise if the body is unable to digest a certain food. This impairment may be due to a lack of digestive enzymes or a sensitivity to certain chemicals. […] While a food allergy results from an immune response to a specific food, food intolerances usually involve the digestive system, not the immune system. […] The body uses digestive enzymes to break down foods. If a person lacks certain enzymes, they may be less able to digest certain foods. […] In these individuals, the fructose in foods ferments in the gut, leading to gas, fullness, bloating, cramps, and diarrhea. […] Gluten intolerance differs from celiac disease an autoimmune system response to gluten and wheat allergy, an allergic response to wheat. However, the symptoms of these conditions may be similar. […] Food intolerances can mimic the symptoms of chronic digestive conditions, such as IBS. However, certain patterns in the symptoms can help a doctor distinguish between the two. […] Food intolerances arise when the body cannot properly digest certain foods. Lactose intolerance and gluten intolerance are common types.

• #44 Food Intolerance – ECARF

  https://www.ecarf.org/en/information-portal/general-allergy-info/food-intolerance/

  In primary fructose intolerance, the sugar cannot be properly broken down due to an enzyme deficiency. […] In people with histamine intolerance, histamine is not properly broken down in the intestine. The reasons behind this are not yet fully understood. The assumption is that the patient either does not produce enough diamine oxidase, or that the diamine oxidase is in an inactive form.

• #45 Food intolerance – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/food-other-adverse-reactions/food-intolerance

  Food intolerances describe a wide range of adverse reactions to foods. Food intolerances are sometimes confused with food allergy but do not cause allergic reactions. Food intolerances: […] Non-IgE mediated food allergies are sometimes called food intolerances. These food allergies are different to food intolerances as they involve the immune system. […] Food intolerances include: […] Symptoms caused by food intolerance can affect the: […] Foods contain proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nutrients, and many natural chemicals. Some naturally occurring substances add flavour and smell to food, but they can trigger symptoms in some people: […] Food intolerances can often be difficult to diagnose as symptoms can depend on the substance and amount eaten. Diagnosis should be based on clinical history, response to treatment, and testing.

• #46 Food Intolerance – ECARF

  https://www.ecarf.org/en/information-portal/general-allergy-info/food-intolerance/

  Food intolerance is a non-specific term used to describe the inability to tolerate certain substances, such as lactose or fructose intolerance. […] Many intolerances are due to an enzyme defect. An enzyme deficiency in the gut causes symptoms such as bloating, cramps, diarrhoea or constipation (as is the case in lactose intolerance). Because the enzyme is missing, the carbohydrates in food cannot be properly digested. […] Some intolerances, such as histamine intolerance, may be accompanied by what are called pseudoallergic reactions. The symptoms are very similar to an allergic reaction (e.g. difficulty breathing or skin rash). […] A number of diagnostic methods are available for diagnosing food intolerances; some of these are different than the tests used to diagnose allergies. An in-depth anamesis, food diary, a breath test or provocation test are the methods of choice for determining whether specific symptoms are due to an intolerance.

• #47 Food intolerance – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/food-other-adverse-reactions/food-intolerance

  Once someone is diagnosed with food intolerance, looking at their clinical history can help identify the role of diet or other factors that make symptoms worse: […] Some people use unorthodox methods for diagnosing health problems. Several misleading tests have been promoted for diagnosing food allergies and intolerances, without any credible evidence, and at significant expense as these tests are not rebated. […] Non-coeliac gluten intolerance is a recently recognised condition which can cause symptoms such as abdominal disturbance (usually bloating but sometimes other symptoms as well), and occasionally discomfort and tiredness. It appears to be genuine as proven by blinded challenge studies, but the mechanism is not known.

• #48 Gluten Intolerance: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21622-gluten-intolerance

  Gluten intolerance is when you get sick after eating gluten. Gluten intolerance is also called non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] The exact causes of gluten intolerance arent well understood. Some research shows that people may not be sensitive to gluten, but to a certain carbohydrate found in many foods. Their bodies dont absorb the carbohydrate as they should. It stays in their guts and ferments, causing sickness. […] Other research suggests that wheat might affect the lining of some peoples digestive tracts. This lining usually keeps bacteria from leaking out of your intestines. But in people with a gluten intolerance, the lining may not work as it should, allowing bacteria into their blood or liver and causing inflammation.

• #49 Gluten Intolerance: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21622-gluten-intolerance

  Gluten intolerance is when you get sick after eating gluten. Gluten intolerance is also called non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] The exact causes of gluten intolerance arent well understood. Some research shows that people may not be sensitive to gluten, but to a certain carbohydrate found in many foods. Their bodies dont absorb the carbohydrate as they should. It stays in their guts and ferments, causing sickness. […] Other research suggests that wheat might affect the lining of some peoples digestive tracts. This lining usually keeps bacteria from leaking out of your intestines. But in people with a gluten intolerance, the lining may not work as it should, allowing bacteria into their blood or liver and causing inflammation.

• #50 Food intolerance: Causes, types, symptoms, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/263965

  Food intolerances arise if the body is unable to digest a certain food. This impairment may be due to a lack of digestive enzymes or a sensitivity to certain chemicals. […] While a food allergy results from an immune response to a specific food, food intolerances usually involve the digestive system, not the immune system. […] The body uses digestive enzymes to break down foods. If a person lacks certain enzymes, they may be less able to digest certain foods. […] In these individuals, the fructose in foods ferments in the gut, leading to gas, fullness, bloating, cramps, and diarrhea. […] Gluten intolerance differs from celiac disease an autoimmune system response to gluten and wheat allergy, an allergic response to wheat. However, the symptoms of these conditions may be similar. […] Food intolerances can mimic the symptoms of chronic digestive conditions, such as IBS. However, certain patterns in the symptoms can help a doctor distinguish between the two. […] Food intolerances arise when the body cannot properly digest certain foods. Lactose intolerance and gluten intolerance are common types.

• #51 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #52 Food allergy: Mechanisms, diagnosis, and management – Karnataka Paediatric Journal

  https://iap-kpj.org/food-allergy-mechanisms-diagnosis-and-management/

  The microbiota inhabiting the normal healthy gut is predominantly Gram negative and shed endotoxin, which through a process activates luminal B cell to preferentially produce IgA and IgG antibodies and thus maintain the integrity of mucosal immunity. On the other hand, disturbance of normal healthy microbiota, that is, dysbiosis, will activate luminal B cells to preferentially produce IgE in place of IgA and IgG and increase susceptibility to allergic diseases. […] In genetically predisposed individuals, due to the defective epithelial barrier or weak oral tolerance, the food antigens leak through the gut to facilitate sensitization. On re-exposure of the food antigens, specific IgE antibodies residing on mast cells and basophils in the gut bind to the ingested food allergen. This leads to the release of several mediators and cytokines responsible for the clinical cascade of an allergic reaction.

• #53 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #54 Gluten Intolerance: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21622-gluten-intolerance

  Gluten intolerance is when you get sick after eating gluten. Gluten intolerance is also called non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] The exact causes of gluten intolerance arent well understood. Some research shows that people may not be sensitive to gluten, but to a certain carbohydrate found in many foods. Their bodies dont absorb the carbohydrate as they should. It stays in their guts and ferments, causing sickness. […] Other research suggests that wheat might affect the lining of some peoples digestive tracts. This lining usually keeps bacteria from leaking out of your intestines. But in people with a gluten intolerance, the lining may not work as it should, allowing bacteria into their blood or liver and causing inflammation.

• #55 The Connection Between Food Sensitivity and Leaky Gut – Blog

  https://www.cnslab.co.uk/blog/post/food-sensitivity-leaky-gut.html

  There is a widespread erroneous belief that immune system reactions to the foods we eat are exclusively associated with IgE antibody mediated mechanisms (true allergy). However, according to more recent studies, IgG-dependent hypersensitivity, characterised by a delayed immune response, also plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of food reactions, often referred to as food sensitivity. […] Evidence suggests that the development of IgG-mediated food sensitivity is directly related to increased permeability of the intestinal barrier. […] There is increasing evidence that damage to the tight junctions and the subsequent influx of toxins and allergens leads to abnormal immune reactions and the potential development of autoimmune diseases. […] A number of studies have shown that damage to the tight junctions is the precipitating cause for the development of food specific IgG antibodies.

• #56 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #57 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #58 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #59 The Differential Diagnosis of Food Intolerance (22.05.2009)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/64803/The-Differential-Diagnosis-of-Food-Intolerance%7C

  It is also necessary to rule out the presence of other underlying diseases, intolerances, and pathologies predisposing to food intolerance by means of serum analysis, diagnostic imaging techniques, endoscopic examinations and histological analyses, for example in order to avoid overlooking chronic inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, a lymphoma, mastocytosis or tumors etc. […] The Erlangen database shows that a major diagnostic problem is that today it is often attempted only to exclude structural diseases by means of serological or instrumental diagnostic tests, while the positive detection of functional disorders often remains inadequate. […] The pathogenesis of salicylate intolerance is based on an inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 by salicylates and other non-steroidal pain medications, but also by salicylate-containing foods and other acids (such as benzoic acid or colorants) resulting in reduced prostaglandin synthesis.

• #60 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #61 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #62 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The dual-allergen hypothesis. Several studies conducted in animals and humans suggest that disrupted skin barrier function in infant eczema might cause allergen sensitization through environmental exposure via the skin rather than oral route (23). […] This hypothesis also supposed food antigens skin exposure is more likely to lead to allergy compared to early oral consumption, which is more likely to lead to tolerance (24). […] FA is likely a combination of both skin and gut exposure to a food antigen, with a higher tendency towards sensitization if the first exposure is through the skin. […] The Vitamin D hypothesis. Vitamin D has well-recognized immunoregulatory and tolerogenic functions, and its deficiency is considered a possible risk factors for FA development (25). […] The microbiota hypothesis. The presence of specific bacterial strains as well as dietary substrate and their metabolites, could influence FA development (31,32).

• #63 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #64 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #65 Food Allergy Vs Food Intolerance in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2019/food-allergy-vs-food-intolerance-in-patients-with-irritable-bowel-syndrome/

  Patients with a food allergy or food intolerance often report worsened IBS symptoms after eating certain foods. […] Foods high in sucrose or fructose, such as cookies, cakes, soft drinks, breads, crackers, bananas, and breakfast cereals (ie, fermentable carbohydrates), tend to trigger symptoms related to food intolerance, as these foods ferment in the microbiome. […] Food elimination through various diets can help patients identify and remove food allergies or sensitivities. […] Alterations in diet can be very beneficial for patients with IBS. Randomized, blinded studies have shown that the low-FODMAP diet effectively reduced gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBS, including lessening the severity of abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence. […] There is still a lot that is unknown about the relationship between food, diet, and IBS. Current and ongoing research has focused on certain foods and their effects on the microbiome.

• #66 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The dual-allergen hypothesis. Several studies conducted in animals and humans suggest that disrupted skin barrier function in infant eczema might cause allergen sensitization through environmental exposure via the skin rather than oral route (23). […] This hypothesis also supposed food antigens skin exposure is more likely to lead to allergy compared to early oral consumption, which is more likely to lead to tolerance (24). […] FA is likely a combination of both skin and gut exposure to a food antigen, with a higher tendency towards sensitization if the first exposure is through the skin. […] The Vitamin D hypothesis. Vitamin D has well-recognized immunoregulatory and tolerogenic functions, and its deficiency is considered a possible risk factors for FA development (25). […] The microbiota hypothesis. The presence of specific bacterial strains as well as dietary substrate and their metabolites, could influence FA development (31,32).

• #67 Mechanism of Food Intolerance – Foodtest ételintolerancia vizsgálat

  https://foodtest.hu/en/mechanism-of-food-intolerance/

  The mechanism of food intolerance involves the production of antigen/antibody complexes which are deposited in the tissues, triggering the release of inflammatory chemicals causing damage and inflammation in that particular tissue. This could be in any part of the body such as for example, the gut, causing IBS symptoms; in the joints, producing symptoms of arthritis; in the head producing migraines etc […] The symptoms of food intolerance tend to be delayed because this formation of complexes is a gradual process it does not happen immediately […] Macrophages release inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.

• #68 Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies

  https://www.termedia.pl/Participation-of-reactive-oxygen-species-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergies,123,52069,1,1.html

  It is well known that oxidative stress, a consequence of excessive ROS generation and failure of the body’s antioxidant system, is one of the main factors associated with occurrence of chronic inflammation. […] Many contemporary scientific reports further confirm that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of the chronic inflammatory process in the course of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma and also food allergies. […] During allergy attacks, large amounts of oxidative compounds are produced in local tissues, which can exceed capacity of antioxidants and thus induce disorder in local tissue cells. […] ROS are one of the causes of the inflammatory response. […] Macrophages and neutrophils infiltrating the gut can produce reactive oxygen species, leading to more severe oxidative stress and inflammation.

• #69 Mechanism of Food Intolerance – Foodtest ételintolerancia vizsgálat

  https://foodtest.hu/en/mechanism-of-food-intolerance/

  The mechanism of food intolerance involves the production of antigen/antibody complexes which are deposited in the tissues, triggering the release of inflammatory chemicals causing damage and inflammation in that particular tissue. This could be in any part of the body such as for example, the gut, causing IBS symptoms; in the joints, producing symptoms of arthritis; in the head producing migraines etc […] The symptoms of food intolerance tend to be delayed because this formation of complexes is a gradual process it does not happen immediately […] Macrophages release inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.

• #70 Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies

  https://www.termedia.pl/Participation-of-reactive-oxygen-species-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergies,123,52069,1,1.html

  This is the cause of positive macrophage feedback and a key reason for the difficulty in mitigating intestinal inflammation. […] One of the most important transcription factors regulating oxidative stress is nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). […] During oxidative stress, Nrf2 degradation is impaired, the factor accumulates in the cell nucleus, and antioxidant mechanisms are activated. […] In EoE, Nrf2 is suppressed, which weakens antioxidant defense. […] The cytokines generated by immune cells, IL-5, IL-13, TNF- and transforming growth factor (TGF-), induce large amounts of ROS. […] Accumulation of excess ROS and an inefficient antioxidant response contribute to increased inflammation and fibrosis. […] It is clear that ROS also have a role in the pathogenesis of food allergies. […] Among other things, oxidative stress leads to damage and impairment of the intestinal barrier, lowered immunity and increased inflammation.

• #71 Mechanism of Food Intolerance – Foodtest ételintolerancia vizsgálat

  https://foodtest.hu/en/mechanism-of-food-intolerance/

  The mechanism of food intolerance involves the production of antigen/antibody complexes which are deposited in the tissues, triggering the release of inflammatory chemicals causing damage and inflammation in that particular tissue. This could be in any part of the body such as for example, the gut, causing IBS symptoms; in the joints, producing symptoms of arthritis; in the head producing migraines etc […] The symptoms of food intolerance tend to be delayed because this formation of complexes is a gradual process it does not happen immediately […] Macrophages release inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.

• #72 Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies

  https://www.termedia.pl/Participation-of-reactive-oxygen-species-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergies,123,52069,1,1.html

  It is well known that oxidative stress, a consequence of excessive ROS generation and failure of the body’s antioxidant system, is one of the main factors associated with occurrence of chronic inflammation. […] Many contemporary scientific reports further confirm that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of the chronic inflammatory process in the course of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma and also food allergies. […] During allergy attacks, large amounts of oxidative compounds are produced in local tissues, which can exceed capacity of antioxidants and thus induce disorder in local tissue cells. […] ROS are one of the causes of the inflammatory response. […] Macrophages and neutrophils infiltrating the gut can produce reactive oxygen species, leading to more severe oxidative stress and inflammation.

• #73 Mechanism of Food Intolerance – Foodtest ételintolerancia vizsgálat

  https://foodtest.hu/en/mechanism-of-food-intolerance/

  The mechanism of food intolerance involves the production of antigen/antibody complexes which are deposited in the tissues, triggering the release of inflammatory chemicals causing damage and inflammation in that particular tissue. This could be in any part of the body such as for example, the gut, causing IBS symptoms; in the joints, producing symptoms of arthritis; in the head producing migraines etc […] The symptoms of food intolerance tend to be delayed because this formation of complexes is a gradual process it does not happen immediately […] Macrophages release inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.

• #74 Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies

  https://www.termedia.pl/Participation-of-reactive-oxygen-species-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergies,123,52069,1,1.html

  This is the cause of positive macrophage feedback and a key reason for the difficulty in mitigating intestinal inflammation. […] One of the most important transcription factors regulating oxidative stress is nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). […] During oxidative stress, Nrf2 degradation is impaired, the factor accumulates in the cell nucleus, and antioxidant mechanisms are activated. […] In EoE, Nrf2 is suppressed, which weakens antioxidant defense. […] The cytokines generated by immune cells, IL-5, IL-13, TNF- and transforming growth factor (TGF-), induce large amounts of ROS. […] Accumulation of excess ROS and an inefficient antioxidant response contribute to increased inflammation and fibrosis. […] It is clear that ROS also have a role in the pathogenesis of food allergies. […] Among other things, oxidative stress leads to damage and impairment of the intestinal barrier, lowered immunity and increased inflammation.

• #75 Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies

  https://www.termedia.pl/Participation-of-reactive-oxygen-species-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergies,123,52069,1,1.html

  It is well known that oxidative stress, a consequence of excessive ROS generation and failure of the body’s antioxidant system, is one of the main factors associated with occurrence of chronic inflammation. […] Many contemporary scientific reports further confirm that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of the chronic inflammatory process in the course of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma and also food allergies. […] During allergy attacks, large amounts of oxidative compounds are produced in local tissues, which can exceed capacity of antioxidants and thus induce disorder in local tissue cells. […] ROS are one of the causes of the inflammatory response. […] Macrophages and neutrophils infiltrating the gut can produce reactive oxygen species, leading to more severe oxidative stress and inflammation.

• #76

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Clinical-research-Role-of-selenium-and-zinc-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergy-in,52697,0,2.html

  Selenium and zinc are indispensable microelements for normal functioning and development of the human body. The aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of selenium and zinc in the pathogenesis of food allergy in small children. […] The obtained results showed that children with food allergy had significantly lower concentrations of selenium, zinc and examined enzymes in comparison to children from the control group. […] In children with allergy decreased concentrations of selenium and zinc, and lower values of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase which increased after elimination diet were affirmed. These observations suggest their role in pathogenesis of food allergy. […] The results showed that children with food allergy had a weakened antioxidative barrier.

• #77 Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies

  https://www.termedia.pl/Participation-of-reactive-oxygen-species-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergies,123,52069,1,1.html

  It is well known that oxidative stress, a consequence of excessive ROS generation and failure of the body’s antioxidant system, is one of the main factors associated with occurrence of chronic inflammation. […] Many contemporary scientific reports further confirm that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of the chronic inflammatory process in the course of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma and also food allergies. […] During allergy attacks, large amounts of oxidative compounds are produced in local tissues, which can exceed capacity of antioxidants and thus induce disorder in local tissue cells. […] ROS are one of the causes of the inflammatory response. […] Macrophages and neutrophils infiltrating the gut can produce reactive oxygen species, leading to more severe oxidative stress and inflammation.

• #78

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Clinical-research-Role-of-selenium-and-zinc-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergy-in,52697,0,2.html

  Selenium and zinc are indispensable microelements for normal functioning and development of the human body. The aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of selenium and zinc in the pathogenesis of food allergy in small children. […] The obtained results showed that children with food allergy had significantly lower concentrations of selenium, zinc and examined enzymes in comparison to children from the control group. […] In children with allergy decreased concentrations of selenium and zinc, and lower values of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase which increased after elimination diet were affirmed. These observations suggest their role in pathogenesis of food allergy. […] The results showed that children with food allergy had a weakened antioxidative barrier.

• #79 Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies

  https://www.termedia.pl/Participation-of-reactive-oxygen-species-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergies,123,52069,1,1.html

  This is the cause of positive macrophage feedback and a key reason for the difficulty in mitigating intestinal inflammation. […] One of the most important transcription factors regulating oxidative stress is nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). […] During oxidative stress, Nrf2 degradation is impaired, the factor accumulates in the cell nucleus, and antioxidant mechanisms are activated. […] In EoE, Nrf2 is suppressed, which weakens antioxidant defense. […] The cytokines generated by immune cells, IL-5, IL-13, TNF- and transforming growth factor (TGF-), induce large amounts of ROS. […] Accumulation of excess ROS and an inefficient antioxidant response contribute to increased inflammation and fibrosis. […] It is clear that ROS also have a role in the pathogenesis of food allergies. […] Among other things, oxidative stress leads to damage and impairment of the intestinal barrier, lowered immunity and increased inflammation.

• #80 The Connection Between Food Sensitivity and Leaky Gut – Blog

  https://www.cnslab.co.uk/blog/post/food-sensitivity-leaky-gut.html

  There is a widespread erroneous belief that immune system reactions to the foods we eat are exclusively associated with IgE antibody mediated mechanisms (true allergy). However, according to more recent studies, IgG-dependent hypersensitivity, characterised by a delayed immune response, also plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of food reactions, often referred to as food sensitivity. […] Evidence suggests that the development of IgG-mediated food sensitivity is directly related to increased permeability of the intestinal barrier. […] There is increasing evidence that damage to the tight junctions and the subsequent influx of toxins and allergens leads to abnormal immune reactions and the potential development of autoimmune diseases. […] A number of studies have shown that damage to the tight junctions is the precipitating cause for the development of food specific IgG antibodies.

• #81 The inside story on food intolerance: the case for IgG4 ELISA testing

  https://www.tecan.com/blog/the-inside-story-on-food-intolerance-the-case-for-igg4-elisa-testing

  There is a definite role for IgG4 testing when diagnosing and treating pathologies that are associated with elevated levels of specific IgGs, such as Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. […] This is despite the fact that IgG4 testing has had a lot of bad press over the years, mainly because it has been shown that elevated IgG4 levels for certain food antigens may simply be an indicator of exposure and tolerance of a specific food, rather than an indicator of true food intolerance. […] The mechanism of food intolerance is thought to occur through chronic stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract with certain food ingredients (food antigens), impairing its basic function, and potentially leading to chronic inflammation and greater permeability of the gut mucosa. […] This is what happens with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), where concurrently, elevated serum IgG4 levels were reported towards specific foods in IBS patients. […] Food elimination based on IgG4 levels improved symptoms in these individuals.

• #82 Food Intolerance – ECARF

  https://www.ecarf.org/en/information-portal/general-allergy-info/food-intolerance/

  Food intolerance is a non-specific term used to describe the inability to tolerate certain substances, such as lactose or fructose intolerance. […] Many intolerances are due to an enzyme defect. An enzyme deficiency in the gut causes symptoms such as bloating, cramps, diarrhoea or constipation (as is the case in lactose intolerance). Because the enzyme is missing, the carbohydrates in food cannot be properly digested. […] Some intolerances, such as histamine intolerance, may be accompanied by what are called pseudoallergic reactions. The symptoms are very similar to an allergic reaction (e.g. difficulty breathing or skin rash). […] A number of diagnostic methods are available for diagnosing food intolerances; some of these are different than the tests used to diagnose allergies. An in-depth anamesis, food diary, a breath test or provocation test are the methods of choice for determining whether specific symptoms are due to an intolerance.

• #83 Food, nutrition and agriculture – 26

  https://www.fao.org/4/x7133m/x7133m03.htm

  Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by tissue-bound immune cells. […] The only well described example of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to foods is celiac disease. […] Celiac disease results from an abnormal response of the T lymphocytes in the small intestine to particular proteins (gluten from wheat and related proteins from the other grains) found in these cereal grains. […] The symptoms of celiac disease are reflective of a malabsorption syndrome and include diarrhoea, bloating, weight loss, anaemia, bone pain, chronic fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps and, in children, growth retardation and failure to gain weight. […] The treatment for celiac disease involves the total avoidance of wheat, rye, barley, oats and all products made from these grains. […] Anaphylactoid reactions are caused by substances in foods that bring about the non-immunologic release of chemical mediators from mast cells. […] Idiosyncratic reactions are adverse reactions to food experienced by certain individuals through an unknown mechanism.

• #84 Food, nutrition and agriculture – 26

  https://www.fao.org/4/x7133m/x7133m03.htm

  Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by tissue-bound immune cells. […] The only well described example of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to foods is celiac disease. […] Celiac disease results from an abnormal response of the T lymphocytes in the small intestine to particular proteins (gluten from wheat and related proteins from the other grains) found in these cereal grains. […] The symptoms of celiac disease are reflective of a malabsorption syndrome and include diarrhoea, bloating, weight loss, anaemia, bone pain, chronic fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps and, in children, growth retardation and failure to gain weight. […] The treatment for celiac disease involves the total avoidance of wheat, rye, barley, oats and all products made from these grains. […] Anaphylactoid reactions are caused by substances in foods that bring about the non-immunologic release of chemical mediators from mast cells. […] Idiosyncratic reactions are adverse reactions to food experienced by certain individuals through an unknown mechanism.

• #85 The inside story on food intolerance: the case for IgG4 ELISA testing

  https://www.tecan.com/blog/the-inside-story-on-food-intolerance-the-case-for-igg4-elisa-testing

  There is a definite role for IgG4 testing when diagnosing and treating pathologies that are associated with elevated levels of specific IgGs, such as Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. […] This is despite the fact that IgG4 testing has had a lot of bad press over the years, mainly because it has been shown that elevated IgG4 levels for certain food antigens may simply be an indicator of exposure and tolerance of a specific food, rather than an indicator of true food intolerance. […] The mechanism of food intolerance is thought to occur through chronic stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract with certain food ingredients (food antigens), impairing its basic function, and potentially leading to chronic inflammation and greater permeability of the gut mucosa. […] This is what happens with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), where concurrently, elevated serum IgG4 levels were reported towards specific foods in IBS patients. […] Food elimination based on IgG4 levels improved symptoms in these individuals.

• #86 The inside story on food intolerance: the case for IgG4 ELISA testing

  https://www.tecan.com/blog/the-inside-story-on-food-intolerance-the-case-for-igg4-elisa-testing

  There is a definite role for IgG4 testing when diagnosing and treating pathologies that are associated with elevated levels of specific IgGs, such as Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. […] This is despite the fact that IgG4 testing has had a lot of bad press over the years, mainly because it has been shown that elevated IgG4 levels for certain food antigens may simply be an indicator of exposure and tolerance of a specific food, rather than an indicator of true food intolerance. […] The mechanism of food intolerance is thought to occur through chronic stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract with certain food ingredients (food antigens), impairing its basic function, and potentially leading to chronic inflammation and greater permeability of the gut mucosa. […] This is what happens with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), where concurrently, elevated serum IgG4 levels were reported towards specific foods in IBS patients. […] Food elimination based on IgG4 levels improved symptoms in these individuals.

• #87 The Connection Between Food Sensitivity and Leaky Gut – Blog

  https://www.cnslab.co.uk/blog/post/food-sensitivity-leaky-gut.html

  There is a widespread erroneous belief that immune system reactions to the foods we eat are exclusively associated with IgE antibody mediated mechanisms (true allergy). However, according to more recent studies, IgG-dependent hypersensitivity, characterised by a delayed immune response, also plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of food reactions, often referred to as food sensitivity. […] Evidence suggests that the development of IgG-mediated food sensitivity is directly related to increased permeability of the intestinal barrier. […] There is increasing evidence that damage to the tight junctions and the subsequent influx of toxins and allergens leads to abnormal immune reactions and the potential development of autoimmune diseases. […] A number of studies have shown that damage to the tight junctions is the precipitating cause for the development of food specific IgG antibodies.

• #88 The inside story on food intolerance: the case for IgG4 ELISA testing

  https://www.tecan.com/blog/the-inside-story-on-food-intolerance-the-case-for-igg4-elisa-testing

  There is a definite role for IgG4 testing when diagnosing and treating pathologies that are associated with elevated levels of specific IgGs, such as Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. […] This is despite the fact that IgG4 testing has had a lot of bad press over the years, mainly because it has been shown that elevated IgG4 levels for certain food antigens may simply be an indicator of exposure and tolerance of a specific food, rather than an indicator of true food intolerance. […] The mechanism of food intolerance is thought to occur through chronic stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract with certain food ingredients (food antigens), impairing its basic function, and potentially leading to chronic inflammation and greater permeability of the gut mucosa. […] This is what happens with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), where concurrently, elevated serum IgG4 levels were reported towards specific foods in IBS patients. […] Food elimination based on IgG4 levels improved symptoms in these individuals.

• #89 The Connection Between Food Sensitivity and Leaky Gut – Blog

  https://www.cnslab.co.uk/blog/post/food-sensitivity-leaky-gut.html

  When elements that originate from the intestinal lumen enter the bloodstream an immune response is triggered. […] The clinical manifestations of chronic IgG-dependent reactions depend on the target tissue or organ to which the immune complexes, composed of IgG and the food antigens, are transported within the bloodstream. […] Numerous studies specifically investigating the potential role of IgG food sensitivity in the pathogenesis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) have been conducted. […] The efficacy of a diet based on measuring IgG antibodies to food has been demonstrated in a number of conditions, both in independent studies and clinical practice.

• #90 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The breakdown of immunologic and clinical tolerance to an ingested food is the trigger for FA; this results in IgE-, non-IgE- or mixed IgE- and non-IgE-mediated reactions (3). […] IgE-mediated FA is characterized by immediate clinical manifestations, due to the release of mediators triggered by the bonding of IgE antibodies, mast cells and basophils. Non IgE-mediated FA, is due to T-cell driven inflammatory responses (7). […] Oral tolerance consists in the systemic suppression of cellular and humoral immune response to an antigen first encountered in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (8), although immune tolerance can be induced by other routes such as airways and intact skin (9). […] Physical barriers, digestive processes, specific immune cells and immune modulation determine gastrointestinal tracts ability to develop oral tolerance. Specialized GI cells (microfold, intestinal ephitelial, and dendritic cells) play an essential role in antigen presentation and oral tolerance development, process food proteins outliving the digestive process.

• #91 Pathogenesis of food allergy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-food-allergy

  Pathogenesis of food allergy […] Tolerance is the normal immune response to the food an individual eats over a lifetime. Food allergy is an abnormal immune reaction consisting of hypersensitivity to food components, most commonly proteins. […] This topic will focus on food allergy due to primary sensitization through the gut and will review organization of the gut immune system and factors that influence oral tolerance induction. Theories addressing the increasing prevalence of food allergy are briefly mentioned. The pathogenesis of pollen-food allergy syndrome, seen more frequently in adolescents and adults, is discussed separately. […] The prevalence of food allergies, particularly to peanut, appears to have increased from the late 1990s to the early 2010s. While there are a number of theories regarding the apparent increase in prevalence of food allergies, especially peanut allergy, definitive answers are still lacking. Postulated hypotheses have focused on hygiene, dietary fat, antioxidants, vitamin D, and dual allergen exposure (ie, initial exposure to a food allergen via a nonoral route, such as the skin). There are some data in support of these hypotheses to explain the increasing risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, there are limited data regarding the role for these hypotheses in the increased prevalence of food allergy.

• #92 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The breakdown of immunologic and clinical tolerance to an ingested food is the trigger for FA; this results in IgE-, non-IgE- or mixed IgE- and non-IgE-mediated reactions (3). […] IgE-mediated FA is characterized by immediate clinical manifestations, due to the release of mediators triggered by the bonding of IgE antibodies, mast cells and basophils. Non IgE-mediated FA, is due to T-cell driven inflammatory responses (7). […] Oral tolerance consists in the systemic suppression of cellular and humoral immune response to an antigen first encountered in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (8), although immune tolerance can be induced by other routes such as airways and intact skin (9). […] Physical barriers, digestive processes, specific immune cells and immune modulation determine gastrointestinal tracts ability to develop oral tolerance. Specialized GI cells (microfold, intestinal ephitelial, and dendritic cells) play an essential role in antigen presentation and oral tolerance development, process food proteins outliving the digestive process.

• #93 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The breakdown of immunologic and clinical tolerance to an ingested food is the trigger for FA; this results in IgE-, non-IgE- or mixed IgE- and non-IgE-mediated reactions (3). […] IgE-mediated FA is characterized by immediate clinical manifestations, due to the release of mediators triggered by the bonding of IgE antibodies, mast cells and basophils. Non IgE-mediated FA, is due to T-cell driven inflammatory responses (7). […] Oral tolerance consists in the systemic suppression of cellular and humoral immune response to an antigen first encountered in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (8), although immune tolerance can be induced by other routes such as airways and intact skin (9). […] Physical barriers, digestive processes, specific immune cells and immune modulation determine gastrointestinal tracts ability to develop oral tolerance. Specialized GI cells (microfold, intestinal ephitelial, and dendritic cells) play an essential role in antigen presentation and oral tolerance development, process food proteins outliving the digestive process.

• #94 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The breakdown of immunologic and clinical tolerance to an ingested food is the trigger for FA; this results in IgE-, non-IgE- or mixed IgE- and non-IgE-mediated reactions (3). […] IgE-mediated FA is characterized by immediate clinical manifestations, due to the release of mediators triggered by the bonding of IgE antibodies, mast cells and basophils. Non IgE-mediated FA, is due to T-cell driven inflammatory responses (7). […] Oral tolerance consists in the systemic suppression of cellular and humoral immune response to an antigen first encountered in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (8), although immune tolerance can be induced by other routes such as airways and intact skin (9). […] Physical barriers, digestive processes, specific immune cells and immune modulation determine gastrointestinal tracts ability to develop oral tolerance. Specialized GI cells (microfold, intestinal ephitelial, and dendritic cells) play an essential role in antigen presentation and oral tolerance development, process food proteins outliving the digestive process.

• #95 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The breakdown of immunologic and clinical tolerance to an ingested food is the trigger for FA; this results in IgE-, non-IgE- or mixed IgE- and non-IgE-mediated reactions (3). […] IgE-mediated FA is characterized by immediate clinical manifestations, due to the release of mediators triggered by the bonding of IgE antibodies, mast cells and basophils. Non IgE-mediated FA, is due to T-cell driven inflammatory responses (7). […] Oral tolerance consists in the systemic suppression of cellular and humoral immune response to an antigen first encountered in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (8), although immune tolerance can be induced by other routes such as airways and intact skin (9). […] Physical barriers, digestive processes, specific immune cells and immune modulation determine gastrointestinal tracts ability to develop oral tolerance. Specialized GI cells (microfold, intestinal ephitelial, and dendritic cells) play an essential role in antigen presentation and oral tolerance development, process food proteins outliving the digestive process.

• #96 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The breakdown of immunologic and clinical tolerance to an ingested food is the trigger for FA; this results in IgE-, non-IgE- or mixed IgE- and non-IgE-mediated reactions (3). […] IgE-mediated FA is characterized by immediate clinical manifestations, due to the release of mediators triggered by the bonding of IgE antibodies, mast cells and basophils. Non IgE-mediated FA, is due to T-cell driven inflammatory responses (7). […] Oral tolerance consists in the systemic suppression of cellular and humoral immune response to an antigen first encountered in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (8), although immune tolerance can be induced by other routes such as airways and intact skin (9). […] Physical barriers, digestive processes, specific immune cells and immune modulation determine gastrointestinal tracts ability to develop oral tolerance. Specialized GI cells (microfold, intestinal ephitelial, and dendritic cells) play an essential role in antigen presentation and oral tolerance development, process food proteins outliving the digestive process.

• #97 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The breakdown of immunologic and clinical tolerance to an ingested food is the trigger for FA; this results in IgE-, non-IgE- or mixed IgE- and non-IgE-mediated reactions (3). […] IgE-mediated FA is characterized by immediate clinical manifestations, due to the release of mediators triggered by the bonding of IgE antibodies, mast cells and basophils. Non IgE-mediated FA, is due to T-cell driven inflammatory responses (7). […] Oral tolerance consists in the systemic suppression of cellular and humoral immune response to an antigen first encountered in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (8), although immune tolerance can be induced by other routes such as airways and intact skin (9). […] Physical barriers, digestive processes, specific immune cells and immune modulation determine gastrointestinal tracts ability to develop oral tolerance. Specialized GI cells (microfold, intestinal ephitelial, and dendritic cells) play an essential role in antigen presentation and oral tolerance development, process food proteins outliving the digestive process.

• #98 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  Dedritic cells play a central role in induction and maintenance of tolerance to food antigens. After antigen uptake they migrate into the mesenteric lymph nodes where they determine activation and differentiation of effector T cells. […] The activated dendritic cells in turn activate naive T cells into acquiring a T helper cells 2 (Th2) phenotype, which promotes inflammatory signals, inducing food Ag-specific B cells to class switch and produce food antigen-specific IgE. […] Factors breaking immune tolerance through the skin include skin barrier defects consequent to fillagrins mutations, a protein essential for skin integrity (16, 17), damage to the skin, microbial adjuvants such as staphylococcus enterotoxin B. […] The respiratory route is also responsible for triggering sensitization: inhaled aeroallergens can cross-react with food antigens, resulting in an oral allergy syndrome.

• #99

• #100 New clues to the mechanism behind food tolerance and allergies | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/01/250128162832.htm

  Now, new research identifies specific gut cell types that communicate with T cells — prompting them to tolerate, attack, or simply ignore — and explains how these opposing responses are triggered. […] The findings, published in Science, give scientists a new understanding of how the intestinal immune system keeps the gut in balance, and may ultimately shed light on the root causes and mechanisms of food allergies and intestinal diseases. […] The intestinal immune system is complicated machinery. Tolerance to food begins with antigen presenting cells, or APCs, instructing T cells to stand down. This signal gives rise to pTregs, a special type of T cell that calms the immune response to food particles, and kicks off a cascade of activity involving additional immune cells that reinforce the message.

• #101 New clues to the mechanism behind food tolerance and allergies | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/01/250128162832.htm

  After optimizing LIPSTIC for the task, Canesso and colleagues succeeded in pinpointing those APCs that promote tolerance — a process primarily handled by two types: cDC1s and Rort+ APCs. These cells capture dietary antigens from ingested food and present them to T cells, giving rise to the pTregs that ensure food tolerance. […] They also uncovered how infections of the intestines can cause interference, demonstrating in mice that the parasitic worm Strongyloides venezuelensis shifts the balance away from tolerance promoting APCs and toward those that promote inflammation. […] „It’s important to note that our findings do not suggest that worm infections trigger food allergies,” clarifies Mucida, head of the Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology. „They reduce tolerance mechanisms while the immune response focuses on dealing with the worms.”

• #102

  https://www.todaysdietitian.com/news/0407(2)25_news.shtml

  They also uncovered how infections of the intestines can cause interference, demonstrating in mice that the parasitic worm Strongyloides venezuelensis shifts the balance away from tolerance promoting APCs and toward those that promote inflammation. […] Indeed, mice infected with this worm during a first exposure to a dietary protein display reduced tolerance towards this protein, and signs of allergy when challenged. […] The worm infection induces this an expansion of non-tolerogenic APCs that help deal with the infection, outnumbering the tolerance-related APCs, Canesso says. […] Together, the findings illuminate how the immune system maintains food tolerance and, in the case of parasitic infections, highlights the specific immune mechanisms that can go awry. […] While these findings aren’t directly relevant to food allergies, they do lay some groundwork for further investigation into food intolerance. If food allergies are derived from dysregulation on intestinal APCs inducing tolerance and protective responses to infections, perhaps we could one day modulate those APCs specifically to prevent food allergies, Canesso says.

• #103 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The dual-allergen hypothesis. Several studies conducted in animals and humans suggest that disrupted skin barrier function in infant eczema might cause allergen sensitization through environmental exposure via the skin rather than oral route (23). […] This hypothesis also supposed food antigens skin exposure is more likely to lead to allergy compared to early oral consumption, which is more likely to lead to tolerance (24). […] FA is likely a combination of both skin and gut exposure to a food antigen, with a higher tendency towards sensitization if the first exposure is through the skin. […] The Vitamin D hypothesis. Vitamin D has well-recognized immunoregulatory and tolerogenic functions, and its deficiency is considered a possible risk factors for FA development (25). […] The microbiota hypothesis. The presence of specific bacterial strains as well as dietary substrate and their metabolites, could influence FA development (31,32).

• #104 Food allergy: Mechanisms, diagnosis, and management – Karnataka Paediatric Journal

  https://iap-kpj.org/food-allergy-mechanisms-diagnosis-and-management/

  The microbiota inhabiting the normal healthy gut is predominantly Gram negative and shed endotoxin, which through a process activates luminal B cell to preferentially produce IgA and IgG antibodies and thus maintain the integrity of mucosal immunity. On the other hand, disturbance of normal healthy microbiota, that is, dysbiosis, will activate luminal B cells to preferentially produce IgE in place of IgA and IgG and increase susceptibility to allergic diseases. […] In genetically predisposed individuals, due to the defective epithelial barrier or weak oral tolerance, the food antigens leak through the gut to facilitate sensitization. On re-exposure of the food antigens, specific IgE antibodies residing on mast cells and basophils in the gut bind to the ingested food allergen. This leads to the release of several mediators and cytokines responsible for the clinical cascade of an allergic reaction.

• #105 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Can-Food-Allergies-Be-Genetic.aspx

  Food allergies result from abnormal immunological responses to the ingestion of or exposure to certain foods. […] Food allergies are quite distinct from food intolerance, where the latter develops as a result of difficulties in digesting certain types of foods that lead to unpleasant intestinal reactions. […] The development of food allergies may be seen in those with genetic susceptibility, and this has been illustrated in many studies. […] Studies suggest that there may be a genetic predisposition to the development of food allergies. […] There is compelling evidence that implicates environmental factors in the pathogenesis of these allergies, and ones chances of having a particular type of allergy are increased if ones parents are also affected by the same allergy. […] This study was able to identify five loci that increase genetic susceptibility to food allergies.

• #106 Overactive food quality control system triggers food allergies | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2021/01/14/overactive-food-quality-control-system-triggers-food-allergies

  Food allergies have been increasing dramatically across the developed world for more than 30 years. […] A prevailing theory has been that food allergies arise because of an absence of natural pathogens such as parasites in the modern environment, which in turn makes the part of the immune system that evolved to deal with such natural threats hypersensitive to certain foods. […] In a paper published Jan. 14 in the journal Cell, four Yale immunobiologists propose an expanded explanation for the rise of food allergies the exaggerated activation of our internal food quality control system, a complex and highly evolved biological mechanism designed to prevent us from eating harmful foods. […] The presence of unnatural substances, including processed food, or environmental chemicals, such as dishwashing detergent, in the modern environment, as well as the absence of natural microbial exposure, play a role in disrupting this control system, they argue.

• #107 Overactive food quality control system triggers food allergies | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2021/01/14/overactive-food-quality-control-system-triggers-food-allergies

  This type of immune system response triggers allergies, including food allergies, a fact that gave rise to the so-called hygiene hypothesis of food allergies. […] However, food allergies have continued to rise dramatically long after elimination of parasites in the developed world, Medzhitov noted. […] So the Yale team now theorizes that other environmental factors influenced activity within the natural food quality control system and contributed to immune system hypersensitivity to certain food allergens. […] Collectively, these changes in the environment effectively trigger food quality control responses making the immune system react to food proteins the way it would react to toxic substances, the team argues. […] Food allergies are no different than many other diseases, which are caused by abnormal versions of normal biological responses.

• #108

  https://www.todaysdietitian.com/news/0407(2)25_news.shtml

  They also uncovered how infections of the intestines can cause interference, demonstrating in mice that the parasitic worm Strongyloides venezuelensis shifts the balance away from tolerance promoting APCs and toward those that promote inflammation. […] Indeed, mice infected with this worm during a first exposure to a dietary protein display reduced tolerance towards this protein, and signs of allergy when challenged. […] The worm infection induces this an expansion of non-tolerogenic APCs that help deal with the infection, outnumbering the tolerance-related APCs, Canesso says. […] Together, the findings illuminate how the immune system maintains food tolerance and, in the case of parasitic infections, highlights the specific immune mechanisms that can go awry. […] While these findings aren’t directly relevant to food allergies, they do lay some groundwork for further investigation into food intolerance. If food allergies are derived from dysregulation on intestinal APCs inducing tolerance and protective responses to infections, perhaps we could one day modulate those APCs specifically to prevent food allergies, Canesso says.

• #109 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  Once sensitization has been established, re-exposure to the antigen can led to local or systemic manifestations. […] Once produced, IgE bind to its high-affinity receptor FcRI on the surface of mast cells and basophils, therefore arming these cells for activation on re-exposure to the antigen. […] The second contact with the antigen activates and makes these cells degranulate, resulting in performed mediators release (histamine, tryptase, platelet activating factor, prostaglandin and leukotrienes) and can lead to local and systemic manifestations (18). […] Several hypotheses have been formulated to explain the increase of FA. […] The hygiene hypothesis. A lack of microbes and infections exposure in early childhood might increase susceptibility to allergic disease by altering the development of the immune system through an imbalance of the immune responses in favor of the Th2 lymphocyte profile rather than Th1 (19).

• #110 Pathogenesis of food allergy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-food-allergy

  Pathogenesis of food allergy […] Tolerance is the normal immune response to the food an individual eats over a lifetime. Food allergy is an abnormal immune reaction consisting of hypersensitivity to food components, most commonly proteins. […] This topic will focus on food allergy due to primary sensitization through the gut and will review organization of the gut immune system and factors that influence oral tolerance induction. Theories addressing the increasing prevalence of food allergy are briefly mentioned. The pathogenesis of pollen-food allergy syndrome, seen more frequently in adolescents and adults, is discussed separately. […] The prevalence of food allergies, particularly to peanut, appears to have increased from the late 1990s to the early 2010s. While there are a number of theories regarding the apparent increase in prevalence of food allergies, especially peanut allergy, definitive answers are still lacking. Postulated hypotheses have focused on hygiene, dietary fat, antioxidants, vitamin D, and dual allergen exposure (ie, initial exposure to a food allergen via a nonoral route, such as the skin). There are some data in support of these hypotheses to explain the increasing risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, there are limited data regarding the role for these hypotheses in the increased prevalence of food allergy.

• #111 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  Once sensitization has been established, re-exposure to the antigen can led to local or systemic manifestations. […] Once produced, IgE bind to its high-affinity receptor FcRI on the surface of mast cells and basophils, therefore arming these cells for activation on re-exposure to the antigen. […] The second contact with the antigen activates and makes these cells degranulate, resulting in performed mediators release (histamine, tryptase, platelet activating factor, prostaglandin and leukotrienes) and can lead to local and systemic manifestations (18). […] Several hypotheses have been formulated to explain the increase of FA. […] The hygiene hypothesis. A lack of microbes and infections exposure in early childhood might increase susceptibility to allergic disease by altering the development of the immune system through an imbalance of the immune responses in favor of the Th2 lymphocyte profile rather than Th1 (19).

• #112 Pathogenesis of food allergy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-food-allergy

  Hygiene hypothesis – Early life exposure to infectious pathogens, as well as normal gut microbiota, may influence the development of the immune system away from a T helper type 2 (Th2) and towards a T regulatory cell (Treg) response. Better hygiene, resulting in less microbial exposure, may lead to an increase in atopic disease. […] Microbiome depletion hypothesis – This hypothesis evolved from the hygiene hypothesis. The ecosystem of the human body (the human biome) can influence immune function. Loss of species diversity from the human microbiome can result in allergy, autoimmune disease, and other disorders related to increased inflammation.

• #113 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  Once sensitization has been established, re-exposure to the antigen can led to local or systemic manifestations. […] Once produced, IgE bind to its high-affinity receptor FcRI on the surface of mast cells and basophils, therefore arming these cells for activation on re-exposure to the antigen. […] The second contact with the antigen activates and makes these cells degranulate, resulting in performed mediators release (histamine, tryptase, platelet activating factor, prostaglandin and leukotrienes) and can lead to local and systemic manifestations (18). […] Several hypotheses have been formulated to explain the increase of FA. […] The hygiene hypothesis. A lack of microbes and infections exposure in early childhood might increase susceptibility to allergic disease by altering the development of the immune system through an imbalance of the immune responses in favor of the Th2 lymphocyte profile rather than Th1 (19).

• #114 Pathogenesis of food allergy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-food-allergy

  Hygiene hypothesis – Early life exposure to infectious pathogens, as well as normal gut microbiota, may influence the development of the immune system away from a T helper type 2 (Th2) and towards a T regulatory cell (Treg) response. Better hygiene, resulting in less microbial exposure, may lead to an increase in atopic disease. […] Microbiome depletion hypothesis – This hypothesis evolved from the hygiene hypothesis. The ecosystem of the human body (the human biome) can influence immune function. Loss of species diversity from the human microbiome can result in allergy, autoimmune disease, and other disorders related to increased inflammation.

• #115 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The dual-allergen hypothesis. Several studies conducted in animals and humans suggest that disrupted skin barrier function in infant eczema might cause allergen sensitization through environmental exposure via the skin rather than oral route (23). […] This hypothesis also supposed food antigens skin exposure is more likely to lead to allergy compared to early oral consumption, which is more likely to lead to tolerance (24). […] FA is likely a combination of both skin and gut exposure to a food antigen, with a higher tendency towards sensitization if the first exposure is through the skin. […] The Vitamin D hypothesis. Vitamin D has well-recognized immunoregulatory and tolerogenic functions, and its deficiency is considered a possible risk factors for FA development (25). […] The microbiota hypothesis. The presence of specific bacterial strains as well as dietary substrate and their metabolites, could influence FA development (31,32).

• #116 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The dual-allergen hypothesis. Several studies conducted in animals and humans suggest that disrupted skin barrier function in infant eczema might cause allergen sensitization through environmental exposure via the skin rather than oral route (23). […] This hypothesis also supposed food antigens skin exposure is more likely to lead to allergy compared to early oral consumption, which is more likely to lead to tolerance (24). […] FA is likely a combination of both skin and gut exposure to a food antigen, with a higher tendency towards sensitization if the first exposure is through the skin. […] The Vitamin D hypothesis. Vitamin D has well-recognized immunoregulatory and tolerogenic functions, and its deficiency is considered a possible risk factors for FA development (25). […] The microbiota hypothesis. The presence of specific bacterial strains as well as dietary substrate and their metabolites, could influence FA development (31,32).

• #117 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The dual-allergen hypothesis. Several studies conducted in animals and humans suggest that disrupted skin barrier function in infant eczema might cause allergen sensitization through environmental exposure via the skin rather than oral route (23). […] This hypothesis also supposed food antigens skin exposure is more likely to lead to allergy compared to early oral consumption, which is more likely to lead to tolerance (24). […] FA is likely a combination of both skin and gut exposure to a food antigen, with a higher tendency towards sensitization if the first exposure is through the skin. […] The Vitamin D hypothesis. Vitamin D has well-recognized immunoregulatory and tolerogenic functions, and its deficiency is considered a possible risk factors for FA development (25). […] The microbiota hypothesis. The presence of specific bacterial strains as well as dietary substrate and their metabolites, could influence FA development (31,32).

• #118 The Role of Skin Barrier in the Pathogenesis of Food Allergy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/2/3/382

  The importance of filaggrin deficiency in allergic sensitization has been shown in several murine studies using the filaggrin loss of function mutation. […] In food allergy, the impaired skin barrier resulting from defects in filaggrin expression has been hypothesized as a gateway for food allergens and as a way to avoid the oral tolerance pathways of the gut mucosa. […] Disruptions of barrier function other than filaggrin deficiency are generally required for epicutanous sensitization. […] The phenomenon of skin sensitization leading to an oral allergic response has been recently coined the “dual-allergen-exposure” hypothesis. […] The damaged skin barrier may play a crucial role in the development of food sensitization.

• #119 The Role of Skin Barrier in the Pathogenesis of Food Allergy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/2/3/382

  The importance of filaggrin deficiency in allergic sensitization has been shown in several murine studies using the filaggrin loss of function mutation. […] In food allergy, the impaired skin barrier resulting from defects in filaggrin expression has been hypothesized as a gateway for food allergens and as a way to avoid the oral tolerance pathways of the gut mucosa. […] Disruptions of barrier function other than filaggrin deficiency are generally required for epicutanous sensitization. […] The phenomenon of skin sensitization leading to an oral allergic response has been recently coined the “dual-allergen-exposure” hypothesis. […] The damaged skin barrier may play a crucial role in the development of food sensitization.

• #120 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The dual-allergen hypothesis. Several studies conducted in animals and humans suggest that disrupted skin barrier function in infant eczema might cause allergen sensitization through environmental exposure via the skin rather than oral route (23). […] This hypothesis also supposed food antigens skin exposure is more likely to lead to allergy compared to early oral consumption, which is more likely to lead to tolerance (24). […] FA is likely a combination of both skin and gut exposure to a food antigen, with a higher tendency towards sensitization if the first exposure is through the skin. […] The Vitamin D hypothesis. Vitamin D has well-recognized immunoregulatory and tolerogenic functions, and its deficiency is considered a possible risk factors for FA development (25). […] The microbiota hypothesis. The presence of specific bacterial strains as well as dietary substrate and their metabolites, could influence FA development (31,32).

• #121 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The false alarm hypothesis. Smith et al. (33) very recently proposed a different theory to explain FA increase. The Western diet is high in advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) deriving from cooked meat, oil and cheese, and high concentration of sugar. They suggest AGEs, that are present or formed from the food in our diet and are alarmins, prime innate signaling, leading to development of FA (34).

• #122

  https://www.ijbcp.com/index.php/ijbcp/article/view/5263

  An exaggerated immune reaction to a food that takes place in a vulnerable host is referred to as a food allergy. The two main types of food-induced allergy diseases are those caused by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and those caused by non-IgE-mediated mechanisms. […] Age, sex, heredity, and geographic location of the patient, as well as vitamin D deficiency and other allergic reactions, are risk factors that might result in life-threatening food allergies. […] The objective of this study was to throw a light on the pathogenesis, diagnostic methods and possible treatment options for food allergy.

• #123 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Can-Food-Allergies-Be-Genetic.aspx

  Food allergies result from abnormal immunological responses to the ingestion of or exposure to certain foods. […] Food allergies are quite distinct from food intolerance, where the latter develops as a result of difficulties in digesting certain types of foods that lead to unpleasant intestinal reactions. […] The development of food allergies may be seen in those with genetic susceptibility, and this has been illustrated in many studies. […] Studies suggest that there may be a genetic predisposition to the development of food allergies. […] There is compelling evidence that implicates environmental factors in the pathogenesis of these allergies, and ones chances of having a particular type of allergy are increased if ones parents are also affected by the same allergy. […] This study was able to identify five loci that increase genetic susceptibility to food allergies.

• #124 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Can-Food-Allergies-Be-Genetic.aspx

  Food allergies result from abnormal immunological responses to the ingestion of or exposure to certain foods. […] Food allergies are quite distinct from food intolerance, where the latter develops as a result of difficulties in digesting certain types of foods that lead to unpleasant intestinal reactions. […] The development of food allergies may be seen in those with genetic susceptibility, and this has been illustrated in many studies. […] Studies suggest that there may be a genetic predisposition to the development of food allergies. […] There is compelling evidence that implicates environmental factors in the pathogenesis of these allergies, and ones chances of having a particular type of allergy are increased if ones parents are also affected by the same allergy. […] This study was able to identify five loci that increase genetic susceptibility to food allergies.

• #125 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Can-Food-Allergies-Be-Genetic.aspx

  Food allergies result from abnormal immunological responses to the ingestion of or exposure to certain foods. […] Food allergies are quite distinct from food intolerance, where the latter develops as a result of difficulties in digesting certain types of foods that lead to unpleasant intestinal reactions. […] The development of food allergies may be seen in those with genetic susceptibility, and this has been illustrated in many studies. […] Studies suggest that there may be a genetic predisposition to the development of food allergies. […] There is compelling evidence that implicates environmental factors in the pathogenesis of these allergies, and ones chances of having a particular type of allergy are increased if ones parents are also affected by the same allergy. […] This study was able to identify five loci that increase genetic susceptibility to food allergies.

• #126 Food allergy: Mechanisms, diagnosis, and management – Karnataka Paediatric Journal

  https://iap-kpj.org/food-allergy-mechanisms-diagnosis-and-management/

  A number of non-IgE mediated food hypersensitivity disorders have also been identified. The exact mechanism involved in such disorders is still a matter of debate in certain situations. Non-IgE mediated FA encompasses a wide range of disorders affecting many systems. […] Early use of broad spectrum antibiotics in 1st year of life and cesarean section will disturb normal healthy microbiota development in gut resulting in dysbiosis and predilection of allergies. […] As the focus has been shifted to the prevention of infections in keeping the environment more sterile and minimalist interaction between human, animals, and microbiota, it has seen the surge of allergic diseases since late 1990s. There has been an increased emergence of food allergies in the past two decades with awareness of common foods causing FA. At present, the research focus is on treatment and any measures which can help in prevention of food allergies.

• #127 Overactive food quality control system triggers food allergies | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2021/01/14/overactive-food-quality-control-system-triggers-food-allergies

  This type of immune system response triggers allergies, including food allergies, a fact that gave rise to the so-called hygiene hypothesis of food allergies. […] However, food allergies have continued to rise dramatically long after elimination of parasites in the developed world, Medzhitov noted. […] So the Yale team now theorizes that other environmental factors influenced activity within the natural food quality control system and contributed to immune system hypersensitivity to certain food allergens. […] Collectively, these changes in the environment effectively trigger food quality control responses making the immune system react to food proteins the way it would react to toxic substances, the team argues. […] Food allergies are no different than many other diseases, which are caused by abnormal versions of normal biological responses.

• #128 Overactive food quality control system triggers food allergies | Yale News

  https://news.yale.edu/2021/01/14/overactive-food-quality-control-system-triggers-food-allergies

  This type of immune system response triggers allergies, including food allergies, a fact that gave rise to the so-called hygiene hypothesis of food allergies. […] However, food allergies have continued to rise dramatically long after elimination of parasites in the developed world, Medzhitov noted. […] So the Yale team now theorizes that other environmental factors influenced activity within the natural food quality control system and contributed to immune system hypersensitivity to certain food allergens. […] Collectively, these changes in the environment effectively trigger food quality control responses making the immune system react to food proteins the way it would react to toxic substances, the team argues. […] Food allergies are no different than many other diseases, which are caused by abnormal versions of normal biological responses.

• #129 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #130 Food Intolerance: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21688-food-intolerance

  Food intolerances affect your digestive system. People who suffer from an intolerance, or sensitivity, cant break down certain foods. They develop gas, diarrhea and other problems. An intolerance or food sensitivity is inconvenient but not life-threatening. […] When you have a food intolerance, it means your digestive system has a hard time digesting (breaking down) a food. Another word for food intolerance is food sensitivity. […] Food intolerance means your gut is sensitive to certain foods and cant tolerate them. When you eat these foods, you may experience uncomfortable symptoms like gas, diarrhea and abdominal pain. […] People with food intolerances often dont make enough of a particular enzyme that the digestive system needs to break down a certain food or ingredient. […] Certain gastrointestinal conditions may make you more prone to food sensitivities. […] Food intolerances tend to be lifelong. Most people can manage symptoms if they reduce or cut out foods that cause digestive problems. Food intolerance may be an inconvenience (and the symptoms unpleasant), but it isnt a life-threatening problem like a food allergy.

• #131 Food Allergy Vs Food Intolerance in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2019/food-allergy-vs-food-intolerance-in-patients-with-irritable-bowel-syndrome/

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and alterations in bowel habits. The pathophysiology of the disease remains unknown, but various factors are thought to play a role, including visceral hypersensitivity, gut dysmotility, mucosal inflammation, and changes in the makeup of the intestinal microbiota. Limited data are available on the relationship between food and IBS, but it appears that an adverse reaction to a particular food (or foods) may be associated with symptom onset or exacerbation. […] A food intolerance is a nonimmune-mediated adverse reaction to food that can be caused by any (nonprotein) food component, and is much more common than food allergy. […] The prevalence of food allergy among patients with IBS tends to overlap with that among the general US population, which is 1% to 4% in adults and approximately 6% in children, although these percentages are rising.

• #132 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #133 The inside story on food intolerance: the case for IgG4 ELISA testing

  https://www.tecan.com/blog/the-inside-story-on-food-intolerance-the-case-for-igg4-elisa-testing

  There is a definite role for IgG4 testing when diagnosing and treating pathologies that are associated with elevated levels of specific IgGs, such as Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. […] This is despite the fact that IgG4 testing has had a lot of bad press over the years, mainly because it has been shown that elevated IgG4 levels for certain food antigens may simply be an indicator of exposure and tolerance of a specific food, rather than an indicator of true food intolerance. […] The mechanism of food intolerance is thought to occur through chronic stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract with certain food ingredients (food antigens), impairing its basic function, and potentially leading to chronic inflammation and greater permeability of the gut mucosa. […] This is what happens with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), where concurrently, elevated serum IgG4 levels were reported towards specific foods in IBS patients. […] Food elimination based on IgG4 levels improved symptoms in these individuals.

• #134

  https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Clinical-research-Role-of-selenium-and-zinc-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergy-in,52697,0,2.html

  Selenium and zinc are indispensable microelements for normal functioning and development of the human body. The aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of selenium and zinc in the pathogenesis of food allergy in small children. […] The obtained results showed that children with food allergy had significantly lower concentrations of selenium, zinc and examined enzymes in comparison to children from the control group. […] In children with allergy decreased concentrations of selenium and zinc, and lower values of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase which increased after elimination diet were affirmed. These observations suggest their role in pathogenesis of food allergy. […] The results showed that children with food allergy had a weakened antioxidative barrier.

• #135 Food Allergy Vs Food Intolerance in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2019/food-allergy-vs-food-intolerance-in-patients-with-irritable-bowel-syndrome/

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and alterations in bowel habits. The pathophysiology of the disease remains unknown, but various factors are thought to play a role, including visceral hypersensitivity, gut dysmotility, mucosal inflammation, and changes in the makeup of the intestinal microbiota. Limited data are available on the relationship between food and IBS, but it appears that an adverse reaction to a particular food (or foods) may be associated with symptom onset or exacerbation. […] A food intolerance is a nonimmune-mediated adverse reaction to food that can be caused by any (nonprotein) food component, and is much more common than food allergy. […] The prevalence of food allergy among patients with IBS tends to overlap with that among the general US population, which is 1% to 4% in adults and approximately 6% in children, although these percentages are rising.

• #136 Food Allergy Vs Food Intolerance in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2019/food-allergy-vs-food-intolerance-in-patients-with-irritable-bowel-syndrome/

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and alterations in bowel habits. The pathophysiology of the disease remains unknown, but various factors are thought to play a role, including visceral hypersensitivity, gut dysmotility, mucosal inflammation, and changes in the makeup of the intestinal microbiota. Limited data are available on the relationship between food and IBS, but it appears that an adverse reaction to a particular food (or foods) may be associated with symptom onset or exacerbation. […] A food intolerance is a nonimmune-mediated adverse reaction to food that can be caused by any (nonprotein) food component, and is much more common than food allergy. […] The prevalence of food allergy among patients with IBS tends to overlap with that among the general US population, which is 1% to 4% in adults and approximately 6% in children, although these percentages are rising.

• #137 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #138 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #139 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #140 Food Intolerances, Food Allergies and IBS: Lights and Shadows

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/2/265

  IBS is a complex, multifactorial condition, and its pathogenesis is intricately linked with various gastrointestinal factors, including dysbiosis, mucosal leak, and biliary absorption alterations. […] Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This condition is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity and a shift in the composition of the gut flora. […] Additionally, an excess in Proteobacteria can lead to a depletion in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are pivotal for maintaining mucosal integrity. […] Furthermore, dysbiosis in IBS has been linked to increased gut sensitivity, contributing to the classic symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. […] Finally, increasing evidence also suggests that the central nervous system may play a pivotal role in modulating various gastrointestinal functions such as secretion, motility, and blood flow. […] In summary, IBS is a multifaceted disorder which arises from various causes, including genetic predisposition, microbiome changes, and immune responses. […] A comprehensive understanding of these diverse mechanisms is essential for effectively addressing the intricate and varied aspects of IBS.

• #141 Food Allergy Vs Food Intolerance in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2019/food-allergy-vs-food-intolerance-in-patients-with-irritable-bowel-syndrome/

  Patients with a food allergy or food intolerance often report worsened IBS symptoms after eating certain foods. […] Foods high in sucrose or fructose, such as cookies, cakes, soft drinks, breads, crackers, bananas, and breakfast cereals (ie, fermentable carbohydrates), tend to trigger symptoms related to food intolerance, as these foods ferment in the microbiome. […] Food elimination through various diets can help patients identify and remove food allergies or sensitivities. […] Alterations in diet can be very beneficial for patients with IBS. Randomized, blinded studies have shown that the low-FODMAP diet effectively reduced gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBS, including lessening the severity of abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence. […] There is still a lot that is unknown about the relationship between food, diet, and IBS. Current and ongoing research has focused on certain foods and their effects on the microbiome.

• #142 Food Allergy Vs Food Intolerance in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2019/food-allergy-vs-food-intolerance-in-patients-with-irritable-bowel-syndrome/

  Patients with a food allergy or food intolerance often report worsened IBS symptoms after eating certain foods. […] Foods high in sucrose or fructose, such as cookies, cakes, soft drinks, breads, crackers, bananas, and breakfast cereals (ie, fermentable carbohydrates), tend to trigger symptoms related to food intolerance, as these foods ferment in the microbiome. […] Food elimination through various diets can help patients identify and remove food allergies or sensitivities. […] Alterations in diet can be very beneficial for patients with IBS. Randomized, blinded studies have shown that the low-FODMAP diet effectively reduced gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBS, including lessening the severity of abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence. […] There is still a lot that is unknown about the relationship between food, diet, and IBS. Current and ongoing research has focused on certain foods and their effects on the microbiome.

• #143 Food Allergy Vs Food Intolerance in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2019/food-allergy-vs-food-intolerance-in-patients-with-irritable-bowel-syndrome/

  Patients with a food allergy or food intolerance often report worsened IBS symptoms after eating certain foods. […] Foods high in sucrose or fructose, such as cookies, cakes, soft drinks, breads, crackers, bananas, and breakfast cereals (ie, fermentable carbohydrates), tend to trigger symptoms related to food intolerance, as these foods ferment in the microbiome. […] Food elimination through various diets can help patients identify and remove food allergies or sensitivities. […] Alterations in diet can be very beneficial for patients with IBS. Randomized, blinded studies have shown that the low-FODMAP diet effectively reduced gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBS, including lessening the severity of abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence. […] There is still a lot that is unknown about the relationship between food, diet, and IBS. Current and ongoing research has focused on certain foods and their effects on the microbiome.

• #144 Food Allergy Vs Food Intolerance in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2019/food-allergy-vs-food-intolerance-in-patients-with-irritable-bowel-syndrome/

  Patients with a food allergy or food intolerance often report worsened IBS symptoms after eating certain foods. […] Foods high in sucrose or fructose, such as cookies, cakes, soft drinks, breads, crackers, bananas, and breakfast cereals (ie, fermentable carbohydrates), tend to trigger symptoms related to food intolerance, as these foods ferment in the microbiome. […] Food elimination through various diets can help patients identify and remove food allergies or sensitivities. […] Alterations in diet can be very beneficial for patients with IBS. Randomized, blinded studies have shown that the low-FODMAP diet effectively reduced gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBS, including lessening the severity of abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence. […] There is still a lot that is unknown about the relationship between food, diet, and IBS. Current and ongoing research has focused on certain foods and their effects on the microbiome.

• #145 Food allergy and intolerance | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/food-allergy-and-intolerance

  Food intolerance occurs when the body has a chemical reaction to eating a particular food or drink. […] Food intolerance does not involve the immune system and does not cause severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). […] Food intolerance is a chemical reaction that some people have after eating or drinking some foods; it is not an immune response. Food intolerance has been associated with asthma, chronic fatigue syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

• #146 Food Intolerance: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21688-food-intolerance

  Food intolerances affect your digestive system. People who suffer from an intolerance, or sensitivity, cant break down certain foods. They develop gas, diarrhea and other problems. An intolerance or food sensitivity is inconvenient but not life-threatening. […] When you have a food intolerance, it means your digestive system has a hard time digesting (breaking down) a food. Another word for food intolerance is food sensitivity. […] Food intolerance means your gut is sensitive to certain foods and cant tolerate them. When you eat these foods, you may experience uncomfortable symptoms like gas, diarrhea and abdominal pain. […] People with food intolerances often dont make enough of a particular enzyme that the digestive system needs to break down a certain food or ingredient. […] Certain gastrointestinal conditions may make you more prone to food sensitivities. […] Food intolerances tend to be lifelong. Most people can manage symptoms if they reduce or cut out foods that cause digestive problems. Food intolerance may be an inconvenience (and the symptoms unpleasant), but it isnt a life-threatening problem like a food allergy.

• #147 Food Intolerance: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21688-food-intolerance

  Food intolerances affect your digestive system. People who suffer from an intolerance, or sensitivity, cant break down certain foods. They develop gas, diarrhea and other problems. An intolerance or food sensitivity is inconvenient but not life-threatening. […] When you have a food intolerance, it means your digestive system has a hard time digesting (breaking down) a food. Another word for food intolerance is food sensitivity. […] Food intolerance means your gut is sensitive to certain foods and cant tolerate them. When you eat these foods, you may experience uncomfortable symptoms like gas, diarrhea and abdominal pain. […] People with food intolerances often dont make enough of a particular enzyme that the digestive system needs to break down a certain food or ingredient. […] Certain gastrointestinal conditions may make you more prone to food sensitivities. […] Food intolerances tend to be lifelong. Most people can manage symptoms if they reduce or cut out foods that cause digestive problems. Food intolerance may be an inconvenience (and the symptoms unpleasant), but it isnt a life-threatening problem like a food allergy.

• #148 Sensitivities vs. Allergies | Pomona College in Claremont, California – Pomona College

  https://www.pomona.edu/administration/dining/health-wellness/allergies/sensitivities-vs-allergies

  Food intolerance can produce some digestive symptoms that are similar to food sensitivity but it doesn’t involve the immune system. […] Instead, when the food in question is consumed, it is not properly digested and begins to ferment inside the gut. […] The best example of food intolerance is lactose intolerance. […] This condition is characterized by bloating, loose stools or diarrhea and gas. […] Lactose intolerance is caused by an inability of the body to produce enough of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose, the primary sugar found in milk.

• #149 Gluten Intolerance: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21622-gluten-intolerance

  Gluten intolerance is when you get sick after eating gluten. Gluten intolerance is also called non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] The exact causes of gluten intolerance arent well understood. Some research shows that people may not be sensitive to gluten, but to a certain carbohydrate found in many foods. Their bodies dont absorb the carbohydrate as they should. It stays in their guts and ferments, causing sickness. […] Other research suggests that wheat might affect the lining of some peoples digestive tracts. This lining usually keeps bacteria from leaking out of your intestines. But in people with a gluten intolerance, the lining may not work as it should, allowing bacteria into their blood or liver and causing inflammation.

• #150 Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies

  https://www.termedia.pl/Participation-of-reactive-oxygen-species-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergies,123,52069,1,1.html

  It is well known that oxidative stress, a consequence of excessive ROS generation and failure of the body’s antioxidant system, is one of the main factors associated with occurrence of chronic inflammation. […] Many contemporary scientific reports further confirm that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of the chronic inflammatory process in the course of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma and also food allergies. […] During allergy attacks, large amounts of oxidative compounds are produced in local tissues, which can exceed capacity of antioxidants and thus induce disorder in local tissue cells. […] ROS are one of the causes of the inflammatory response. […] Macrophages and neutrophils infiltrating the gut can produce reactive oxygen species, leading to more severe oxidative stress and inflammation.

• #151 Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies

  https://www.termedia.pl/Participation-of-reactive-oxygen-species-in-the-pathogenesis-of-food-allergies,123,52069,1,1.html

  This is the cause of positive macrophage feedback and a key reason for the difficulty in mitigating intestinal inflammation. […] One of the most important transcription factors regulating oxidative stress is nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). […] During oxidative stress, Nrf2 degradation is impaired, the factor accumulates in the cell nucleus, and antioxidant mechanisms are activated. […] In EoE, Nrf2 is suppressed, which weakens antioxidant defense. […] The cytokines generated by immune cells, IL-5, IL-13, TNF- and transforming growth factor (TGF-), induce large amounts of ROS. […] Accumulation of excess ROS and an inefficient antioxidant response contribute to increased inflammation and fibrosis. […] It is clear that ROS also have a role in the pathogenesis of food allergies. […] Among other things, oxidative stress leads to damage and impairment of the intestinal barrier, lowered immunity and increased inflammation.

• #152 The Connection Between Food Sensitivity and Leaky Gut – Blog

  https://www.cnslab.co.uk/blog/post/food-sensitivity-leaky-gut.html

  There is a widespread erroneous belief that immune system reactions to the foods we eat are exclusively associated with IgE antibody mediated mechanisms (true allergy). However, according to more recent studies, IgG-dependent hypersensitivity, characterised by a delayed immune response, also plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of food reactions, often referred to as food sensitivity. […] Evidence suggests that the development of IgG-mediated food sensitivity is directly related to increased permeability of the intestinal barrier. […] There is increasing evidence that damage to the tight junctions and the subsequent influx of toxins and allergens leads to abnormal immune reactions and the potential development of autoimmune diseases. […] A number of studies have shown that damage to the tight junctions is the precipitating cause for the development of food specific IgG antibodies.

• #153 The inside story on food intolerance: the case for IgG4 ELISA testing

  https://www.tecan.com/blog/the-inside-story-on-food-intolerance-the-case-for-igg4-elisa-testing

  There is a definite role for IgG4 testing when diagnosing and treating pathologies that are associated with elevated levels of specific IgGs, such as Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. […] This is despite the fact that IgG4 testing has had a lot of bad press over the years, mainly because it has been shown that elevated IgG4 levels for certain food antigens may simply be an indicator of exposure and tolerance of a specific food, rather than an indicator of true food intolerance. […] The mechanism of food intolerance is thought to occur through chronic stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract with certain food ingredients (food antigens), impairing its basic function, and potentially leading to chronic inflammation and greater permeability of the gut mucosa. […] This is what happens with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), where concurrently, elevated serum IgG4 levels were reported towards specific foods in IBS patients. […] Food elimination based on IgG4 levels improved symptoms in these individuals.

• #154 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  Once sensitization has been established, re-exposure to the antigen can led to local or systemic manifestations. […] Once produced, IgE bind to its high-affinity receptor FcRI on the surface of mast cells and basophils, therefore arming these cells for activation on re-exposure to the antigen. […] The second contact with the antigen activates and makes these cells degranulate, resulting in performed mediators release (histamine, tryptase, platelet activating factor, prostaglandin and leukotrienes) and can lead to local and systemic manifestations (18). […] Several hypotheses have been formulated to explain the increase of FA. […] The hygiene hypothesis. A lack of microbes and infections exposure in early childhood might increase susceptibility to allergic disease by altering the development of the immune system through an imbalance of the immune responses in favor of the Th2 lymphocyte profile rather than Th1 (19).

• #155 Pathogenesis of food allergy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-food-allergy

  Pathogenesis of food allergy […] Tolerance is the normal immune response to the food an individual eats over a lifetime. Food allergy is an abnormal immune reaction consisting of hypersensitivity to food components, most commonly proteins. […] This topic will focus on food allergy due to primary sensitization through the gut and will review organization of the gut immune system and factors that influence oral tolerance induction. Theories addressing the increasing prevalence of food allergy are briefly mentioned. The pathogenesis of pollen-food allergy syndrome, seen more frequently in adolescents and adults, is discussed separately. […] The prevalence of food allergies, particularly to peanut, appears to have increased from the late 1990s to the early 2010s. While there are a number of theories regarding the apparent increase in prevalence of food allergies, especially peanut allergy, definitive answers are still lacking. Postulated hypotheses have focused on hygiene, dietary fat, antioxidants, vitamin D, and dual allergen exposure (ie, initial exposure to a food allergen via a nonoral route, such as the skin). There are some data in support of these hypotheses to explain the increasing risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, there are limited data regarding the role for these hypotheses in the increased prevalence of food allergy.

• #156 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The dual-allergen hypothesis. Several studies conducted in animals and humans suggest that disrupted skin barrier function in infant eczema might cause allergen sensitization through environmental exposure via the skin rather than oral route (23). […] This hypothesis also supposed food antigens skin exposure is more likely to lead to allergy compared to early oral consumption, which is more likely to lead to tolerance (24). […] FA is likely a combination of both skin and gut exposure to a food antigen, with a higher tendency towards sensitization if the first exposure is through the skin. […] The Vitamin D hypothesis. Vitamin D has well-recognized immunoregulatory and tolerogenic functions, and its deficiency is considered a possible risk factors for FA development (25). […] The microbiota hypothesis. The presence of specific bacterial strains as well as dietary substrate and their metabolites, could influence FA development (31,32).

• #157 Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8023067/

  The false alarm hypothesis. Smith et al. (33) very recently proposed a different theory to explain FA increase. The Western diet is high in advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) deriving from cooked meat, oil and cheese, and high concentration of sugar. They suggest AGEs, that are present or formed from the food in our diet and are alarmins, prime innate signaling, leading to development of FA (34).

• #158 Mechanism behind food intolerances with psychological correlates

  https://www.globalscienceresearchjournals.org/articles/mechanism-behind-food-intolerances-with-psychological-correlates-86703.html

  However, current experience in these fields may seem promising for further research. Next, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the type of exposure and the type of disposition represented by immunological and/or psychological mechanisms, or a combination of both. Future studies should aim to subgroup patients through the use of improved diagnostic and clinical methods, assessment of organ susceptibility, and immunological and psychological tests.

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