Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and Etiology of Sarcomas – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27542634/

  Sarcomas are rare malignancies of mesenchymal origin and are broadly divided into soft tissue sarcomas and bone sarcomas. The etiology of these tumors is largely unknown, and most sarcomas are sporadic. A small subset of sarcomas is associated with certain genetic syndromes and environmental factors. Ionizing radiation is the strongest environmental factor linked to sarcoma development.

• #1 Sarcoma – cCARE

  https://ccare.com/cancer/sarcoma/

  Sarcoma is a relatively rare type of cancer, which is the uncontrollable growth of cells that develop in bones or soft tissues, including cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, or other connective or supportive tissue. […] In most cases, there are no known causes of sarcomas, although there are several factors that could increase an individuals risk of developing a sarcoma. […] Sarcomas tend to occur infrequently, for no apparent reason and with little or no family history. […] There are several factors that could increase a persons risk of developing a sarcoma. […] Currently, there’s no known way to prevent sarcomas, and injury and lifestyle factors such as smoking, diet and exercise are not related to the risk for soft tissue sarcoma. […] The best way to prevent some sarcomas is to avoid exposure to radiation and chemicals.

• #1 Sarcoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351048

  It’s not clear what causes sarcoma. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the bones and soft tissues. […] Sarcoma happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer.

• #1 Soft tissue sarcoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/soft-tissue-sarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20377725

  Soft tissue sarcomas are cancers that start in the soft tissues of the body. […] It’s not clear what causes most soft tissue sarcomas. Soft tissue sarcoma starts when a connective tissue cell gets changes in its DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes turn the connective tissue cells into cancer cells. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and make more cells. Healthy cells die as part of their natural cycle, but cancer cells keep growing because they do not have instructions to stop. […] The type of cell with DNA changes is what determines the type of soft tissue sarcoma. For example, angiosarcoma begins in cells in the lining of blood vessels, while liposarcoma starts in fat cells. […] Factors that may raise the risk of sarcoma include: Inherited syndromes. A risk of soft tissue sarcoma can run in families. Genetic syndromes that increase the risk include hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis and Werner syndrome. […] Chemical exposure. Being exposed to certain chemicals may increase the risk of soft tissue sarcomas. These chemicals include herbicides, arsenic and dioxin. […] Radiation exposure. Radiation therapy for other cancers can increase the risk of soft tissue sarcomas.

• #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21732-soft-tissue-sarcoma

  Soft tissue sarcomas are rare cancerous tumors that develop in the tissues that support and surround your bones and organs. […] Researchers are still unraveling what causes soft tissue sarcomas. They’ve found some potential risk factors such as certain inherited disorders and activities. A risk factor is anything that increases the risk you’ll get sick. (Having a risk factor doesn’t mean you’ll get sick. It means you could get sick.) […] Inherited disorders happen when people inherit genetic mutations (changes in their genes) that affect how their bodies work. Your provider may recommend genetic testing if your family members have certain inherited disorders. Inherited disorders that increase soft tissue sarcoma risk include: Li Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease), Gardner syndrome. […] Other risk factors include: Having radiation therapy, Having lymphedema in your arms or legs that’s lasted for a long time, Exposure to chemicals including thorium dioxide, arsenic or vinyl chloride, Having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS increases your risk of Kaposi sarcoma.

• #1 Risk Factors for Soft Tissue Sarcomas | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Li-Fraumeni syndrome is caused by inherited defects in the TP53 gene. People affected by this syndrome have a high risk of cancer, such as breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemia, and sarcomas. Still, only 10 to 20 out of 100 people with Li-Fraumeni syndrome will develop a soft tissue sarcoma. People with this syndrome are sensitive to the cancer-causing effects of radiation. So if they have a cancer that’s treated with radiation, they have a very high chance of developing a new cancer in the part of the body that was treated. […] Children with this gene defect also have a higher risk of developing bone or soft tissue sarcomas, especially if the retinoblastoma was treated with radiation. […] They also have an increased risk of cancer, including soft tissue sarcomas. […] Exposure to vinyl chloride (a chemical used in making plastics) is a risk factor for developing sarcomas of the liver, but it hasn’t been proven to cause soft tissue sarcomas. Arsenic has also been linked to a type of liver sarcoma but not soft tissue sarcoma. Exposure to dioxin and to herbicides that contain phenoxyacetic acid at high doses (such as might occur in people who work on farms) may also be risk factors, but this isn’t known for certain. There’s no evidence that herbicides (weed killers) or insecticides, at levels encountered by the general public, cause sarcomas.

• #1 Risk Factors for Soft Tissue Sarcomas | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation given to treat other cancers […] Radiation exposure accounts for less than 5% of sarcomas. But patients might develop sarcomas from radiation given to treat other cancers, like breast cancer or lymphoma. The sarcoma often starts in the part of the body that was treated with radiation. The average time between the radiation treatments and the diagnosis of a sarcoma is about 10 years. […] Family cancer syndromes are disorders caused by gene defects (mutations) that people are born with (often inherited from a parent) that are linked to a high risk of getting certain cancers. Some family cancer syndromes increase a person’s risk of developing soft tissue sarcomas. […] Neurofibromatosis is also known as von Recklinghausen disease. It usually runs in families and causes many benign (not cancer) tumors that form in nerves under the skin and in other parts of the body (These are called neurofibromas.) It’s caused by a defect (mutation) in genes called NF1 and NF2. About 5% of people with neurofibromatosis will develop a sarcoma in a neurofibroma.

• #1 Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519533/

  Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a group of neoplasms that can affect individuals at the extremes of age and can originate from any location throughout the human body. […] The majority of STS occurs spontaneously. However, germline mutations, radiation, and environmental exposure(s) have been causative. […] While most of these cases occur sporadically, several causative factors have been identified. […] Germline Mutations […] Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) Von Recklinghausen Disease […] Autosomal dominant (AD) condition caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which codes for a protein called neurofibromin […] Li-Fraumeni Syndrome […] Rare AD disorder caused by mutations in the TP53 gene (17p13.1), which codes for p53 (tumor suppressor gene) […] Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

• #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/soft-tissue-sarcoma

  A condition caused by defects in the APC gene. […] Also known as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), Gorlin syndrome is caused by defects in the PTCH1 gene. […] Caused by inherited defects in the TP53 gene, this condition increases the risk of cancers like breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemia, and sarcomas. […] Also called von Recklinghausen disease, it is often inherited and leads to many noncancerous tumors (known as fibromas) in nerves under the skin and in other body areas. […] People who underwent radiation therapy for conditions like breast cancer or lymphoma might develop sarcoma later in life, typically in the area previously treated. […] An eye cancer in children caused by defects in the RB1 gene. […] People with this condition often experience seizures and learning difficulties. […] Caused by defects in the RECQL2 gene.

• #1 What Causes Soft Tissue Sarcoma & Is It Hereditary?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/risk-factors

  Other immune system disorders may also cause an increased risk of soft tissue sarcoma, including lupus, psoriasis or cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. […] Patients with lymphedema have an increased risk because sarcomas may sometimes form in the same areas. […] Some rare, inherited genetic conditions are considered risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma. […] This syndrome, linked to mutations in the TP53 gene, causes a higher risk of cancer, particularly brain tumors, leukemia, breast cancer and sarcomas. […] Gorlin syndrome is due to a defect in the PTCH1 gene and may lead to a higher risk of basal cell skin cancers and sarcomas. […] This disorder is caused by defects in the TSC1 and/or TSC2 gene and may lead to learning difficulties, seizures, kidney problems, benign tumors and sarcomas.

• #1 Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/risks

  Less than 5% of sarcomas are caused by radiation therapy. The benefit of using radiation therapy to treat cancer outweighs the increased risk of developing soft tissue sarcoma. […] The following rare inherited conditions increase the risk of developing soft tissue sarcoma. […] Lymphedema is a buildup of fluid in body tissues. Long-term, or chronic, lymphedema can cause lymphangiosarcoma (also called Stewart-Treves syndrome). This is a rare type of soft tissue sarcoma that develops in lymph vessels. […] The following viral infections increase your risk of developing soft tissue sarcoma. […] Vinyl chloride is used in the plastics industry to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is used in many products. Coming into contact with vinyl chloride at work increases the risk of developing angiosarcoma of the liver, a type of soft tissue sarcoma.

• #1 Sarcoma risk after radiation exposure | Clinical Sarcoma Research | Full Text

  https://clinicalsarcomaresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2045-3329-2-18

  Sarcomas were one of the first solid cancers to be linked to ionizing radiation exposure. […] There is clear evidence of an increased risk of both bone and soft tissue sarcomas after high-dose fractionated radiation exposure (10 + Gy) in childhood, and the risk increases approximately linearly in dose, at least up to 40 Gy. […] New findings from the long-term follow-up of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors suggest, for the first time, that sarcomas can be induced by acute lower-doses of radiation (5 Gy) at any age, and the magnitude of the risk is similar to that observed for other solid cancers. […] In summary, radiation exposure remains one of the few established risk factors for both bone and soft tissue sarcomas. […] Recent new findings from the Japanese atomic bomb survivors suggest, for the first time, that the risk is not limited to high-dose exposures (10 + Gy), but at lower-dose levels a radiation-related sarcoma would be an extremely rare event.

• #1 Sarcoma: What it Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17934-sarcoma

  Sarcomas form when immature bone or soft tissue cells have changes to their DNA, and they develop into cancer cells that grow in an unregulated way. They may eventually form a mass or tumor that can invade nearby healthy tissues. Left untreated, the cancer can travel via your bloodstream or lymphatic system from the primary location where it formed to other organs (metastasis). Metastasized cancer is challenging to treat. […] As with other forms of cancer, researchers dont know what causes a healthy cell to become sarcoma. […] Certain factors may raise your risk of developing sarcoma. Risk factors include: Exposure to chemicals: Exposure to arsenic and certain chemicals used to make plastics (vinyl chloride monomer), herbicides (phenoxyacetic acid) and wood preservatives (chlorophenols).

• #1 Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/risks

  Thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) is a radioactive solution that was used as a contrast medium in the 1950s to improve x-ray images of the blood vessels and arteries, nasal passages and sinus cavities. Thorium dioxide was injected into a vein and it collected in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. People who were exposed to thorium dioxide have a greater risk of developing angiosarcoma of the liver, which is a type of soft tissue sarcoma. Higher doses of thorium dioxide increase the risk. The cancer may develop as many as 45 years after exposure. […] Significant evidence shows no link between soft tissue sarcoma and injury or trauma.

• #1 Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519533/

  AD disorder with a mutation in the APC gene (5q21-q22) […] Radiation […] Significantly contributes to a patient’s long-term risk for developing STS […] Carcinogens […] Thorotrast (thorium-based IV contrast 1930 to 1955): Patients diagnosed approximately 20 to 30 years post-exposure associated with hepatic angiosarcoma […] Chronic Lymphedema […] A chronic lymphatic blockage is thought to stimulate the proliferation of lymphatics and vessels or lead to local immunodeficiency causing the development of malignancy.

• #1 Kaposi’s sarcoma | Soft tissue sarcoma |Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/types/which-treatments-are-used-for-kaposis-sarcoma

  Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a rare type of soft tissue sarcoma. […] A main cause of KS is a virus called the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV). The virus infects the cells and it is thought that this causes them to become cancerous. […] Not everyone infected with HHV8 gets KS. It is thought that there are other factors involved. Scientists agree that having a weakened immune system or certain types of infection along with HHV8, also play a part in a person developing KS. […] The most common type of KS is related to AIDS. In AIDS related KS, it is common for disease to be in the lymph nodes. KS cells can block the flow of lymph through the lymphatic system. This build up of fluid can cause swelling in the arms or legs. This is called lymphoedema. […] People with AIDS have a weakened immune system. This increases the risk of developing KS.

• #1 Risks and causes | Soft tissue sarcoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/risks-causes

  Children who have had retinoblastoma have an increased risk of developing a soft tissue sarcoma in the future. […] Kaposi’s sarcoma is caused by Human Herpes Virus 8 infection (HHV8). […] An infection called Epstein Barr virus (EBV) has been linked with leiomyosarcoma. […] There’s no evidence that an injury of any kind can cause a sarcoma.

• #1 Ewing Sarcoma: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/990378-overview

  Ewing sarcomas are thought to derive from cells of the neural crest, possibly mesenchymal stem cells, via a pathway that might include postganglionic cholinergic neurons. However, the exact cell of origin of the Ewing sarcomas is unknown. […] Translocation of EWSR1 (Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1) with an ETS (E26 transformation-specific) transcription factor gene occurs in more than 95% of Ewing sarcomas. (Some argue that without a translocation, the tumor does not belong to Ewing sarcoma). The most common translocation seen in about 85% of all Ewing tumors is the t(11;22) translocation. This translocation joins the Ewing sarcoma gene EWS on chromosome 22 to a gene of the ETS family, friend leukemia insertion (FLI1), on chromosome 11 (ie, t[11;22]). Alternative translocations include EWS-ERG t(21;22), EWS-ETV t(7;22), and EWS-FEV t(2;22), all of which involve the ETS family protein. Approximately 4% of Ewing sarcomas have been identified as having an intrachromosomal X-fusion leading to BCOR (encoding the BCL6co-repressor) and CCNB3 (encoding the testis-specific cyclin B3).

• #1 Sarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoma

  The precise molecular changes that result in sarcoma are not always known, but certain types of sarcomas are associated with particular genetic mutations. Examples include: […] Many liposarcomas are associated with amplification of part of chromosome 12, which results in extra copies of known cancer-promoting genes („oncogenes”) such as the CDK4 gene, the MDM2 gene and the HMGA2 gene.

• #1 Synovial Sarcoma: Treatment, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/synovial-sarcoma

  The exact cause of synovial sarcoma isnt clear. But there is a genetic link. In fact, more than 90 percent of cases involve a particular genetic change in which parts of chromosome X and chromosome 18 switch places. What prompts this change is unknown. […] This isnt a germinal mutation, which is a mutation that can be passed from one generation to another. Its a somatic mutation, which means that its not hereditary. […] Some potential risk factors may include: having certain inherited conditions such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome or neurofibromatosis type 1, exposure to radiation, exposure to chemical carcinogens. […] You can get it any age, but its more common in teens and young adults.

• #1 Causes of soft tissue sarcoma | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes

  The causes of soft tissue sarcomas are not known, but there are certain things that can affect the chances of developing it. These are called risk factors. […] The causes of soft tissue sarcomas are not known, but researchers are trying to find out more. […] Certain things that can affect the chances of developing a soft tissue sarcoma. These are called risk factors. Having a risk factor does not mean you will get sarcoma, and people without risk factors can still develop it. […] Sarcoma can develop at any age, but the risk increases as you get older. […] Most sarcoma is not caused by an inherited faulty gene that can be passed on to other family members. Members of your family are not likely to have an increased risk of developing a soft tissue sarcoma because you have one. […] But people with certain rare inherited genetic conditions are more at risk of developing a sarcoma.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-023-01737-4

  The incidence of Ewing sarcoma varies according to race and ethnicity, and genetic susceptibility is known to affect disease risk. Apart from these factors, the etiology of Ewing sarcoma is largely unknown. […] This population-based study with minimal selection bias provides support for a role of accelerated fetal growth in the etiology of Ewing sarcoma in addition to more precise estimates of racial and ethnic variations in disease risk. […] Given the rarity of Ewing sarcoma, epidemiologic evaluations of the etiology of this disease are limited, with the most notable and longstanding observation that the disease has a profoundly lower incidence among those of self-described African ancestry compared to other groups, particularly when compared to those of European ancestry. […] Our study confirms and quantifies this at about a 14-fold risk difference.

• #1 Soft tissue sarcomas | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-teenagers-and-young-adults/soft-tissue-sarcomas-teenagers-and-young-adults/

  Its unknown what causes sarcomas in teenagers and young adults. […] People often think a knock or injury might have caused a sarcoma, but theres no evidence for this. […] Remember that nothing youve done has caused the cancer. […] Some rare conditions that run in families (known as genetic conditions) can increase the chance (risk) of getting a soft tissue sarcoma. […] People who had radiotherapy for another type of cancer when they were a child may have an increased risk of developing a sarcoma in later life this would be from their teens onwards. […] People often think a knock or injury might have caused a sarcoma, but theres no evidence for this.

• #1 Sarcoma Cancer: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/sarcoma

  With few known risk factors, sarcoma, a rare cancer of the connective tissue, can be difficult to prevent. […] There are very few known risk factors for sarcomas. Some causes and risk factors may include: Past radiotherapy treatment Family history of cancer syndromes Damaged lymphatic system Some chemicals are also thought to be associated with sarcoma, though this has not been proven. […] Smoking, diet and exercise are not linked to developing sarcomas.

• #1 Sarcoma: Risk Factors and Symptoms | Saber Healthcare

  https://www.saberhealth.com/news/blog/sarcoma-risk-factors-and-symptoms

  Sarcomas form when there is a DNA change in the bone or tissue cells. This causes these cells to grow as cancer cells and eventually form a tumor. […] There is not a known cause for this type of cancer, but there are factors that put people more at risk for developing a sarcoma. […] Because there is no known cause for sarcoma, the best way to prevent it is to avoid exposure to these risk factors when possible.

• #1 Sarcoma Risk Factors & Prevention | Banner MD Anderson

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/sarcoma/risk-factors-and-prevention

  The exact causes of sarcoma are largely unknown. Family history, certain genetic disorders, radiation therapy and other risk factors can increase your risk of developing sarcoma. […] From the most common types, like soft tissue sarcomas, to the rarest, including Ewing and Kaposi, the exact causes of sarcoma are unknown. […] The following are some of the risk factors that can increase a persons chances of developing soft tissue sarcoma and osteosarcoma: Exposure to radiation, perhaps during treatment for a different type of cancer, Exposure to certain chemicals, A family history of sarcoma or other genetic disorders, including neurofibromatosis, Gardner syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Werner syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, retinoblastoma or tuberous sclerosis, Having Pagets disease, a bone disorder, Chronic swelling, also known as lymphedema, Exposure to human herpesvirus 8. […] Currently, there is no known way to prevent sarcoma. Avoiding exposure to risk factors whenever possible is an option, but most sarcomas develop in people with no known risk factors.

• #1 What Is Sarcoma? How Rare Is It?

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/health-plus/article/what-is-sarcoma-how-rare-is-it

  Sarcoma is a rare form of cancer that affects the bones and connective tissues. […] Causes and risk factors of sarcoma vary between each subtype of sarcoma. From what is known about sarcoma, these cancers tend to occur as a result of changes in the DNA of the soft tissue cells or bone. These cells eventually become tumours with uncontrollable growth, affecting the healthy tissues. […] Significant risk factors for sarcoma include: Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals and other hazardous substances; Exposure to certain viruses such as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), which may lead to the development of a kind of sarcoma known as Kaposi’s sarcoma in individuals with low immunity; Exposure to radiation, usually after radiation treatment for other cancers, may increase the risk of radiation-related sarcomas years later; Genetically inherited diseases involving cancer-predisposing genes passed down from parents to children may increase the risk of sarcoma development. Examples include Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, and familial adenomatous polyposis; Lymphedema or persistent swelling, or a blocked or diseased lymphatic system, makes you prone to a sarcoma type called lymphangiosarcoma. […] Precautions to take to avoid sarcoma include: Avoiding exposure to harmful radiation; Avoiding exposure to cancer-causing chemicals.

• #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/soft-tissue-sarcoma

  The causes of most sarcomas are not known. However, there are several risk factors: […] Radiation therapy there is a very small risk for people who have had radiation therapy to treat other types of cancer […] Genetic factors some rare, inherited conditions can increase the risk of being diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma. […] Chemicals some sarcomas may be linked to being exposed to chemicals including vinyl chloride (used to make plastic) and some high-dose herbicides (weedkillers). […] Other long-term lymphoedema in the body, for example in the legs or arms (swelling from a build-up of lymph fluid) has been linked with angiosarcoma. […] As the causes of most soft tissue sarcomas are not known there is no specific prevention. However, avoiding exposure to certain chemicals such as vinyl chloride or some high-dose herbicides, may reduce your risk.

• #1 Uterine sarcoma: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007655.htm

  Uterine sarcoma is a rare cancer of the uterus (womb). It is not the same as endometrial cancer, a much more common cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus. Uterine sarcoma most often starts in the muscle underneath that lining. […] The exact cause is not known. But there are certain risk factors: […] Prior radiation therapy for another pelvic cancer, usually 5 to 25 years later. […] Past or current treatment with tamoxifen for breast cancer. […] African American women have twice the risk that white or Asian women have. […] The same variant gene that causes an eye cancer called retinoblastoma. […] Never having been pregnant. […] There is no known way to prevent uterine sarcoma. If you have had radiation therapy in your pelvic area or have taken tamoxifen for breast cancer, ask your provider how often you should be checked for possible problems.

• #1 Risk Factors for Soft Tissue Sarcoma | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes.html

  There is really no way to know for sure if you’re going to get soft tissue sarcoma. Most people who get this type of cancer have no risk factors. Remember, just because you have one or more risk factors doesn’t necessarily mean you will get soft tissue sarcoma. In fact, you can have all the risk factors and still not get soft tissue sarcoma, or you can have no known risk factors and still get it. […] While the majority of people who get soft tissue sarcomas have no known risk factors, certain things can make one person more likely to get a soft tissue sarcoma than another person. […] People who have had high-dose radiation to treat other cancers, such as breast or cervical cancer, have a slightly higher risk of developing a soft tissue sarcoma. […] Chronic lymphedema (where fluid collects in the tissue and causes swelling) after radiation to lymph nodes, or surgical removal of lymph nodes is also a risk factor.

• #1 First-ever genetic map to identify causes of sarcoma

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/first-ever-genetic-map-to-identify-causes-of-sarcoma/2023/01

  New groundbreaking research published in the journal Science unlocks the genetic mystery of why some people develop sarcoma, an aggressive but less common cancer that often strikes children and young adults but can affect people of any age. […] To date, there has been little research on the genetic basis of sarcomas, but the global study led by Omico, the Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney has generated the first comprehensive genetic map of sarcomas, identifying several new important genes that, when inherited, can cause the deadly cancer. […] The Australian-led research revealed that 1 in 14 individuals diagnosed with sarcoma carry a clinically important gene that explains why the cancer arose. […] Thomas summarized why the research is so important: Cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease and genomics is the key to unlocking its secrets. This international collaboration has developed new methods for mapping the genetic basis for cancer and identified new heritable pathways that increase cancer risk. The findings fill important gaps in the missing heritability of cancer.

• #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cancer Unveiled: Insights into Causes, Types, and Treatment | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/soft-tissue-sarcoma-cancer-unveiled-insights-into-causes-types-and-treatment

  The exact causes of soft tissue sarcoma cancer remain largely unknown. However, several factors have been identified as potential contributors. Known risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma cancer include genetic mutations, changes in specific genes, radiation exposure, specific genetic disorders, and prior cancer treatments like radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] By gaining insights into the causes, types, symptoms, and treatment options for soft tissue sarcoma, individuals can empower themselves to seek timely medical attention, fostering better outcomes and improved quality of life.

• #1 What Is Sarcoma And Why Do We Need More Research?

  https://www.worldwidecancerresearch.org/information-and-impact/cancer-myths-and-questions/what-is-sarcoma-and-why-do-we-need-more-research/

  What causes sarcoma? […] Its not clear what causes most sarcomas, which is why research into sarcoma is so important. […] There are several factors which we know can increase a persons risk of developing certain types of sarcoma, such as: Inherited genetic syndromes […] such as familial retinoblastoma and neurofibromatosis type 1 are known to increase a persons risk of developing sarcoma. […] Radiotherapy for cancer […] has been linked to an increase in sarcoma development later in life. […] Chronic swelling also known as lymphedema […] can increase the risk of developing a specific type of sarcoma called angiosarcoma. […] Exposure to certain chemicals and herbicides […] can increase the risk of sarcomas in the liver. […] Exposure to the human herpesvirus 8 […] is known to increase the risk of a certain type of sarcoma called Kaposi’s sarcoma.

• #2 Clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and staging of soft tissue sarcoma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-diagnostic-evaluation-and-staging-of-soft-tissue-sarcoma

  Sarcomas are a rare and heterogeneous group of malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin that comprise less than 1 percent of all adult malignancies and approximately 10 percent of pediatric cancers. Approximately 80 percent of all new cases of sarcoma originate from soft tissue, and the rest originate from bone. […] The histopathologic spectrum of sarcomas is broad, presumably because the embryonic mesenchymal cells from which they arise have the capacity to mature into striated skeletal and smooth muscle, adipose and fibrous tissue, bone, and cartilage, among other tissues. Although ectodermal in origin, malignant tumors affecting peripheral nerves are included because of similarities in their clinical behavior, management, and outcome.

• #2 Causes and Diagnosis of Sarcoma | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/sarcoma-program/sarcoma/causes-and-diagnoses

  The DNA of the cells in your soft tissue or bones can change turning healthy cells into cancer cells. This is what causes sarcomas. […] Scientists do not know what makes healthy cells become a sarcoma for most patients. […] For most sarcomas, there are no known risk factors.

• #2 Sarcoma-Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/sarcomasymptoms-causes-and-treatment-55233.html

  Sarcoma is a type of cancer that can occur in various locations in the body. […] Generally, cancer forms when changes (mutations) happen in the DNA within cells. […] Mutations make the cells to grow and divide uncontrollably and to continue living when normal cells would die. […] If this happens, the accumulating abnormal cells can form a tumor.

• #2 Risk Factors for Soft Tissue Sarcomas | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation given to treat other cancers […] Radiation exposure accounts for less than 5% of sarcomas. But patients might develop sarcomas from radiation given to treat other cancers, like breast cancer or lymphoma. The sarcoma often starts in the part of the body that was treated with radiation. The average time between the radiation treatments and the diagnosis of a sarcoma is about 10 years. […] Family cancer syndromes are disorders caused by gene defects (mutations) that people are born with (often inherited from a parent) that are linked to a high risk of getting certain cancers. Some family cancer syndromes increase a person’s risk of developing soft tissue sarcomas. […] Neurofibromatosis is also known as von Recklinghausen disease. It usually runs in families and causes many benign (not cancer) tumors that form in nerves under the skin and in other parts of the body (These are called neurofibromas.) It’s caused by a defect (mutation) in genes called NF1 and NF2. About 5% of people with neurofibromatosis will develop a sarcoma in a neurofibroma.

• #2 Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519533/

  Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a group of neoplasms that can affect individuals at the extremes of age and can originate from any location throughout the human body. […] The majority of STS occurs spontaneously. However, germline mutations, radiation, and environmental exposure(s) have been causative. […] While most of these cases occur sporadically, several causative factors have been identified. […] Germline Mutations […] Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) Von Recklinghausen Disease […] Autosomal dominant (AD) condition caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which codes for a protein called neurofibromin […] Li-Fraumeni Syndrome […] Rare AD disorder caused by mutations in the TP53 gene (17p13.1), which codes for p53 (tumor suppressor gene) […] Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

• #2 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/soft-tissue-sarcoma

  A condition caused by defects in the APC gene. […] Also known as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), Gorlin syndrome is caused by defects in the PTCH1 gene. […] Caused by inherited defects in the TP53 gene, this condition increases the risk of cancers like breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemia, and sarcomas. […] Also called von Recklinghausen disease, it is often inherited and leads to many noncancerous tumors (known as fibromas) in nerves under the skin and in other body areas. […] People who underwent radiation therapy for conditions like breast cancer or lymphoma might develop sarcoma later in life, typically in the area previously treated. […] An eye cancer in children caused by defects in the RB1 gene. […] People with this condition often experience seizures and learning difficulties. […] Caused by defects in the RECQL2 gene.

• #2 Causes of soft tissue sarcoma – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes/

  Soft tissue sarcoma is a rare cancer. Its not always known what causes it. […] You might be more likely to get it if you: […] have HIV if left untreated, HIV can cause a type of soft tissue sarcoma called Kaposis sarcoma […] have neurofibromatosis a genetic condition that causes non-cancerous tumours to grow along the nerves […] have retinoblastoma a rare type of childhood eye cancer.

• #2 Risk Factors for Soft Tissue Sarcomas | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Li-Fraumeni syndrome is caused by inherited defects in the TP53 gene. People affected by this syndrome have a high risk of cancer, such as breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemia, and sarcomas. Still, only 10 to 20 out of 100 people with Li-Fraumeni syndrome will develop a soft tissue sarcoma. People with this syndrome are sensitive to the cancer-causing effects of radiation. So if they have a cancer that’s treated with radiation, they have a very high chance of developing a new cancer in the part of the body that was treated. […] Children with this gene defect also have a higher risk of developing bone or soft tissue sarcomas, especially if the retinoblastoma was treated with radiation. […] They also have an increased risk of cancer, including soft tissue sarcomas. […] Exposure to vinyl chloride (a chemical used in making plastics) is a risk factor for developing sarcomas of the liver, but it hasn’t been proven to cause soft tissue sarcomas. Arsenic has also been linked to a type of liver sarcoma but not soft tissue sarcoma. Exposure to dioxin and to herbicides that contain phenoxyacetic acid at high doses (such as might occur in people who work on farms) may also be risk factors, but this isn’t known for certain. There’s no evidence that herbicides (weed killers) or insecticides, at levels encountered by the general public, cause sarcomas.

• #2 Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. But sometimes soft tissue sarcoma develops in people who dont have any of the risk factors described below. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for soft tissue sarcoma. […] People who receive radiation therapy as treatment for another cancer have a higher risk of developing soft tissue sarcoma. This is particularly true for people who received radiation therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma or breast cancer. Soft tissue sarcoma often develops in the area of the body that was treated with radiation. The average time between coming into contact with radiation and a diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma is 10 years.

• #2 Sarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519533/

  AD disorder with a mutation in the APC gene (5q21-q22) […] Radiation […] Significantly contributes to a patient’s long-term risk for developing STS […] Carcinogens […] Thorotrast (thorium-based IV contrast 1930 to 1955): Patients diagnosed approximately 20 to 30 years post-exposure associated with hepatic angiosarcoma […] Chronic Lymphedema […] A chronic lymphatic blockage is thought to stimulate the proliferation of lymphatics and vessels or lead to local immunodeficiency causing the development of malignancy.

• #2 Sarcoma: What it Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17934-sarcoma

  Sarcomas form when immature bone or soft tissue cells have changes to their DNA, and they develop into cancer cells that grow in an unregulated way. They may eventually form a mass or tumor that can invade nearby healthy tissues. Left untreated, the cancer can travel via your bloodstream or lymphatic system from the primary location where it formed to other organs (metastasis). Metastasized cancer is challenging to treat. […] As with other forms of cancer, researchers dont know what causes a healthy cell to become sarcoma. […] Certain factors may raise your risk of developing sarcoma. Risk factors include: Exposure to chemicals: Exposure to arsenic and certain chemicals used to make plastics (vinyl chloride monomer), herbicides (phenoxyacetic acid) and wood preservatives (chlorophenols).

• #2 Risks and causes | Soft tissue sarcoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/risks-causes

  Children who have had retinoblastoma have an increased risk of developing a soft tissue sarcoma in the future. […] Kaposi’s sarcoma is caused by Human Herpes Virus 8 infection (HHV8). […] An infection called Epstein Barr virus (EBV) has been linked with leiomyosarcoma. […] There’s no evidence that an injury of any kind can cause a sarcoma.

• #2

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/ewing-sarcoma/

  Genetic abnormalities play a significant role in the development of Ewing Sarcoma. Specifically, a chromosomal translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22 is found in approximately 85% of cases. This translocation results in the fusion of two genes, EWSR1 and FLI1, which leads to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.

• #2 Synovial Sarcoma | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/synovial-sarcoma

  Experts do not know what causes synovial sarcoma to develop. However, one mutated gene is always present in patients who develop this disease. This mutated gene results when parts of chromosome 18 and chromosome X join abnormally. Researchers do not know why this occurs, but they do think that it is the main cause of this disease.

• #2 Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/risks

  Thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) is a radioactive solution that was used as a contrast medium in the 1950s to improve x-ray images of the blood vessels and arteries, nasal passages and sinus cavities. Thorium dioxide was injected into a vein and it collected in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. People who were exposed to thorium dioxide have a greater risk of developing angiosarcoma of the liver, which is a type of soft tissue sarcoma. Higher doses of thorium dioxide increase the risk. The cancer may develop as many as 45 years after exposure. […] Significant evidence shows no link between soft tissue sarcoma and injury or trauma.

• #2 Sarcoma – cCARE

  https://ccare.com/cancer/sarcoma/

  Sarcoma is a relatively rare type of cancer, which is the uncontrollable growth of cells that develop in bones or soft tissues, including cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, or other connective or supportive tissue. […] In most cases, there are no known causes of sarcomas, although there are several factors that could increase an individuals risk of developing a sarcoma. […] Sarcomas tend to occur infrequently, for no apparent reason and with little or no family history. […] There are several factors that could increase a persons risk of developing a sarcoma. […] Currently, there’s no known way to prevent sarcomas, and injury and lifestyle factors such as smoking, diet and exercise are not related to the risk for soft tissue sarcoma. […] The best way to prevent some sarcomas is to avoid exposure to radiation and chemicals.

• #2

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/sarcoma/prevention.php

  The vast majority of sarcomas are sporadic, meaning they occur at random with no known way to prevent them. […] Experts are still working to understand the causes of sarcoma, however, there are certain sarcoma risk factors that scientists have identified. […] In soft tissue sarcomas, certain DNA mutations can cause normal cells to change and potentially become cancerous. […] While most sarcomas happen sporadically, or for no apparent reason, there are certain genetic conditions that increase a persons risk for developing sarcoma at some point during their life. […] Sarcoma prevention does not yet exist. According to experts, there are no lifestyle-related or environmental causes of sarcoma, which means that there is no determined way to prevent these tumors from forming.

• #2 What Causes Soft Tissue Sarcomas? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Scientists don’t know exactly what causes most soft tissue sarcomas, but they have found some risk factors that can make a person more likely to develop these cancers. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (defects) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. […] Many family cancer syndromes have been found in which inherited DNA mutations cause a very high risk of developing breast, colon, kidney, eye, or other cancers. Some of these syndromes are also linked to an increased risk of developing soft tissue sarcomas. […] DNA mutations in soft tissue sarcoma are common. But they’re usually acquired during life rather than having been inherited before birth. Acquired mutations may result from exposure to radiation or cancer-causing chemicals. In most sarcomas, they occur for no apparent reason. […] Researchers still don’t know why most soft tissue sarcomas develop in people who have no apparent risk factors.

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