Mięsak
Zapobieganie i profilaktyka

Mięsaki stanowią około 3% nowotworów u dorosłych i 7% u dzieci, rozwijając się z tkanek łącznych, takich jak mięśnie, kości czy tkanki miękkie. Profilaktyka jest utrudniona ze względu na brak jednoznacznych czynników środowiskowych i stylu życia, a większość przypadków występuje bez znanych czynników ryzyka. Do istotnych czynników predysponujących należą zespoły genetyczne (m.in. zespół Li-Fraumeni z mutacją TP53, neurofibromatoza typu 1 z mutacją NF1, zespół Gardnera z mutacją APC) oraz ekspozycja na promieniowanie jonizujące i niektóre substancje chemiczne (chlorek winylu, dioksyny, arsen, PCB). Wczesne wykrycie poprzez regularne badania kontrolne i czujność na objawy takie jak niebolesne guzy, ból czy utrata masy ciała znacząco poprawia rokowanie.

Wprowadzenie do Mięsaka

Mięsak (ang. Sarcoma) to rzadki rodzaj nowotworu rozwijający się z tkanek łącznych organizmu, takich jak mięśnie, kości, tkanka tłuszczowa, naczynia krwionośne, tkanka nerwowa i inne tkanki miękkie. Stanowi około 3% nowotworów u dorosłych i 7% nowotworów u dzieci. Ze względu na rzadkość występowania oraz różnorodność podtypów (około 70 różnych rodzajów), profilaktyka mięsaka pozostaje wyzwaniem dla współczesnej medycyny12.

Możliwość profilaktyki mięsaka

Obecnie nie istnieje skuteczna i potwierdzona metoda zapobiegania większości typów mięsaka. W przeciwieństwie do innych nowotworów, czynniki związane ze stylem życia nie wydają się odgrywać kluczowej roli w rozwoju mięsaka. Większość przypadków występuje u osób bez znanych czynników ryzyka, co czyni profilaktykę szczególnie trudną12.

Eksperci podkreślają, że nie ma znanych przyczyn środowiskowych ani związanych ze stylem życia, które jednoznacznie prowadziłyby do rozwoju mięsaka. W związku z tym, nie można określić konkretnej metody zapobiegania tym nowotworom12.

Czynniki ryzyka mięsaka

Poznanie czynników ryzyka jest kluczowe dla zrozumienia możliwości profilaktyki. Do głównych czynników ryzyka mięsaka należą:

Czynniki genetyczne

Niektóre zespoły genetyczne zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju mięsaka. Należą do nich12:

1

Czynniki środowiskowe

Do środowiskowych czynników ryzyka mięsaka należą12:

12

Strategie zmniejszania ryzyka mięsaka

Chociaż nie można całkowicie zapobiec mięsakom, istnieją pewne strategie, które mogą pomóc w zmniejszeniu ryzyka ich wystąpienia:

Ograniczenie ekspozycji na promieniowanie

Minimalizacja narażenia na promieniowanie jonizujące, zarówno z zabiegów medycznych, jak i źródeł zawodowych, może obniżyć ryzyko mięsaków indukowanych promieniowaniem1. W przypadku pacjentów wymagających radioterapii z powodu innych nowotworów, należy przeprowadzić analizę korzyści i ryzyka, gdyż korzyści z leczenia często przewyższają ryzyko rozwoju mięsaka12.

Unikanie niebezpiecznych substancji chemicznych

Zaleca się ograniczenie kontaktu z potencjalnie szkodliwymi substancjami chemicznymi w miejscu pracy i środowisku. Należy przestrzegać zasad bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy oraz stosować środki ochronne podczas pracy z niebezpiecznymi chemikaliami12.

Zdrowy styl życia

Chociaż bezpośredni związek między stylem życia a ryzykiem mięsaka nie został jednoznacznie potwierdzony, utrzymanie zdrowego stylu życia może wzmocnić układ odpornościowy i ogólny stan zdrowia1:

  • Regularna aktywność fizyczna
  • Zbilansowana dieta bogata w warzywa, owoce i pełne ziarna
  • Utrzymanie prawidłowej masy ciała
  • Unikanie palenia tytoniu i nadmiernego spożycia alkoholu
  • Ochrona przed nadmierną ekspozycją na promieniowanie słoneczne

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Regularne badania kontrolne

Wczesne wykrycie mięsaka znacząco poprawia rokowanie. Zaleca się regularne badania kontrolne, szczególnie dla osób z grup podwyższonego ryzyka12.

Należy zachować czujność wobec objawów takich jak:

  • Niebolesne guzy lub obrzęki, zwłaszcza na kończynach, tułowiu, głowie lub szyi
  • Ból lub dyskomfort w obszarze guza
  • Niewyjaśniona utrata masy ciała
  • Uporczywe zmęczenie

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Większość mięsaków tkanek miękkich (ponad 70%) występuje w obszarach kończyn, tułowia oraz głowy i szyi, które są wyczuwalne podczas badania. Pacjentom zaleca się zwracanie uwagi na wszelkie niepokojące zmiany i niezwłoczne konsultowanie ich z lekarzem1.

Poradnictwo genetyczne

Osoby z rodzinną historią mięsaka lub z zespołami genetycznymi zwiększającymi ryzyko zachorowania powinny rozważyć poradnictwo genetyczne1. Może ono dostarczyć informacji o:

  • Indywidualnym ryzyku rozwoju mięsaka
  • Możliwości wykonania testów genetycznych
  • Strategiach zmniejszania ryzyka
  • Opcjach monitorowania

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Należy podkreślić, że nie istnieje wiele testów genetycznych, które mogłyby dokładnie przewidzieć ryzyko mięsaka1.

Profilaktyka specyficznych typów mięsaka

Mięsak Kaposiego

Mięsak Kaposiego jest związany z zakażeniem ludzkim wirusem herpes 8 (HHV-8) oraz wirusem HIV. Strategie profilaktyczne obejmują12:

  • Zapobieganie zakażeniu HIV poprzez:
    • Bezpieczne praktyki seksualne, w tym stosowanie prezerwatyw
    • Ograniczenie liczby partnerów seksualnych
    • Regularnie testy w kierunku HIV
    • Stosowanie profilaktyki przedekspozycyjnej (PrEP) u osób z grupy wysokiego ryzyka
    • Unikanie stosowania wspólnych igieł przy zażywaniu narkotyków dożylnych
  • U osób zakażonych HIV – stosowanie terapii antyretrowirusowej (ART), szczególnie przy wysokim poziomie limfocytów CD4
  • U osób po przeszczepach narządów – odpowiedni dobór leków immunosupresyjnych

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Na poziomie populacyjnym kluczową strategią zapobiegawczą jest przerwanie przenoszenia wirusa HHV-8, głównie poprzez wymianę śliny1.

Mięsak poszczepionkowy u kotów

Miejscowe mięsaki poszczepionkowe (FISS – Feline Injection-Site Sarcomas) stanowią poważny problem w medycynie weterynaryjnej. Zalecenia profilaktyczne obejmują1:

  • Iniekcje powinny być wykonywane w miejscach, gdzie ewentualna operacja (np. amputacja kończyny) mogłaby doprowadzić do całkowitego wyleczenia
  • Unikanie podawania substancji drażniących
  • Szczepienie tylko tak często, jak to konieczne
  • Preferowanie szczepionek donosowych nad iniekcyjnymi, jeśli wykazano podobną skuteczność
  • Ogrzewanie szczepionek do temperatury pokojowej przed iniekcją
  • Unikanie iniekcji domięśniowych (preferowane podawanie doustne lub dożylne)
  • Monitorowanie miejsc iniekcji zgodnie z regułą 3-2-1: każdy guz w miejscu iniekcji, który utrzymuje się przez 3 miesiące po szczepieniu, ma średnicę większą niż 2 cm lub powiększa się 1 miesiąc po szczepieniu, powinien zostać chirurgicznie usunięty i zbadany histopatologicznie

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Profilaktyka powikłań związanych z chemioterapią mięsaków

neutropenii-i-goraczki-neutropenicznej”>Profilaktyka neutropenii i gorączki neutropenicznej

Schematy chemioterapii stosowane w leczeniu mięsaków, takich jak mięsak prążkowanokomórkowy (rhabdomyosarcoma, RMS) i mięsak Ewinga (Ewing sarcoma, ES), mogą powodować mielosupresję i zwiększać ryzyko neutropenii oraz gorączki neutropenicznej1.

Czynniki stymulujące tworzenie kolonii granulocytów (G-CSF) są powszechnie stosowane w profilaktyce neutropenii indukowanej chemioterapią. Badania wykazały, że mecapegfilgrastim, biopodobny lek do pegfilgrastymu (PEG-rhG-CSF), wykazuje akceptowalną skuteczność i profil bezpieczeństwa u pacjentów pediatrycznych i młodzieży z RMS lub ES12.

W badaniu pilotażowym z zastosowaniem mecapegfilgrastimu tylko 6,7% pacjentów doświadczyło gorączki neutropenicznej po pierwszym cyklu chemioterapii, co wskazuje na potencjalną skuteczność tego podejścia profilaktycznego1.

Profilaktyka antybiotykowa i środowisko ochronne

Program profilaktyki antybiotykowej w środowisku ochronnym (PEPA – Protected Environment-Prophylactic Antibiotic) może być rozważany u pacjentów z mięsakami złośliwymi poddawanych chemioterapii indukującej remisję1.

Badania wykazały, że częstość infekcji była znacząco niższa wśród pacjentów w programie PEPA, a dawki chemioterapii (np. schematu CYVADIC – cyklofosfamid, winkrystyna, adriamycyna i dimetylotriazenopochodne imidazolu karboksamidu) mogły być zwiększane częściej u tych pacjentów, co wiązało się z wyższym odsetkiem całkowitych remisji i niższą śmiertelnością1.

Profilaktyka antybiotykowa przy resekcji mięsaka

Stosowanie profilaktyki antybiotykowej przy resekcji mięsaka tkanek miękkich jest kontrowersyjne. Badania retrospektywne nie wykazały korzystnego wpływu profilaktyki antybiotykowej na występowanie zakażeń ran po resekcji mięsaka tkanek miękkich1.

Profilaktyka antybiotykowa nie została zidentyfikowana jako czynnik ochronny w analizie jedno- i wieloczynnikowej, co sugeruje, że ogólne stosowanie profilaktyki antybiotykowej przy resekcji mięsaka tkanek miękkich może nie być uzasadnione1.

Monitorowanie i wczesne wykrywanie

Chociaż nie istnieją skuteczne techniki przesiewowe dla mięsaków, wczesne wykrycie ma kluczowe znaczenie dla poprawy rokowania12.

Pacjentom, szczególnie tym z grupy podwyższonego ryzyka, zaleca się1:

  • Regularne badania lekarskie
  • Samokontrola ciała pod kątem nietypowych guzów lub obrzęków
  • Niezwłoczne zgłaszanie lekarzowi wszelkich niepokojących objawów
  • Dokładną diagnostykę każdego guza, zwłaszcza jeśli powoduje ból lub powiększa się

1

Pacjenci powinni być świadomi, że większość guzów nie jest mięsakami, ale każdy niepokojący objaw wymaga konsultacji medycznej. Ważne jest, aby pacjenci nie obawiali się proszenia o dodatkowe badania, jeśli jest to potrzebne do pełnej oceny ich stanu zdrowia1.

Podsumowanie możliwości profilaktycznych

Chociaż nie istnieje skuteczna metoda zapobiegania większości mięsaków, pewne strategie mogą pomóc w zmniejszeniu ryzyka1:

  • Unikanie ekspozycji na znane czynniki ryzyka, takie jak promieniowanie jonizujące i określone substancje chemiczne
  • Prowadzenie zdrowego stylu życia, w tym regularna aktywność fizyczna i zbilansowana dieta
  • Regularne badania kontrolne, szczególnie dla osób z grup podwyższonego ryzyka
  • Poradnictwo genetyczne dla osób z rodzinną historią mięsaka lub określonymi zespołami genetycznymi
  • Wczesne zgłaszanie lekarzowi wszelkich niepokojących objawów

12

W przypadku specyficznych typów mięsaka, takich jak mięsak Kaposiego, istnieją bardziej ukierunkowane strategie profilaktyczne12.

Ze względu na rzadkość występowania mięsaków oraz ich różnorodność, pacjenci powinni być leczeni w specjalistycznych ośrodkach z dostępem do badań klinicznych i ekspertów w dziedzinie mięsaków12.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Sarcoma | Nebraska Hematology Oncology – Cancer Care Treatment Blood Disorders Clinical Trials Lincoln Nebraska (NE)
    https://www.yourcancercare.com/types-of-cancer/sarcoma
    Sarcomas are a varied group of cancers arising from fibrous tissue, adipose tissue (fat cells), skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nervous tissue, mesenchymal cells, bone, and cartilage. […] Sarcomas comprise 3% of all cancers in adults and 7% of cancers in children. […] Because of the rarity of each type of sarcoma, it may be important for patients to be treated in specialty centers with access to clinical research studies. […] Soft Tissue Sarcoma Screening and Prevention.
  • #1 Sarcoma: Symptoms, types, treatments, and causes
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/301762
    Unlike other types of cancer, lifestyle factors do not seem to play a role in the onset of sarcoma. […] Although adopting a healthful lifestyle is a good idea for reducing the risk of many conditions, there does not seem to be a specific link with sarcoma. […] It is not usually possible to prevent sarcoma, as doctors do not yet know what causes it.
  • #1
    https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/sarcoma/prevention.php
    Prevention is not yet possible for sarcomas, but Winships team of experts continues to work on sarcoma prevention to give you the best outcomes possible. […] The vast majority of sarcomas are sporadic, meaning they occur at random with no known way to prevent them. […] While sarcomas cannot be prevented, there are ways to effectively diagnose and treat them. […] Sarcoma prevention does not yet exist. According to experts, there are no lifestyle-related or environmental causes of sarcoma, which means that there is no determined way to prevent these tumors from forming.
  • #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY
    https://www.hoacny.com/our-services/cancers-we-treat/soft-tissue-sarcoma
    Having certain inherited disorders can increase the risk of soft tissue sarcoma. […] Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma include the following inherited disorders: Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 mutation), von Recklinghausen disease (neurofibromatosis type 1; NF1 mutation), Gardner syndrome (APC mutation), Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome; PTCH1 mutation), Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville disease; TSC1 or TSC2 mutation), Werner syndrome (adult progeria; WRN mutation). […] Other risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma include the following: Past treatment with radiation therapy, having lymphedema in the arms or legs for a long time, being exposed to certain chemicals, such as Thorotrast (thorium dioxide), vinyl chloride, or arsenic, being infected with HIV and human herpesvirus 8.
  • #1 Sarcoma Awareness Month | AACR
    https://www.aacr.org/patients-caregivers/awareness-months/sarcoma-and-bone-cancer-awareness-month/
    Having certain inherited disorders can increase the risk for soft tissue sarcomas. These include retinoblastoma, tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome, and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. […] Other risk factors for soft tissue sarcomas include past treatment with radiation therapy for certain cancers; exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium dioxide, vinyl chloride, or arsenic; and long-term lymphedema in the arms or legs. […] Past treatment with radiation can increase the risk of osteosarcoma and other types of bone cancers. Other risk factors for osteosarcoma include treatment with anticancer drugs called alkylating agents. Having a certain change in the retinoblastoma gene is also a risk factor. So is having certain conditions including Paget disease, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, and Werner syndrome.
  • #1 Sarcoma Awareness and Prevention | Sarcoma | UT Southwestern Medical Center
    https://devtest.utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/sarcoma/sarcoma-awareness-and-prevention/
    Its important for people to know the symptoms and risk factors for sarcoma, especially those with a family history of the disease. […] Risk factors for soft-tissue and bone sarcomas include: […] Exposure to radiation […] Certain family cancer syndromes […] Exposure to certain chemicals […] Pagets disease.
  • #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Risk Factors and Prevention Measures
    https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/soft-tissue-sarcoma-prevention/
    Several factors enhance the risk of soft tissue sarcoma. Clinicians must identify those risk factors and provide appropriate preventive measures to lower the risk of developing soft tissue sarcoma. […] Although it is impossible to prevent soft tissue sarcoma, certain soft tissue sarcoma prevention measures lower its risk. Soft tissue sarcoma prevention strategies include minimizing modifiable risk factors and adhering to a healthy lifestyle. Some soft tissue sarcoma prevention measures are: […] Minimizing exposure to ionizing radiation from medical treatments or occupational sources may lower the risk of radiation-induced soft tissue sarcomas. […] Reducing exposure to harmful chemicals in the workplace or the environment, following safety guidelines, and using protective measures while working with harmful chemicals can reduce the risk of soft tissue sarcoma.
  • #1 Uterine Sarcoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16408-uterine-sarcoma
    We don’t know how to prevent uterine sarcoma yet, but we know about certain risk factors, such as receiving pelvic area radiation and taking tamoxifen for breast cancer. Treatment benefits often outweigh the risks associated with developing uterine sarcoma, especially since it’s so rare. […] Speak to your provider about the risks associated with any cancer treatment, and weigh the pros and cons of the treatment options available.
  • #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Risk Factors and Prevention Measures
    https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/soft-tissue-sarcoma-prevention/
    Individuals with a family history of soft tissue sarcoma or those who are suffering from genetic syndromes that enhance the risk of soft tissue sarcoma should be provided genetic counseling. Information should be obtained about their risk of developing soft tissue sarcoma. […] Like other cancers, a healthy lifestyle reduces the risk of soft tissue sarcoma. It helps improve the immune system and enhances the body’s ability to fight against abnormal cells. Engaging in regular physical activity may prevent cancer. A well-balanced diet comprising vegetables, fruits, and whole grains supports a healthy immune system. […] Excessive exposure to solar radiation should be avoided to lower the risk of soft tissue sarcoma. It includes going out in the sun only when necessary and using sunscreen lotions.
  • #1
    https://www.healthxchange.sg/cancer/coping-tips/heart-cancer-cardiac-sarcoma-how-to-prevent-manage
    As mentioned, heart cancer (cardiac sarcoma) is extremely rare. Adopting healthy behaviours help to lower risk of both cancer and heart disease. These include: […] Avoid the use of tobacco – If you are a smoker, quit. […] Adopt a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains, and low in unhealthy fats. Reduce consumption of red or processed meat, and drink alcohol in moderation. […] Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active. […] Go for regular tests for cancers and heart disease.
  • #1 Sarcoma awareness: Understanding causes, prevention, and treatment
    https://www.medmalnj.com/sarcoma-awareness-understanding-causes-prevention-and-treatment/
    July is Sarcoma Awareness Month, a time to focus on learning more about this potentially deadly group of cancers. […] How can I reduce the risk of developing sarcoma? […] Certain chemicals and toxins may contribute to sarcoma, so it is wise to minimize exposure to these substances when possible. […] Regular check-ups and self-examinations are also important. Any unexplained lumps, pain, or swelling should prompt further investigation. It is important for patients to be proactive in seeking medical attention for suspicious symptoms.
  • #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Screening and Prevention
    https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/sarcoma/ewings-sarcoma/soft-tissue-sarcoma-screening-and-prevention
    Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma are still poorly understood, and there are no known preventive strategies. […] There are no current screening techniques or effective preventative measures for soft tissue sarcoma. However, more than 70 percent of soft tissue sarcomas occur in areas of the extremities, trunk, and head and neck that are palpable (can be felt with the hands). Patients and parents should be aware of such painless growths and discuss them with their physician as soon as they are noticed.
  • #1 Sarcoma Detection and Screening | Sarcoma Information | University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center
    https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/sarcoma/screening-and-prevention
    People with a strong family history of sarcomas or other cancers occurring at a young age may wish to discuss the benefits and disadvantages of genetic testing with their doctor. […] Families with a history of certain inherited conditions caused by mutated tumor suppressor genes have an increased risk of developing soft tissue sarcomas. […] The only way to prevent some sarcomas is to avoid exposure to risk factors whenever this is possible. However, most sarcomas develop in people with no known risk factors, so there is no way known at this time to prevent most cases.
  • #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Prevention | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/prevention.html
    Because most people who get soft tissue sarcoma do not have any risk factors, doctors have little advice on how you can prevent this very rare form of cancer. […] Remember, you can have all the risk factors and not get soft tissue sarcoma. Or you can have none of them and get this illness. Talk to your doctor if you are concerned about your risk. […] When possible, you should avoid these risk factors. […] Avoid exposure to radiation. (This may not be possible for people who need radiation to treat cancer.) […] Avoid exposure to certain chemicals, especially herbicides and dioxin. […] If you or anyone in your family has had neurofibromatosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, retinoblastoma, or soft tissue sarcoma, you may have a slightly elevated risk of this type of cancer. Ask your doctor if you should be tested for inherited genes that might increase your risk of soft tissue sarcoma. It is important to know that there are not a lot of genetic tests to accurately predict your risk for sarcomas.
  • #1 Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment & Prevention | FL Dermatologists
    https://www.wederm.com/patient-library/kaposi-sarcoma/
    Kaposi Sarcoma Preventions […] There is no vaccine for HHV-8. Since most KS cases in the U.S. develop in people with HIV and AIDS, the best way to reduce your risk of KS is to avoid becoming infected with HIV. You can do this by: […] Getting tested for HIV and encouraging your partner to do so before having sex […] Using condoms when you have sex, especially vaginal and anal sex […] Limiting your number of sex partners […] Taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) drugs if you’re at high risk of contracting HIV […] Refraining from injecting drugs or from sharing needles if you do inject drugs.
  • #1 Kaposi’s Sarcoma – Types | Signs | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention
    https://www.icliniq.com/articles/cancer/kaposis-sarcoma
    No vaccine can protect you against HHV-8. So the best way to prevent KS is by avoiding things that increase the risk of HIV, such as unprotected sex and using injectable drugs. […] AIDS or HIV patients can reduce the risk of KS by taking antiretroviral drugs. […] Organ transplant patients can reduce the risk of KS by using some anti-rejection drugs.
  • #1 Cancer prevention and control: Kaposi’s sarcoma – ecancer
    https://ecancer.org/en/journal/article/951-cancer-prevention-and-control-kaposis-sarcoma
    At a population level, a key preventive strategy would be breaking the transmission of KSHV through exchange of saliva. […] Even though there is no cure at present, the expanding knowledge of KS biology increases hope for prevention and control of the disease hence better quality of life among patients with KS. Primary prevention strategy for KSHV and management of disease complication such as lymphedema should be the focus of research.
  • #1 GUIDELINE for Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma — ABCD cats & vets
    https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/guideline-for-feline-injection-site-sarcoma/
    In cats, invasive sarcomas (mostly fibrosarcomas), so called feline injection-site sarcomas (FISS), are the most serious adverse effects following vaccination. These tumours develop at sites of vaccination or of injection of other substances. They have characteristics that are distinct from those of fibrosarcomas in other areas and behave more aggressively. The rate of metastasis ranges from 10% to 28%. […] To prevent FISS development, several recommendations should be followed: Although vaccinations can be associated with FISS formation, immunisation of cats with various vaccines provides essential protection and should not be stopped because of the risk of FISS. It is important to realize that vaccines are not the only injectable medical products associated with FISS. […] Generally, any skin or subcutaneous mass in a cat requires further diagnostics. Specifically, thorough post-vaccination monitoring should be performed considering the 3-2-1-rule: Any lump at the site of injection that is still present three months after vaccination, or that is larger than 2cm in diameter, or that is increasing in size one month after vaccination should be surgically removed and investigated through histopathology.
  • #1 GUIDELINE for Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma — ABCD cats & vets
    https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/guideline-for-feline-injection-site-sarcoma/
    ABCD recommends that veterinarians carry out a risk-benefit analysis for each vaccine to avoid unnecessary vaccination of cats, to monitor the injection site, and to report all vaccine-associated adverse events to the manufacturer and/or to their competent authority. […] Prevention consists of three general considerations. First, injections in cats should always be given at sites at which surgery (such as amputation of a limb or excision of lateral abdominal skin) would likely lead to a complete cure with the least complicated surgical procedure. Second, general recommendations to reduce the inflammatory reaction at injection sites should be followed, such as avoiding the administration of irritating substances. And third, it is advised to vaccinate as often as necessary, but as infrequently as possible.
  • #1 Mecapegfilgrastim for prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia in children and adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma: a prospective, single-arm, pilot study | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-12766-w
    The chemotherapy regimens recommended for both rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and Ewing sarcoma (ES) patients are myelosuppressive and can reduce the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and subsequently increase the risk of febrile neutropenia (FN). […] Our objective was to investigate the efficacy and safety of mecapegfilgrastim, a biosimilar of pegfilgrastim, in prophylaxis of FN for pediatric and adolescent patients with RMS or ES. […] Currently, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) drugs have been recognized as one of the most commonly used regimens for prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced FN and neutropenia, however, only a few studies have focused on the efficacy and safety of G-CSF drugs in pediatric and adolescent patients. […] Mecapegfilgrastim, a PEG-rhG-CSF, is a biosimilar of pegfilgrastim that has shown promising clinical benefit in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced FN and neutropenia in many solid tumors, such as lung cancer.
  • #1 Mecapegfilgrastim for prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia in children and adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma: a prospective, single-arm, pilot study | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-12766-w
    On the basis of the above information, we conducted this pilot, single-arm study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of mecapegfilgrastim for the prophylaxis of FN in pediatric and adolescent patients with RMS or ES. […] The primary endpoint was the incidence rate of FN defined as a temperature of38.3 or two consecutive readings of38.0 for 2 h and an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of0.5109/L, or expected to fall below 0.5109/L. […] Overall, 2 of the 30 (6.7%, 95% CI: 0.8222.07) patients experienced FN after the first cycle of chemotherapy. […] Mecapegfilgrastim showed acceptable efficacy and safety profile in pediatric and adolescent patients with RMS or ES. […] Patients who are treated with the VDC regimen should be monitored with caution even after receiving long-acting rhG-CSF drugs.
  • #1 Protected environment – prophylactic antibiotic program for malignant sarcomas: randomized trial during remission induction chemotherapy – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7272896/
    Fifty-one valuable patients with malignant sarcomas were randomly allocated to receive three courses of remission induction chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin, and dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide (CYVADIC) on the protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic for the control group (P = 0.22). […] The frequency of infection was significantly lower among the PEPA patients, and the doses of CYVADIC could be escalated more often among these patients. […] Dosage escalation was associated with a higher complete remission rate and lower fatality rate. […] Sarcoma / prevention control
  • #1 Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of wound infections after soft tissue sarcoma resection: A retrospective cohort study – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32851680/
    Background and objectives: The use of antibiotic prophylaxis for soft tissue sarcoma resection varies widely while little evidence on this topic exists. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis on the occurrence of wound infections. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis could not be identified as a protective factor in univariate or multivariate analysis. […] A favorable effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on the occurrence of wound infections could not be observed. Although more studies on this subject are needed, our data do not support the general use of antibiotic prophylaxis for soft tissue sarcoma resection.
  • #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Screening and Prevention | Nebraska Hematology Oncology – Cancer Care Treatment Blood Disorders Clinical Trials Lincoln Nebraska (NE)
    https://www.yourcancercare.com/types-of-cancer/sarcoma/ewings-sarcoma/soft-tissue-sarcoma-screening-and-prevention
    Information about the prevention of cancer and the science of screening appropriate individuals at high risk of developing cancer is gaining interest. […] Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma are still poorly understood, and there are no known preventive strategies. […] There are no current screening techniques or effective preventative measures for soft tissue sarcoma.
  • #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Prevention | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/prevention.html
    Unfortunately, there is no test that can find sarcoma cells when they first begin to grow. However, you have a better chance of surviving soft tissue sarcoma if it is found and treated early. For this reason, it is important to tell your doctor right away if you notice any lumps or other symptoms on your body. If you feel a lump on your body, it is important to have your doctor check it. This is especially true if the lump is causing pain or is getting larger. Even though most lumps are not sarcomas, you can’t assume so. Your doctor may continue to watch the lump or have tests done. […] Don’t be afraid to question your doctor and ask for more tests to make yourself feel better. It is your health and your body and it is important to know confidently that any concern you have has been completely evaluated to your satisfaction.
  • #1 Yellow July raises awareness for Sarcoma: understand the disease | Oncoclínicas Group Yellow July raises awareness for Sarcoma: understand the disease | Oncoclínicas Group
    https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/blog/yellow-july-raises-awareness-for-sarcoma-understand-the-disease/
    Is prevention possible? […] The vast majority of sarcomas are not linked to a specific cause, making it impossible to define a way to prevent the tumor. […] However, Bruna David emphasizes the importance of being attentive to the signs. […] It is important to remember that, as they are rare and composed of many subtypes within rarity, they should be seen and treated by professionals trained in this type of disease. […] It has been proven that this also impacts the prognosis. […] And of course, the earlier the diagnosis, the greater the chance of success in treatment, she concludes.
  • #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Risk Factors and Prevention Measures
    https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/soft-tissue-sarcoma-prevention/
    It is important to consult the oncologists immediately if any symptom may cause concern, especially in people with a high risk for soft tissue sarcoma or individuals with a history of soft tissue sarcoma. Early detection helps with appropriate intervention and improves overall outcomes. […] Soft tissue sarcoma prevention may be achieved through minimizing radiation exposure, safeguarding against chemical exposure, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. […] Soft tissue sarcoma prevention measures include reduced radiation and chemical exposure, a healthy lifestyle, and routine monitoring.
  • #2 Sarcoma Information & Care | Banner MD Anderson
    https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/sarcoma
    Sarcoma Risk Factors Prevention […] Sarcoma Treatment and Support […] Sarcoma Tests and Diagnosis […] Sarcoma Symptoms […] Sarcoma Types […] Sarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the tissues of the body. While there are about 70 different types of sarcomas, they are characterized by two main types bone and soft tissue sarcoma. […] Although sarcoma is a rare form of cancer, both children and adults can develop the disease. […] While the exact causes of sarcomas are unknown, family history, Pagets disease, certain genetic disorders or exposure to radiations or chemicals can increase your risk of developing sarcoma. […] Soft tissue sarcomas can be difficult to spot as they can grow in any part of the body. […] Sarcomas found in the back of the abdomen (retroperitoneum) produce symptoms that develop from problems the tumor is causing (blockage or bleeding of the stomach or bowels, pressing on nerves or blood vessels or nearby organs).
  • #2 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention.html
    The only way to prevent some soft tissue sarcomas is to avoid exposure to risk factors whenever possible. […] At this time, there’s no known way to prevent this cancer.
  • #2 Sarcoma Risk Factors & Prevention | Banner MD Anderson
    https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/sarcoma/risk-factors-and-prevention
    Currently, there is no known way to prevent sarcoma. Avoiding exposure to risk factors whenever possible is an option, but most sarcomas develop in people with no known risk factors. […] Not everyone with these risk factors develop sarcoma. If you have any risk factors, discuss them with your doctor at Banner MD Anderson.
  • #2 Sarcoma Awareness Month | AACR
    https://www.aacr.org/patients-caregivers/awareness-months/sarcoma-and-bone-cancer-awareness-month/
    Having certain inherited disorders can increase the risk for soft tissue sarcomas. These include retinoblastoma, tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome, and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. […] Other risk factors for soft tissue sarcomas include past treatment with radiation therapy for certain cancers; exposure to certain chemicals, such as thorium dioxide, vinyl chloride, or arsenic; and long-term lymphedema in the arms or legs. […] Past treatment with radiation can increase the risk of osteosarcoma and other types of bone cancers. Other risk factors for osteosarcoma include treatment with anticancer drugs called alkylating agents. Having a certain change in the retinoblastoma gene is also a risk factor. So is having certain conditions including Paget disease, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, and Werner syndrome.
  • #2 Soft Tissue Sarcoma | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY
    https://www.hoacny.com/our-services/cancers-we-treat/soft-tissue-sarcoma
    Having certain inherited disorders can increase the risk of soft tissue sarcoma. […] Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma include the following inherited disorders: Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 mutation), von Recklinghausen disease (neurofibromatosis type 1; NF1 mutation), Gardner syndrome (APC mutation), Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome; PTCH1 mutation), Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville disease; TSC1 or TSC2 mutation), Werner syndrome (adult progeria; WRN mutation). […] Other risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma include the following: Past treatment with radiation therapy, having lymphedema in the arms or legs for a long time, being exposed to certain chemicals, such as Thorotrast (thorium dioxide), vinyl chloride, or arsenic, being infected with HIV and human herpesvirus 8.
  • #2 Can Soft Tissue Sarcomas Be Prevented? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html
    The only way to prevent some soft tissue sarcomas is to avoid exposure to risk factors whenever possible. But most sarcomas develop in people with no known risk factors, so, at this time, there’s no known way to prevent most cases. […] And for people getting radiation therapy, there’s usually little choice.
  • #2 Reducing your risk for soft tissue sarcoma | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/risks/reducing-your-risk
    You may lower your risk of developing soft tissue sarcoma by doing the following. […] Coming into contact with vinyl chloride or thorium dioxide increases your risk for some types of soft tissue sarcoma. Having contact with dioxin may also put you at risk. Following health and safety guidelines can help you lower your contact with these chemicals.
  • #2 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Risk Factors and Prevention Measures
    https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/soft-tissue-sarcoma-prevention/
    Individuals with a family history of soft tissue sarcoma or those who are suffering from genetic syndromes that enhance the risk of soft tissue sarcoma should be provided genetic counseling. Information should be obtained about their risk of developing soft tissue sarcoma. […] Like other cancers, a healthy lifestyle reduces the risk of soft tissue sarcoma. It helps improve the immune system and enhances the body’s ability to fight against abnormal cells. Engaging in regular physical activity may prevent cancer. A well-balanced diet comprising vegetables, fruits, and whole grains supports a healthy immune system. […] Excessive exposure to solar radiation should be avoided to lower the risk of soft tissue sarcoma. It includes going out in the sun only when necessary and using sunscreen lotions.
  • #2 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Prevention | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/prevention.html
    Unfortunately, there is no test that can find sarcoma cells when they first begin to grow. However, you have a better chance of surviving soft tissue sarcoma if it is found and treated early. For this reason, it is important to tell your doctor right away if you notice any lumps or other symptoms on your body. If you feel a lump on your body, it is important to have your doctor check it. This is especially true if the lump is causing pain or is getting larger. Even though most lumps are not sarcomas, you can’t assume so. Your doctor may continue to watch the lump or have tests done. […] Don’t be afraid to question your doctor and ask for more tests to make yourself feel better. It is your health and your body and it is important to know confidently that any concern you have has been completely evaluated to your satisfaction.
  • #2 Explore Ewing Sarcoma Prevention Risk factors and Prevention Measures at HCG Oncology
    https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/ewing-sarcoma-prevention/
    A regular medical checkup is another way to detect and treat cancer in its early stages. The patients should not ignore any of the symptoms of Ewing sarcoma, such as bone pain, unexplained weight loss, or persistent fatigue. […] The preventive measures for Ewing sarcoma include regular medical checkups, quitting smoking, and maintaining a healthy weight.
  • #2 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Prevention | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/prevention.html
    Because most people who get soft tissue sarcoma do not have any risk factors, doctors have little advice on how you can prevent this very rare form of cancer. […] Remember, you can have all the risk factors and not get soft tissue sarcoma. Or you can have none of them and get this illness. Talk to your doctor if you are concerned about your risk. […] When possible, you should avoid these risk factors. […] Avoid exposure to radiation. (This may not be possible for people who need radiation to treat cancer.) […] Avoid exposure to certain chemicals, especially herbicides and dioxin. […] If you or anyone in your family has had neurofibromatosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, retinoblastoma, or soft tissue sarcoma, you may have a slightly elevated risk of this type of cancer. Ask your doctor if you should be tested for inherited genes that might increase your risk of soft tissue sarcoma. It is important to know that there are not a lot of genetic tests to accurately predict your risk for sarcomas.
  • #2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS): Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/aids-hiv-opportunistic-infections-kaposis-sarcoma
    Theres no vaccine to protect against HHV-8. The best way to avoid getting KS is to avoid things that put you at higher risk of HIV, such as having unprotected sex or injecting drugs with used needles. Medications called pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can also make you less likely to get HIV. […] If you have HIV, preventing KS should be possible with ART, especially if you start it when your CD4 count is still high. If you have advanced HIV, or AIDS, a test can tell if you also have HHV-8. ART will lower the chances that it will become KS. […] If youve had an organ transplant, some anti-rejection drugs can also lower your chance of getting KS.
  • #2 Cancer prevention and control: Kaposi’s sarcoma – ecancer
    https://ecancer.org/en/journal/article/951-cancer-prevention-and-control-kaposis-sarcoma
    Kaposis sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumour of endothelial origin that is associated with human herpes virus-8 infection. […] Expanding knowledge of KS biology increases hope for prevention, disease control, and hence better quality of life among patients. Primary prevention strategy for KS-associated herpes virus and management of disease complication, such as lymphoedema should be the focus of disease-prevention and -control research. […] Currently, there is no vaccine against KSHV and no primary prevention. Given the lack of knowledge of the route of acquisition, no proper prevention message can be provided to the public. Riding on the back of the HIV prevention success, the measures in place for HIV can be used in the prevention of a KS epidemic. […] From the clinical perspective, since the majority of tumour cells are latently infected with KSHV, lytic replication plays a major role in disease progression and virus dissemination. Therefore, transformation to lytic cycle could be a preventive strategy by increasing targets through augmented cell replication.
  • #2 GUIDELINE for Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma — ABCD cats & vets
    https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/guideline-for-feline-injection-site-sarcoma/
    In general, injecting distally in the limb aids in the treatment of subsequent FISS (by amputation of the leg) because these tumours are very difficult to excise completely and often recur after resection. […] Unfortunately, there is still a lack of information to provide evidence-based vaccine site recommendations. […] Thus, owner education by the veterinarian explaining optimum treatment options is important. […] In addition to considering appropriate injection sites, post vaccination monitoring plays an important role. Vaccination sites should be noted in clinical records, and veterinarians should instruct their clients to monitor vaccination (or injection) sites for swelling or lumps so that potential FISS can be detected early, and thus can be removed successfully. […] Concerning general recommendations to prevent inflammatory reactions at injection sites, there are a few rules to follow. Generally, cats should receive as few subcutaneous injections as possible. Intramuscular injections in cats should be avoided because intramuscular tumours develop with a similar frequency but are more difficult to detect early. Whenever feasible, cats should receive drugs orally or intravenously. The subcutaneous injection of long-acting irritating substances (such as long-acting glucocorticoids) should be avoided.
  • #2 Mecapegfilgrastim for prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia in children and adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma: a prospective, single-arm, pilot study | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-12766-w
    On the basis of the above information, we conducted this pilot, single-arm study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of mecapegfilgrastim for the prophylaxis of FN in pediatric and adolescent patients with RMS or ES. […] The primary endpoint was the incidence rate of FN defined as a temperature of38.3 or two consecutive readings of38.0 for 2 h and an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of0.5109/L, or expected to fall below 0.5109/L. […] Overall, 2 of the 30 (6.7%, 95% CI: 0.8222.07) patients experienced FN after the first cycle of chemotherapy. […] Mecapegfilgrastim showed acceptable efficacy and safety profile in pediatric and adolescent patients with RMS or ES. […] Patients who are treated with the VDC regimen should be monitored with caution even after receiving long-acting rhG-CSF drugs.
  • #2 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Screening and Prevention
    https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/sarcoma/ewings-sarcoma/soft-tissue-sarcoma-screening-and-prevention
    Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma are still poorly understood, and there are no known preventive strategies. […] There are no current screening techniques or effective preventative measures for soft tissue sarcoma. However, more than 70 percent of soft tissue sarcomas occur in areas of the extremities, trunk, and head and neck that are palpable (can be felt with the hands). Patients and parents should be aware of such painless growths and discuss them with their physician as soon as they are noticed.
  • #2 What is Sarcoma? | Sarah Cannon
    https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/sarcoma/index2.dot
    Sarcoma Prevention […] Because the cause of most forms of sarcoma is unknown, the only way to prevent some sarcomas is to avoid exposure to the risk factors above (though this isn’t always possible). Currently, there’s no proven way to prevent soft tissue sarcoma.
  • #2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma – Types | Signs | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention
    https://www.icliniq.com/articles/cancer/kaposis-sarcoma
    No vaccine can protect you against HHV-8. So the best way to prevent KS is by avoiding things that increase the risk of HIV, such as unprotected sex and using injectable drugs. […] AIDS or HIV patients can reduce the risk of KS by taking antiretroviral drugs. […] Organ transplant patients can reduce the risk of KS by using some anti-rejection drugs.
  • #2 Yellow July raises awareness for Sarcoma: understand the disease | Oncoclínicas Group Yellow July raises awareness for Sarcoma: understand the disease | Oncoclínicas Group
    https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/blog/yellow-july-raises-awareness-for-sarcoma-understand-the-disease/
    Is prevention possible? […] The vast majority of sarcomas are not linked to a specific cause, making it impossible to define a way to prevent the tumor. […] However, Bruna David emphasizes the importance of being attentive to the signs. […] It is important to remember that, as they are rare and composed of many subtypes within rarity, they should be seen and treated by professionals trained in this type of disease. […] It has been proven that this also impacts the prognosis. […] And of course, the earlier the diagnosis, the greater the chance of success in treatment, she concludes.
  • #3 GUIDELINE for Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma — ABCD cats & vets
    https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/guideline-for-feline-injection-site-sarcoma/
    Thus, vaccines should be taken out of the refrigerator and be brought to room temperature before injection, e.g., by keeping the vial in the palm of the hand for a short time but should be kept only briefly out of the refrigerator to avoid reduction in vaccinal efficacy. […] Regarding the risk of FISS development, intranasal vaccines are to be preferred over injectable vaccines in cats if similar efficacy has been demonstrated. However, in most countries, only injectable vaccines are available. Therefore, the vaccines that are preferred are those that cause the least subcutaneous inflammatory reaction. […] Finally, to prevent the development of FISS, cats should only be vaccinated as frequently as necessary, and long vaccination intervals should be applied in adult animals where possible.