Mięsak
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Mięsaki tkanek miękkich to rzadkie, złośliwe nowotwory mezenchymalne, których rokowanie zależy od wielu czynników prognostycznych i predykcyjnych. Kluczowe czynniki wpływające na przeżycie obejmują wielkość guza (≤5 cm vs >5 cm), stopień złośliwości histologicznej (G1 vs G3), lokalizację anatomiczną (powierzchowne guzy kończyn i tułowia mają lepsze rokowanie), głębokość naciekania, status marginesów chirurgicznych (ujemne marginesy R0 poprawiają przeżycie: 5-letnie przeżycie 46,7% vs 35,5% przy marginesach dodatnich), obecność przerzutów (5-letnie przeżycie z przerzutami ~17%), wiek pacjenta (<50 lat korzystniejsze) oraz mutacje genu TP53, które wiążą się z krótszym czasem przeżycia wolnego od choroby (DFS: 16 miesięcy dla WT vs 10 miesięcy dla mutacji, p=0,028). Kompleksowe leczenie obejmuje chirurgię, radioterapię i chemioterapię, a wskaźnik 5-letniego przeżycia względnego dla mięsaków tkanek miękkich wynosi około 65%.

Czynniki prognostyczne w mięsaku

Mięsak (Sarcoma) to rzadki, złośliwy nowotwór pochodzenia mezenchymalnego, który wymaga kompleksowego podejścia w ocenie prognozy. Rokowanie pacjentów z mięsakiem zależy od wielu czynników, które pomagają przewidzieć przebieg choroby i odpowiedź na leczenie. Czynnik prognostyczny dotyczy aspektu nowotworu lub charakterystyki pacjenta (np. wieku), podczas gdy czynnik predykcyjny wpływa na odpowiedź nowotworu na określone leczenie. Oba elementy odgrywają kluczową rolę w ustalaniu planu leczenia i rokowania.1

Podstawowe czynniki prognostyczne

Do najważniejszych czynników wpływających na rokowanie w mięsakach tkanek miękkich należą:123

  • Wielkość guza – guzy o średnicy 5 cm lub mniejsze mają lepsze rokowanie niż guzy większe niż 5 cm
  • Stopień złośliwości histologicznej – mięsaki o niskim stopniu złośliwości (G1) mają lepsze rokowanie, ponieważ rzadziej dają przerzuty lub nawroty w porównaniu z mięsakami o wysokim stopniu złośliwości (G3)
  • Lokalizacja anatomiczna – guzy powierzchowne mają lepsze rokowanie niż guzy zlokalizowane głęboko w tkankach; mięsaki kończyn lub powierzchni tułowia zazwyczaj mają lepsze rokowanie niż te zlokalizowane w innych częściach ciała
  • Głębokość naciekania – głęboko położone guzy, szczególnie inwazyjne, mają gorsze rokowanie
  • Resekcyjność guza – możliwość całkowitego usunięcia chirurgicznego istotnie poprawia rokowanie
  • Wiek pacjenta – osoby poniżej 50. roku życia zwykle mają lepsze rokowanie

123

Stopień zaawansowania i rokowanie

Niższy stopień zaawansowania mięsaka w momencie diagnozy wiąże się z lepszym rokowaniem. Mięsaki w 4. stopniu zaawansowania (z przerzutami) mają zdecydowanie gorsze rokowanie. Pięcioletnie wskaźniki przeżycia względnego dla mięsaków tkanek miękkich zależą od stopnia zaawansowania choroby.12

Według najnowszych danych, ogólny wskaźnik 5-letniego przeżycia dla mięsaków tkanek miękkich wynosi około 65%.1 W przypadku niektórych podtypów, jak niezróżnicowany mięsak pleomorficzny (UPS), 5- i 10-letnie wskaźniki przeżycia całkowitego wynoszą odpowiednio 60% i 48%, z medianą czasu przeżycia 10,1 lat.2

W przypadku lokalnie nawracających mięsaków tkanek miękkich, 5-letni wskaźnik przeżycia po nawrocie (PRS) wynosi 53,1% (95% CI: 44,3-61,2%) dla całej serii przypadków.1 Mediana całkowitego czasu przeżycia wynosi 6,2 roku po początkowym nawrocie (95% CI: 4,4-7,6) i 1,5 roku po rozpoznaniu przerzutów odległych (95% CI: 0,93-2,17).2

Wpływ typu histologicznego

Niektóre typy mięsaków tkanek miękkich zwykle wiążą się z gorszym rokowaniem, w tym:1

  • Złośliwe guzy osłonek nerwów obwodowych (MPNST)
  • Mięsak gładkokomórkowy (Leiomyosarcoma)
  • Desmoplastyczny drobnokomórkowy guz (Desmoplastic small round cell tumor)
  • Mięsak nabłonkowaty (Epithelioid sarcoma)

Natomiast pewne podtypy pediatrycznych mięsaków tkanek miękkich są związane z lepszym rokowaniem. Na przykład, pacjenci z włókniakomięsakiem niemowlęcym (infantile fibrosarcoma), którzy diagnozowani są w wieku 4 lat lub młodszym, mają doskonałe rokowanie.1

Chirurgiczne czynniki prognostyczne

Status marginesów chirurgicznych ma kluczowe znaczenie dla rokowania w mięsakach.12

Margines chirurgiczny

Stan marginesu po ostatniej operacji jest istotnym czynnikiem prognostycznym:12

  • Pacjenci z ujemnymi marginesami po ostatecznej operacji mają lepsze wskaźniki przeżycia w porównaniu z pacjentami z dodatnimi marginesami (5-letnie przeżycie: 46,7% (35,2-57,5%) vs 35,5% (23,4-47,8%); P=0,01)
  • Współczynnik ryzyka (HR) dla ujemnego w porównaniu z dodatnim statusem marginesu po ostatniej resekcji wynosił 0,57 (95% CI: 0,34-0,94; P=0,026)

Całkowita resekcja chirurgiczna z mikroskopowo czystymi marginesami jest pożądana u pacjentów z miejscowo nawracającym mięsakiem tkanek miękkich. Biologia nawracającego guza może determinować wynik, ale biorąc pod uwagę gorsze rokowanie pacjentów z dodatnimi marginesami, zabiegi chirurgiczne powinny dążyć do uzyskania mikroskopowo czystych marginesów podczas resekcji nawracających guzów.1

Nawroty i przerzuty

Ryzyko i rokowanie w przypadku nawrotów mięsaka:12

  • Wskaźnik nawrotów miejscowych wynosił 45% u pacjentów, którzy nie zostali skierowani do specjalistycznego ośrodka
  • Wskaźnik nawrotów miejscowych wynosił 18% u pacjentów, którzy zostali skierowani przed jakimkolwiek zabiegiem chirurgicznym
  • Wczesny nawrót choroby wiąże się z gorszym rokowaniem
  • Obecność przerzutów w momencie początkowego nawrotu wiąże się ze znacznie gorszym PRS w porównaniu z chorobą tylko miejscową (5-letnie PRS: 16,7% (2,7-41,3) vs 57,5% (39,7-69,6); P=0,0001)

Pacjenci, u których rozwinęły się przerzuty odległe, mieli 5-letnie przeżycie wynoszące 17,0% (95% CI: 8,4-28,2) po rozpoznaniu początkowego przerzutu.12

Molekularne i genetyczne czynniki prognostyczne

Mutacje genu TP53

Mutacje genu TP53 są najczęstszą zmianą molekularną, występującą w 20% mięsaków. Mają one istotne znaczenie prognostyczne:1

  • Czas przeżycia wolnego od choroby (DFS) zlokalizowanych mięsaków był krótszy w przypadku mięsaków z mutacją TP53
  • Mediana DFS w przypadku mięsaków z genem TP53 dzikim (WT), usuniętym i zmutowanym wynosiła odpowiednio 16, 10 i 10 miesięcy (p = 0,028; delecje: HR = 1,55; 95% CI = 0,75–3,19; mutacje: HR = 1,70; 95% CI = 1,13–2,64)
  • W analizie wieloczynnikowej mutacje TP53 pozostawały związane z krótszym DFS (p = 0,027; HR = 2,30; 95% CI = 1,10–4,82)
  • Mutacje TP53 są związane z krótszym DFS, ale zwiększoną odpowiedzią na antracykliny

Sygnatury długich niekodujących RNA

Identyfikacja 10-lncRNA sygnatury prognostycznej dla mięsaków tkanek miękkich:12

  • Wśród 10 lncRNA, LINC00680, AC006129.2, RP11-274B21.9 i RP11-713P17.3 były biomarkerami ochronnymi (HR < 1)
  • Sześć pozostałych lncRNA było ryzykownymi biomarkerami (HR > 1)
  • Wskaźnik ryzyka oparty na 10-lncRNA sygnaturze był niezależnym wskaźnikiem prognostycznym przeżycia całkowitego (OS) w mięsakach tkanek miękkich (HR = 1,445; 95% CI: 1,321-1,581, P < 0,001)
  • Wskaźnik ryzyka pozostał niezależnym wskaźnikiem prognostycznym dla podgrup tłuszczakomięsaka odróżnicowanego i mięsaka gładkokomórkowego

Sygnatury genów związane z disulfidptozą

Disulfidptoza, nowo odkryty typ programowanej śmierci komórki, może być mechanizmem kontrolowanym przez SLC7A11, ściśle związanym z rozwojem i progresją nowotworów:12

  • Analiza ryzyka genów związanych z disulfidptozą (DRG) wykazała, że grupa niskiego ryzyka ma korzystniejsze rokowanie niż grupa wysokiego ryzyka
  • Wskaźnik przeżycia całkowitego pacjentów z mięsakiem z wysoką ekspresją SLC7A11, RPN1 i GYS1 był niższy
  • Wyniki modelu punktacji ryzyka związanego z disulfidptozą wykazały znaczącą korelację ze wskaźnikiem przeżycia u osób z mięsakiem
  • Całkowite przeżycie pacjentów w kategorii wysokiego ryzyka było znacznie niższe niż w kategorii niskiego ryzyka

Przewidywanie odpowiedzi na leczenie

Odpowiedź na radioterapię

Identyfikacja sygnatur molekularnych przewidujących wrażliwość na radioterapię może poprawić kontrolę miejscową, zmniejszyć działania niepożądane i poprawić ogólne przeżycie pacjentów z mięsakiem tkanek miękkich:12

  • Przewidywani radiowrażliwi pacjenci, którzy otrzymali radioterapię, mieli znacznie lepsze przeżycie niż pacjenci, którzy jej nie otrzymali
  • Przewidywani radiowrażliwi pacjenci, którzy otrzymali radioterapię, mieli znacznie lepsze przeżycie niż zarówno przewidywani radiowrażliwi pacjenci bez radioterapii, jak i przewidywani nieradiowrażliwi pacjenci, którzy otrzymali radioterapię
  • Przewidywani radiowrażliwi pacjenci, którzy otrzymali radioterapię, mieli znacznie mniejszy wskaźnik nowych zdarzeń nowotworowych
  • Przewidywani radiowrażliwi pacjenci odnieśli znaczące korzyści z radioterapii

Odpowiedź na immunoterapię

Badania wykazały związek między sygnaturami genów związanych z disulfidptozą a odpowiedzią na immunoterapię:12

  • SLC7A11 był pozytywnie skorelowany z SIGLEC15, podczas gdy LAG3 był skorelowany negatywnie
  • Pacjenci, którzy odpowiedzieli na immunoterapię w obu kohortach, wykazywali wyższe ryzyko DRG, wskazując, że pacjenci w grupie wyższego ryzyka DRG mogą odnieść większe korzyści z immunoterapii

Nomogramy i narzędzia prognostyczne

Nomogramy to narzędzia predykcyjne zaprojektowane, aby pomóc pacjentom i ich lekarzom w ocenie ryzyka na podstawie specyficznych cech pacjenta i choroby:12

Rodzaje nomogramów dla mięsaków

  • Nomogram dla mięsaka maziówkowego – narzędzie zaprojektowane do przewidywania prawdopodobieństwa przeżycia trzech i pięciu lat po zdiagnozowaniu mięsaka maziówkowego, w oparciu o czynniki kliniczne i patologiczne znane przed operacją
  • Nomogram dla tłuszczakomięsaka kończyn/tułowia – narzędzie zaprojektowane do przewidywania rokowania pacjenta z tłuszczakomięsakiem kończyn/tułowia po usunięciu guza pierwotnego drogą operacyjną. Przewiduje prawdopodobieństwo zgonu z powodu tłuszczakomięsaka kończyn/tułowia po trzech, pięciu i dziesięciu latach od leczenia chirurgicznego
  • Nomogram nawrotów miejscowych mięsaka – narzędzie zaprojektowane do przewidywania prawdopodobieństwa nawrotu mięsaka tkanek miękkich w miejscu pierwotnej operacji po usunięciu guza poprzez operację oszczędzającą kończynę, jeśli pacjent NIE otrzyma radioterapii
  • Nomogram do przewidywania zgonu specyficznego dla mięsaka po nawrocie miejscowym – narzędzie zaprojektowane do przewidywania prawdopodobieństwa zgonu z powodu mięsaka po nawrocie miejscowym pierwotnie leczonego mięsaka tkanek miękkich
  • Pooperacyjny nomogram zgonu specyficznego dla mięsaka – narzędzie zaprojektowane do przewidywania prawdopodobieństwa zgonu z powodu mięsaka tkanek miękkich cztery, osiem i dwanaście lat po leczeniu chirurgicznym choroby
Czynnik prognostyczny Korzystne rokowanie Niekorzystne rokowanie
Wielkość guza ≤5 cm >5 cm
Stopień złośliwości Niski (G1) Wysoki (G3)
Lokalizacja Kończyny, powierzchnia tułowia Tułów, narządy wewnętrzne
Głębokość Powierzchowna Głęboka
Status marginesu chirurgicznego Ujemny (R0) Dodatni (R1, R2)
Przerzuty Brak Obecne
Wiek <50 lat >50 lat
Status genu TP53 Typ dziki (WT) Zmutowany
5-letnie przeżycie z przerzutami ~17%
Wskaźnik kontroli miejscowej przy R0 ~97%

Leczenie i jego wpływ na rokowanie

Resekcja chirurgiczna jest podstawą terapii mięsaków tkanek miękkich. W niektórych małych guzach o niskim stopniu złośliwości, zlokalizowanych na kończynach lub tułowiu, można wykonać samą operację bez zastosowania radioterapii.12

Wskaźnik przeżycia dla zlokalizowanego mięsaka może osiągnąć 70-75% przy zastosowaniu kompleksowego podejścia obejmującego terapię systemową, chemioterapię i skuteczne leczenie guza pierwotnego za pomocą chirurgii i/lub radioterapii.1

W przypadku wystąpienia przerzutów odległych, operacja może być związana z długoterminowym przeżyciem wolnym od choroby u pacjentów z przerzutami do płuc i optymalną biologią choroby podstawowej. Amerykańska Agencja ds. Żywności i Leków (FDA) zatwierdziła erybulina, trabektedynę i pazopanib do leczenia mięsaków tkanek miękkich po niepowodzeniu pierwszej linii chemioterapii.1

Wieloczynnikowa analiza niezróżnicowanego mięsaka pleomorficznego (UPS) wykazała, że niekorzystnymi czynnikami prognostycznymi związanymi ze zmniejszonym przeżyciem całkowitym były starszy wiek (P<0,001; współczynnik ryzyka 1,03) i przerzuty odległe w momencie diagnozy (P=0,001; 2,89), podczas gdy guzy kończyn górnych były korzystne (P=0,043; 2,30).1

Złe rokowanie dla pooperacyjnego nawrotu miejscowego było związane ze starszym wiekiem (P=0,046; 1,03) i dodatnimi marginesami chirurgicznymi (P=0,028; 2,68). Zwiększone ryzyko przerzutów po leczeniu obserwowano u pacjentów z dużymi guzami (5-9 cm (P<0,001; 4,42), ≥10 cm (P<0,001; 6,80)) i przerzutami w momencie diagnozy (P<0,001; 3,99), zaś leczenie adjuwantowe było korzystne, zmniejszając ryzyko przerzutów (P<0,001; 0,34).1

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Prognosis and survival for soft tissue sarcoma | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/prognosis-and-survival
    If you have soft tissue sarcoma, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] A prognostic factor is an aspect of the cancer or a characteristic of the person (such as age) that the doctor will consider when making a prognosis. A predictive factor influences how a cancer will respond to a certain treatment. Prognostic and predictive factors are often discussed together. They both play a part in deciding on a treatment plan and a prognosis.
  • #1 Prognosis and survival for soft tissue sarcoma | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/prognosis-and-survival
    The size of a soft tissue tumour is an important prognostic factor. Tumours that are 5 cm or smaller have a better prognosis than tumours larger than 5 cm. […] Low-grade soft tissue sarcomas are linked with a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade sarcomas. […] Soft tissue tumours close to the surface of the body (superficial tumours) have a better prognosis than tumours that are growing deep within the body. Tumours that are deep within the connective tissue that wraps around muscles, nerves, blood vessels and organs (called fascia) tend to have a poor prognosis. […] Soft tissue sarcomas of the arms, legs or surface of the trunk of the body usually have a better prognosis than soft tissue sarcomas that start in other parts of the body.
  • #1 Prognosis and survival for soft tissue sarcoma | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/prognosis-and-survival
    Some types of soft tissue sarcoma tend to have a worse prognosis, including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs), leiomyosarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumours and epithelioid sarcoma. […] The lower the stage of soft tissue sarcoma at diagnosis, the better the prognosis. Stage 4 soft tissue sarcoma (metastatic soft tissue sarcoma) has a poor prognosis. Soft tissue sarcoma that has grown into bone, nerves or vessels usually has a poor prognosis. […] If cancer cells are found in the margin (called a positive surgical margin), there is a poorer prognosis compared to when there are no cancer cells in the margin (called a negative surgical margin). […] Soft tissue sarcoma that is completely removed by surgery has a much more favourable prognosis than soft tissue sarcoma that is not completely removed or if surgery cant be done. […] People with soft tissue sarcoma who are under the age of 50 tend to have a better prognosis than those over the age of 50.
  • #1 Predicting radiotherapy response for patients with soft tissue sarcoma by developing a molecular signature
    https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/or.2017.5999
    Soft tissue sarcomas are rare and aggressive tumors arising from connective tissues. […] The patients survival has slightly improved over the last 20 years. A recent report from the National Cancer Institute shows that the 5-year relative survival rate for soft tissue sarcoma is approximately 65%. […] We argue that if we can identify a molecular signature predictive of radiotherapeutic sensitivity and response, we might be able to improve local control, side-effects and overall survival in patients with soft tissue sarcoma. […] The results showed that the predicted radiosensitive patients who received radiotherapy had significantly improved survival than patients who did not. […] These results are consistent with our expectation, suggesting that the identified gene signature and radiosensitivity prediction are effective.
  • #1 Long-term outcome after local recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma: a retrospective analysis of factors predictive of survival in 135 patients with locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3960604/
    The aim of this study was to identify prognostic indicators of survival in patients with locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma (STS) through a long-term follow-up. […] The 5-year estimate of the PRS rate was 53.1% (95% CI: 44.361.2%) for the entire series. […] Patients with negative margins after the final surgery experienced improved survival compared with patients with positive margins (5-year survival: 46.7% (35.257.5%) vs 35.5% (23.447.8%); P=0.01). […] In a multivariate analysis, the significant prognostic indicators for PRS were histologic grade, tumour site, time to initial recurrence, the number of recurrences and the surgical margin status attained at the last resection. […] Complete surgical resection with microscopically clear margins is desirable in patients with locally recurrent STS.
  • #1 Childhood Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/child-soft-tissue-treatment-pdq
    The prognosis of NRSTS varies greatly depending on the following factors: Site of the primary tumor, Tumor size, Tumor grade, Tumor histology, Depth of tumor invasion, Presence of metastases and site of the metastatic tumor, Resectability of the tumor, Use of radiation therapy. […] In a review of a large adult series of NRSTS, patients with superficial extremity sarcomas had a better prognosis than did patients with deep tumors. […] Data specific to NRSTS in children and adolescents are difficult to separate. Several adult and pediatric series have shown that patients with large or invasive tumors have a significantly worse prognosis than do those with small, noninvasive tumors. […] Some pediatric NRSTS are associated with a better outcome. For instance, patients with infantile fibrosarcoma who present at age 4 years or younger have an excellent prognosis.
  • #1 Long-term outcome after local recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma: a retrospective analysis of factors predictive of survival in 135 patients with locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc201421
    The 5-year PRS rates were estimated to be 80.0% (95% CI: 55.192.0) for G1 and 44.5% (95% CI: 31.656.5) for G3 (P=0.003). […] Concurrent metastasis at the time of initial recurrence was associated with significantly worse PRS compared with only localised disease (5-year PRS: 16.7% (2.741.3) vs 57.5% (39.769.6);P=0.0001). […] The hazard ratio (HR) for death after recurrence was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.023.18) for STS arising in the trunk compared with extremity lesions (P=0.043). […] The HR for negative compared with positive margin status after the last resection was 0.57 (95% CI: 0.340.94; P=0.026). […] Adverse prognostic features include early recurrence, truncal location and high-grade histology. […] The biology of the recurring tumour might dictate the outcome, but given the diminished outcome of patients left with positive margins, surgical efforts should aim to achieve microscopically clear margins during the resection of recurrent tumours.
  • #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/adult-soft-tissue-treatment-pdq
    There is no recommended prognostic stage grouping for soft tissue sarcoma of the abdomen, thoracic visceral organs, and head and neck. […] The AJCC staging system has designated stage by the following criteria: […] The local recurrence rate was 45% in patients who were not referred. […] The local recurrence rate was 18% in patients who were referred before any surgical procedure. […] Local recurrence rates in patients with resected tumors were higher in those who were not referred. […] Surgical resection is the mainstay of therapy for soft tissue sarcomas. […] In some small low-grade tumors of the extremities or trunk, surgery alone can be performed without the use of radiation. […] When feasible, wide-margin function-sparing surgical excision is the cornerstone of effective treatment for extremity tumors.
  • #1 Long-term outcome after local recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma: a retrospective analysis of factors predictive of survival in 135 patients with locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3960604/
    The total median survival times were 6.2 years after initial recurrence (95% CI: 4.47.6) and 1.5 years after the diagnosis of distant metastasis (95% CI: 0.932.17). […] Patients who developed distant metastases had a 5-year survival of 17.0% (95% CI: 8.428.2) after the diagnosis of initial metastasis. […] The Cox model demonstrated that surgical attainment of negative margins at the last resection was associated with a significantly lower HR for death. The HR for negative compared with positive margin status after the last resection was 0.57 (95% CI: 0.340.94; P=0.026).
  • #1 TP53 Mutation as a Prognostic and Predictive Marker in Sarcoma: Pooled Analysis of MOSCATO and ProfiLER Precision Medicine Trials
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/13/3362
    TP53 mutations were the most frequent alteration, found in 20% of sarcomas. […] Disease-free survival of localized sarcomas was shorter in TP53 mutated sarcomas, both in our cohort and in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. […] Median DFS in TP53 wild type (WT), deleted, and mutated sarcomas was 16, 10, and 10 months, respectively (p = 0.028; deletions: HR = 1.55; 95% CI = 0.75–3.19; mutations: HR = 1.70; 95%CI = 1.13–2.64). […] In multivariate analysis, TP53 mutations remained associated with shorter DFS (p = 0.027; HR = 2.30; 95%CI = 1.10–4.82). […] TP53 mutations are associated with shorter DFS and increased response to anthracyclines. […] Post-validation, these findings could assist in decision-making for peri-operative treatments.
  • #1 Prediction of clinical outcome and survival in soft-tissue sarcoma using a ten-lncRNA signature | Oncotarget
    https://www.oncotarget.com/article/18165/text/
    The prognostic value of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma has rarely been unraveled. […] The risk score could effectively predict patients outcome, such as the status of mitotic count of tumor cells, person neoplasm cancer and residual tumor. […] More inspiringly, the risk score generated from the 10-lncRNA signature was an independent prognostic indicator for soft-tissue sarcoma patients. […] The univariate Cox proportional hazards regression method revealed that a total of 50 lncRNAs gained significant prognostic value for soft-tissue sarcomas with P value less than 0.01. […] Among these 10 lncRNAs, LINC00680, AC006129.2, RP11-274B21.9 and RP11-713P17.3 were protective biomarkers due to HR being less than one. […] On the contrary, the other six were risky lncRNAs, since their HRs were all more than one.
  • #1 Correlation analysis of disulfidptosis-related gene signatures with clinical prognosis and immunotherapy response in sarcoma | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57594-x
    Disulfidptosis, a newly discovered type of programmed cell death, could be a mechanism of cell death controlled by SLC7A11. This could be closely associated with tumor development and advancement. […] The multiple databases and RT-qPCR data confirmed the upregulated expression of prognostic DRGs in SARC. The TCGA internal and ICGC external validation cohorts were utilized to validate the predictive model capacity. Our analysis of DRG riskscores revealed that the low-risk group exhibited a more favorable prognosis than the high-risk group. […] This study provided DRG riskscore signatures to predict prognosis and response to immunotherapy in SARC, guiding personalized treatment decisions. […] The survival rate for localized sarcoma can become 70-75% by employing a comprehensive approach associated with systemic therapy, chemotherapy, and effective management of the primary tumor via surgery and/or radiation.
  • #1 Correlation analysis of disulfidptosis-related gene signatures with clinical prognosis and immunotherapy response in sarcoma | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57594-x
    Despite receiving standard treatment, most patients succumb to tumor recurrence and metastasis, primarily due to inadequate response to current therapeutic approaches. […] The persisting challenges of drug resistance, unfavorable prognosis, and other unresolved issues necessitate developing novel diagnostic markers with heightened efficiency and sensitivity to evaluate the prognosis of SARC patients. […] The OS rate of SARC patients with high expression levels of SLC7A11, RPN1, and GYS1 possessed a lower survival rate. Therefore, high SLC7A11, RPN1, and GYS1 expressions are prognostic factors among SARC patients. […] The outcomes of the risk-scoring model associated with disulfidptosis depicted a notable correlation with the survival rate in SARC individuals. […] The overall survival OS of patients in the high-risk category was significantly lower than those in the low-risk category.
  • #1 Sarcoma Nomograms | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
    https://www.mskcc.org/nomograms/sarcoma
    Our sarcoma nomograms are prediction tools designed to help patients and their physicians assess risk based on specific patient and disease characteristics. The nomograms calculate the likely outcomes after surgical treatment for sarcoma. […] Our synovial sarcoma nomogram is a tool designed to predict the likelihood of surviving three years and five years after being diagnosed with synovial sarcoma, based on clinical and pathologic factors known before surgery. […] Our extremity/truncal liposarcoma nomogram is a tool designed to predict the prognosis of a patient with extremity/truncal liposarcoma, the most common soft tissue sarcoma, after the primary tumor has been removed by surgery. This tool predicts the likelihood of dying from extremity/truncal liposarcoma three years, five years, and ten years after surgical treatment for the disease, based on tumor characteristics, such as the specific liposarcoma histologic subtype.
  • #1 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/adult-soft-tissue-treatment-pdq
    Effective treatment of retroperitoneal sarcomas requires removal of all gross disease while sparing adjacent viscera not invaded by tumor. […] Local disease control is crucial in patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas. […] In the setting of distant metastasis, surgery may be associated with long-term disease-free survival in patients with pulmonary metastasis and optimal underlying disease biology. […] Single-agent chemotherapy may be used with other single agents for disease recurrence. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved eribulin, trabectedin, and pazopanib for the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas after failure of a first-line chemotherapy regimen. […] Although doxorubicin alone has traditionally been considered the standard when comparing new drugs or regimens in the context of phase III clinical trials, some sarcoma subtypes have shown higher sensitivity to specific agents.
  • #1 Predicting the prognosis of undifferentiated pleomorphic soft tissue sarcoma: a 20-year experience of 266 cases – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31364245/
    Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is a rare malignant tumour of mesenchymal origin, which was conceived following re-classification of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). The objective of this study is to determine prognostic factors for the outcome of UPS, following multi-modal treatment. […] The 5- and 10-year OS rates for all ages were 60% and 48%, respectively, with a median survival time of 10.1 years. Multivariate analysis revealed that the adverse prognostic factors associated with decreased OS were older age (P 0.001; hazard ratio 1.03) and MD at diagnosis (P = 0.001; 2.89), with upper extremity tumours being favourable (P = 0.043; 2.30). Poor prognosis for post-operative LR was associated with older age (P = 0.046; 1.03) and positive surgical margins (P = 0.028; 2.68). Increased post-treatment MD was seen in patients with large tumours (5-9 cm (P 0.001; 4.42), 10 cm (P 0.001; 6.80)) and MD at diagnosis (P 0.001; 3.99), adjuvant therapy was favourable, shown to reduce MD (P 0.001; 0.34). […] UPS is a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma, for which surgery striving for negative margins, with radiotherapy, is the treatment of choice. Older age, lower extremity location, MD at presentation, large size and positive surgical margins, were unfavourable.
  • #2 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/adult-soft-tissue-treatment-pdq
    Estimated new cases and deaths from soft tissue sarcoma in the United States in 2025: […] Poor prognostic factors in adults with soft tissue sarcomas include: […] Small low-grade tumors, particularly in the trunk or extremities, are frequently curable by surgery alone. Higher-grade sarcomas are associated with higher local-treatment failure rates and increased metastatic potential. […] Prognostic nomograms (incorporating specific variables) have been developed for soft tissue sarcomas of the retroperitoneum and the extremities. […] The histological grade of the sarcoma is an important factor in staging all soft tissue sarcomas. It is determined by the following three parameters: […] The purpose of the grading system is to predict which patients will develop metastasis and therefore benefit from postoperative chemotherapy.
  • #2 Prognosis and survival for soft tissue sarcoma | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/prognosis-and-survival
    Some types of soft tissue sarcoma tend to have a worse prognosis, including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs), leiomyosarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumours and epithelioid sarcoma. […] The lower the stage of soft tissue sarcoma at diagnosis, the better the prognosis. Stage 4 soft tissue sarcoma (metastatic soft tissue sarcoma) has a poor prognosis. Soft tissue sarcoma that has grown into bone, nerves or vessels usually has a poor prognosis. […] If cancer cells are found in the margin (called a positive surgical margin), there is a poorer prognosis compared to when there are no cancer cells in the margin (called a negative surgical margin). […] Soft tissue sarcoma that is completely removed by surgery has a much more favourable prognosis than soft tissue sarcoma that is not completely removed or if surgery cant be done. […] People with soft tissue sarcoma who are under the age of 50 tend to have a better prognosis than those over the age of 50.
  • #2 Survival Rates for Soft Tissue Sarcoma | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html
    Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5 years) after they were diagnosed. […] Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. […] A relative survival rate compares people with the same type and stage of soft tissue sarcoma to people in the overall population. […] The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for soft tissue sarcoma in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] Based on people diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma between 2010 and 2016. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. […] These numbers dont take everything into account. […] People now being diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma may have a better outlook than these numbers show.
  • #2 Predicting the prognosis of undifferentiated pleomorphic soft tissue sarcoma: a 20-year experience of 266 cases – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31364245/
    Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is a rare malignant tumour of mesenchymal origin, which was conceived following re-classification of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). The objective of this study is to determine prognostic factors for the outcome of UPS, following multi-modal treatment. […] The 5- and 10-year OS rates for all ages were 60% and 48%, respectively, with a median survival time of 10.1 years. Multivariate analysis revealed that the adverse prognostic factors associated with decreased OS were older age (P 0.001; hazard ratio 1.03) and MD at diagnosis (P = 0.001; 2.89), with upper extremity tumours being favourable (P = 0.043; 2.30). Poor prognosis for post-operative LR was associated with older age (P = 0.046; 1.03) and positive surgical margins (P = 0.028; 2.68). Increased post-treatment MD was seen in patients with large tumours (5-9 cm (P 0.001; 4.42), 10 cm (P 0.001; 6.80)) and MD at diagnosis (P 0.001; 3.99), adjuvant therapy was favourable, shown to reduce MD (P 0.001; 0.34). […] UPS is a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma, for which surgery striving for negative margins, with radiotherapy, is the treatment of choice. Older age, lower extremity location, MD at presentation, large size and positive surgical margins, were unfavourable.
  • #2 Long-term outcome after local recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma: a retrospective analysis of factors predictive of survival in 135 patients with locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3960604/
    The total median survival times were 6.2 years after initial recurrence (95% CI: 4.47.6) and 1.5 years after the diagnosis of distant metastasis (95% CI: 0.932.17). […] Patients who developed distant metastases had a 5-year survival of 17.0% (95% CI: 8.428.2) after the diagnosis of initial metastasis. […] The Cox model demonstrated that surgical attainment of negative margins at the last resection was associated with a significantly lower HR for death. The HR for negative compared with positive margin status after the last resection was 0.57 (95% CI: 0.340.94; P=0.026).
  • #2 Long-term outcome after local recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma: a retrospective analysis of factors predictive of survival in 135 patients with locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc201421
    The aim of this study was to identify prognostic indicators of survival in patients with locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma (STS) through a long-term follow-up. […] The 5-year estimate of the PRS rate was 53.1% (95% CI: 44.361.2%) for the entire series. […] In a multivariate analysis, the significant prognostic indicators for PRS were histologic grade, tumour site, time to initial recurrence, the number of recurrences and the surgical margin status attained at the last resection. […] Complete surgical resection with microscopically clear margins is desirable in patients with locally recurrent STS. […] The total median survival times were 6.2 years after initial recurrence (95% CI: 4.47.6) and 1.5 years after the diagnosis of distant metastasis (95% CI: 0.932.17). […] Patients who developed distant metastases had a 5-year survival of 17.0% (95% CI: 8.428.2) after the diagnosis of initial metastasis.
  • #2 Long-term outcome after local recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma: a retrospective analysis of factors predictive of survival in 135 patients with locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma | British Journal of Cancer
    https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc201421
    The 5-year PRS rates were estimated to be 80.0% (95% CI: 55.192.0) for G1 and 44.5% (95% CI: 31.656.5) for G3 (P=0.003). […] Concurrent metastasis at the time of initial recurrence was associated with significantly worse PRS compared with only localised disease (5-year PRS: 16.7% (2.741.3) vs 57.5% (39.769.6);P=0.0001). […] The hazard ratio (HR) for death after recurrence was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.023.18) for STS arising in the trunk compared with extremity lesions (P=0.043). […] The HR for negative compared with positive margin status after the last resection was 0.57 (95% CI: 0.340.94; P=0.026). […] Adverse prognostic features include early recurrence, truncal location and high-grade histology. […] The biology of the recurring tumour might dictate the outcome, but given the diminished outcome of patients left with positive margins, surgical efforts should aim to achieve microscopically clear margins during the resection of recurrent tumours.
  • #2 Prediction of clinical outcome and survival in soft-tissue sarcoma using a ten-lncRNA signature | Oncotarget
    https://www.oncotarget.com/article/18165/text/
    The risk score could act as an independent indicator for the OS of soft-tissue sarcomas, as the HR was 1.445 (95% CI: 1.3211.581, P 0.001) assessed by the univariate Cox regression analysis and K-M method. […] The risk score of the 10-lncRNA signature remained to be an independent prognostic indicator for the subgroups of dedifferentiated liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma. […] The risk score was notably different among all soft-tissue sarcomas of different histology, as well as among distinct differentiation levels in leiomyosarcoma. […] This novel 10-lncRNA signature could be an independent prognostic indicator for soft-tissue sarcoma and this study discovered the potency of a combined lncRNA signature to properly predict the survival of soft-tissue sarcoma.
  • #2 Correlation analysis of disulfidptosis-related gene signatures with clinical prognosis and immunotherapy response in sarcoma | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57594-x
    Despite receiving standard treatment, most patients succumb to tumor recurrence and metastasis, primarily due to inadequate response to current therapeutic approaches. […] The persisting challenges of drug resistance, unfavorable prognosis, and other unresolved issues necessitate developing novel diagnostic markers with heightened efficiency and sensitivity to evaluate the prognosis of SARC patients. […] The OS rate of SARC patients with high expression levels of SLC7A11, RPN1, and GYS1 possessed a lower survival rate. Therefore, high SLC7A11, RPN1, and GYS1 expressions are prognostic factors among SARC patients. […] The outcomes of the risk-scoring model associated with disulfidptosis depicted a notable correlation with the survival rate in SARC individuals. […] The overall survival OS of patients in the high-risk category was significantly lower than those in the low-risk category.
  • #2 Predicting radiotherapy response for patients with soft tissue sarcoma by developing a molecular signature
    https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/or.2017.5999
    The clinical benefit of radiotherapy on soft tissue sarcomas has not been observed significantly. […] The results showed that the predicted radiosensitive patients who received radiotherapy had significantly better survival than both predicted radiosensitive patients under non-radiotherapy, and predicted non-radiosensitive patients who receive radiotherapy. […] The predicted radiosensitive patients who received radiotherapy had a significantly reduced rate of new tumor events. […] The predicted radiosensitive patients strongly benefited from radiotherapy. […] The predicted radiosensitive and non-radiosensitive patients were appropriate predictions, suggesting that gene signature is potentially a predictive biomarker for sensitivity prediction for both radiosensitive and non-radiosensitive patients.
  • #2 Correlation analysis of disulfidptosis-related gene signatures with clinical prognosis and immunotherapy response in sarcoma | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57594-x
    The findings indicate that SLC7A11 was positively associated with SIGLEC15, while LAG3 was negatively correlated. […] The results showed that patients who responded to immune therapy in both cohorts exhibited higher-risk DRGs, indicating that patients in the higher-risk DRGs group are more likely to benefit from immune therapy.
  • #2 Sarcoma Nomograms | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
    https://www.mskcc.org/nomograms/sarcoma
    Our sarcoma local recurrence nomogram is a tool designed to predict the likelihood of soft tissue sarcoma returning at the site of initial surgery after the tumor is removed through limb-sparing surgery if the patient does NOT receive radiation. […] Our nomogram for sarcoma-specific death after local recurrence is a tool designed to predict the likelihood of dying from sarcoma after local recurrence of the initially treated soft tissue sarcoma. This tool predicts the likelihood of dying one year, two years, three years, four years, and five years after recurrence. […] Our postoperative sarcoma-specific death nomogram is a tool designed to predict the likelihood of dying from soft tissue sarcoma four years, eight years, and 12 years after surgical treatment for the disease.
  • #2 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/adult-soft-tissue-treatment-pdq
    Effective treatment of retroperitoneal sarcomas requires removal of all gross disease while sparing adjacent viscera not invaded by tumor. […] Local disease control is crucial in patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas. […] In the setting of distant metastasis, surgery may be associated with long-term disease-free survival in patients with pulmonary metastasis and optimal underlying disease biology. […] Single-agent chemotherapy may be used with other single agents for disease recurrence. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved eribulin, trabectedin, and pazopanib for the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas after failure of a first-line chemotherapy regimen. […] Although doxorubicin alone has traditionally been considered the standard when comparing new drugs or regimens in the context of phase III clinical trials, some sarcoma subtypes have shown higher sensitivity to specific agents.
  • #3 Childhood Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/child-soft-tissue-treatment-pdq
    The prognosis of NRSTS varies greatly depending on the following factors: Site of the primary tumor, Tumor size, Tumor grade, Tumor histology, Depth of tumor invasion, Presence of metastases and site of the metastatic tumor, Resectability of the tumor, Use of radiation therapy. […] In a review of a large adult series of NRSTS, patients with superficial extremity sarcomas had a better prognosis than did patients with deep tumors. […] Data specific to NRSTS in children and adolescents are difficult to separate. Several adult and pediatric series have shown that patients with large or invasive tumors have a significantly worse prognosis than do those with small, noninvasive tumors. […] Some pediatric NRSTS are associated with a better outcome. For instance, patients with infantile fibrosarcoma who present at age 4 years or younger have an excellent prognosis.
  • #3 Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/adult-soft-tissue-treatment-pdq
    Estimated new cases and deaths from soft tissue sarcoma in the United States in 2025: […] Poor prognostic factors in adults with soft tissue sarcomas include: […] Small low-grade tumors, particularly in the trunk or extremities, are frequently curable by surgery alone. Higher-grade sarcomas are associated with higher local-treatment failure rates and increased metastatic potential. […] Prognostic nomograms (incorporating specific variables) have been developed for soft tissue sarcomas of the retroperitoneum and the extremities. […] The histological grade of the sarcoma is an important factor in staging all soft tissue sarcomas. It is determined by the following three parameters: […] The purpose of the grading system is to predict which patients will develop metastasis and therefore benefit from postoperative chemotherapy.