Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Hydronephrosis and hydroureter result from obstruction of urine flow in the urinary system at the renal pelvis and ureter level, respectively. […] Both conditions should be promptly diagnosed and treated to prevent severe renal dysfunction. […] Hydronephrosis is defined as dilatation and distension of the renal collecting system of one or both kidneys due to obstruction of urine outflow distal to the renal pelvis (i.e., ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra). […] Hydronephrosis and hydroureter can present independently or together. […] The presentation can be acute or chronic, physiologic (very common in pregnant females) or pathologic, unilateral, or bilateral. […] The cause of hydronephrosis drives specific treatment. […] Placement of a urinary catheter is important when lower urinary tract obstruction at the bladder level is highly suspected.

• #2 Hydronephrosis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/hydronephrosis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Hydronephrosis is a condition characterized by the swelling and dilation of the renal collecting system due to obstruction or blockage in the urinary tract, leading to impaired urine flow and potential kidney damage. This nursing diagnosis focuses on identifying symptoms, preventing complications, and managing patient care effectively. […] Patient will maintain adequate urine output […] Patient will demonstrate improved kidney function […] Patient will report decreased pain levels […] Patient will avoid complications […] Patient will understand condition management […] Patient will comply with the treatment plan. […] Monitor for signs of infection […] Assess pain levels […] Document urine output. […] Monitor urine output hourly […] Maintain patent urinary catheter if present

• #3 Hydronephrosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is a condition, affecting about 1 in 100 babies, where urine overfills or backs up into the kidney, causing the kidney to swell. Infants with hydronephrosis may be diagnosed before (prenatal) or after (postnatal) birth. […] In many of the children who are diagnosed prenatally, the condition disappears spontaneously by the time of birth or soon after. In children who have mild or sometimes moderate hydronephrosis, kidney function is commonly unaffected and the condition may resolve over a period of time after delivery. […] Your doctor will describe your child’s hydronephrosis as mild, moderate, or severe — based on how much the kidney is stretched and how much the urinary flow is impaired — and will tell you whether your child’s hydronephrosis affects one kidney (unilateral) or both kidneys (bilateral). More than half of the cases resolve by the time the baby is born or soon after.

• #4 Bilateral hydronephrosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000474.htm

  Bilateral hydronephrosis is the enlargement of the parts of the kidney that collect urine. Bilateral means both sides. […] Bilateral hydronephrosis occurs when urine is unable to drain from the kidney into the bladder. Hydronephrosis is not itself a disease. It occurs as a result of a problem that prevents urine from draining out of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. […] Placing a tube into the bladder (Foley catheter) may open the blockage. Other treatments include: […] The underlying cause of the blockage needs to be found and treated once the buildup of urine is relieved. […] Surgery performed while the baby is in the womb or shortly after birth can have good results in improving kidney function. […] Irreversible kidney damage may result from conditions that cause hydronephrosis. […] This problem is often found by the health care provider. […] An ultrasound during pregnancy can show a blockage in the baby’s urinary tract. This allows the problem to be treated with early surgery. […] It is important to pay attention to general problems with urination.

• #5 Hydronephrosis | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/hydronephrosis-0

  Hydronephrosis is a condition that occurs when a kidney swells and can’t get rid of pee (urine) like it should. This swelling typically happens when urine cannot drain out from the kidney to the bladder due to a blockage or obstruction. Hydronephrosis can occur in one or both kidneys. Over time, kidney function can decrease, leading to possible kidney damage. […] In cases of severe blockage due to hydronephrosis, extra urine may need to be removed using either a catheter to drain urine from the bladder or a special tube called a nephrostomy that drains urine from the kidney. The key to treatment is to get it addressed as soon as possible in order to avoid any permanent damage to the kidneys. […] When treating hydronephrosis, doctors try to stop the kidney from swelling further. In order to do this, they may: prescribe medicines to ease pain and/or fight off infection; recommend a surgical procedure to remove the blockage.

• #6 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is when your kidneys swell because your body can’t release all of its pee. It may affect one or both kidneys, and it can occur in people of all ages. About 1 in 100 adults get hydronephrosis at some point. It also affects about 1 in 100 fetuses, but it often gets better before the baby is born. […] If you’re showing signs of hydronephrosis, it’s important to talk to your doctor. Getting diagnosed and treated can help prevent the condition from getting worse or leading to complications such as kidney damage. […] First, your doctor might drain the extra pee from your kidneys by placing a tube called a catheter through your stomach or urethra. This will help with pain and avoid complications. […] Sometimes, hydronephrosis clears up on its own. In mild cases, your doctor might recommend waiting to see if it gets better. If it doesn’t, they will treat the underlying cause.

• #7 Hydronephrosis | Denver Urology Associates | Lone Tree

  https://www.denverurology.com/urology/hydronephrosis/

  Hydronephrosis describes when one or both kidneys become swollen from backed-up urine. […] The treatment for hydronephrosis will depend on what has caused the kidney swelling. Some cases are resolved fairly simply. For instance, a UTI may be treated with antibiotics. If a kidney stone or other urinary stone is causing a blockage, the kidney stone may pass by itself, or may require other removal to eliminate the blockage. […] Anyone with signs of possible hydronephrosis should see a doctor. Untreated UTIs or other infections can cause more serious conditions, such as kidney infection (pyelonephritis) or systemic infection such as sepsis (blood poisoning). […] It is especially important to seek treatment quickly if the person has only one kidney or such immune system disorders as HIV or diabetes. These individuals are at risk of requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant if hydronephrosis permanently damages the remaining kidney.

• #8 Hydronephrosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hydronephrosis-77503877/77503877

  Hydronephrosis is a condition in which one or both of the kidneys become stretched and swollen. This is usually because: There is a blockage somewhere in the urinary system which is the usual cause, or urine is flowing from the bladder back to the kidneys It can sometimes cause a pain in the side, or there may be no symptoms at all. […] Hydronephrosis is distension and dilation of the renal pelvis, usually caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney, leading to progressive atrophy of the kidney. […] The signs and symptoms of Hydronephrosis depend upon whether the obstruction is acute or chronic, partial or complete, unilateral or bilateral. Unilateral Hydronephrosis may occur without any symptoms. Asymptomatic (in some cases) Pain is felt in the renal area Hematuria Urinary infection, dysuria frequency Renal calculi Azotemia Some large Hydronephrosis can be palpable.

• #9 Pediatric hydronephrosis – Children’s Health Urology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis can be a sign of a wide variety of conditions. It can range from a minor swelling that does not need treatment to a more severe condition that requires surgery. […] The swelling happens when one or both tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder (called ureters) become blocked or when urine backs up from the bladder to the kidney. […] In hydronephrosis detected during pregnancy, imaging shows swelling in the baby’s kidneys or bladder. With mild hydronephrosis in babies and younger children, there usually is no pain. […] With moderate and severe swelling in older children, the symptoms can include: Blood in the urine, Fever, Nausea or vomiting, Pain in the abdomen, back or side, Frequent urination, Growing need to urinate, Urinary tract infection (UTI), Swollen kidneys (severe cases), Inability to empty the bladder (incomplete voiding).

• #10 Hydronephrosis | UNC Department of Urology

  https://www.med.unc.edu/urology/pediatrics/pediatric-conditions/hydronephrosis/

  Hydronephrosis is very common. It affects about 1 in 100 babies. […] If your child has symptoms, these may include pain in the abdomen or side (flank pain). […] Children with hydronephrosis may develop a UTI. The risk of urinary infection increases the severity of hydronephrosis. […] If pyelonephritis is severe or not treated in a timely manner, or if it affects both kidneys, complications such as permanent kidney damage (kidney scarring) can lead to problems such as high blood pressure and sometimes kidney failure. […] Evaluation: Identifying the cause of your child’s hydronephrosis will help determine how to follow or treat it. […] Treatment options depend on the severity of the hydronephrosis and the result of the studies. […] Observation: If your child’s hydronephrosis is mild (grade 1 or 2) or if your child has moderate hydronephrosis and the kidney functions well and is growing normally, your child may undergo observation.

• #11 Hydronephrosis in Children | Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and other FAQs

  https://www.londonchildrensurgery.co.uk/hydronephrosis.php

  Hydronephrosis is dilatation of part of the kidney. Generally, its due to the fact there is slow or sluggish drainage in part of the kidney, down to the ureter. The condition usually occurs in the womb and it is sometimes detected before a baby is born. However, hydronephrosis symptoms are sometimes only recognised during investigations into urinary problems that are performed after a baby is born. […] Most children do not present with any signs or symptoms for unilateral hydronephrosis. Historically the most common symptom for hydronephrosis is in fact a urinary tract infection. The symptoms of urinary tract infection in the older child can consist of high temperature, pyrexia and dysuria (pain when voiding). There could be cloudy urine, blood in the urine and pain in the childs side or their back. Younger babies will not necessarily present with clear symptoms and when they develop a urinary tract infection they can have high temperature, irritability and failure to thrive. The hydronephrosis can then be detected when an ultrasound scan is performed to investigate the causes of the urinary tract infections.

• #12 Hydronephrosis in Newborns – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/hydronephrosis-newborns

  Hydronephrosis in newborns is enlargement, or dilation, of the renal pelvis the basin in the central part of the kidney where urine collects. Hydronephrosis can occur in one or both kidneys. This condition is often diagnosed before birth during a prenatal ultrasound. […] In other cases, hydronephrosis may be a sign of a blockage in the urinary tract or reflux or back up of urine from the bladder to the kidney that needs treatment. […] If a fetus or newborn is found to have hydronephrosis, health care professionals will begin to examine how urine drains from the kidneys. The more severe hydronephrosis is, the more likely it is to be a sign of a blockage in the urinary tract or reflux of urine from the bladder to the kidney, which may need treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment of the blockage or reflux may help prevent complications or prevent complications from getting worse.

• #13 Hydronephrosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20575279

  Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare team takes to find out if hydronephrosis is the cause of your symptoms. Your healthcare professional starts by asking you about your symptoms and doing a physical exam. You may be referred to a doctor called a urologist, who finds and treats conditions of the urinary system. […] Treatment for hydronephrosis depends on its cause and how bad the symptoms are. The goal of treatment is to ease kidney swelling and prevent kidney damage. You may need medicine, a process to drain urine or surgery. In some people, mild hydronephrosis goes away on its own in time. […] Your healthcare professional may prescribe medicine to ease pain. Some people need medicine called antibiotics to clear up a urinary tract infection. Sometimes, babies with hydronephrosis are given antibiotics to prevent infections. Babies often don’t need other treatment. They often have mild hydronephrosis that gets better on its own. Imaging tests can track their health over time. […] Sometimes, surgery is needed to fix a blockage or correct the backward flow of urine. Surgery also may be done to ease terrible pain or vomiting from hydronephrosis. […] Early treatment for hydronephrosis helps many people get better. It also helps prevent lasting kidney damage.

• #14 Pediatric hydronephrosis – Children’s Health Urology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/hydronephrosis

  During pregnancy, a fetal or prenatal ultrasound at 18-20 weeks can detect swelling. If this happens, we can use follow-up ultrasounds to see if the swelling is increasing or decreasing, how the kidneys are developing, and if the ureters or bladder are dilated. […] In infants or in children, we may do different kinds of imaging to monitor and assess hydronephrosis: Ultrasound – Images from sound waves that can detect swelling in the urinary tract, Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) – A specialized X-ray that can detect urine backing up from the bladder to the kidney (reflux) or a blockage (obstruction) in the bladder. […] We may also use a low dose of an antibiotic to prevent a urinary tract infection (UTI). […] We often monitor infants or children for months or even years to see if the swelling and other symptoms change. We recommend surgery if their hydronephrosis gets worse or if the function of the kidneys is affected.

• #15 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-treatment

  If postnatal ultrasonography demonstrates persistent hydronephrosis, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) should be performed. In male infants, the posterior urethra should be fully evaluated to detect possible PUVs. […] In newborns with severe antenatal unilateral hydronephrosis (renal pelvic diameter 15 mm in the third trimester), ultrasonography should be performed after the infant returns to birth weight (after age 48 h and within the first 2 wk of life). […] In newborns with less severe antenatal unilateral hydronephrosis (renal pelvic diameter 15 mm during third trimester), ultrasonography can be performed after age 7 days to see whether the hydronephrosis has persisted postnatally. […] Higher rates of urinary tract infection (UTI) have been reported in children with prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis compared with the general pediatric population.

• #16 Role of Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) in Grading of Hydronephrosis – A Simple Approach – Point-of-Care Ultrasound Certification Academy

  https://www.pocus.org/role-of-pocus-in-grading-hydronephrosis-a-simple-approach/

  Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) is considered a sensitive modality to diagnose unilateral hydronephrosis – the dilatation of the major and or minor calyces and the renal pelvis due to an obstruction to the flow of urine from the pelvicalyceal system. […] Hydronephrosis is defined as the dilatation of the major and or minor calyces and the renal pelvis due to an obstruction to the flow of urine from the pelvicalyceal system. It could be due to a calculus or an external compression on the ureter due to a mass or even due to urinary bladder outlet obstruction. […] One study reported a sensitivity range of POCUS to be 72-83% to diagnose hydronephrosis as compared to CT scan. […] POCUS has the advantage of low cost, availability at the point of care and no ionizing radiation. […] Do note that if the patient has moderate or severe hydronephrosis then the patient must be referred to a specialist and if presenting to the emergency department with moderate or severe hydronephrosis then the kidney specialist must be consulted, and a stent should be considered to bypass the obstruction and plan for corrective measures.

• #17 Pediatric Hydronephrosis – MU Health Care

  https://www.muhealth.org/conditions-treatments/pediatrics/pediatric-urology/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is a term used to describe an abnormal buildup of urine inside the kidneys. […] Kidneys with a grade of 1 or 2 are more likely to not be harmful. MU Health Cares pediatric urology team will closely monitor your child for as long as five years to ensure his or her safety. In most cases, the dilation of the kidneys will decrease in time, and surgery will not be needed. […] Kidneys with a grade of 3 or 4 will often require surgery, which typically involves placing a tube in your child’s ureter to correct the blockage. After surgery, your child will need to take daily antibiotics to help prevent infections.

• #18 Hydronephrosis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/hydronephrosis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Hydronephrosis is a condition characterized by the swelling and dilation of the renal collecting system due to obstruction or blockage in the urinary tract, leading to impaired urine flow and potential kidney damage. This nursing diagnosis focuses on identifying symptoms, preventing complications, and managing patient care effectively. […] Patient will maintain adequate urine output […] Patient will demonstrate improved kidney function […] Patient will report decreased pain levels […] Patient will avoid complications […] Patient will understand condition management […] Patient will comply with the treatment plan. […] Monitor for signs of infection […] Assess pain levels […] Document urine output. […] Monitor urine output hourly […] Maintain patent urinary catheter if present

• #19 Hydronephrosis

  https://www.saralmind.com/pcl-2nd-year/medical-and-surgical-nursing-i-theory-/nursing-care-of-patients-with-disorders-of-the-renal-system/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is the abnormal enlargement of the kidney’s pelvis and calyces as a result of intermittent or partial restriction of the urine’s outflow. […] After surgery, administer catheter care and timely patient ambulation in accordance with site procedures and hospital policy. […] Provide catheter care. […] Encourage deep breathing, practice coughing, and offer chest physical therapy as needed. […] Maintain strict record of intake and output. […] Assess operative site for bleeding and soakage. […] Adapt pain management. […] Keep up the intake-output chart.

• #20 Hydronephrosis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/hydronephrosis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Hydronephrosis is a condition characterized by the swelling and dilation of the renal collecting system due to obstruction or blockage in the urinary tract, leading to impaired urine flow and potential kidney damage. This nursing diagnosis focuses on identifying symptoms, preventing complications, and managing patient care effectively. […] Patient will maintain adequate urine output […] Patient will demonstrate improved kidney function […] Patient will report decreased pain levels […] Patient will avoid complications […] Patient will understand condition management […] Patient will comply with the treatment plan. […] Monitor for signs of infection […] Assess pain levels […] Document urine output. […] Monitor urine output hourly […] Maintain patent urinary catheter if present

• #21 Hydronephrosis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/hydronephrosis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Monitor for infection signs. […] Patient will remain free from infection […] Patient will demonstrate proper hygiene […] Patient will identify infection signs. […] Provide condition education […] Demonstrate care techniques […] Verify understanding. […] Patient will report decreased anxiety […] Patient will use effective coping strategies […] Patient will verbalize concerns appropriately.

• #22 Hydronephrosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hydronephrosis-77503877/77503877

  Pyeloplasty is the surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis to drain and decompress the kidney. Most commonly it is performed to treat an uretero-pelvic junction obstruction if residual renal function is adequate. […] PRE-OPERATIVE NURSING DIAGNOSIS Hyperthermia related to infectious process. Impaired nutritional status less than body requirement related to hospitalization. Disturbed elimination pattern incontinence of urine and related to retention of urine Deficient knowledge of parents related to the plan of treatment, surgical procedure and prevention of complications. Disturbed family process related to hospitalization of the child. High risk for urinary tract infection related to presence of urinary obstruction. […] POST-OPERATIVE NURSING DIAGNOSIS Ineffective airway clearance related to effects of anaesthesia, and pain Acute pain related to incision, and the surgical procedure Impaired physical mobility related to surgery Risk for imbalanced fluid volume related to the surgical procedure Deficient knowledge of home care procedures Risk for infection related to the presence of surgical wound.

• #23 Hydronephrosis

  https://www.saralmind.com/pcl-2nd-year/medical-and-surgical-nursing-i-theory-/nursing-care-of-patients-with-disorders-of-the-renal-system/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is the abnormal enlargement of the kidney’s pelvis and calyces as a result of intermittent or partial restriction of the urine’s outflow. […] After surgery, administer catheter care and timely patient ambulation in accordance with site procedures and hospital policy. […] Provide catheter care. […] Encourage deep breathing, practice coughing, and offer chest physical therapy as needed. […] Maintain strict record of intake and output. […] Assess operative site for bleeding and soakage. […] Adapt pain management. […] Keep up the intake-output chart.

• #24 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis may lead to loss of kidney function or kidney failure. However, prompt treatment reduces the risk of long-term complications. […] The goal of treatment is to restore the flow of pee from your kidney and decrease the swelling and pressure. Treatment depends on the underlying condition, as that is the primary issue. […] If hydronephrosis is sudden and due to a blockage, your provider may place a nephrostomy tube through your skin into your kidney to drain excess pee. They may also use a soft plastic tube called a ureteral stent to hold your ureters open, which allows your pee to flow as it should. […] If you experience a UTI or your urinary tract is narrow due to infection, your provider will prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection. […] Try not to worry about a hydronephrosis diagnosis. In most cases, treatment will allow you to continue on with your life as usual without any long-term complications. Discuss any questions you have about hydronephrosis and your recovery with your healthcare provider. They can let you know if there are lifestyle modifications you should make or how long you can expect until a complete recovery.

• #25

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hydronephrosis/treatment/

  Treatment for hydronephrosis depends on what’s causing the condition and how severe it is. […] In adults, the aims of treatment are to: remove the build-up of urine and relieve the pressure on your kidneys, prevent permanent kidney damage, treat the underlying cause. […] Most people with hydronephrosis will have a procedure called urinary catheterisation to drain the urine from their kidneys. […] The first stage in treating hydronephrosis is to drain the urine out of your kidneys. […] This will help ease your pain and prevent any further damage to your kidneys. […] Once the pressure on your kidneys has been relieved, the cause of the build-up of urine may need to be treated. […] Painkillers and antibiotics can also be given if you’re in pain or develop a UTI. […] In most babies, antenatal hydronephrosis will get better as they get older. But until scans show there’s no longer a problem, your child may need to take antibiotics to reduce their chances of developing a UTI. This is because the urine inside their kidneys can make them more vulnerable to infection.

• #26 Hydronephrosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hydronephrosis

  If postnatal testing shows your child has mild to moderate hydronephrosis, your doctor may recommend allowing time for the condition to correct itself on its own. Your child may receive a low dose of antibiotics to prevent infection. Repeat ultrasounds will let us check for improvement. […] Observation has become the accepted method of treatment in children with mild hydronephrosis. Even in children with moderate hydronephrosis, if kidney function is not lost and kidneys are growing well, observation can allow the condition to correct itself. […] Only in severe cases would surgery be needed. The goal of the operation is to reduce the swelling and pressure in the kidney by restoring the free flow of urine. […] At Boston Children’s Hospital, we are here to help. Our physicians and nurses are trained in pediatric urology and have extensive experience with hydronephrosis. We are honored to be recognized by U.S. News & World Report as one of the best children’s hospitals in the nation, and have the largest pediatric urology service in the world.

• #27 Hydronephrosis in Newborns – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/hydronephrosis-newborns

  After an infant is born, hydronephrosis may lead to complications such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and chronic kidney disease. […] If your child has been diagnosed with hydronephrosis, talk with your child’s health care professional about appropriate evaluation and treatment options. […] Treatment of hydronephrosis in newborns will depend on how severe the condition is, whether one or both kidneys are affected, and what is causing the hydronephrosis. […] If hydronephrosis in a newborn is not severe and not likely to damage the kidneys, health care professionals may recommend watchful waiting. […] In some cases, health care professionals may prescribe antibiotics to help prevent urinary tract infections in infants and children with hydronephrosis. […] If hydronephrosis is severe or gets worse over time, health care professionals may recommend surgery. Surgery can improve the flow of urine and lower the chance of complications or keep complications from getting worse.

• #28 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-treatment

  As a result, in infants with severe hydronephrosis who are at greater risk for an underlying urologic abnormality, antibiotic prophylaxis is started after delivery until the diagnosis of VUR or obstructive uropathy is excluded. […] The specific treatment of a patient with hydronephrosis and hydroureter depends, of course, on the etiology of the process. Several factors help determine the urgency with which treatment should be initiated. In general, any signs of infection within the obstructed system warrant urgent intervention because infection with hydronephrosis may progress rapidly to sepsis. […] Urologists commonly use ureteral stent placement in cases of intrinsic and extrinsic causes of hydronephrosis. The procedure is usually performed in conjunction with cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography. Stents can bypass an obstruction and dilate the ureter for subsequent endoscopic treatment.

• #29 Hydronephrosis Care & Treatment | Urologic Surgery of NWI

  https://urologicsurgerynwi.com/conditions-procedures/hydronephrosis/

  Hydronephrosis refers to fluid accumulation within one or both kidneys. This fluid is actually urine and it may accumulate secondary to a blockage somewhere along the ureter or bladder. […] Treatment for hydronephrosis will depend on the underlying cause. […] Hydronephrosis, when significant and long standing, can lead to irreversible kidney damage. It is, therefore, strongly advised to promptly address any hydronephrosis and not delay the recommended treatment. […] Ureteral stents (narrow plastic tubes placed to bypass a blockage) are commonly utilized in managing hydronephrosis. They can be used in both a temporary and permanent fashion. […] Hydronephrosis usually requires some form of surgical intervention, especially if it is due to an obstruction that is unlikely to resolve on its own.

• #30 Hydronephrosis | UNC Department of Urology

  https://www.med.unc.edu/urology/pediatrics/pediatric-conditions/hydronephrosis/

  Surgery: Surgery is recommended only in severe cases when kidney function is at risk either due to obstruction or recurrent UTIs. […] If your baby is diagnosed with hydronephrosis, there’s a few things to remember. First, many children who are diagnosed with hydronephrosis prenatally have no evidence of hydronephrosis before they are born or at follow up after birth. […] Only a handful of children require surgery for hydronephrosis and most often, these children have or develop severe hydronephrosis with poor drainage of the kidney and sometimes, compromised kidney function. […] If your child requires surgery, the overall success rate is around 95%, incisions are typically very small and children handle surgery well with mild-moderate discomfort.

• #31 Hydronephrosis in Children | Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and other FAQs

  https://www.londonchildrensurgery.co.uk/hydronephrosis.php

  It is important for hydronephrosis symptoms to be investigated carefully in order to identify the cause of the problem. Untreated hydronephrosis could increase the risk of urinary tract infections and it might affect the functioning of the kidneys. The kidneys could be damaged if the problem is left untreated. […] Depending on the ultrasound scan and MAG3 findings and their symptoms, some children will require surgery to improve drainage of their kidney. Usually procedure which is preformed is a pyeloplasty. This is an operation to remove the small narrowed area between the pelvis of the kidney and the ureter which is called the pelvi ureteric junction (PUJ). Once this is removed, two tubes are joined back together and a small stent is left internally. This is removed a number of months later.

• #32 Hydronephrosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hydronephrosis-77503877/77503877

  Teach the importance of adequate fluids. Explain the importance of notifying the physician at the first signs of inability to void or of urinary infection, such as burning or painful urination, cloudy urine, rusty or smoky urine, blood-tinged urine, foul odor, flank pain, or fever. […] Early detection and prompt treatment has good prognosis. Left untreated, bilateral obstruction (occurring to both kidneys rather than one) has a poor prognosis.

• #33 Hydronephrosis (Discharge Care)

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/hydronephrosis-discharge-care.html

  Hydronephrosis is swelling in one or both kidneys caused by urine buildup. Urine normally flows from the kidneys to the bladder through tubes called ureters. A blockage in the ureters can prevent urine from flowing properly. Urine flow may also be prevented or slowed if your kidneys do not work correctly. Urine flows back into your urinary tract. Pressure builds up in the kidney and causes swelling. […] You may need the following: […] Contact your healthcare provider if: […] Seek care immediately if: […] The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you.

• #34 Hydronephrosis (Aftercare Instructions)

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/hydronephrosis-aftercare-instructions.html

  Hydronephrosis is swelling in one or both kidneys caused by urine buildup. Urine normally flows from the kidneys to the bladder through tubes called ureters. A blockage in the ureters can prevent urine from flowing properly. Urine flow may also be prevented or slowed if your kidneys do not work correctly. Urine flows back into your urinary tract. Pressure builds up in the kidney and causes swelling. […] You may need to be referred to a gynecologist, oncologist, or urologist for more tests and treatment. Write down your questions so you remember to ask them during your visits. […] Contact your healthcare provider if: Your abdomen feels full. You have a change in how much or how often you urinate. You urinate more times at night and in larger amounts than during the day. You have mild lower back pain or pain on one side when you urinate. You have questions or concerns about your condition or care. […] Return to the emergency department if: You have severe, stabbing back pain. You have blood in your urine. You cannot urinate, or you urinate very little.

• #35 Hydronephrosis: 5 Natural Ways to Help Relieve Symptoms – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/hydronephrosis/

  Sometimes mild hydronephrosis will resolve on its own and not require any treatment. But if the condition has become more moderate or severe, then treatment is needed to get rid of any blockage and restore function of the affected kidney(s). Treatment for hydronephrosis will typically involve: […] Sometimes antibiotics will also be given to help prevent spreading or worsening of a urinary tract infection (UTI). […] Analgesics or over-the-counter medications may be used to relieve pain. […] Surgery may be recommended to eliminate a blockage, but usually this is only needed in severe cases. […] If kidney failure occurs, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be needed. […] If you or your child are being treated for hydronephrosis, including if youre taking antibiotics or other medications, its important to be monitored regularly and to visit your doctor for physical exams and urine tests. […] To help take care of your kidneys and manage hydronephrosis symptoms, natural remedies include: staying hydrated, eating a nutrient-dense diet, urinating frequently, preventing constipation and preventing UTIs and kidney stones by practicing safe sex, taking beneficial supplements and more.

• #36 Living With Hydronephrosis: Coping Strategies And Support Resources – Doral Health & Wellness NY

  https://doralhw.org/2024/09/06/living-with-hydronephrosis-coping-strategies-and-support-resources/

  Living with hydronephrosis: Coping Strategies and Support Resources If you experience pain in the back or pain during urinating; then chances are you may have a condition called hydronephrosis. It is a rare condition that affects one kidney making excess fluid buildup in the kidney which makes it swell. Sometimes it also affects both kidneys. While it gets better on its own sometimes it can lead to permanent kidney damage or kidney failure. Learn how you improve hydronephrosis symptoms naturally and prevent them in this article. If you want to know more about urological health, visit us at Doral Health and Wellness Urology Center and consult with the best nephrologists and urologists in East New York. […] Living with hydronephrosis can be difficult if you experience constant pain or pain during vomiting around the kidney area, nausea, vomiting, fever, etc. It usually affects one kidney, but sometimes it can affect both kidneys as well. The above-mentioned coping strategies can help you prevent and manage symptoms of hydronephrosis.

• #37 Hydronephrosis | Nurse Key

  https://nursekey.com/hydronephrosis-2/

  Hydronephrosis is one of the most common fetal anomalies, detected in 1% of pregnancies. […] The goal of prenatal ultrasound is reduction in the incidence of postnatal urinary tract infection (UTI) and prevention of acquired renal damage in asymptomatic patients. […] The majority of cases of hydronephrosis are unilateral and mild, necessitating postnatal follow-up with serial ultrasonography beginning at 7 to 10 days of age to resolution (or progression) of findings. […] Treatment of all infants with hydronephrosis has the same goal, which is to preserve renal function. […] Parent education is of primary importance even if the parents are aware of the diagnosis prenatally. […] Nursing care focuses on identification of prenatal diagnosis and implementation of postnatal follow-up.

• #38 Hydronephrosis Signs & Symptoms | Rush | Rush System

  https://www.rush.edu/kids/conditions/hydronephrosis

  Monitoring: If your prenatal ultrasound detects that your unborn baby has hydronephrosis, your baby might need additional monitoring throughout the rest of your pregnancy. […] Consultation: Once your baby is born, your baby’s care team will coordinate a consultation with a pediatric nephrologist to discuss further testing and a follow-up plan for your baby. […] Management: To ensure that your baby’s kidneys are functioning properly, your baby may need the following to monitor kidney function: Blood tests, Radiographic monitoring, including kidney ultrasounds, Follow-up appointments with a pediatric nephrologist. […] Surgery: If your baby needs surgery, your care team will refer you to a pediatric urologist. This can occur immediately after your baby is born or any time after birth, depending on the cause of the hydronephrosis.

• #39 Expanding Prenatal Care for Hydronephrosis and Urologic Conditions | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/blog/experts/care-innovation/expanding-prenatal-care-hydronephrosis-and-urologic-conditions

  One of the most common diagnoses the team sees is fetal hydronephrosis, or kidney swelling, which occurs when urine backs up into one or both of the kidneys. In most cases, the condition is mild and does not impact the baby. In more severe cases, surgery may be needed after birth. […] The team also ensures that the baby will receive the appropriate neonatal care. In some cases, babies are referred to us after multiple hospitalizations and urinary tract infections, which could have been avoided with earlier diagnosis and treatment, she explains. The prenatal visits help us create the best plan of care, right from the beginning. […] Other prenatal urologic conditions the team sees include solitary kidneys, duplex kidneys, ectopic kidneys, posterior urethral valves, ureteroceles, genital abnormalities and bladder exstrophy.

• #40 Hydronephrosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is a condition, affecting about 1 in 100 babies, where urine overfills or backs up into the kidney, causing the kidney to swell. Infants with hydronephrosis may be diagnosed before (prenatal) or after (postnatal) birth. […] In many of the children who are diagnosed prenatally, the condition disappears spontaneously by the time of birth or soon after. In children who have mild or sometimes moderate hydronephrosis, kidney function is commonly unaffected and the condition may resolve over a period of time after delivery. […] Your doctor will describe your child’s hydronephrosis as mild, moderate, or severe — based on how much the kidney is stretched and how much the urinary flow is impaired — and will tell you whether your child’s hydronephrosis affects one kidney (unilateral) or both kidneys (bilateral). More than half of the cases resolve by the time the baby is born or soon after.

• #41 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-treatment

  If postnatal ultrasonography demonstrates persistent hydronephrosis, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) should be performed. In male infants, the posterior urethra should be fully evaluated to detect possible PUVs. […] In newborns with severe antenatal unilateral hydronephrosis (renal pelvic diameter 15 mm in the third trimester), ultrasonography should be performed after the infant returns to birth weight (after age 48 h and within the first 2 wk of life). […] In newborns with less severe antenatal unilateral hydronephrosis (renal pelvic diameter 15 mm during third trimester), ultrasonography can be performed after age 7 days to see whether the hydronephrosis has persisted postnatally. […] Higher rates of urinary tract infection (UTI) have been reported in children with prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis compared with the general pediatric population.

• #42 Hydronephrosis – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/programs-services/urology/hydronephrosis/

  The specialists at the CHOC Urology Center work one-on-one with each patient to determine the cause of each child’s hydronephrosis in order to create a customized treatment plan. […] Hydronephrosis is monitored at the CHOC Urology Center with ultrasounds. Most children will have an ultrasound completed about once every three months during their first year of life in order for the degree of hydronpehoris and its progression to be properly determined. Many children diagnosed prenatally with hydronpehrosis will see their condition resolve without surgical intervention. Most cases of mild and moderate hydronephrosis only need periodic monitoring. […] If a child’s hydronephrosis worsens over time or is severe, medical intervention may be necessary. If this is the case, a surgery may be carried out by one of our fellowship-trained pediatric urologists. The most common procedure completed to correct hydronephrosis is a pyeloplasty. During a pyeloplasty, the narrowed or obstructed part of the ureter is removed and the ureter is reconnected to the healthy portion of the kidney’s drainage system. The success rate of a pyeloplasty is about 95 percent. There are cases where other surgeries may be needed. Learn about postoperative care after pyeloplasty.

• #43

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hydronephrosis/

  Hydronephrosis does not generally cause any long-term problems if it’s diagnosed and treated promptly. […] Babies with the condition may not require any treatment at all. […] In severe cases that are left untreated, the kidneys may become scarred, which could lead to loss of kidney function (kidney failure). […] As a parent, it can be worrying to learn your baby has a problem with their kidneys. But most cases of hydronephrosis in babies are not serious and should not affect the outcome of your pregnancy. […] Sometimes, babies born with ANH may need to be treated with antibiotics to prevent kidney infections, but most babies born with ANH will have no lasting problems. […] You should see your doctor or contact 111 if you have any of these symptoms. […] They may refer you for an ultrasound scan to assess your kidneys.

• #44

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2020/09020/a_37_year_old_male_with_unilateral_hydronephrosis_.138.aspx

  The evaluation of Secondary hypertension is laborious, expensive and of low yield, though screening of reversible causes, is important to prevent target organ damage. […] Hypertension secondary to hydronephrosis is rarely described in clinical studies. […] Our case illustrates hydronephrosis as an important cause in the evaluation of hypertension. […] Hydronephrosis in rarely described in the literature as a cause of secondary hypertension. […] Though uncommon, treating physicians should consider the possibility of hydronephrosis in resistant hypertension, where other common causes have been ruled out. […] After ruling out the common renal parenchymal, vascular and endocrine causes of hypertension, unilateral hydronephrosis was considered the possible reason for secondary hypertension.

• #45 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis may lead to loss of kidney function or kidney failure. However, prompt treatment reduces the risk of long-term complications. […] The goal of treatment is to restore the flow of pee from your kidney and decrease the swelling and pressure. Treatment depends on the underlying condition, as that is the primary issue. […] If hydronephrosis is sudden and due to a blockage, your provider may place a nephrostomy tube through your skin into your kidney to drain excess pee. They may also use a soft plastic tube called a ureteral stent to hold your ureters open, which allows your pee to flow as it should. […] If you experience a UTI or your urinary tract is narrow due to infection, your provider will prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection. […] Try not to worry about a hydronephrosis diagnosis. In most cases, treatment will allow you to continue on with your life as usual without any long-term complications. Discuss any questions you have about hydronephrosis and your recovery with your healthcare provider. They can let you know if there are lifestyle modifications you should make or how long you can expect until a complete recovery.

• #46

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abr7742

  If you have a blockage, you should begin to feel better after the blockage is gone. […] Many people recover and have no long-term problems. But some may have kidney damage. If hydronephrosis was left untreated for a long time, the damage can be severe. Severe damage will require further treatment. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take.

• #47 Hydronephrosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hydronephrosis-77503877/77503877

  Teach the importance of adequate fluids. Explain the importance of notifying the physician at the first signs of inability to void or of urinary infection, such as burning or painful urination, cloudy urine, rusty or smoky urine, blood-tinged urine, foul odor, flank pain, or fever. […] Early detection and prompt treatment has good prognosis. Left untreated, bilateral obstruction (occurring to both kidneys rather than one) has a poor prognosis.

• #48 Hydronephrosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is a condition in which your urine (pee) can’t drain from the kidney to the bladder due to a blockage or obstruction. […] If left untreated, hydronephrosis can lead to decreased kidney function and possible permanent kidney damage. […] Its important to get treatment as soon as possible to avoid any permanent damage to the kidneys. Severe hydronephrosis can lead to kidney failure, which may then require dialysis or a kidney transplant. […] Most people recover from hydronephrosis with prompt treatment. […] The key goal of treatment for hydronephrosis is to prevent any further swelling of the kidney. […] Common treatment options include: Prescription medication to ease pain and/or fight infection. […] A surgery called pyeloplasty to remove the blockage. […] In severe cases of hydronephrosis due to a blockage, extra urine may need to be drained using either a catheter or a special tube called a nephrostomy.

• #49 Hydronephrosis – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/programs-services/urology/hydronephrosis/

  Children with hydronephrosis typically lead normal lives, as most cases of the condition resolve early in their life, often without long-term consequence. Even children with hydronephrosis that does not quickly resolve typically have no kidney damage and will lead normal lives. In some cases, hydronpehrosis that is severe or left untreated may cause some degree of renal failure that may cause long-term complications for the child.

• #50 The Basics About Hydronephrosis

  https://www.massgeneral.org/children/hydronephrosis

  In many cases, mild or moderate hydronephrosis goes away on its own after birth. For babies with severe hydronephrosis, it usually gets better a few months after surgery. […] Your baby will likely live a healthy, normal life if the hydronephrosis goes away on its own or is treated with surgery. If your baby has surgery, he will have regular follow-up care with a pediatric urologist.

• #51 Hydronephrosis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/hydronephrosis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Hydronephrosis is a condition characterized by the swelling and dilation of the renal collecting system due to obstruction or blockage in the urinary tract, leading to impaired urine flow and potential kidney damage. This nursing diagnosis focuses on identifying symptoms, preventing complications, and managing patient care effectively. […] Patient will maintain adequate urine output […] Patient will demonstrate improved kidney function […] Patient will report decreased pain levels […] Patient will avoid complications […] Patient will understand condition management […] Patient will comply with the treatment plan. […] Monitor for signs of infection […] Assess pain levels […] Document urine output. […] Monitor urine output hourly […] Maintain patent urinary catheter if present

• #52 Hydronephrosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hydronephrosis-77503877/77503877

  Pyeloplasty is the surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis to drain and decompress the kidney. Most commonly it is performed to treat an uretero-pelvic junction obstruction if residual renal function is adequate. […] PRE-OPERATIVE NURSING DIAGNOSIS Hyperthermia related to infectious process. Impaired nutritional status less than body requirement related to hospitalization. Disturbed elimination pattern incontinence of urine and related to retention of urine Deficient knowledge of parents related to the plan of treatment, surgical procedure and prevention of complications. Disturbed family process related to hospitalization of the child. High risk for urinary tract infection related to presence of urinary obstruction. […] POST-OPERATIVE NURSING DIAGNOSIS Ineffective airway clearance related to effects of anaesthesia, and pain Acute pain related to incision, and the surgical procedure Impaired physical mobility related to surgery Risk for imbalanced fluid volume related to the surgical procedure Deficient knowledge of home care procedures Risk for infection related to the presence of surgical wound.

• #53 Hydronephrosis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/hydronephrosis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Monitor for infection signs. […] Patient will remain free from infection […] Patient will demonstrate proper hygiene […] Patient will identify infection signs. […] Provide condition education […] Demonstrate care techniques […] Verify understanding. […] Patient will report decreased anxiety […] Patient will use effective coping strategies […] Patient will verbalize concerns appropriately.

• #54 Hydronephrosis

  https://www.saralmind.com/pcl-2nd-year/medical-and-surgical-nursing-i-theory-/nursing-care-of-patients-with-disorders-of-the-renal-system/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is the abnormal enlargement of the kidney’s pelvis and calyces as a result of intermittent or partial restriction of the urine’s outflow. […] After surgery, administer catheter care and timely patient ambulation in accordance with site procedures and hospital policy. […] Provide catheter care. […] Encourage deep breathing, practice coughing, and offer chest physical therapy as needed. […] Maintain strict record of intake and output. […] Assess operative site for bleeding and soakage. […] Adapt pain management. […] Keep up the intake-output chart.

• #55 Hydronephrosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hydronephrosis-77503877/77503877

  Pyeloplasty is the surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis to drain and decompress the kidney. Most commonly it is performed to treat an uretero-pelvic junction obstruction if residual renal function is adequate. […] PRE-OPERATIVE NURSING DIAGNOSIS Hyperthermia related to infectious process. Impaired nutritional status less than body requirement related to hospitalization. Disturbed elimination pattern incontinence of urine and related to retention of urine Deficient knowledge of parents related to the plan of treatment, surgical procedure and prevention of complications. Disturbed family process related to hospitalization of the child. High risk for urinary tract infection related to presence of urinary obstruction. […] POST-OPERATIVE NURSING DIAGNOSIS Ineffective airway clearance related to effects of anaesthesia, and pain Acute pain related to incision, and the surgical procedure Impaired physical mobility related to surgery Risk for imbalanced fluid volume related to the surgical procedure Deficient knowledge of home care procedures Risk for infection related to the presence of surgical wound.

• #56 Hydronephrosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hydronephrosis-77503877/77503877

  Teach the importance of adequate fluids. Explain the importance of notifying the physician at the first signs of inability to void or of urinary infection, such as burning or painful urination, cloudy urine, rusty or smoky urine, blood-tinged urine, foul odor, flank pain, or fever. […] Early detection and prompt treatment has good prognosis. Left untreated, bilateral obstruction (occurring to both kidneys rather than one) has a poor prognosis.

• #57 Hydronephrosis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/hydronephrosis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Hydronephrosis is a condition characterized by the swelling and dilation of the renal collecting system due to obstruction or blockage in the urinary tract, leading to impaired urine flow and potential kidney damage. This nursing diagnosis focuses on identifying symptoms, preventing complications, and managing patient care effectively. […] Patient will maintain adequate urine output […] Patient will demonstrate improved kidney function […] Patient will report decreased pain levels […] Patient will avoid complications […] Patient will understand condition management […] Patient will comply with the treatment plan. […] Monitor for signs of infection […] Assess pain levels […] Document urine output. […] Monitor urine output hourly […] Maintain patent urinary catheter if present

• #58 Hydronephrosis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/hydronephrosis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Monitor for infection signs. […] Patient will remain free from infection […] Patient will demonstrate proper hygiene […] Patient will identify infection signs. […] Provide condition education […] Demonstrate care techniques […] Verify understanding. […] Patient will report decreased anxiety […] Patient will use effective coping strategies […] Patient will verbalize concerns appropriately.

• #59 Hydronephrosis | Nurse Key

  https://nursekey.com/hydronephrosis-2/

  Hydronephrosis is one of the most common fetal anomalies, detected in 1% of pregnancies. […] The goal of prenatal ultrasound is reduction in the incidence of postnatal urinary tract infection (UTI) and prevention of acquired renal damage in asymptomatic patients. […] The majority of cases of hydronephrosis are unilateral and mild, necessitating postnatal follow-up with serial ultrasonography beginning at 7 to 10 days of age to resolution (or progression) of findings. […] Treatment of all infants with hydronephrosis has the same goal, which is to preserve renal function. […] Parent education is of primary importance even if the parents are aware of the diagnosis prenatally. […] Nursing care focuses on identification of prenatal diagnosis and implementation of postnatal follow-up.

• #60 Expanding Prenatal Care for Hydronephrosis and Urologic Conditions | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/blog/experts/care-innovation/expanding-prenatal-care-hydronephrosis-and-urologic-conditions

  One of the most common diagnoses the team sees is fetal hydronephrosis, or kidney swelling, which occurs when urine backs up into one or both of the kidneys. In most cases, the condition is mild and does not impact the baby. In more severe cases, surgery may be needed after birth. […] The team also ensures that the baby will receive the appropriate neonatal care. In some cases, babies are referred to us after multiple hospitalizations and urinary tract infections, which could have been avoided with earlier diagnosis and treatment, she explains. The prenatal visits help us create the best plan of care, right from the beginning. […] Other prenatal urologic conditions the team sees include solitary kidneys, duplex kidneys, ectopic kidneys, posterior urethral valves, ureteroceles, genital abnormalities and bladder exstrophy.

• #61 Hydronephrosis | Pediatric Urologists | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/pediatric-treatments/pediatric-urology/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is a common condition that may be diagnosed while your child is still in the womb or after birth. […] If you have been told your child has hydronephrosis, our pediatric urologists and nephrologists can diagnose the cause of your child’s condition and manage the problem as needed. […] Finding the cause of your child’s hydronephrosis is the first step in their treatment. […] These conditions may be initially diagnosed during a routine pregnancy ultrasound. […] Our pediatric urologists work closely with obstetricians, pediatricians, and nephrologists to give your child comprehensive care. […] Surgery is usually not needed for hydronephrosis, but if your child needs surgery, you can feel confident knowing your child will receive the most effective, least-invasive care possible.

• #62 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis may lead to loss of kidney function or kidney failure. However, prompt treatment reduces the risk of long-term complications. […] The goal of treatment is to restore the flow of pee from your kidney and decrease the swelling and pressure. Treatment depends on the underlying condition, as that is the primary issue. […] If hydronephrosis is sudden and due to a blockage, your provider may place a nephrostomy tube through your skin into your kidney to drain excess pee. They may also use a soft plastic tube called a ureteral stent to hold your ureters open, which allows your pee to flow as it should. […] If you experience a UTI or your urinary tract is narrow due to infection, your provider will prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection. […] Try not to worry about a hydronephrosis diagnosis. In most cases, treatment will allow you to continue on with your life as usual without any long-term complications. Discuss any questions you have about hydronephrosis and your recovery with your healthcare provider. They can let you know if there are lifestyle modifications you should make or how long you can expect until a complete recovery.

• #63 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Cystoscopy guided ureteral stent placement is a common procedure for various intrinsic and extrinsic causes of hydronephrosis at the ureter level. […] Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is used to treat renal stones in the renal pelvis to prevent future hydronephrosis and obstruction. […] Hydronephrosis may be present without any symptoms. […] Patients should be educated to seek care promptly when they have these symptoms. […] Hydronephrosis and hydroureter are frequently encountered in all age groups, and all types of practices and are best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] The involvement of nephrologists and urologists early in the diagnosis will improve outcomes. […] Patients will also need close follow-up after placement of a ureteral stent to relieve obstruction due to high risk of infection, displacement of stents, etc.

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