Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  As an underlying condition causes hydronephrosis, prevention depends on avoiding or promptly treating that cause. Recognizing factors that put you at risk is also helpful in prevention. […] Conditions that put you at risk for hydronephrosis are: […] Kidney stones. […] History of cancer in your urinary tract. […] Past surgeries on your urinary tract. […] Past infections in your urinary tract, like UTIs. […] Blood clots. […] Enlarged prostate. […] Pregnancy, due to your uterus putting pressure on your pelvis.

• #1 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/hydronephrosis

  Since hydronephrosis is caused by an underlying condition, prevention depends on avoiding or promptly treating the cause. For instance, the chance of developing a kidney stone may be reduced by changes in diet and staying well-hydrated. Some medications may be prescribed for patients who are prone to developing kidney stones. […] Seek treatment immediately if you experience severe pain in the side or abdomen, vomiting, or a fever above 38.05C.

• #1 Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p490.html

  Measures to prevent recurrence of kidney stones include lifestyle modifications, citrate supplementation, and medications. Lifestyle modifications are the cornerstone of prevention after a first kidney stone in patients with low risk of recurrence, whereas citrate supplementation and medications are reserved for patients with recurrent stones. Patients at high risk of stone recurrence should receive preventive measures tailored to the results of the metabolic assessment. […] The most important lifestyle modification to prevent recurrent kidney stones is to increase fluid intake to 2.5 to 3 L per day to guarantee diuresis of 2 to 2.5 L per day and a urine specific gravity lower than 1.010. Fluids should be consumed throughout the day and should consist of beverages with a neutral pH. Collection of urine over 24 hours may be necessary to ensure that the diuresis target is met. Decreasing intake of carbonated drinks, especially those acidified with phosphoric acid (e.g., colas), further reduces risk of stone recurrence.

• #1 Living With Hydronephrosis: Coping Strategies And Support Resources – Doral Health & Wellness NY

  https://doralhw.org/2024/09/06/living-with-hydronephrosis-coping-strategies-and-support-resources/

  Additionally, lower the consumption of processed, sugary, and refined foods. Avoid refined grains and foods that are high in oxalic acid like spinach, rhubarb, tomatoes, collards, eggplant, beets, celery, summer squash, grapefruit, sweet potatoes, peanuts, almonds, blueberries, blackberries, strawberries, parsley, etc., and foods that have too much vitamin C and zinc, caffeine, and alcohol. You can add these supplements to your routine after consulting with a doctor to reduce kidney problems such as magnesium, B vitamins, cranberry extract, aloe vera gel, and essential oils such as lemon, orange, lime, or helichrysum essential oil. In case your doctor thinks you are more at risk of complications due to kidney stones, then the doctor may prescribe medications to prevent them. […] Prevent UTIs: UTIs can increase the risk of hydronephrosis or worsen the existing symptoms. You can use the following tips to prevent UTIs: Practice safe sex by limiting the number of partners you have or using protection. Visit your doctor regularly for annual check-ups and report any UTI symptoms honestly to get prompt treatment. Take a probiotic supplement daily and eat probiotic-rich foods like kefir, yogurt, kimchi, etc. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids. Urinate frequently because it helps to flush out bacteria that may enter the urethra. Wipe your urethra properly from front to back, especially after a bowel movement, to ensure the bacteria dont enter into the urethra. Wear loose-fitting clothes and underwear to keep your urethra dry and allow airflow. Limit or avoid tight jeans or material like nylon that can trap air and bacteria. Use clove, myrrh, and oregano essential oils to improve UTI symptoms. Regularly eat garlic in your meals or take garlic capsules. […] The above-mentioned coping strategies can help you prevent and manage symptoms of hydronephrosis.

• #1 Management of Acute Symptomatic Hydronephrosis of Pregnancy by Postural Drainage

  https://openurologyandnephrologyjournal.com/VOLUME/3/PAGE/4/FULLTEXT/

  Postural drainage of the kidney is highly effective in the management of acute symptomatic hydronephrosis of pregnancy. […] In the majority of cases (93%), if used diligently, it will help prevent the need for invasive uro-radiological intervention. […] Conservative measures are advocated in managing women with symptomatic hydronephrosis of pregnancy and intervention indicated only in those failing to respond to conservative management. […] We believe that this simple conservative approach in patients showing satisfactory response will avoid unnecessary interventions in the majority of cases and also avoid consequential prolongation of inpatient hospital stay and inherent increase in distress.

• #1 Hydronephrosis – Symptoms, Causes, Complications, Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Numbe

  https://www.pacehospital.com/hydronephrosis-symptoms-causes-complications-treatment-prevention

  Controlling the underlying factors that cause hydronephrosis is essential to prevent the condition. Some crucial strategies that may help in preventing hydronephrosis include: Staying hydrated: As kidney stones are a prevalent cause of hydronephrosis, drinking plenty of water helps to prevent them. […] Dietary modification: Lowering protein and salt consumption can help avoid kidney stones and other urinary tract problems. […] Immediate treatment of infections: Promptly treating urinary tract infections (UTIs) can stop them from creating obstructions in the ureters that result in hydronephrosis. […] Regular health check-ups: Regular medical check-ups can help identify and address problems early in life for those with a history of kidney stones or other urinary tract difficulties. […] Managing prostate health: Men who take care of their prostate health can avoid obstructions brought on by an enlarged prostate. […] Although hydronephrosis cannot be prevented owing to congenital factors, there are steps that one may take to control and lower the chance of acquiring the condition as a result of other causes.

• #1 Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of urinary tract infections in prenatal hydronephrosis: An updated systematic review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5332230/

  While continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) is currently recommended to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in infants with prenatal hydronephrosis (HN), this recommendation is not evidence-based. […] The 2009 American Urological Association (AUA) update series on Use of Antibiotics for Prevention and Treatment of Infections in Pediatric Urology recommended use of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) in this population for the first year of life; however, the efficacy of this treatment recommendation has been increasingly questioned over the years. […] With growing concerns regarding the unknown long-term effects of CAP, its use for prevention of UTIs is being questioned. […] This systematic review suggests that CAP may have a slight, but statistically insignificant, protective effect against UTI rates in infants with prenatal HN. However, due to the very low quality of the evidence and many study limitations, this conclusion must be interpreted with extreme caution.

• #1 The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in mild to moderate isolated hydronephrosis detected in antenatal screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7052415/

  To determine whether continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) could prevent urinary tract infection (UTI) in mild to moderate antenatal isolated hydronephrosis (IH), characterized by hydronephrosis without ureter and bladder abnormalities, and anteroposterior renal pelvis diameter 16 mm and the Society for Fetal Urology grade 4, in neonatal renal ultrasound. […] Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) is considered a part of postnatal treatment in patients with IH. […] The use of CAP in UTD P1 and P2, or mild to moderate hydronephrosis, is based on physician discretion. […] Thus, variation in CAP utilization in mild to moderate IH is evidenced among providers across specialty and geography. […] Our hypothesis was that infants with mild to moderate IH who received CAP would have a lower rate of UTI than those without CAP.

• #1 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-treatment

  Antibiotic prophylaxis is started after delivery until the diagnosis of VUR or obstructive uropathy is excluded. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis in children with mild or moderate hydronephrosis confirmed postnatally has not been studied prospectively. […] Until further prospective studies are conducted, antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered until VCUG has been performed and either the diagnosis of VUR has been made or eliminated. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis is not needed in infants with normal postnatal ultrasonography findings. […] The European guidelines suggest that CAP may be warranted in uncircumcised boys, children with ureteral dilatation, and those with high-grade hydronephrosis, who are at high risk of UTI.

• #1 Hydronephrosis Referral Guidelines | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/for-healthcare-professionals/refer-a-patient/referral-guidelines/hydronephrosis

  If associated with duplication of collecting system or bilateral […] Start antibiotic prophylaxis with amoxicillin 25 mg/kg/day until further evaluation is completed, provide enough refills as evaluation may take up to 6 weeks to complete […] Moderate or several unilateral hydronephrosis (SFU Grade 3 or 4) […] Start antibiotic prophylaxis with amoxicillin 25 mg/kg/day until further evaluation is completed, provide enough refills as evaluation may take up to 6 weeks to complete.

• #1 Update on the Postnatal Management of Antenatal Hydronephrosis – American Urological Association

  https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2022/february-2022/update-on-the-postnatal-management-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis

  Some studies have shown circumcision to be an equally preventive alternative to CAP in prevention of UTI in boys with UTD. […] In general, the overall patient risk for UTI should be considered when deciding whether to initiate CAP. […] A paradigm shift has taken place away from the indiscriminate use of VCUG. […] Recommendations for the use of CAP, timing for postnatal renal ultrasonography and use of lower urinary tract imaging for patients with antenatal UTD should be made in a shared decision-making fashion with parents.

• #1 The Management of Antenatal Hydronephrosis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-management-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis

  The ideal prophylactic antibiotic has a low serum concentration and high urine levels and provides broad-spectrum coverage. […] The optimal duration of CAP is still widely debated, but in general prophylaxis must be continued until the resolution of risk factors, such as confirmed absence of VUR or other urologic pathology.

• #1 Postnatal management of children with antenatal hydronephrosis | African Journal of Urology | Full Text

  https://afju.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12301-020-00097-8

  Postnatal evaluation should be performed for any neonate with a history ANH at any stage during pregnancy even if it was resolved during third trimester. […] The protocol of management is based mainly on observation and follow-up by US to detect either resolution, stabilization or worsening of hydronephrosis. […] Exclusion of UTI should be performed by urinalysis for all cases followed by urine culture if indicated. […] The most important items in decision making are the presence of bilateral or unilateral hydronephrosis, presence or absence of hydroureter, presence of lower urinary tract obstruction and degree of hydronephrosis on the initial postnatal US. […] In these cases, prophylactic antibiotics should be given based on prenatal Us and continued until the imaging studies are completed.

• #1 Your Child Has Hydronephrosis | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/your-child-has-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is kidney swelling due to urine buildup, often found in prenatal ultrasounds. […] The discovery that your baby has hydronephrosis allows for the prevention of complications that your baby might otherwise have, such as urinary infection or stones. […] Your pediatrician should be notified about the abnormality before the birth of your baby, so the appropriate tests may be done after birth. […] Most often, no specific treatment is required during the pregnancy, but evaluation by a pediatric urologist or nephrologist is needed after birth to identify the problem more specifically and to decide whether treatment is needed. […] In addition, these specialists may be able to provide helpful information to your obstetrician.

• #1 Hydronephrosis | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/hydronephrosis

  Boys have hydronephrosis four to five times more often than girls, but so far, no other risk factors have been found. This means there is nothing you can do to protect your unborn child from hydronephrosis because it is not a hereditary condition. […] If your baby is diagnosed with hydronephrosis during your pregnancy, you will be monitored closely to make sure your baby has enough amniotic fluid, which is important for growth and development. Your baby’s hydronephrosis is unlikely to affect your pregnancy or delivery. […] Children with hydronephrosis caused by an underlying anatomy or obstruction may need surgery and/or lifelong follow-up care to protect kidney function. […] Surgical treatment may be required if your child has an obstruction or a structure that causes hydronephrosis, especially when it is associated with pain.

• #1 Revised guidelines on management of antenatal hydronephrosis – Indian Journal of Nephrology

  https://indianjnephrol.org/revised-guidelines-on-management-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis/

  We recommend that infants with postnatally confirmed moderate or severe hydronephrosis (SFU 3-4; renal APD 10 mm) or dilated ureter receive antibiotic prophylaxis while awaiting evaluation (1C). […] We recommend that all patients detected to have VUR receive antibiotic prophylaxis through the first year of life (1B). […] Parents of infants with hydronephrosis should be counseled regarding the risk of urinary tract infections.

• #1 Living With Hydronephrosis: Coping Strategies And Support Resources – Doral Health & Wellness NY

  https://doralhw.org/2024/09/06/living-with-hydronephrosis-coping-strategies-and-support-resources/

  Living with hydronephrosis: Coping strategies and dietary modifications […] Certain ways can help you cope with hydronephrosis symptoms and prevent them. It includes: […] Stay hydrated: Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water and fluids can help you dilute urine and remove bacteria from the urinary system. So, aim to drink at least eight glasses of water per day. If your baby or child has hydronephrosis, encourage them to drink more fluids by giving them fresh fruit juice, ice pops, or chilled herbal tea. However, dont give them artificial juices or soft drinks that contain citrus and caffeine because it can irritate the bladder and make the pain worse. […] Prevent constipation: Constipation can cause pain and swelling around the abdomen worse, so take these steps to prevent it: Eating enough fiber in your diet like a variety of fresh vegetables and fruits, nuts, seeds, soaked beans, avocado, and coconut. Drink enough fluids. Stay physically active throughout the day by performing gentle exercises like walking or stretching. Get enough sleep at night and manage your stress levels with stress-relieving techniques like yoga, massage, talking with loved ones, deep breathing, etc. Take a magnesium supplement, if needed before sleep because it can loosen your stool and relax muscles in the pelvis. Add this to your routine after consulting with your doctor. Consuming chia and flax seeds soaked in water increases absorption rate and helps to lubricate stools. Use aloe vera gel or psyllium husk.

• #1 Hydronephrosis – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/urology/hydronephrosis

  In children with mild hydronephrosis (grades 1 to 2), it is safe to carefully monitor these children. This is called observational therapy, and typically, the problems correct themselves as the child grows. […] Since urinary tract infections can cause permanent damage to the kidneys, it might be recommended that your child takes daily low dose (prophylactic) antibiotics to prevent infection. Studies have demonstrated that babies with high-grade hydronephrosis (grades 3 to 4) receiving antibiotic prophylaxis have a significantly lower rate of UTI when compared to untreated children. […] Additional testing is important because diagnosing and treating a potential abnormality early can prevent urinary tract infections and permanent kidney damage or scarring.

• #1 Pillar | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/pillar/what-is-hydronephrosis-in-infants-types-symptoms-treatment

  You can prevent hydronephrosis in your neonates by taking specific steps and precautions: […] Comprehensive prenatal care: Seeking comprehensive prenatal care is paramount for every couple to decrease the risk of hydronephrosis. It allows healthcare providers to monitor the newborn’s development closely. It also helps doctors identify potential kidney or urinary tract problems early in pregnancy. […] Adequate maternal hydration: Ensuring the expecting mother stays well-hydrated throughout pregnancy is crucial, as amniotic fluid is a protective cushion for the baby’s developing kidneys and helps prevent complications. […] Vigilance against infections: Addressing and treating urinary tract infections in pregnant women is essential, as untreated infections can sometimes lead to kidney issues in the developing fetus.

• #2 Ureteral Stones: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16514-ureteral-stones

  There are many ways to prevent ureteral stones: […] Drink more fluids. Its a good idea to drink at least 2 liters to 3 liters of fluid each day. Water is best, but other fluids, such as lemonade or orange juice, are also good options. […] Limit the amount of animal protein in your diet. Animal protein including meat, eggs and fish increases the amount of uric acid in your system. Lentils, beans, green peas, seitan and tofu are good protein sources that wont increase the amount of uric acid in your body. […] Limit the amount of sodium (salt) in your diet. Consuming less than 1,500 milligrams of salt per day helps reduce your chances of developing a ureteral stone. You can replace salt in your diet with salt substitutes, herbs, spices, lemon juice or flavored vinegars. […] Limit the amount of oxalate in your diet. Oxalate is a nutrient found in spinach, almonds, cashews and potatoes. Foods and drinks that have a lot of calcium can help prevent oxalate from crystalizing.

• #2 Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p490.html

  Overall, a balanced diet is ideal for preventing stone recurrence. The diet should be high in fiber and vegetables, with normal calcium content (1.0 to 1.2 g per day) and limited sodium (4 to 5 g per day) and animal protein (0.8 to 1.0 g per kg per day). Patients who are obese or over-weight should pursue a normal body weight through dietary modification and increased physical activity. […] Thiazide diuretics, allopurinol, and citrate supplementation are effective in preventing calcium stones that recur despite lifestyle modification, even in the absence of hyperuricemia, urinary acidosis, hypocitraturia, or hyperuricosuria. The effectiveness of thiazide diuretics has been documented only with high dosages (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg per day; chlorthalidone, 25 to 50 mg per day; indapamide, 2.5 mg per day); lower dosages have fewer adverse effects, but their effectiveness is unknown.

• #2 Bilateral hydronephrosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000474.htm

  An ultrasound during pregnancy can show a blockage in the baby’s urinary tract. This allows the problem to be treated with early surgery. […] Other causes of blockage, such as kidney stones, can be detected early if people notice warning signs of kidney problems. […] It is important to pay attention to general problems with urination.

• #2 The Management of Antenatal Hydronephrosis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-management-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis, a condition defined by the distention and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, is one of the most common anomalies identified during prenatal ultrasonography. […] The goal of prenatal management is early identification of patients at risk for developing significant postnatal urologic pathologies. […] Since the majority of ANH cases resolve during the pregnancy, a watch-and-wait approach may be preferred if no other risk factors are present. […] The necessity of CAP depends on the presentation of several risk factors. […] Guidelines by the American Urological Association do not recommend CAP in patients with SFU grades I and II. […] Conversely, high-grade hydronephrosis is associated with a higher risk of UTIs. […] Therefore, the use of CAP may be a prudent consideration in patients with more severe ANH.

• #2 The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in mild to moderate isolated hydronephrosis detected in antenatal screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7052415/

  The benefits of CAP in infants with mild to moderate IH were inconclusive. CAP conferred a high risk of resistant bacterial organisms when UTI occurs. […] Moreover, there were no proven benefits of CAP for preventing UTI in infants with mild to moderate IH. […] A potential harm related to the use of CAP is the emergence of resistant bacteria. […] The difference in the probability of UTI between the CAP and the control group should be interpreted with caution. […] Further study is required to better identify which infants with mild to moderate IH are most likely to benefit from CAP.

• #2 Antibiotic prophylaxis in antenatal nonrefluxing hydronephrosis, megaureter and ureterocele | Nature Reviews Urology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrurol.2012.89

  Observation is a conservative management option in infants with nonrefluxing hydronephrosis, primary nonrefluxing megaureter and ureterocele diagnosed postnatally following antenatal detection of hydronephrosis. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis might be a sensible regimen under these circumstances to prevent UTI in this population who are potentially at increased risk. […] Overall, antibiotic prophylaxis seems unnecessary in patients with isolated low-grade hydronephrosis. […] Patients with high-grade nonrefluxing hydronephrosis seem at increased risk of UTI, with risk further increasing in patients with associated ureteral dilatation (hydroureteronephrosis) irrespective of the presence of a ureterocele. […] Thus, antibiotic prophylaxis might be prudent during the first 612 months of life in patients with high-grade hydronephrosis and hydroureteronephrosis with or without ureterocele, and particularly before completion of the diagnostic workup.

• #2 Update on the Postnatal Management of Antenatal Hydronephrosis – American Urological Association

  https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2022/february-2022/update-on-the-postnatal-management-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis

  Perinatal urinary tract dilation (UTD), or hydronephrosis, occurs in approximately 1% of all pregnancies and may be attributed to transient dilation, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) or an obstructive uropathy. […] There is a lack of evidence regarding the use of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP), postnatal imaging and the optimal interval for followup for these patients. […] Postnatal recommendations are based on this assigned level of risk and guide the use of CAP, need for subspecialist referral, appropriate interval of surveillance renal ultrasonography and the need for additional imaging. […] Historically, patients with antenatal UTD were empirically prescribed CAP to prevent UTI, a practice that was not evidence based. […] Recent data from the multicenter prospective SFU hydronephrosis registry demonstrated two important findings which include a significant benefit of CAP in those patients with ureteral dilation >7 mm and no benefit for isolated ureteropelvic junction-like hydronephrosis.

• #2 A pediatrician’s dilemma: Understanding, diagnosing, and treating antenatal hydronephrosis

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/a-pediatrician-s-dilemma-understanding-diagnosing-and-treating-antenatal-hydronephrosis

  Antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH), also referred to as urinary tract dilation, is one of the most confounding challenges to the practicing pediatrician. […] The rationale for early diagnosis of ANH is to treat urinary tract obstruction and prevent pyelonephritis, renal calculi, loss of renal function, and chronic kidney disease. […] Prophylactic antibiotics may be considered at this stage. […] The use of routine continuous antibiotic prophylaxis in infants with ANH is controversial; however, it may have to be considered in cases associated with ureteral dilatation or dilating (Grade 3) VUR. […] Newborn circumcision is also an effective measure to reduce the risk of UTI in males.

• #2 The Management of Antenatal Hydronephrosis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-management-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis

  The ideal prophylactic antibiotic has a low serum concentration and high urine levels and provides broad-spectrum coverage. […] The optimal duration of CAP is still widely debated, but in general prophylaxis must be continued until the resolution of risk factors, such as confirmed absence of VUR or other urologic pathology.

• #2 Postnatal management of children with antenatal hydronephrosis | African Journal of Urology | Full Text

  https://afju.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12301-020-00097-8

  The risk of developing UTI is greater in children with dilated ureter than in children with dilation limited to the kidney. Thus, these patients should also be placed on antibiotic prophylaxis based on prenatal Us and continued until imaging studies are complete. […] In children with severe hydronephrosis, prophylactic antibiotics should be given based on prenatal Us and continued until the imaging studies are completed. […] These recommendations for management of ANH are derived mainly from the guidelines of the Society for Fetal Urology, the Indian Society of Pediatric Nephrology and Canadian Urological Association. […] However, management of ANH is still a controversial issue due to lack of high evidence-based recommendations.

• #2 Hydronephrosis – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/urology/hydronephrosis

  In children with mild hydronephrosis (grades 1 to 2), it is safe to carefully monitor these children. This is called observational therapy, and typically, the problems correct themselves as the child grows. […] Since urinary tract infections can cause permanent damage to the kidneys, it might be recommended that your child takes daily low dose (prophylactic) antibiotics to prevent infection. Studies have demonstrated that babies with high-grade hydronephrosis (grades 3 to 4) receiving antibiotic prophylaxis have a significantly lower rate of UTI when compared to untreated children. […] Additional testing is important because diagnosing and treating a potential abnormality early can prevent urinary tract infections and permanent kidney damage or scarring.

• #2 Pillar | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/pillar/what-is-hydronephrosis-in-infants-types-symptoms-treatment

  Genetic assessment and counseling: When there’s a family history of kidney problems, genetic assessment and counseling can provide insights into the risk factors and enable parents to make informed decisions. […] Avoiding harmful substances: Pregnant women must abstain from smoking, alcohol, and certain medications that could potentially harm the baby’s kidneys during crucial developmental stages. […] Regular prenatal ultrasounds: Routine prenatal ultrasounds, conducted by skilled healthcare professionals, can serve as valuable tools for monitoring the baby’s kidney and urinary tract health and detecting anomalies promptly. […] Consulting pediatric specialists: In cases of known risks or concerns about the baby’s urinary system, consulting with pediatric surgeons, pediatric urologists or pediatric nephrologists can provide expert guidance and early intervention strategies.

• #2 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/hydronephrosis

  Since hydronephrosis is caused by an underlying condition, prevention depends on avoiding or promptly treating the cause. For instance, the chance of developing a kidney stone may be reduced by changes in diet and staying well-hydrated. Some medications may be prescribed for patients who are prone to developing kidney stones. […] Seek treatment immediately if you experience severe pain in the side or abdomen, vomiting, or a fever above 38.05C.

• #3 Living With Hydronephrosis: Coping Strategies And Support Resources – Doral Health & Wellness NY

  https://doralhw.org/2024/09/06/living-with-hydronephrosis-coping-strategies-and-support-resources/

  Prevent the development of kidney stones: If you take diuretics, have a history of chronic urinary tract infections, gout, hyperthyroidism, and trouble digesting minerals normally, or are very inactive, then youre at elevated risk of developing kidney stones. However, if you follow a healthy diet that is alkalizing and low in oxalates then, the risk of kidney stones is less. Here are some of the best foods to support your kidney health and prevent kidney stones: Fresh vegetables and fruit: Some research has found that people who eat a plant-based diet, low in dairy products and meat, tend to have lower kidney stones. So, add foods like bananas, leafy greens of all kinds, sprouted legumes, sprouted grains, fish, and small amounts of pasture-raised poultry. Vitamin E-rich foods: These include olive oil, almonds, avocado, berries, and butternut squash. Alkaline foods: Lemon juice, apple cider vinegar, raw honey, green smoothies, sea veggies, and fresh vegetables. Magnesium and potassium-rich foods: Leafy green veggies, cruciferous veggies, melon, bananas, cocoa, and avocado. Sprouted grains instead of refined grain products because it reduces antinutrient content and makes nutrients more digestible.

• #3 Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p490.html

  Citrate supplementation is used not only for calcium stones, but also for uric acid (urine pH target 6.0 to 7.5 or greater) and cystine stones (urine pH target of 7.0 to 7.5 or greater). The preferred salt for supplementation is potassium citrate at a target dosage of 5 to 12 g per day. The initial dosage should be 9 g per day, divided into three doses and taken within 30 minutes of meals or a bedtime snack.

• #3 Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of urinary tract infections in prenatal hydronephrosis: An updated systematic review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5332230/

  While continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) is currently recommended to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in infants with prenatal hydronephrosis (HN), this recommendation is not evidence-based. […] The 2009 American Urological Association (AUA) update series on Use of Antibiotics for Prevention and Treatment of Infections in Pediatric Urology recommended use of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) in this population for the first year of life; however, the efficacy of this treatment recommendation has been increasingly questioned over the years. […] With growing concerns regarding the unknown long-term effects of CAP, its use for prevention of UTIs is being questioned. […] This systematic review suggests that CAP may have a slight, but statistically insignificant, protective effect against UTI rates in infants with prenatal HN. However, due to the very low quality of the evidence and many study limitations, this conclusion must be interpreted with extreme caution.

• #3 Antibiotic prophylaxis in antenatal nonrefluxing hydronephrosis, megaureter and ureterocele | Nature Reviews Urology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrurol.2012.89

  Evidence supporting the use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent UTI in infants with nonrefluxing upper tract dilatations or ureterocele is inconclusive. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis can be avoided in patients with low-grade hydronephrosis and no ureteral dilatation. […] Patients with high grades of hydronephrosis are at increased risk of UTI; a dilated ureter increases the risk, whereas the presence of ureterocele does not. […] Infants are most at risk in the first 6 months of life, and catheterization performed during work-up might trigger the infection.

• #3 Update on the Postnatal Management of Antenatal Hydronephrosis – American Urological Association

  https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2022/february-2022/update-on-the-postnatal-management-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis

  Some studies have shown circumcision to be an equally preventive alternative to CAP in prevention of UTI in boys with UTD. […] In general, the overall patient risk for UTI should be considered when deciding whether to initiate CAP. […] A paradigm shift has taken place away from the indiscriminate use of VCUG. […] Recommendations for the use of CAP, timing for postnatal renal ultrasonography and use of lower urinary tract imaging for patients with antenatal UTD should be made in a shared decision-making fashion with parents.

• #3 Your Child Has Hydronephrosis | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/your-child-has-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is kidney swelling due to urine buildup, often found in prenatal ultrasounds. […] The discovery that your baby has hydronephrosis allows for the prevention of complications that your baby might otherwise have, such as urinary infection or stones. […] Your pediatrician should be notified about the abnormality before the birth of your baby, so the appropriate tests may be done after birth. […] Most often, no specific treatment is required during the pregnancy, but evaluation by a pediatric urologist or nephrologist is needed after birth to identify the problem more specifically and to decide whether treatment is needed. […] In addition, these specialists may be able to provide helpful information to your obstetrician.

• #3 Pillar | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/pillar/what-is-hydronephrosis-in-infants-types-symptoms-treatment

  Adherence to medical guidance: If the baby is diagnosed with a condition that increases the risk of hydronephrosis, it is imperative to strictly adhere to the medical advice and treatment plan provided by healthcare experts. […] Postnatal hygiene practices: After birth, practicing meticulous hygiene to prevent urinary tract infections in the newborn can contribute significantly to maintaining optimal kidney health. […] Scheduled pediatric check-ups: Parents should schedule regular check-ups with a pediatrician for the newborn to ensure consistent monitoring of kidney health and early detection of any potential issues.

• #3 Hydronephrosis – Symptoms, Causes, Complications, Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Numbe

  https://www.pacehospital.com/hydronephrosis-symptoms-causes-complications-treatment-prevention

  Controlling the underlying factors that cause hydronephrosis is essential to prevent the condition. Some crucial strategies that may help in preventing hydronephrosis include: Staying hydrated: As kidney stones are a prevalent cause of hydronephrosis, drinking plenty of water helps to prevent them. […] Dietary modification: Lowering protein and salt consumption can help avoid kidney stones and other urinary tract problems. […] Immediate treatment of infections: Promptly treating urinary tract infections (UTIs) can stop them from creating obstructions in the ureters that result in hydronephrosis. […] Regular health check-ups: Regular medical check-ups can help identify and address problems early in life for those with a history of kidney stones or other urinary tract difficulties. […] Managing prostate health: Men who take care of their prostate health can avoid obstructions brought on by an enlarged prostate. […] Although hydronephrosis cannot be prevented owing to congenital factors, there are steps that one may take to control and lower the chance of acquiring the condition as a result of other causes.

• #4 SPU – Utility of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Preventing Urinary Tract Infections among Children with Isolated Prenatal Hydronephrosis: An Analysis from the Society of Fetal Urology Hydronephrosis Registry

  https://spuonline.org/meeting/abstracts/2020/12.cgi

  Utility of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Preventing Urinary Tract Infections among Children with Isolated Prenatal Hydronephrosis: An Analysis from the Society of Fetal Urology Hydronephrosis Registry […] Our aims were to describe the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) among a cohort of children with isolated prenatal hydronephrosis (PNH) comparing patients receiving and not receiving continuous prophylactic antibiotics (CAP) during follow-up and estimate the difference in risk of UTI between these two groups. […] Our results show no difference in risk of developing a UTI between patients receiving and not receiving CAP. Clinicians should carefully consider whether their patients with isolated hydronephrosis would benefit from exposure to CAP.

• #4 Revised guidelines on management of antenatal hydronephrosis – Indian Journal of Nephrology

  https://indianjnephrol.org/revised-guidelines-on-management-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis/

  We recommend that infants with postnatally confirmed moderate or severe hydronephrosis (SFU 3-4; renal APD 10 mm) or dilated ureter receive antibiotic prophylaxis while awaiting evaluation (1C). […] We recommend that all patients detected to have VUR receive antibiotic prophylaxis through the first year of life (1B). […] Parents of infants with hydronephrosis should be counseled regarding the risk of urinary tract infections.

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