Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hydronephrosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20575279

  Treatment for hydronephrosis depends on its cause and how bad the symptoms are. The goal of treatment is to ease kidney swelling and prevent kidney damage. You may need medicine, a process to drain urine or surgery. In some people, mild hydronephrosis goes away on its own in time. […] Sometimes, surgery is needed to fix a blockage or correct the backward flow of urine. Surgery also may be done to ease terrible pain or vomiting from hydronephrosis. […] Early treatment for hydronephrosis helps many people get better. It also helps prevent lasting kidney damage.

• #2 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis may lead to loss of kidney function or kidney failure. However, prompt treatment reduces the risk of long-term complications. […] The goal of treatment is to restore the flow of pee from your kidney and decrease the swelling and pressure. Treatment depends on the underlying condition, as that is the primary issue. […] Sometimes, mild cases resolve on their own without treatment. Other times, your provider may recommend a wait and see approach. Surgery is another option that your provider may consider. You should discuss all possible treatment options with your healthcare provider. […] If hydronephrosis is sudden and due to a blockage, your provider may place a nephrostomy tube through your skin into your kidney to drain excess pee. They may also use a soft plastic tube called a ureteral stent to hold your ureters open, which allows your pee to flow as it should.

• #3 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Hydronephrosis and hydroureter result from obstruction of urine flow in the urinary system at the renal pelvis and ureter level, respectively. […] Both conditions should be promptly diagnosed and treated to prevent severe renal dysfunction. […] This activity reviews the etiology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of hydroureteronephrosis and highlights the role of prompt management for timely prevention of renal dysfunction. […] Hydronephrosis is defined as dilatation and distension of the renal collecting system of one or both kidneys due to obstruction of urine outflow distal to the renal pelvis (i.e., ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra). […] Hydronephrosis and hydroureter can present independently or together. […] The cause of hydronephrosis drives specific treatment. […] A high possibility of renal dysfunction, suspicion for infection leading to severe sepsis, and symptoms of severe pain, nausea, and vomiting warrant urgent treatment of hydronephrosis.

• #4 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-treatment

  Treatment of hydronephrosis and hydroureter due to obstruction depends on the site and cause of obstruction. Most conditions require surgical treatment, either minimally invasive or open. Medical therapy is limited to pain control and treatment or prevention of infection. Two notable exceptions are (1) oral alkalinization therapy for uric acid stones and (2) corticosteroid therapy for retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] The role of medical treatment of hydronephrosis and hydroureter is limited to pain control and treatment or prevention of infection. Most conditions require either minimally invasive or open surgical treatment. Two notable exceptions are (1) oral alkalinization therapy for uric acid stones and (2) corticosteroid therapy for retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] The specific treatment of a patient with hydronephrosis and hydroureter depends, of course, on the etiology of the process. Several factors help determine the urgency with which treatment should be initiated. In general, any signs of infection within the obstructed system warrant urgent intervention because infection with hydronephrosis may progress rapidly to sepsis.

• #5 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-treatment

  Although several prospective and retrospective studies have examined antenatal surgery in fetuses with sonographic findings consistent with lower urinary tract obstruction, no good evidence supports that this intervention improves renal outcome. […] Refer the patient to a urologist whenever hydronephrosis or hydroureter is newly diagnosed. Further consultations may be sought by the urologist, depending on the circumstances. […] Monitor patients for postobstructive diuresis. This is a marked polyuria observed after relief of an obstructed system. […] Once the diagnosis is made and treatment is performed, follow-up imaging studies are necessary to assess for resolution of the hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Additionally, laboratory studies of renal function should be performed, to assess the recovery of renal function.

• #6

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hydronephrosis/

  If you have hydronephrosis, your treatment will depend on what’s causing the condition and how severe it is. […] In adults, the first stage of treatment is often to drain the urine out of your kidneys by inserting a tube called a catheter into your bladder or kidneys. […] Once the pressure has been relieved, the cause of the build-up of urine may need to be treated. […] The treatments used will depend on why the condition developed. […] For example: kidney stones may be removed during an operation or broken up using sound waves […] an enlarged prostate can be treated with medication or surgery to remove some of the prostate […] blockages in the ureters can be treated using surgery to insert a small tube called a stent […] cancer may be treated using a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery to remove the cancerous tissue.

• #7 Hydronephrosis: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322005

  Doctors determine treatment based on the underlying cause of a patients hydronephrosis and the severity of their condition and symptoms. […] When hydronephrosis is severe, doctors may need to drain the backlog of urine in order to reduce the pressure on the bladder and the risk of permanent kidney injury. They do this by inserting a thin tube called a catheter through the urethra into the bladder or a special tube called a nephrostomy tube into the kidney. […] Before treating the underlying cause of hydronephrosis, the doctor may prescribe something to control any pain. They can also prescribe an antibiotic to treat or prevent a urinary tract infection. […] More often, however, a doctor will need to do surgery to remove the obstruction or fix the reflux. This surgery can be minimally invasive, with only a few small incisions, and involve a thin tube with a light and camera. At other times, it may require larger incisions and more instruments. In some cases, doctors can also treat hydronephrosis with medication.

• #8 Hydronephrosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/h/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis Treatment depends on how severe it is and the cause. The three main treatment options include: […] Observation: Many cases of mild and moderate hydronephrosis go away on their own without treatment. Infants will have an ultrasound before and after birth, so their provider can see if they need more testing. Their provider also will watch for any changes in the kidneys over time. […] Antibiotics: Some children may benefit from taking antibiotics to prevent or treat UTIs. […] Surgery: Surgery is reserved for severe hydronephrosis. Surgery for hydronephrosis can help when there is an obstruction that causes symptoms or kidney damage. Depending on the obstruction and underlying condition, different procedures can help restore the free flow of urine. These procedures include a full range of minimally invasive and robotic-assisted laparoscopic techniques. They use the most advanced DaVinci surgical robotic system.

• #9 Hydronephrosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/swollen-kidney-and-hydronephrosis-4171499

  Although the treatment for hydronephrosis varies depending on the reason for the condition, in some cases, the situation resolves without the need for medical intervention. In mild to moderate cases, your healthcare provider may choose to wait and see if the condition improves on its own. […] In severe cases of hydronephrosis, surgery may be needed to remove obstructions or redirect the flow of urine. Hydronephrosis caused by a restriction from where the kidney connects to the ureter (ureteropelvic junction) may warrant pyeloplasty (the surgical reconstruction of the kidney funnel system). […] Other indications for surgery include persistent kidney pain with obstructing ureteral stone, urine infection with ureteral stone, kidney dysfunction, or recurrent UTI with a high fever. […] If the hydronephrosis is related to an enlarged prostate, medications or surgeries will be done to reduce the size of the prostate.

• #10 Hydronephrosis : Symptoms, Causes & Treatment – Apollo Hospital Blog

  http://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/hydronephrosis-are-your-kidneys-doing-well

  Hydronephrosis treatment depends on the underlying cause, which is detected by the clinical diagnosis of the patient. […] Your doctor is most likely to keep you under observation. To prevent urinary tract infection, they (your doctor) might prescribe some antibiotics. Analgesics will be prescribed to relieve pain at the sides and back or the abdominal region. […] If the blockage is severe and a huge amount of urine accumulates, your doctor will use a nephrostomy tube to drain the excess urine from the kidney. Surgery can be an option to cure the underlying cause of obstruction to restore a normal urine flow from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Shock wave lithotripsy could be done to break down and clear the kidney stones to cure the underlying cause of Hydronephrosis. […] Hydronephrosis treatment constitutes a physical examination initially, followed by a diagnosis of the underlying cause of the disease. As soon as your doctor detects the cause, he or she can then term it as mild, moderate, or severe Hydronephrosis. It can be treated by non-surgical as well as surgical methods depending on the severity. Your doctor will prescribe you antibiotics to prevent any infection and analgesics for relieving you of pain.

• #11 Hydronephrosis of one kidney: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000506.htm

  Treatment depends on the cause of the kidney swelling. Treatment may include: […] Placing a stent (tube) through the bladder and ureter to allow urine to flow from the kidney into the bladder […] Placing a tube into the kidney through the skin to allow the blocked urine to drain out of the body into a drainage bag […] Antibiotics for infections […] Surgery to correct the blockage or reflux […] Removal of any stone that is causing blockage […] People who have only one kidney, who have a weakened immune system (such as due to diabetes or HIV), or who have had a kidney transplant will need treatment right away. […] People who have long-term hydronephrosis may need antibiotics to reduce the risk of UTI.

• #12 Bilateral hydronephrosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000474.htm

  Placing a tube into the bladder (Foley catheter) may open the blockage. Other treatments include: […] Draining the bladder […] Relieving pressure by placing tubes in the kidney through the skin […] Placing a tube (stent) through the ureter to allow urine to flow from the kidney to bladder […] The underlying cause of the blockage needs to be found and treated once the buildup of urine is relieved.

• #13 Hydronephrosis | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/hydronephrosis

  Treatment depends on what’s causing the swelling. If it’s caused by a blockage, your doctor may use a catheter to drain urine from your bladder or kidneys. […] Your treatment depends on the cause of the swelling. If it is caused by a blockage, your treatment will depend on the type of blockage you have. If the blockage is caused by a kidney stone, you may wait for the stone to pass. If hydronephrosis happens during pregnancy, it usually clears up on its own. […] You may need to have urine drained from your bladder or kidneys. A urinary catheter is a small, flexible tube that can be inserted through the urethra and into the bladder, allowing urine to drain. A nephrostomy catheter is a thin tube placed into your kidney to drain urine. Sometimes surgery is needed to clear the blockage. […] If you have a blockage, you should begin to feel better after the blockage is gone. […] Many people recover and have no long-term problems. But some may have kidney damage. If hydronephrosis was left untreated for a long time, the damage can be severe. Severe damage will require further treatment.

• #14 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-treatment

  Urologists commonly use ureteral stent placement in cases of intrinsic and extrinsic causes of hydronephrosis. The procedure is usually performed in conjunction with cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography. Stents can bypass an obstruction and dilate the ureter for subsequent endoscopic treatment. […] Urologists or interventional radiologists can place a percutaneous nephrostomy tube if ureteral stenting is not possible. […] Advances in endoscopic and percutaneous instrumentation have decreased the role of open or laparoscopic surgery for hydronephrosis. Certain causes of hydronephrosis, mostly extrinsic, still require treatment with open surgery. […] Urine should be collected from the kidney when obstruction is relieved to allow identification and targeted treatment of any infection that may be present.

• #15 Hydronephrosis Treatment | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/urology/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis happens when urine builds up in the kidneys and cannot drain out to the bladder. This causes one or both kidneys to swell. At UVA Health, you’ll find urologists who have the expertise to treat this condition. […] But if you need surgery or other treatment to correct this problem, you’ll find highly skilled experts at UVA Health. Treatment may involve: Draining excess urine from the kidney, Removing the blockage, Antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections, Medications to reduce excess uric acid excretion, Bladder catheter to drain the urine, Nephrostomy a tube in your midsection to drain urine from the kidney, Surgery to remove a blockage or correct a defect, Surgery to remove part or all of the kidney.

• #16 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/hydronephrosis

  The aim of treatment is to restore the flow of urine from the kidney and to decrease the swelling and pressure caused by fluid build-up. […] There are several approaches to treating the condition, depending on the underlying cause of the problem. You should discuss treatment options with your healthcare provider. […] If the hydronephrosis is acute or sudden, a stent or soft tube (nephrostomy tube) may be inserted into the kidney to drain off excess urine. […] A soft plastic tube called a ureteral stent may be placed between the kidney and bladder to drain excess fluids. […] If hydronephrosis is caused by stones in the kidneys or ureters, these options are available: […] Shock wave lithotripsy: This is the most common method for treating kidney stones. High-energy shock waves are emitted by a machine outside to break up the stones into dust or smaller fragments so they can pass out of the body.

• #17 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  If stones in your kidneys or ureters are the cause, treatment options may include: Shock wave lithotripsy: This is the most common method for treating kidney stones. High-energy shock waves break up the stones into dust or smaller fragments so they can pass out of your body. […] Ureteroscopy: Your provider places a thin tube into your urethra to break up and remove the stones. Providers use this method for stones in your bladder or the lower part of your ureters. It can be used in combination with other techniques to break up stones. […] Surgery: When kidney stones are very large or difficult to remove, your provider may need to remove them with surgery. Also, you might need surgery in the case of tumors, scar tissue or other types of blockages. […] If you experience a UTI or your urinary tract is narrow due to infection, your provider will prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection.

• #18 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  First, your doctor might drain the extra pee from your kidneys by placing a tube called a catheter through your stomach or urethra. This will help with pain and avoid complications. […] Sometimes, hydronephrosis clears up on its own. In mild cases, your doctor might recommend waiting to see if it gets better. If it doesn’t, they will treat the underlying cause. […] If hydronephrosis is caused by a kidney stone, you’ll need to pass the stone (pee it out) or have it removed. Options include: […] Shock wave lithotripsy. This is when doctors use a machine to send shock waves towards your kidney stones. The shock waves break the stones into smaller pieces so you can pee them out more easily. […] Ureteroscopy. For this treatment, a doctor threads a tube into your urethra. Then, they break up and remove the stones stuck in your bladder or ureters.

• #19 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/hydronephrosis

  Ureteroscopy: A thin tube with special instruments may be placed in the urethra to allow a doctor to break up and remove the stones. This method is used most often for stones in the bladder or lower half of the ureters. Ureteroscopy may be used in combination with other techniques, such as a pulsed dye laser or electrohydraulic lithotripsy, to break up stones. This is the method of choice for pregnant women, patients with blood clotting disorders, and those who are morbidly obese. […] Surgery: When kidney stones are very large or difficult to remove, they may have to be removed surgically. Also, you might need surgery in the case of tumors or other types of blockage. […] Antibiotics may be administered to prevent or treat urinary tract infections. […] Analgesics may be used to relieve pain.

• #20 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  Surgery. Some large stones might need to be surgically removed. […] If the narrowing of a ureter is the cause, the doctor can put in a stent. This props it open, which helps the pee to flow normally. […] If your hydronephrosis is caused by a tumor, scar tissue, or other major blockage, your doctor might recommend surgery. […] You may be asked to stay in the hospital for observation or further testing after any procedure. […] If you have a UTI or if an infection has caused your urinary tract to narrow, your doctor will treat it with antibiotics. […] Antenatal hydronephrosis usually gets better on its own. But just in case, your doctor will probably suggest extra ultrasounds throughout your pregnancy to keep an eye on it. […] After the baby is born, your doctor might prescribe a low-dose antibiotic to prevent a UTI.

• #21 Hydronephrosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is a condition, affecting about 1 in 100 babies, where urine overfills or backs up into the kidney, causing the kidney to swell. […] After considering the nature and cause of the hydronephrosis, doctors will decide between recommending observation or surgery. […] If postnatal testing shows your child has mild to moderate hydronephrosis, your doctor may recommend allowing time for the condition to correct itself on its own. Your child may receive a low dose of antibiotics to prevent infection. Repeat ultrasounds will let us check for improvement. […] Only in severe cases would surgery be needed. The goal of the operation is to reduce the swelling and pressure in the kidney by restoring the free flow of urine. […] The most common surgical procedure is pyeloplasty. This repairs the most common type of blockage that causes hydronephrosis: ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ).

• #22 Management of hydronephrosis: a comprehensive review in pediatric urology perspective

  https://www.chikd.org/journal/view.php?number=808

  Hydronephrosis, characterized by dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces due to urine flow obstruction, poses a significant clinical challenge. […] Surgical intervention is necessary for specific scenarios such as febrile urinary tract infections, deteriorating hydronephrosis, or declining renal function. […] The efficacy of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing urinary tract infections remains controversial. […] Surgical treatment methods for patients with hydronephrosis have become less invasive than in previous decades. […] The European Association of Urology guidelines recommend surgery as the treatment of choice in patients with symptomatic UPJO. […] In POM, the primary indications for intervention include febrile UTI, urolithiasis, and abdominal symptoms. […] Endoscopic endopyelotomy, introduced by Ramsay et al. in 1984, offers benefits such as shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery.

• #23 Management of hydronephrosis: a comprehensive review in pediatric urology perspective

  https://www.chikd.org/journal/view.php?number=808

  Pyeloplasty is considered the gold standard for UPJO treatment and can be divided into dismembered and flap procedures. […] Laparoscopic treatment of UPJO, pioneered in 1993, has become the standard for UPJO management because of its superior outcomes compared to endourologic techniques. […] Robotic surgery, similar to laparoscopy but with enhanced precision and instrument mobility, is increasingly utilized for complex procedures. […] Overall, ureteral reimplantation demonstrated success rates of 90% to 96% in the treatment of primary non-refluxing megaureter. […] Endoscopic balloon dilation can be proposed as an initial step for patients aged 12 months with POM before potential reimplantation, with a success rate of 67% to 95%. […] Although many patients with hydronephrosis experience spontaneous improvement, some may encounter symptomatic issues, such as UTIs.

• #24 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  If your baby still has hydronephrosis, your doctor might further investigate its cause. They might thread a catheter into the baby’s bladder to check for vesicoureteral reflux. […] Over the next few months, the doctor will monitor your baby’s condition with regular ultrasounds and voiding cystourethrograms. […] Usually, the hydronephrosis gets better on its own. In rare cases, the doctor might need to surgically remove a blockage. […] In general, drinking plenty of water is important for kidney health, as water can help prevent and flush out kidney stones. […] But drinking too much water can be dangerous, especially if you can’t easily pee it out. Certain kidney problems, including hydronephrosis, can affect your ability to fully empty your bladder. […] Ask your doctor about how much water is right for you.

• #25 Hydronephrosis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Complications & Diagnosis

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/understanding-hydronephrosis-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-more

  What will your doctor do to treat hydronephrosis? […] Treatment for hydronephrosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Here are common hydronephrosis treatment options: […] Medications: Diuretics may be prescribed to increase your urine output, helping in mild hydronephrosis treatment. […] Ureteral Stent: Inserting a stent into your ureter helps keep it open, promoting normal urine flow. This is often done in cases of blockages or strictures. […] Nephrostomy Tube: In severe cases, a tube may be inserted through your skin into the kidney to drain urine directly. This helps in bypassing the obstruction. […] Surgery: Surgical procedures may be required to correct structural issues causing hydronephrosis, such as removing kidney stones, repairing blockages, or treating tumours. […] Antibiotic Therapy: If hydronephrosis is due to a urinary tract infection, antibiotics are essential to clear the infection and prevent further complications.

• #26 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/hydronephrosis

  Ureteral reimplantation: This procedure involves re-attaching the ureter to a different area in the bladder in order to redirect urine flow. […] Ureteral stent placement: This procedure involves placing a small tube inside the ureter to keep it open and allow urine to pass through more easily. […] Pyeloplasty: This procedure involves removing any blockage that is causing obstruction, such as an enlarged prostate or stone, and reconstructing the ureters and renal pelvis. […] Nephrectomy: In some cases, a complete removal of the kidney (nephrectomy) may be necessary if there is severe damage or infection present that cannot be treated with other methods.

• #27 Hydronephrosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/swollen-kidney-and-hydronephrosis-4171499

  Neurologic causes of hydronephrosis (such as a spinal cord injury that impairs bladder function) may require ongoing catheterization to help clear urine and anticholinergic drugs to increase bladder capacity. […] Severe hydronephrosis can cause permanent kidney damage, but, in most cases, only one kidney will be harmed. Fortunately, one kidney is usually capable of doing the work of two.

• #28 Hydronephrosis – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/hydronephrosis.html

  Treatment may help keep your kidneys healthy, and prevent infection. You may need the following: […] A renal diet is a meal plan that includes foods that are low in sodium (salt), potassium, and protein. Your healthcare provider may also tell you to eat and drink more vegetables and juices. […] Stone removal may be used to remove the kidney stones that are slowing or blocking your urine flow. Your healthcare provider may use strong sound waves called shock wave therapy to break up large kidney stones. This will help make them small enough for you to pass them when you urinate. […] Catheter or stent placement may be needed to help increase your urine flow. You may need a catheter (flexible tube) placed directly into your bladder to drain urine. Your healthcare provider may place a hard plastic tube called a stent inside your urinary tract to help urine pass from your kidney to your bladder. […] Surgery may be needed to remove part or all of your kidney if it is not working properly. Your prostate may need to be removed if it is so large that it is blocking urine flow.

• #29 Hydronephrosis: Understanding Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.instituteofurology.in/hydronephrosis-understanding-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Tumors: Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, depending on the type and stage of the tumor. […] Ureteral Strictures: Ureteral stenting or balloon dilation may be used to relieve the obstruction. […] Medications […] Antibiotics: Prescribed in cases of associated UTIs to treat and prevent infection. […] Pain Management: Analgesics to manage pain, particularly in cases of kidney stones. […] Minimally Invasive Procedures […] Ureteral Stenting: Insertion of a stent to keep the ureter open and allow urine to flow from the kidney to the bladder. […] Balloon Dilation: A balloon is used to widen a narrowed ureter. […] Surgery […] Pyeloplasty: Surgical correction of a UPJ obstruction. […] Nephrectomy: Removal of a severely damaged kidney in extreme cases. (When kidney function is lost) […] Ureteral Reconstruction: Surgery to repair or reconstruct a damaged or blocked ureter.

• #30 Hydronephrosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hydronephrosis

  A robot-assisted pyeloplasty is a minimally invasive laparoscopic procedure. […] Robotic surgery can offer a number of benefits as compared to traditional (open) surgery, including less discomfort after the operation, smaller scars on the belly, a shorter hospital stay, quicker recovery, and earlier return to full activities.

• #31 Hydronephrosis | UNC Department of Urology

  https://www.med.unc.edu/urology/pediatrics/pediatric-conditions/hydronephrosis/

  Surgery: Surgery is recommended only in severe cases when kidney function is at risk either due to obstruction or recurrent UTIs. The goal of the operation is to open the obstruction. This will allow the urine to flow freely, relieving the pressure build-up in the kidney. […] Robot-assisted and minimally invasive surgery: Robot-assisted surgery is a minimally invasive laparoscopic surgical procedure. Using a small camera and instruments inserted through 3-4 small incisions, your surgeon performs the surgery. […] Only a handful of children require surgery for hydronephrosis and most often, these children have or develop severe hydronephrosis with poor drainage of the kidney and sometimes, compromised kidney function.

• #32 Partners in Care | Fetal hydronephrosis is treated in the…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/fetal-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is a treatable condition in which urine gets trapped in one or both kidneys, most commonly as a result of a blockage, causing the urine to drain slower than it should. […] If your baby has a more severe case of fetal hydronephrosis, in utero treatment and treatment after birth may be needed, which may include surgery to help resolve the issue and prevent long-term kidney problems. […] Treatment of fetal hydronephrosis is needed if there is a severe blockage in the urethra known as lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO). […] If your baby has a lower urinary tract obstruction with no amniotic fluid, a bladder shunt (thin tube) may be placed, using a special needle that is inserted into the bladder, to allow it to drain outside of the fetus. […] In more severe cases, surgery may be required to correct the blockage to prevent long-term kidney problems.

• #33 Hydronephrosis Signs & Symptoms | Rush | Rush System

  https://www.rush.edu/kids/conditions/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is a very treatable condition. […] A multidisciplinary team of specialists work together to provide your child with the best care possible for hydronephrosis. […] The pediatric nephrology team at Rush University Childrens Hospital provides comprehensive evaluation, treatment and ongoing care for children with congenital and acquired kidney and urinary tract disorders that can cause hydronephrosis. […] If your child needs surgery, pediatric urologists at Rush specialize in the surgical treatment of hydronephrosis. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are the keys to protecting your child’s long-term kidney health. […] If left untreated, hydronephrosis may cause kidney failure, which can lead to a number of serious health problems. […] You can also arrange for a prenatal consultation with a pediatric nephrologist to discuss the care your baby will need after birth. […] Once your baby is born, your baby’s care team will coordinate a consultation with a pediatric nephrologist to discuss further testing and a follow-up plan for your baby. […] If your baby needs surgery, your care team will refer you to a pediatric urologist.

• #34 Management of Acute Symptomatic Hydronephrosis of Pregnancy by Postural Drainage

  https://openurologyandnephrologyjournal.com/VOLUME/3/PAGE/4/FULLTEXT/

  Asymptomatic hydronephrosis is found in 90% of pregnant women, only a small proportion become symptomatic. Non-surgical management is the treatment of choice. In refractory cases surgical intervention is indicated. […] We present our experience with conservative management of acute symptomatic hydronephrosis of pregnancy by facilitating postural drainage of the obstructed symptomatic kidney. […] Postural drainage of the kidney is highly effective in the management of acute symptomatic hydronephrosis of pregnancy. In the majority of cases (93%), if used diligently, it will help prevent the need for invasive uro-radiological intervention. […] This prospective observational study has shown that postural drainage of the obstructed kidney is highly effective in the management of acute symptomatic hydronephrosis of pregnancy. In the majority of cases (93%), if used diligently, it will help prevent the need for invasive uro-radiological intervention.

• #35 Hydronephrosis During Pregnancy: Definition, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/hydronephrosis-during-pregnancy-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Hydronephrosis during pregnancy can result from a combination of anatomical and physiological changes associated with pregnancy. The primary causes include: […] Management of hydronephrosis during pregnancy may involve monitoring the condition closely, alleviating symptoms, and addressing any underlying causes. Treatment options can range from conservative measures, such as increased hydration and pain management, to more invasive interventions if necessary. […] The treatment of hydronephrosis during pregnancy depends on the severity of symptoms, the underlying cause, and the impact on the health of both the pregnant individual and the developing fetus. Here are some common approaches to managing hydronephrosis during pregnancy: […] Its crucial for pregnant individuals with hydronephrosis to work closely with their healthcare providers. The chosen treatment approach will consider the individual circumstances, the stage of pregnancy, and the potential impact on both maternal and fetal health. Regular follow-ups and communication with the healthcare team are essential to monitor the condition and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

• #36 Hydronephrosis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/hydronephrosis

  If left untreated, hydronephrosis can lead to decreased kidney function and possible permanent kidney damage. […] The key goal of treatment for hydronephrosis is to prevent any further swelling of the kidney. […] Its important to get treatment as soon as possible to avoid any permanent damage to the kidneys. Severe hydronephrosis can lead to kidney failure, which may then require dialysis or a kidney transplant. […] Most people recover from hydronephrosis with prompt treatment. […] Common treatment options include: prescription medication to ease pain and/or fight infection, a surgery called pyeloplasty to remove the blockage. […] In severe cases of hydronephrosis due to a blockage, extra urine may need to be drained using either a catheter or a special tube called a nephrostomy.

• #37 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Cystoscopy guided ureteral stent placement is a common procedure for various intrinsic and extrinsic causes of hydronephrosis at the ureter level. […] Fluoroscopy guided percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement is a less invasive procedure performed by interventional radiologists when ureteral stent placement is contraindicated or cannot be done. […] Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is used to treat renal stones in the renal pelvis to prevent future hydronephrosis and obstruction. […] Surgery is also required for some cases with extrinsic compression from pelvic, retroperitoneal tumors, and aortic aneurysms, etc. […] The overall prognosis of renal recovery after the obstruction is relieved depends on the duration and severity of obstruction. […] Urinary tract infection is the most common complication of hydronephrosis. […] Patients should be educated to seek care promptly when they have these symptoms. […] Hydronephrosis and hydroureter are frequently encountered in all age groups, and all types of practices and are best managed with an interprofessional team approach.

• #38 Hydronephrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20575276

  Hydronephrosis happens when urine builds up in a kidney. Often, a blockage called an obstruction in the upper part of the urinary tract causes the buildup. Kidney swelling can result. This causes the part of the kidney called the renal pelvis to bulge, or become distended. It could lead to kidney scarring, and the kidney may not work as well as it should. […] Treatment for hydronephrosis depends on the condition’s cause. Some people need medicine or surgery to feel better and prevent kidney damage. Mild hydronephrosis sometimes goes away on its own over time. […] Without treatment, some people who have severe hydronephrosis develop lasting kidney damage. Rarely, the condition can cause an affected kidney to lose its ability to filter blood, also called kidney failure.

• #39 Hydronephrosis Treatments

  https://www.urologists.org/article/treatments/hydronephrosis-treatments

  Treating infections: When bacteria enters the urinary tract and is not quickly removed by the body, urinary tract infections (UTIs) can happen. Hydronephrosis often causes these infections because the kidney is unable to expel the microbes rapidly due to the excess storage of urine. After a diagnosis of hydronephrosis is made, the doctor will perform urine and blood tests to see if an infection is present. Antibiotics prescribed for up to seven days are usually administered. […] Identifying the underlying condition causing hydronephrosis: Once pressure from the kidney has been relieved and underlying infections have been treated, the doctor may need to run additional tests in order to identify what is causing hydronephrosis to occur. Urine and blood tests, imaging studies to view the structures of the urinary system (e.g., ultrasound, x-rays, MRI) or urodynamic exams (uroflowmetry or cystometric analysis) can all indicate the source. Urodynamic tests, in particular, measure bladder function and look at capacity, pressure, urine flow speed and the coordination of the muscles that control the bladder.

• #40 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis

  If the cause of your hydronephrosis is a kidney stone, you may need surgery to remove it. To do this, your doctor might perform endoscopic surgery, which involves using tiny instruments to perform the procedure. This drastically reduces your healing and recovery time. […] Your doctor might also prescribe you antibiotics. This will help ensure you dont develop a kidney infection. […] If you receive treatment early, your outlook is good. Removal of the obstruction is essential for your kidney to return to normal functioning. If your hydronephrosis requires surgery, the success rate to having a full recovery is estimated at 95 percent.

• #41 Hydronephrosis (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/hydronephrosis-pediatric

  How is hydronephrosis treated after birth? […] If we find a UPJ obstruction on a newborn’s ultrasound, we will determine treatment based on the obstruction’s severity. For a mild or moderate obstruction and a kidney with normal function, our medical team may decide to monitor the kidneys and repeat the ultrasound in a few months. That repeat scan will determine any changes in the kidneys ability to function normally. In severe cases, when the kidney shows decreased function, pyeloplasty surgery may be needed to remove the obstruction and reconstruct the urinary tract. Surgery is generally performed after the baby is fully evaluated and stable; emergency surgery is not necessary. The success rate for surgery is 90 to 95 percent.

• #42

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abr7742

  Your treatment depends on the cause of the swelling. If it is caused by a blockage, your treatment will depend on the type of blockage you have. […] You may need to have urine drained from your bladder or kidneys. A urinary catheter is a small, flexible tube that can be inserted through the urethra and into the bladder, allowing urine to drain. A nephrostomy catheter is a thin tube placed into your kidney to drain urine. Sometimes surgery is needed to clear the blockage. […] Many people recover and have no long-term problems. But some may have kidney damage. If hydronephrosis was left untreated for a long time, the damage can be severe. Severe damage will require further treatment. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if you are having problems.

• #43 Hydronephrosis in Children | Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and other FAQs

  https://www.londonchildrensurgery.co.uk/hydronephrosis.php

  Antibiotics can also be prescribed to tackle urinary tract infections linked to hydronephrosis. However, the problem can return if the underlying cause is not addressed. […] Most children are able to go home the following day and some children will require two nights in hospital. In general, if the child is already on preventive antibiotics, they will remain on antibiotics until the stent is removed. A vast majority of children are very comfortable following the surgery. Once the stent is removed, the child will have a number of ultrasound scans and further MAG3 the following year to ensure their systems are working at the maximum capacity. After this, most children do not require further follow-up. […] As long as hydronephrosis is detected and treated before the kidneys have been damaged, it wont usually cause any long term health problems. If the condition is severe enough to damage the kidneys then they can become unable to function properly. Kidney failure can be very serious if both of the kidneys are affected so it is essential for hydronephrosis to be monitored and treated correctly.

• #44 Hydronephrosis I Ohio State Urology Department

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/urology/hydronephrosis

  Your treatment may include: […] A ureteral stent (tube that allows the ureter to drain into the bladder) […] A nephrostomy tube (allows the blocked urine to drain through the back) […] Antibiotics for infections […] Preventive antibiotics may be prescribed to decrease the risk of urinary tract infections in patients who have long-term hydronephrosis.

• #45 Mild Hydronephrosis Treatment At Home – Ayukarma

  https://ayukarma.com/blog/mild-hydronephrosis-treatment-at-home/

  Mild hydronephrosis treatment at home usually revolves around supportive care, lifestyle changes, etc. […] Mild hydronephrosis can easily be treated at home with supportive care, home-based remedies, and lifestyle changes. […] Treating this renal ailment at home is not complicated. You need to make sure that you follow certain dietary restrictions, take appropriate medicines, and take ample rest. […] One of the best ways to treat mild hydronephrosis at home is by consuming apt Ayurvedic herbs. […] Gokshura has been proven effective in treating urinary problems including mild hydronephrosis. […] Punarnava has long been known for being a regenerative drug for kidneys. […] Chamomile tea is loaded with antioxidants that boost our immunity. […] Adequate hydration inhibits the development of renal stones in the kidneys and encourages an effective flush-out of toxins from the body.

• #46 Mild Hydronephrosis Treatment At Home – Ayukarma

  https://ayukarma.com/blog/mild-hydronephrosis-treatment-at-home/

  Consuming a kidney-friendly diet reduces the burden on our kidneys. […] It prevents infections and reduces your chances of developing mild hydronephrosis. […] Engaging in regular exercise improves immunity and strengthens your renal health too. […] Mild hydronephrosis can cause mild discomfort and a dull ache. […] Early detection can help you keep track of your overall health. […] It helps you get better renal health if you address the root causes of your mild hydronephrosis in the first place. […] Mild hydronephrosis is a common renal disorder and can easily be treated at home. […] Making use of apt Ayurvedic herbs may help you treat mild hydronephrosis completely, however, consulting a doctor beforehand is desirable.

• #47 Hydronephrosis: 5 Natural Ways to Help Relieve Symptoms – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/hydronephrosis/

  Surgery may be recommended to eliminate a blockage, but usually this is only needed in severe cases. […] If kidney failure occurs, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be needed. […] To help take care of your kidneys and manage hydronephrosis symptoms, natural remedies include: staying hydrated, eating a nutrient-dense diet, urinating frequently, preventing constipation and preventing UTIs and kidney stones by practicing safe sex, taking beneficial supplements and more.

• #48 Hydronephrosis | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/hydronephrosis-0

  In cases of severe blockage due to hydronephrosis, extra urine may need to be removed using either a catheter to drain urine from the bladder or a special tube called a nephrostomy that drains urine from the kidney. The key to treatment is to get it addressed as soon as possible in order to avoid any permanent damage to the kidneys. […] Severe hydronephrosis can damage the kidneys and lead to kidney failure. If kidney failure occurs, treatment will be needed with either dialysis or a kidney transplant. When treated quickly, most people recover from hydronephrosis. […] When treating hydronephrosis, doctors try to stop the kidney from swelling further. In order to do this, they may: […] Recommend a surgical procedure to remove the blockage.

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