Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis isnt a primary disease. Its a secondary condition that results from some other underlying disease. Its structural and is the result of a blockage or obstruction in the urinary tract. […] One of the most common causes of hydronephrosis is acute unilateral obstructive uropathy. This is the sudden development of an obstruction in one of your ureters, which are the tubes that connect your kidneys to your bladder. […] The most common cause for this blockage is a kidney stone, but scarring and blood clots can also cause acute unilateral obstructive uropathy. […] A blocked ureter can cause urine to go back up into the kidney, which causes swelling. This backflow of urine is known as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). […] Other potential causes of a blockage include: a kink in the ureteropelvic junction, which is where the ureter meets the pelvis of the kidney; an enlarged prostate gland in men, which can be due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis; pregnancy, which causes a compression due to a growing fetus; tumors in or near the ureter; a narrowing of the ureter from an injury or birth defect.

• #2 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Hydronephrosis and hydroureter result from obstruction of urine flow in the urinary system at the renal pelvis and ureter level, respectively. […] This activity reviews the etiology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of hydroureteronephrosis and highlights the role of prompt management for timely prevention of renal dysfunction. […] Outline the broader etiology of hydronephrosis and hydroureter. […] The cause of urinary obstruction can be broadly classified as intrinsic and extrinsic compression. Causes of intrinsic obstruction include renal stones, malignancy, ureteropelvic junction stenosis, ureteral strictures from prior inflammation, renal cysts, posterior urethral valves, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and neurogenic bladder, etc. Causes of extrinsic compression include pregnancy, peripelvic cysts, retrocaval ureter, malignancy, trauma, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and prostate abscess, etc.

• #3 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis may lead to loss of kidney function or kidney failure. However, prompt treatment reduces the risk of long-term complications. […] Often, a blockage or obstruction between your kidney and ureter is the cause of hydronephrosis. […] The most common cause of hydronephrosis is a blockage or obstruction in one of the parts of your urinary tract. Many conditions can cause this. […] In adults, the conditions that most often cause hydronephrosis include: Kidney stones: Stones (hard deposits made of calcium and oxalate) that may become lodged in your kidneys or urinary tract. Ureteral obstruction: An obstruction in your ureters. Tumors: Tumors in your bladder, prostate gland, uterus or other organs that are part of or near your urinary tract may keep pee from flowing. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of your prostate gland can cause pressure on your urethra. Narrowing of your urinary tract: This narrowing can be due to injury, infection, birth disorders or surgery. Nerve or muscle problems: These issues can affect your kidneys or ureters. Urinary retention: You cant empty your pee from your bladder. Vesicoureteral reflux: Your pee flows backward from your bladder to your kidneys. Ureterocele: This is a condition where the lower part of your ureter may protrude into your bladder.

• #4 Hydronephrosis – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/symptoms-causes/home/ovc-20397564

  Hydronephrosis is swelling of one or both kidneys. It happens when urine can’t drain from a kidney and builds up in the kidney as a result. The condition can be due to a blockage in the tubes that drain urine from the kidneys. It also can happen due to a difference present at birth that prevents urine from draining properly. […] Treatment for hydronephrosis depends on the condition’s cause. Some people need medicine or surgery to feel better and prevent kidney damage. Mild hydronephrosis sometimes goes away on its own over time.

• #5 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is when your kidneys swell because your body can’t release all of its pee. […] There are two main causes of hydronephrosis: vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract obstruction. […] Vesicoureteral reflux. This happens when the flap between the ureter and the bladder doesnt close properly. As a result, urine flows backward from the bladder to the kidney. […] Obstruction in the bladder, kidney, or linking tubes. This is when a blockage forms in the urinary tract. It can be caused by many different things. For example, a ureter might swell and block the flow of pee into the bladder, or a kidney stone might block the urethra. […] Several conditions can cause hydronephrosis, such as: […] Kidney stones. These are hard lumps of calcium and oxalate that can build up in your kidneys. They can become stuck in the kidneys or other parts of the urinary tract.

• #6 Hydronephrosis | UNC Department of Urology

  https://www.med.unc.edu/urology/pediatrics/pediatric-conditions/hydronephrosis/

  Hydronephrosis may be caused by something blocking the urine flow somewhere along the urinary drainage tubes or due to urine back-flowing from the urinary bladder into the ureter (the tube that drains the kidney) and kidney. […] Hydronephrosis may be due to obstruction of the kidney drainage system, back-flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter and kidney or may simply be the way the kidney was formed during development. […] A blockage at any point along this pathway can lead to hydronephrosis. […] Typically higher grades (moderate-severe, grades 3 and 4) of hydronephrosis are associated with obstruction. […] When the connection between the ureter and bladder is weak or abnormal, urine will flow up-hill from the bladder to the kidney. […] In more than half of the children with hydronephrosis, the dilation resolves without any treatment. In these cases, the cause is never known. […] Hydronephrosis may be due to factors such as kidney stones, blood clots, tissue outgrowths (polyps) or other abnormalities.

• #7 Hydronephrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20575276

  Hydronephrosis happens when urine builds up in a kidney. Often, a blockage called an obstruction in the upper part of the urinary tract causes the buildup. Kidney swelling can result. This causes the part of the kidney called the renal pelvis to bulge, or become distended. It could lead to kidney scarring, and the kidney may not work as well as it should. […] Hydronephrosis is swelling of one or both kidneys. It happens when urine can’t drain from a kidney and builds up in the kidney as a result. The condition can be due to a blockage in the tubes that drain urine from the kidneys. It also can happen due to a difference present at birth that prevents urine from draining properly. In some people, hydronephrosis causes kidney damage over time. […] Causes of hydronephrosis include a blockage or other health issue that affects the urinary tract. The urinary tract includes the kidneys and the bladder. Urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder through tubes called ureters. Urine leaves the bladder and the body through another tube called the urethra.

• #8 Hydronephrosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is caused by obstruction of urine before the renal pelvis. The obstruction causes dilation of the nephron tubules and flattening of the lining of the tubules within the kidneys which in turn causes swelling of the renal calyces. […] Obstruction that occurs anywhere along the upper urinary tract will lead to increased pressure within the structures of the kidney due to the inability to pass urine from the kidney to the bladder. Common causes of upper tract obstruction include obstructing stones and ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction caused by intrinsic narrowing of the ureters or an overlying vessel. […] Obstruction occurring in the lower urinary tract can also cause this increased pressure through the reflux of urine into the kidney. Common causes include bladder dysfunction (such as neurogenic bladder) and urethral obstruction (such as posterior urethral valves in male infants) or compression (such as from benign prostatic hyperplasia in older male adults).

• #9 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Hydronephrosis and hydroureter result from obstruction of urine flow in the urinary system at the renal pelvis and ureter level, respectively. […] This activity reviews the etiology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of hydroureteronephrosis and highlights the role of prompt management for timely prevention of renal dysfunction. […] Outline the broader etiology of hydronephrosis and hydroureter. […] The cause of urinary obstruction can be broadly classified as intrinsic and extrinsic compression. Causes of intrinsic obstruction include renal stones, malignancy, ureteropelvic junction stenosis, ureteral strictures from prior inflammation, renal cysts, posterior urethral valves, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and neurogenic bladder, etc. Causes of extrinsic compression include pregnancy, peripelvic cysts, retrocaval ureter, malignancy, trauma, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and prostate abscess, etc.

• #10 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hydronephrosis/article.htm

  Tumors: Tumors in the abdomen or pelvis, whether cancerous or noncancerous, can also cause a blockage that results in hydronephrosis. […] Scarring: Scarring from previous surgeries, radiation treatments, or infections can lead to the narrowing of the ureters and cause hydronephrosis. […] Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Severe UTIs can cause swelling and blockages in the urinary tract, resulting in hydronephrosis. […] Examples of intrinsic causes of hydronephrosis kidney include: Kidney stone. Likely the most common reason to have unilateral hydronephrosis is a kidney stone that obstructs the ureter. […] Examples of extrinsic causes of hydronephrosis kidney include: Tumors or cancers that compress the ureter and prevent urine flow. […] Examples of functional causes of hydronephrosis kidney include: Neurogenic bladder or the inability of the bladder to function properly occurs because of damage to the nerves that supply it. […] Since hydronephrosis is a situation that occurs because of an underlying cause, prevention depends upon avoiding the underlying cause.

• #11 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #12 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis may lead to loss of kidney function or kidney failure. However, prompt treatment reduces the risk of long-term complications. […] Often, a blockage or obstruction between your kidney and ureter is the cause of hydronephrosis. […] The most common cause of hydronephrosis is a blockage or obstruction in one of the parts of your urinary tract. Many conditions can cause this. […] In adults, the conditions that most often cause hydronephrosis include: Kidney stones: Stones (hard deposits made of calcium and oxalate) that may become lodged in your kidneys or urinary tract. Ureteral obstruction: An obstruction in your ureters. Tumors: Tumors in your bladder, prostate gland, uterus or other organs that are part of or near your urinary tract may keep pee from flowing. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of your prostate gland can cause pressure on your urethra. Narrowing of your urinary tract: This narrowing can be due to injury, infection, birth disorders or surgery. Nerve or muscle problems: These issues can affect your kidneys or ureters. Urinary retention: You cant empty your pee from your bladder. Vesicoureteral reflux: Your pee flows backward from your bladder to your kidneys. Ureterocele: This is a condition where the lower part of your ureter may protrude into your bladder.

• #13 Etiology of Hydronephrosis in adults and children: Ultrasonographic Assessment in 233 patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8377938/

  Hydronephrosis (HN) is dilatation of the collecting system of the kidney due to obstruction of urine outflow. This study intended firstly, to investigate the efficacy of ultrasound (US) imaging to determine the cause of HN, and secondly, to list the causes of HN. […] The most common reported causes of HN are kidney or ureteric calculi, pregnancy, pelviureteric junction (PUJ) stenosis or bladder outlet obstruction. […] Ultrasound imaging can determine the cause of HN in 70.4% of patients. Kidney or ureteric calculi were the cause of HN in 54.1% of cases, reflux was in 7.3%, and pelviureteric junction (PUJ) stenosis was in 3.9%. […] This study showed predilection of HN to male gender. […] Calculi are the most common cause of HN even in children and are most common in the VUJ junction.

• #14 Long-Term Follow-Up of Neonatal Hydronephrosis: Elucidation of Causes and Clinical Outcome

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijpr/international-journal-of-pediatric-research-ijpr-10-132.php?jid=ijpr

  Importance: Hydronephrosis is a common condition in infants that can be caused by a variety of factors. […] The most common final diagnoses were PUJ obstruction 34%, congenital hydronephrosis 8% VUJ obstruction 6% and PUJ dilation, 12%. […] The leading cause of hydronephrosis experienced in infants and children is PUJ obstruction. It refers to the narrowing of the junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis that causes obstructed passage of urine from the kidney. […] Hydronephrosis is a condition that is generally found to be very common in infants, predominating in 1-5% of neonates. It can be described as the dilatation of the renal collecting system. It may be caused by various factors, for instance, urinary tract obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, and primary vesicoureteral dysmotility. […] A significant minority, however, still had hydronephrosis. This would suggest that patients with hydronephrosis need to be clinically followed after their initial treatment.

• #15 Hydronephrosis – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/programs-services/urology/hydronephrosis/

  The specialists at the CHOC Urology Center work one-on-one with each patient to determine the cause of each child’s hydronephrosis in order to create a customized treatment plan. […] A number of conditions can cause hydronephrosis. In some children, the root cause of the hydronephrosis may never be known. […] While there can be many conditions that lead to hydronephrosis, the most common causes are obstructions (blockages) that reduce the ability of urine to flow out of the kidney and into the bladder. These obstructions can include: UPJ obstruction is a blockage at the point where the kidney meets the ureter (the tube that carries urine to the bladder). UVJ obstruction is a blockage at the point where the ureter (the tube that carries urine to the bladder) meets the bladder. Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are an obstruction that occurs prior to birth in males that is caused by pieces of tissue in the area of the prostatic urethra. Ureterocele occurs when the ureter does not develop properly and causes a small pouch into the bladder.

• #16 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #17 Hydronephrosis | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/hydronephrosis-0

  Hydronephrosis is usually caused by another underlying illness or risk factor. Causes of hydronephrosis include, but are not limited to, the following illnesses or risk factors: […] Kidney stones […] Congenital blockages (a defect that is present at birth) […] Blood clots […] Scarring of tissue (from injury or previous surgery) […] Tumors or certain kinds of cancer (examples include bladder, cervical, colon, or prostate) […] Enlarged prostate (noncancerous) […] Pregnancy […] Urinary tract infection (or other diseases that cause inflammation of the urinary tract).

• #18 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis may lead to loss of kidney function or kidney failure. However, prompt treatment reduces the risk of long-term complications. […] Often, a blockage or obstruction between your kidney and ureter is the cause of hydronephrosis. […] The most common cause of hydronephrosis is a blockage or obstruction in one of the parts of your urinary tract. Many conditions can cause this. […] In adults, the conditions that most often cause hydronephrosis include: Kidney stones: Stones (hard deposits made of calcium and oxalate) that may become lodged in your kidneys or urinary tract. Ureteral obstruction: An obstruction in your ureters. Tumors: Tumors in your bladder, prostate gland, uterus or other organs that are part of or near your urinary tract may keep pee from flowing. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of your prostate gland can cause pressure on your urethra. Narrowing of your urinary tract: This narrowing can be due to injury, infection, birth disorders or surgery. Nerve or muscle problems: These issues can affect your kidneys or ureters. Urinary retention: You cant empty your pee from your bladder. Vesicoureteral reflux: Your pee flows backward from your bladder to your kidneys. Ureterocele: This is a condition where the lower part of your ureter may protrude into your bladder.

• #19 Bilateral hydronephrosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/bilateral-hydronephrosis

  Bilateral hydronephrosis occurs when urine is unable to drain from the kidney into the bladder. Hydronephrosis is not itself a disease. It occurs as a result of a problem that prevents urine from draining out of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. […] Disorders linked with bilateral hydronephrosis include: […] Acute bilateral obstructive uropathy — sudden blockage of the kidneys […] Bladder outlet obstruction — blockage of the bladder, which does not allow drainage […] Chronic bilateral obstructive uropathy — a gradual blockage of both kidneys is most often from a common singular obstruction […] Neurogenic bladder — poorly functional bladder […] Posterior urethral valves — flaps on the urethra that causes poor emptying of the bladder (in boys) […] Prune belly syndrome — poorly emptying bladder that causes distention of the belly

• #20 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis may lead to loss of kidney function or kidney failure. However, prompt treatment reduces the risk of long-term complications. […] Often, a blockage or obstruction between your kidney and ureter is the cause of hydronephrosis. […] The most common cause of hydronephrosis is a blockage or obstruction in one of the parts of your urinary tract. Many conditions can cause this. […] In adults, the conditions that most often cause hydronephrosis include: Kidney stones: Stones (hard deposits made of calcium and oxalate) that may become lodged in your kidneys or urinary tract. Ureteral obstruction: An obstruction in your ureters. Tumors: Tumors in your bladder, prostate gland, uterus or other organs that are part of or near your urinary tract may keep pee from flowing. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of your prostate gland can cause pressure on your urethra. Narrowing of your urinary tract: This narrowing can be due to injury, infection, birth disorders or surgery. Nerve or muscle problems: These issues can affect your kidneys or ureters. Urinary retention: You cant empty your pee from your bladder. Vesicoureteral reflux: Your pee flows backward from your bladder to your kidneys. Ureterocele: This is a condition where the lower part of your ureter may protrude into your bladder.

• #21 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #22 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #23 Hydronephrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20575276

  Kidney stones. These are hard buildups of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. […] Enlarged prostate. A very enlarged prostate can cause the bladder to have trouble emptying urine. Urine may back up into the kidneys as a result. […] Injured or narrowed ureter. Pelvic surgery done with cuts through the stomach area could injure a ureter by accident. A ureter could become narrowed for reasons such as scarring after surgery or having radiation therapy for prostate cancer. […] Urinary tract infection. This type of infection can inflame any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys. […] Pregnancy. Swelling of the kidneys’ urine drainage system is common during pregnancy. Often, hydronephrosis in pregnant people doesn’t cause symptoms and goes away after giving birth. […] Cancer. With some types of cancer, a tumor can cause a urinary tract blockage. These include cancers of the bladder, cervix, colon and prostate.

• #24 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #25 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #26 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Hydronephrosis and hydroureter result from obstruction of urine flow in the urinary system at the renal pelvis and ureter level, respectively. […] This activity reviews the etiology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of hydroureteronephrosis and highlights the role of prompt management for timely prevention of renal dysfunction. […] Outline the broader etiology of hydronephrosis and hydroureter. […] The cause of urinary obstruction can be broadly classified as intrinsic and extrinsic compression. Causes of intrinsic obstruction include renal stones, malignancy, ureteropelvic junction stenosis, ureteral strictures from prior inflammation, renal cysts, posterior urethral valves, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and neurogenic bladder, etc. Causes of extrinsic compression include pregnancy, peripelvic cysts, retrocaval ureter, malignancy, trauma, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and prostate abscess, etc.

• #27 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #28 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis may lead to loss of kidney function or kidney failure. However, prompt treatment reduces the risk of long-term complications. […] Often, a blockage or obstruction between your kidney and ureter is the cause of hydronephrosis. […] The most common cause of hydronephrosis is a blockage or obstruction in one of the parts of your urinary tract. Many conditions can cause this. […] In adults, the conditions that most often cause hydronephrosis include: Kidney stones: Stones (hard deposits made of calcium and oxalate) that may become lodged in your kidneys or urinary tract. Ureteral obstruction: An obstruction in your ureters. Tumors: Tumors in your bladder, prostate gland, uterus or other organs that are part of or near your urinary tract may keep pee from flowing. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of your prostate gland can cause pressure on your urethra. Narrowing of your urinary tract: This narrowing can be due to injury, infection, birth disorders or surgery. Nerve or muscle problems: These issues can affect your kidneys or ureters. Urinary retention: You cant empty your pee from your bladder. Vesicoureteral reflux: Your pee flows backward from your bladder to your kidneys. Ureterocele: This is a condition where the lower part of your ureter may protrude into your bladder.

• #29 Hydronephrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20575276

  Kidney stones. These are hard buildups of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. […] Enlarged prostate. A very enlarged prostate can cause the bladder to have trouble emptying urine. Urine may back up into the kidneys as a result. […] Injured or narrowed ureter. Pelvic surgery done with cuts through the stomach area could injure a ureter by accident. A ureter could become narrowed for reasons such as scarring after surgery or having radiation therapy for prostate cancer. […] Urinary tract infection. This type of infection can inflame any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys. […] Pregnancy. Swelling of the kidneys’ urine drainage system is common during pregnancy. Often, hydronephrosis in pregnant people doesn’t cause symptoms and goes away after giving birth. […] Cancer. With some types of cancer, a tumor can cause a urinary tract blockage. These include cancers of the bladder, cervix, colon and prostate.

• #30 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #31 Hydronephrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20575276

  Kidney stones. These are hard buildups of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. […] Enlarged prostate. A very enlarged prostate can cause the bladder to have trouble emptying urine. Urine may back up into the kidneys as a result. […] Injured or narrowed ureter. Pelvic surgery done with cuts through the stomach area could injure a ureter by accident. A ureter could become narrowed for reasons such as scarring after surgery or having radiation therapy for prostate cancer. […] Urinary tract infection. This type of infection can inflame any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys. […] Pregnancy. Swelling of the kidneys’ urine drainage system is common during pregnancy. Often, hydronephrosis in pregnant people doesn’t cause symptoms and goes away after giving birth. […] Cancer. With some types of cancer, a tumor can cause a urinary tract blockage. These include cancers of the bladder, cervix, colon and prostate.

• #32 Hydronephrosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosis

  In pregnancy, dextrorotation (rotation to the right) of the uterus can cause compression on the right ureter, thus making hydronephrosis more common in the right kidney than in the left kidney. Besides, hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and prostaglandin can cause ureter dilatation, thus causing hydronephrosis despite the absence of visible obstruction along the urinary tract.

• #33 Bilateral hydronephrosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/bilateral-hydronephrosis

  Retroperitoneal fibrosis — abnormal scar tissue that blocks the ureters […] Ureteropelvic junction obstruction — blockage of the kidney at the point where the ureter enters the kidney […] Vesicoureteric reflux — backup of the urine from the bladder up to the ureter or kidney […] Uterine prolapse — when the bladder drops down and presses into the vaginal area. This causes a kink in the urethra, which prevents the urine from emptying out of the bladder.

• #34 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #35 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  In people with a uterus, hydronephrosis may occur as a result of: Pregnancy: As your uterus expands, it can press on your ureters and block the flow of pee. Uterine prolapse: A condition in which your uterus sags or slips out of its normal position. Cystocele (fallen bladder): A condition that occurs when the wall between your bladder and vagina weakens and allows your bladder to droop into your vagina. […] In babies, antenatal hydronephrosis may occur due to: An increase in the amount of pee the fetus produces. A blockage in the flow of pee at some point in their urinary tract. A backflow of pee from their bladder to their kidneys.

• #36 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #37 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #38 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #39 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #40 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #41 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #42 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #43 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #44 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is when your kidneys swell because your body can’t release all of its pee. […] There are two main causes of hydronephrosis: vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract obstruction. […] Vesicoureteral reflux. This happens when the flap between the ureter and the bladder doesnt close properly. As a result, urine flows backward from the bladder to the kidney. […] Obstruction in the bladder, kidney, or linking tubes. This is when a blockage forms in the urinary tract. It can be caused by many different things. For example, a ureter might swell and block the flow of pee into the bladder, or a kidney stone might block the urethra. […] Several conditions can cause hydronephrosis, such as: […] Kidney stones. These are hard lumps of calcium and oxalate that can build up in your kidneys. They can become stuck in the kidneys or other parts of the urinary tract.

• #45 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  Ureteral obstruction. This is when something (like a blood clot or an enlarged prostate) presses against your ureters. […] Nerve or muscle problems. Certain conditions can affect your urinary tracts ability to function. For example, any damage to the nerves that control your bladder can impact your ability to pee. […] Tumors. Tumors growing in or near your urinary tract can press against the organs and cause blockages. […] Vesicoureteral reflux. This condition causes pee to flow the wrong way, from your bladder to your kidneys. […] Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). An enlargement of the prostate can put pressure on the urethra. […] Narrowing of the ureters. This can happen because of injury, infections, surgery, or birth defects. […] Ureterocele. This is when a bulge in your ureter presses against your bladder.

• #46 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  Urinary retention. This is when you cant fully empty your bladder. […] About 1 in 100 fetuses get hydronephrosis before they are born. This is called antenatal hydronephrosis, as antenatal means before birth. […] Possible causes include: […] Narrowing of the urinary tract. This is a normal part of early development, but it can cause hydronephrosis in some fetuses. […] Ureteral obstruction. Like adults, fetuses can have a blockage in the tubes that carry pee from the kidneys to the bladder. […] Urethral obstruction. Sometimes, male fetuses have a blockage in their urethra. […] Vesicoureteral reflux. For fetuses with this condition, some pee might flow backward from the bladder to the kidneys. […] Certain birth defects. Some birth defects can lead to blockages in the urinary tract. For example, a fetus might have an extra ureter or a ureter that doesnt enter the bladder in the right spot.

• #47 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  Ureteral obstruction. This is when something (like a blood clot or an enlarged prostate) presses against your ureters. […] Nerve or muscle problems. Certain conditions can affect your urinary tracts ability to function. For example, any damage to the nerves that control your bladder can impact your ability to pee. […] Tumors. Tumors growing in or near your urinary tract can press against the organs and cause blockages. […] Vesicoureteral reflux. This condition causes pee to flow the wrong way, from your bladder to your kidneys. […] Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). An enlargement of the prostate can put pressure on the urethra. […] Narrowing of the ureters. This can happen because of injury, infections, surgery, or birth defects. […] Ureterocele. This is when a bulge in your ureter presses against your bladder.

• #48 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #49 Hydronephrosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is caused by obstruction of urine before the renal pelvis. The obstruction causes dilation of the nephron tubules and flattening of the lining of the tubules within the kidneys which in turn causes swelling of the renal calyces. […] Obstruction that occurs anywhere along the upper urinary tract will lead to increased pressure within the structures of the kidney due to the inability to pass urine from the kidney to the bladder. Common causes of upper tract obstruction include obstructing stones and ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction caused by intrinsic narrowing of the ureters or an overlying vessel. […] Obstruction occurring in the lower urinary tract can also cause this increased pressure through the reflux of urine into the kidney. Common causes include bladder dysfunction (such as neurogenic bladder) and urethral obstruction (such as posterior urethral valves in male infants) or compression (such as from benign prostatic hyperplasia in older male adults).

• #50 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #51 Long-Term Follow-Up of Neonatal Hydronephrosis: Elucidation of Causes and Clinical Outcome

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijpr/international-journal-of-pediatric-research-ijpr-10-132.php?jid=ijpr

  Importance: Hydronephrosis is a common condition in infants that can be caused by a variety of factors. […] The most common final diagnoses were PUJ obstruction 34%, congenital hydronephrosis 8% VUJ obstruction 6% and PUJ dilation, 12%. […] The leading cause of hydronephrosis experienced in infants and children is PUJ obstruction. It refers to the narrowing of the junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis that causes obstructed passage of urine from the kidney. […] Hydronephrosis is a condition that is generally found to be very common in infants, predominating in 1-5% of neonates. It can be described as the dilatation of the renal collecting system. It may be caused by various factors, for instance, urinary tract obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, and primary vesicoureteral dysmotility. […] A significant minority, however, still had hydronephrosis. This would suggest that patients with hydronephrosis need to be clinically followed after their initial treatment.

• #52 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis may lead to loss of kidney function or kidney failure. However, prompt treatment reduces the risk of long-term complications. […] Often, a blockage or obstruction between your kidney and ureter is the cause of hydronephrosis. […] The most common cause of hydronephrosis is a blockage or obstruction in one of the parts of your urinary tract. Many conditions can cause this. […] In adults, the conditions that most often cause hydronephrosis include: Kidney stones: Stones (hard deposits made of calcium and oxalate) that may become lodged in your kidneys or urinary tract. Ureteral obstruction: An obstruction in your ureters. Tumors: Tumors in your bladder, prostate gland, uterus or other organs that are part of or near your urinary tract may keep pee from flowing. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of your prostate gland can cause pressure on your urethra. Narrowing of your urinary tract: This narrowing can be due to injury, infection, birth disorders or surgery. Nerve or muscle problems: These issues can affect your kidneys or ureters. Urinary retention: You cant empty your pee from your bladder. Vesicoureteral reflux: Your pee flows backward from your bladder to your kidneys. Ureterocele: This is a condition where the lower part of your ureter may protrude into your bladder.

• #53 Hydronephrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20575276

  Kidney stones. These are hard buildups of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. […] Enlarged prostate. A very enlarged prostate can cause the bladder to have trouble emptying urine. Urine may back up into the kidneys as a result. […] Injured or narrowed ureter. Pelvic surgery done with cuts through the stomach area could injure a ureter by accident. A ureter could become narrowed for reasons such as scarring after surgery or having radiation therapy for prostate cancer. […] Urinary tract infection. This type of infection can inflame any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys. […] Pregnancy. Swelling of the kidneys’ urine drainage system is common during pregnancy. Often, hydronephrosis in pregnant people doesn’t cause symptoms and goes away after giving birth. […] Cancer. With some types of cancer, a tumor can cause a urinary tract blockage. These include cancers of the bladder, cervix, colon and prostate.

• #54 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Hydronephrosis and hydroureter result from obstruction of urine flow in the urinary system at the renal pelvis and ureter level, respectively. […] This activity reviews the etiology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of hydroureteronephrosis and highlights the role of prompt management for timely prevention of renal dysfunction. […] Outline the broader etiology of hydronephrosis and hydroureter. […] The cause of urinary obstruction can be broadly classified as intrinsic and extrinsic compression. Causes of intrinsic obstruction include renal stones, malignancy, ureteropelvic junction stenosis, ureteral strictures from prior inflammation, renal cysts, posterior urethral valves, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and neurogenic bladder, etc. Causes of extrinsic compression include pregnancy, peripelvic cysts, retrocaval ureter, malignancy, trauma, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and prostate abscess, etc.

• #55 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #56 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #57 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis isnt a primary disease. Its a secondary condition that results from some other underlying disease. Its structural and is the result of a blockage or obstruction in the urinary tract. […] One of the most common causes of hydronephrosis is acute unilateral obstructive uropathy. This is the sudden development of an obstruction in one of your ureters, which are the tubes that connect your kidneys to your bladder. […] The most common cause for this blockage is a kidney stone, but scarring and blood clots can also cause acute unilateral obstructive uropathy. […] A blocked ureter can cause urine to go back up into the kidney, which causes swelling. This backflow of urine is known as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). […] Other potential causes of a blockage include: a kink in the ureteropelvic junction, which is where the ureter meets the pelvis of the kidney; an enlarged prostate gland in men, which can be due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis; pregnancy, which causes a compression due to a growing fetus; tumors in or near the ureter; a narrowing of the ureter from an injury or birth defect.

• #58 Hydronephrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20575276

  Kidney stones. These are hard buildups of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. […] Enlarged prostate. A very enlarged prostate can cause the bladder to have trouble emptying urine. Urine may back up into the kidneys as a result. […] Injured or narrowed ureter. Pelvic surgery done with cuts through the stomach area could injure a ureter by accident. A ureter could become narrowed for reasons such as scarring after surgery or having radiation therapy for prostate cancer. […] Urinary tract infection. This type of infection can inflame any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys. […] Pregnancy. Swelling of the kidneys’ urine drainage system is common during pregnancy. Often, hydronephrosis in pregnant people doesn’t cause symptoms and goes away after giving birth. […] Cancer. With some types of cancer, a tumor can cause a urinary tract blockage. These include cancers of the bladder, cervix, colon and prostate.

• #59 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #60 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #61 Hydronephrosis – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/programs-services/urology/hydronephrosis/

  The specialists at the CHOC Urology Center work one-on-one with each patient to determine the cause of each child’s hydronephrosis in order to create a customized treatment plan. […] A number of conditions can cause hydronephrosis. In some children, the root cause of the hydronephrosis may never be known. […] While there can be many conditions that lead to hydronephrosis, the most common causes are obstructions (blockages) that reduce the ability of urine to flow out of the kidney and into the bladder. These obstructions can include: UPJ obstruction is a blockage at the point where the kidney meets the ureter (the tube that carries urine to the bladder). UVJ obstruction is a blockage at the point where the ureter (the tube that carries urine to the bladder) meets the bladder. Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are an obstruction that occurs prior to birth in males that is caused by pieces of tissue in the area of the prostatic urethra. Ureterocele occurs when the ureter does not develop properly and causes a small pouch into the bladder.

• #62 Hydronephrosis | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/hydronephrosis

  Neurogenic Bladder. The normal nerve pathways associated with urination don’t work properly. […] Nonneurogenic Neurogenic Bladder. An emotionally influenced form of urinary retention. […] Posterior Urethral Valves. The normal valve in the urethra (the tube that drains urine from the bladder to outside the body) is too narrow to allow free urine flow. This condition occurs only in boys. […] Ureterocele. The urine swells the portion of the ureter closest to the bladder because the ureter opening is too small for the free flow of urine into the bladder. […] Ureterovesical Junction (UVJ) Obstruction. The valve where the ureter connects with the bladder is absent or nonfunctional. The pressure generated by the bladder emptying will force urine backward into the ureter and kidney, causing dilation without a mechanical obstruction.

• #63 Hydronephrosis | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/hydronephrosis

  The three main conditions that cause hydronephrosis are: […] Non-Obstructive Hydronephrosis. Swelling in the kidney that has no effect on kidney function. […] Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ) Obstruction. The ureter is „kinked” or narrow where it joins the kidney. […] Vesicoureteral Reflux. There is an abnormal backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and up to the kidney. This may be caused by an abnormality in how the ureter connects with the bladder, by nerve problems or by dysfunctional voiding. […] Other conditions that can cause hydronephrosis in children include: […] Ectopic Ureter. The ureter either bypasses the bladder completely or connects to the bladder in the wrong place. […] Megaureter. Both of the ureters are too wide. […] Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney. A kidney doesn’t function because of cystic tissue.

• #64 Hydronephrosis | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/hydronephrosis

  The three main conditions that cause hydronephrosis are: […] Non-Obstructive Hydronephrosis. Swelling in the kidney that has no effect on kidney function. […] Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ) Obstruction. The ureter is „kinked” or narrow where it joins the kidney. […] Vesicoureteral Reflux. There is an abnormal backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and up to the kidney. This may be caused by an abnormality in how the ureter connects with the bladder, by nerve problems or by dysfunctional voiding. […] Other conditions that can cause hydronephrosis in children include: […] Ectopic Ureter. The ureter either bypasses the bladder completely or connects to the bladder in the wrong place. […] Megaureter. Both of the ureters are too wide. […] Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney. A kidney doesn’t function because of cystic tissue.

• #65 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #66 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #67 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #68 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #69 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #70 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #71 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #72 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #73 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Functional ureter-level causes can be as follows: Gram-negative infection, Neurogenic bladder. […] Extrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Retroperitoneal lymphoma, Retroperitoneal sarcoma, Cervical cancer, Prostate cancer, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Aortic aneurysm, Inflammatory bowel disease, Ovarian vein syndrome, Retrocaval ureter, Uterine prolapse, Pregnancy, Iatrogenic ureteral ligation, Ovarian cysts, Diverticulitis, Tuboovarian abscess, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, Lymphocele, Pelvic lipomatosis, Radiation therapy, Urinoma. […] Intrinsic bladder-level causes can be as follows: Bladder carcinoma, Bladder calculi, Bladder neck contracture, Cystocele, Primary bladder neck hypertrophy, Bladder diverticula. […] Functional bladder-level causes can be as follows: Neurogenic bladder, Vesicoureteral reflux.

• #74 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Extrinsic bladder-level causes can include pelvic lipomatosis. […] Intrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Urethral stricture, Urethral valves, Urethral diverticula, Urethral atresia, Labial fusion, Hypospadias and epispadias. […] Extrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer, Urethral and penile cancer, Phimosis.

• #75 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Extrinsic bladder-level causes can include pelvic lipomatosis. […] Intrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Urethral stricture, Urethral valves, Urethral diverticula, Urethral atresia, Labial fusion, Hypospadias and epispadias. […] Extrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer, Urethral and penile cancer, Phimosis.

• #76 Bilateral hydronephrosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/bilateral-hydronephrosis

  Bilateral hydronephrosis occurs when urine is unable to drain from the kidney into the bladder. Hydronephrosis is not itself a disease. It occurs as a result of a problem that prevents urine from draining out of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. […] Disorders linked with bilateral hydronephrosis include: […] Acute bilateral obstructive uropathy — sudden blockage of the kidneys […] Bladder outlet obstruction — blockage of the bladder, which does not allow drainage […] Chronic bilateral obstructive uropathy — a gradual blockage of both kidneys is most often from a common singular obstruction […] Neurogenic bladder — poorly functional bladder […] Posterior urethral valves — flaps on the urethra that causes poor emptying of the bladder (in boys) […] Prune belly syndrome — poorly emptying bladder that causes distention of the belly

• #77 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Extrinsic bladder-level causes can include pelvic lipomatosis. […] Intrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Urethral stricture, Urethral valves, Urethral diverticula, Urethral atresia, Labial fusion, Hypospadias and epispadias. […] Extrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer, Urethral and penile cancer, Phimosis.

• #78 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Extrinsic bladder-level causes can include pelvic lipomatosis. […] Intrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Urethral stricture, Urethral valves, Urethral diverticula, Urethral atresia, Labial fusion, Hypospadias and epispadias. […] Extrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer, Urethral and penile cancer, Phimosis.

• #79 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Extrinsic bladder-level causes can include pelvic lipomatosis. […] Intrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Urethral stricture, Urethral valves, Urethral diverticula, Urethral atresia, Labial fusion, Hypospadias and epispadias. […] Extrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer, Urethral and penile cancer, Phimosis.

• #80 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Extrinsic bladder-level causes can include pelvic lipomatosis. […] Intrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Urethral stricture, Urethral valves, Urethral diverticula, Urethral atresia, Labial fusion, Hypospadias and epispadias. […] Extrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer, Urethral and penile cancer, Phimosis.

• #81 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Extrinsic bladder-level causes can include pelvic lipomatosis. […] Intrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Urethral stricture, Urethral valves, Urethral diverticula, Urethral atresia, Labial fusion, Hypospadias and epispadias. […] Extrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer, Urethral and penile cancer, Phimosis.

• #82 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Extrinsic bladder-level causes can include pelvic lipomatosis. […] Intrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Urethral stricture, Urethral valves, Urethral diverticula, Urethral atresia, Labial fusion, Hypospadias and epispadias. […] Extrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer, Urethral and penile cancer, Phimosis.

• #83 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Extrinsic bladder-level causes can include pelvic lipomatosis. […] Intrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Urethral stricture, Urethral valves, Urethral diverticula, Urethral atresia, Labial fusion, Hypospadias and epispadias. […] Extrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer, Urethral and penile cancer, Phimosis.

• #84 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  Extrinsic bladder-level causes can include pelvic lipomatosis. […] Intrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Urethral stricture, Urethral valves, Urethral diverticula, Urethral atresia, Labial fusion, Hypospadias and epispadias. […] Extrinsic urethra-level causes can be as follows: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate cancer, Urethral and penile cancer, Phimosis.

• #85 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Anatomic abnormalities account for the majority of cases in children. These include urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction. […] Nephrolithiasis is the most common cause of hydroureteronephrosis in young adults. […] Prostate hypertrophy and neoplasm, pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors, and renal stones are the more common causes in the elderly population. […] Hydronephrosis is commonly seen in up to 80% of pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis is more common in women for the age range 20-60 due to pregnancy and gynecologic malignancy. For the age group greater than 60, it becomes more common in men due to prostate disease and complications.

• #86 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #87 Long-Term Follow-Up of Neonatal Hydronephrosis: Elucidation of Causes and Clinical Outcome

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijpr/international-journal-of-pediatric-research-ijpr-10-132.php?jid=ijpr

  Importance: Hydronephrosis is a common condition in infants that can be caused by a variety of factors. […] The most common final diagnoses were PUJ obstruction 34%, congenital hydronephrosis 8% VUJ obstruction 6% and PUJ dilation, 12%. […] The leading cause of hydronephrosis experienced in infants and children is PUJ obstruction. It refers to the narrowing of the junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis that causes obstructed passage of urine from the kidney. […] Hydronephrosis is a condition that is generally found to be very common in infants, predominating in 1-5% of neonates. It can be described as the dilatation of the renal collecting system. It may be caused by various factors, for instance, urinary tract obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, and primary vesicoureteral dysmotility. […] A significant minority, however, still had hydronephrosis. This would suggest that patients with hydronephrosis need to be clinically followed after their initial treatment.

• #88 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  Urinary retention. This is when you cant fully empty your bladder. […] About 1 in 100 fetuses get hydronephrosis before they are born. This is called antenatal hydronephrosis, as antenatal means before birth. […] Possible causes include: […] Narrowing of the urinary tract. This is a normal part of early development, but it can cause hydronephrosis in some fetuses. […] Ureteral obstruction. Like adults, fetuses can have a blockage in the tubes that carry pee from the kidneys to the bladder. […] Urethral obstruction. Sometimes, male fetuses have a blockage in their urethra. […] Vesicoureteral reflux. For fetuses with this condition, some pee might flow backward from the bladder to the kidneys. […] Certain birth defects. Some birth defects can lead to blockages in the urinary tract. For example, a fetus might have an extra ureter or a ureter that doesnt enter the bladder in the right spot.

• #89

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hydronephrosis/

  Hydronephrosis is a condition where one or both kidneys become stretched and swollen as the result of a build-up of urine inside them. […] What causes hydronephrosis? […] Antenatal hydronephrosis diagnosed in pregnancy is usually mild. It’s thought to be caused by an increase in the amount of urine your baby produces in the later stages of pregnancy. […] In more severe cases, it may be caused by a blockage in the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder, backflow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys, or a blockage in the flow of urine out of the bladder. […] In adults, hydronephrosis is commonly caused by: kidney stones, pregnancy (maternal hydronephrosis), an enlarged prostate gland in men, narrowing of the ureters (the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder) caused by injury, infection or surgery, some types of cancer, including kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer or ovarian cancer.

• #90 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  In people with a uterus, hydronephrosis may occur as a result of: Pregnancy: As your uterus expands, it can press on your ureters and block the flow of pee. Uterine prolapse: A condition in which your uterus sags or slips out of its normal position. Cystocele (fallen bladder): A condition that occurs when the wall between your bladder and vagina weakens and allows your bladder to droop into your vagina. […] In babies, antenatal hydronephrosis may occur due to: An increase in the amount of pee the fetus produces. A blockage in the flow of pee at some point in their urinary tract. A backflow of pee from their bladder to their kidneys.

• #91 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  In people with a uterus, hydronephrosis may occur as a result of: Pregnancy: As your uterus expands, it can press on your ureters and block the flow of pee. Uterine prolapse: A condition in which your uterus sags or slips out of its normal position. Cystocele (fallen bladder): A condition that occurs when the wall between your bladder and vagina weakens and allows your bladder to droop into your vagina. […] In babies, antenatal hydronephrosis may occur due to: An increase in the amount of pee the fetus produces. A blockage in the flow of pee at some point in their urinary tract. A backflow of pee from their bladder to their kidneys.

• #92 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  Urinary retention. This is when you cant fully empty your bladder. […] About 1 in 100 fetuses get hydronephrosis before they are born. This is called antenatal hydronephrosis, as antenatal means before birth. […] Possible causes include: […] Narrowing of the urinary tract. This is a normal part of early development, but it can cause hydronephrosis in some fetuses. […] Ureteral obstruction. Like adults, fetuses can have a blockage in the tubes that carry pee from the kidneys to the bladder. […] Urethral obstruction. Sometimes, male fetuses have a blockage in their urethra. […] Vesicoureteral reflux. For fetuses with this condition, some pee might flow backward from the bladder to the kidneys. […] Certain birth defects. Some birth defects can lead to blockages in the urinary tract. For example, a fetus might have an extra ureter or a ureter that doesnt enter the bladder in the right spot.

• #93 Hydronephrosis in Newborns: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hydronephrosis-in-newborns

  Hydronephrosis is a common birth irregularity in newborns. Its often diagnosed before birth and can affect up to 2 out of every 100 fetuses. It can be the result of a blockage in the urinary tract tubes or a physical irregularity causing poor urine flow. […] Theres often no known cause for hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns. This is usually the situation with mild cases that clear up on their own, called transient hydronephrosis. These account for about 50% of cases diagnosed before birth. […] Its believed that a narrowing in the urinary tract during fetal development causes transient hydronephrosis. As the urinary tract matures, the hydronephrosis resolves. If hydronephrosis has not resolved before birth, it may sometimes still be transient and clear up by the time the child is 3 years old.

• #94 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-hydronephrosis

  Urinary retention. This is when you cant fully empty your bladder. […] About 1 in 100 fetuses get hydronephrosis before they are born. This is called antenatal hydronephrosis, as antenatal means before birth. […] Possible causes include: […] Narrowing of the urinary tract. This is a normal part of early development, but it can cause hydronephrosis in some fetuses. […] Ureteral obstruction. Like adults, fetuses can have a blockage in the tubes that carry pee from the kidneys to the bladder. […] Urethral obstruction. Sometimes, male fetuses have a blockage in their urethra. […] Vesicoureteral reflux. For fetuses with this condition, some pee might flow backward from the bladder to the kidneys. […] Certain birth defects. Some birth defects can lead to blockages in the urinary tract. For example, a fetus might have an extra ureter or a ureter that doesnt enter the bladder in the right spot.

• #95 Hydronephrosis | UNC Department of Urology

  https://www.med.unc.edu/urology/pediatrics/pediatric-conditions/hydronephrosis/

  Hydronephrosis may be caused by something blocking the urine flow somewhere along the urinary drainage tubes or due to urine back-flowing from the urinary bladder into the ureter (the tube that drains the kidney) and kidney. […] Hydronephrosis may be due to obstruction of the kidney drainage system, back-flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter and kidney or may simply be the way the kidney was formed during development. […] A blockage at any point along this pathway can lead to hydronephrosis. […] Typically higher grades (moderate-severe, grades 3 and 4) of hydronephrosis are associated with obstruction. […] When the connection between the ureter and bladder is weak or abnormal, urine will flow up-hill from the bladder to the kidney. […] In more than half of the children with hydronephrosis, the dilation resolves without any treatment. In these cases, the cause is never known. […] Hydronephrosis may be due to factors such as kidney stones, blood clots, tissue outgrowths (polyps) or other abnormalities.

• #96 Hydronephrosis in Newborns: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hydronephrosis-in-newborns

  Hydronephrosis is a common birth irregularity in newborns. Its often diagnosed before birth and can affect up to 2 out of every 100 fetuses. It can be the result of a blockage in the urinary tract tubes or a physical irregularity causing poor urine flow. […] Theres often no known cause for hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns. This is usually the situation with mild cases that clear up on their own, called transient hydronephrosis. These account for about 50% of cases diagnosed before birth. […] Its believed that a narrowing in the urinary tract during fetal development causes transient hydronephrosis. As the urinary tract matures, the hydronephrosis resolves. If hydronephrosis has not resolved before birth, it may sometimes still be transient and clear up by the time the child is 3 years old.

• #97 Hydronephrosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is the result of any of several abnormal pathophysiological occurrences. […] The most common causes of hydronephrosis in children are anatomical abnormalities. These include vesicoureteral reflux, urethral stricture, and stenosis. The most common cause of hydronephrosis in young adults is kidney stones. In older adults, the most common cause of hydronephrosis is benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), or intrapelvic neoplasms such as prostate cancer. […] Compression of one or both ureters can also be caused by other developmental defects not completely occurring during the fetal stage such as an abnormally placed vein, artery, or tumor. […] Sources of obstruction that can arise from other various causes include kidney stones, blood clots or retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] The obstruction may be either partial or complete, and can occur anywhere from the urethral meatus to the renal calyces. Hydronephrosis can also result from the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder back into the kidneys (vesicoureteral reflux), which can be caused by some of the factors listed above as well as compression of the bladder outlet into the urethra by prostate enlargement or fecal impaction in the rectum (which sits immediately behind the prostate), as well as abnormal contractions of bladder detrusor muscles resulting from neurological dysfunction (neurogenic bladder) or other muscular disorders.

• #98 Long-Term Follow-Up of Neonatal Hydronephrosis: Elucidation of Causes and Clinical Outcome

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijpr/international-journal-of-pediatric-research-ijpr-10-132.php?jid=ijpr

  Importance: Hydronephrosis is a common condition in infants that can be caused by a variety of factors. […] The most common final diagnoses were PUJ obstruction 34%, congenital hydronephrosis 8% VUJ obstruction 6% and PUJ dilation, 12%. […] The leading cause of hydronephrosis experienced in infants and children is PUJ obstruction. It refers to the narrowing of the junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis that causes obstructed passage of urine from the kidney. […] Hydronephrosis is a condition that is generally found to be very common in infants, predominating in 1-5% of neonates. It can be described as the dilatation of the renal collecting system. It may be caused by various factors, for instance, urinary tract obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, and primary vesicoureteral dysmotility. […] A significant minority, however, still had hydronephrosis. This would suggest that patients with hydronephrosis need to be clinically followed after their initial treatment.

• #99 Hydronephrosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is the result of any of several abnormal pathophysiological occurrences. […] The most common causes of hydronephrosis in children are anatomical abnormalities. These include vesicoureteral reflux, urethral stricture, and stenosis. The most common cause of hydronephrosis in young adults is kidney stones. In older adults, the most common cause of hydronephrosis is benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), or intrapelvic neoplasms such as prostate cancer. […] Compression of one or both ureters can also be caused by other developmental defects not completely occurring during the fetal stage such as an abnormally placed vein, artery, or tumor. […] Sources of obstruction that can arise from other various causes include kidney stones, blood clots or retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] The obstruction may be either partial or complete, and can occur anywhere from the urethral meatus to the renal calyces. Hydronephrosis can also result from the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder back into the kidneys (vesicoureteral reflux), which can be caused by some of the factors listed above as well as compression of the bladder outlet into the urethra by prostate enlargement or fecal impaction in the rectum (which sits immediately behind the prostate), as well as abnormal contractions of bladder detrusor muscles resulting from neurological dysfunction (neurogenic bladder) or other muscular disorders.

• #100 Long-Term Follow-Up of Neonatal Hydronephrosis: Elucidation of Causes and Clinical Outcome

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijpr/international-journal-of-pediatric-research-ijpr-10-132.php?jid=ijpr

  Importance: Hydronephrosis is a common condition in infants that can be caused by a variety of factors. […] The most common final diagnoses were PUJ obstruction 34%, congenital hydronephrosis 8% VUJ obstruction 6% and PUJ dilation, 12%. […] The leading cause of hydronephrosis experienced in infants and children is PUJ obstruction. It refers to the narrowing of the junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis that causes obstructed passage of urine from the kidney. […] Hydronephrosis is a condition that is generally found to be very common in infants, predominating in 1-5% of neonates. It can be described as the dilatation of the renal collecting system. It may be caused by various factors, for instance, urinary tract obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, and primary vesicoureteral dysmotility. […] A significant minority, however, still had hydronephrosis. This would suggest that patients with hydronephrosis need to be clinically followed after their initial treatment.

• #101 Hydronephrosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is the result of any of several abnormal pathophysiological occurrences. […] The most common causes of hydronephrosis in children are anatomical abnormalities. These include vesicoureteral reflux, urethral stricture, and stenosis. The most common cause of hydronephrosis in young adults is kidney stones. In older adults, the most common cause of hydronephrosis is benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), or intrapelvic neoplasms such as prostate cancer. […] Compression of one or both ureters can also be caused by other developmental defects not completely occurring during the fetal stage such as an abnormally placed vein, artery, or tumor. […] Sources of obstruction that can arise from other various causes include kidney stones, blood clots or retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] The obstruction may be either partial or complete, and can occur anywhere from the urethral meatus to the renal calyces. Hydronephrosis can also result from the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder back into the kidneys (vesicoureteral reflux), which can be caused by some of the factors listed above as well as compression of the bladder outlet into the urethra by prostate enlargement or fecal impaction in the rectum (which sits immediately behind the prostate), as well as abnormal contractions of bladder detrusor muscles resulting from neurological dysfunction (neurogenic bladder) or other muscular disorders.

• #102 Hydronephrosis | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is swelling of the kidneys, and it occurs in about one percent of all infants. […] Boys have hydronephrosis four to five times more often than girls, but so far, no other risk factors have been found. This means there is nothing you can do to protect your unborn child from hydronephrosis because it is not a hereditary condition. […] For unknown reasons, hydronephrosis sometimes happens through normal physiologic development. At least half the time, it is benign and causes no issues. The most common causes for moderate to severe hydronephrosis are: An obstruction between the kidneys and the urethra that prevents urine from draining properly from the kidneys. Blockages occur for several reasons, including: 1) posterior urethral valves (PUV), a condition in boys with tissue around the urethra that blocks outflow from the bladder 2) ureterocele, which is swelling in the ureter where it enters the bladder that blocks urine flow 3) ureterovesical junction obstruction (UVJ), a blockage where the ureter and the bladder join and 4) ureteropelvic obstruction (UPJ), a blockage where the kidney and the ureter join.

• #103 Hydronephrosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is a condition, affecting about 1 in 100 babies, where urine overfills or backs up into the kidney, causing the kidney to swell. […] Typically, hydronephrosis is caused by either something blocking urine flow or by urine leaking backward through the urinary system. […] Two types of problems cause hydronephrosis. One is obstruction, where urine is physically prevented from draining out of the kidney. The obstruction, or blockage, can occur at any point in the urinary system from the kidney down to the urethra. The second is reflux, in which urine flows back up into the kidney. […] Blockage (obstruction): Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction: A blockage at the point where the kidney joins the ureter (the thin tube that carries urine to the bladder). A narrowing at the top of the ureter is usually the cause. […] Other causes of hydronephrosis: Ectopic ureter: A rare condition where a ureter doesn’t connect to the bladder in the normal location. […] In more than half of the children who are prenatally diagnosed with hydronephrosis, the condition resolves itself and the cause is never known.

• #104 Hydronephrosis in Children | Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and other FAQs

  https://www.londonchildrensurgery.co.uk/hydronephrosis.php

  Hydronephrosis happens when urine collects inside the kidneys. The kidney will then swell up. The increase in size can be detected on an ultrasound scan. Urine can build up inside the kidney if it isnt able to make its way to the bladder or if it returns back up the ureter. […] Hydronephrosis can happen for a number of different reasons. In most cases, the problem will only affect one of the kidneys. This is known as unilateral hydronephrosis and it wont usually cause serious issues as the unaffected kidney will still be able to function normally. However, in some cases, both kidneys can be affected. This can be more serious if the body is not able to eliminate waste by producing urine efficiently enough. […] The most likely causes of hydronephrosis in babies are: Blockages in the urinary tract. The blockage could be between the kidney and ureter, between the bladder and the ureter or in the urethra that leads out of the bladder. Ureteric duplication, which happens when there are two ureters connecting one of the kidneys to the bladder. The lower end of one of these ureters is then likely to be blocked. This condition happens in about 1% of babies. Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK), which occurs when one of the kidneys fails to form correctly. The non-functioning kidney contains large numbers of cysts. Vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR), which occurs when the valve where the ureter connects to the bladder doesnt work properly. It isnt able to stop urine from moving back up the ureter towards the kidney.

• #105 Hydronephrosis in Children | Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and other FAQs

  https://www.londonchildrensurgery.co.uk/hydronephrosis.php

  Hydronephrosis happens when urine collects inside the kidneys. The kidney will then swell up. The increase in size can be detected on an ultrasound scan. Urine can build up inside the kidney if it isnt able to make its way to the bladder or if it returns back up the ureter. […] Hydronephrosis can happen for a number of different reasons. In most cases, the problem will only affect one of the kidneys. This is known as unilateral hydronephrosis and it wont usually cause serious issues as the unaffected kidney will still be able to function normally. However, in some cases, both kidneys can be affected. This can be more serious if the body is not able to eliminate waste by producing urine efficiently enough. […] The most likely causes of hydronephrosis in babies are: Blockages in the urinary tract. The blockage could be between the kidney and ureter, between the bladder and the ureter or in the urethra that leads out of the bladder. Ureteric duplication, which happens when there are two ureters connecting one of the kidneys to the bladder. The lower end of one of these ureters is then likely to be blocked. This condition happens in about 1% of babies. Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK), which occurs when one of the kidneys fails to form correctly. The non-functioning kidney contains large numbers of cysts. Vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR), which occurs when the valve where the ureter connects to the bladder doesnt work properly. It isnt able to stop urine from moving back up the ureter towards the kidney.

• #106 Hydronephrosis | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is swelling of the kidneys, and it occurs in about one percent of all infants. […] Boys have hydronephrosis four to five times more often than girls, but so far, no other risk factors have been found. This means there is nothing you can do to protect your unborn child from hydronephrosis because it is not a hereditary condition. […] For unknown reasons, hydronephrosis sometimes happens through normal physiologic development. At least half the time, it is benign and causes no issues. The most common causes for moderate to severe hydronephrosis are: An obstruction between the kidneys and the urethra that prevents urine from draining properly from the kidneys. Blockages occur for several reasons, including: 1) posterior urethral valves (PUV), a condition in boys with tissue around the urethra that blocks outflow from the bladder 2) ureterocele, which is swelling in the ureter where it enters the bladder that blocks urine flow 3) ureterovesical junction obstruction (UVJ), a blockage where the ureter and the bladder join and 4) ureteropelvic obstruction (UPJ), a blockage where the kidney and the ureter join.

• #107 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Anatomic abnormalities account for the majority of cases in children. These include urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction. […] Nephrolithiasis is the most common cause of hydroureteronephrosis in young adults. […] Prostate hypertrophy and neoplasm, pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors, and renal stones are the more common causes in the elderly population. […] Hydronephrosis is commonly seen in up to 80% of pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis is more common in women for the age range 20-60 due to pregnancy and gynecologic malignancy. For the age group greater than 60, it becomes more common in men due to prostate disease and complications.

• #108 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Anatomic abnormalities account for the majority of cases in children. These include urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction. […] Nephrolithiasis is the most common cause of hydroureteronephrosis in young adults. […] Prostate hypertrophy and neoplasm, pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors, and renal stones are the more common causes in the elderly population. […] Hydronephrosis is commonly seen in up to 80% of pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis is more common in women for the age range 20-60 due to pregnancy and gynecologic malignancy. For the age group greater than 60, it becomes more common in men due to prostate disease and complications.

• #109 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Anatomic abnormalities account for the majority of cases in children. These include urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction. […] Nephrolithiasis is the most common cause of hydroureteronephrosis in young adults. […] Prostate hypertrophy and neoplasm, pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors, and renal stones are the more common causes in the elderly population. […] Hydronephrosis is commonly seen in up to 80% of pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis is more common in women for the age range 20-60 due to pregnancy and gynecologic malignancy. For the age group greater than 60, it becomes more common in men due to prostate disease and complications.

• #110 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #111 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Anatomic abnormalities account for the majority of cases in children. These include urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction. […] Nephrolithiasis is the most common cause of hydroureteronephrosis in young adults. […] Prostate hypertrophy and neoplasm, pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors, and renal stones are the more common causes in the elderly population. […] Hydronephrosis is commonly seen in up to 80% of pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis is more common in women for the age range 20-60 due to pregnancy and gynecologic malignancy. For the age group greater than 60, it becomes more common in men due to prostate disease and complications.

• #112 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #113 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Anatomic abnormalities account for the majority of cases in children. These include urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction. […] Nephrolithiasis is the most common cause of hydroureteronephrosis in young adults. […] Prostate hypertrophy and neoplasm, pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors, and renal stones are the more common causes in the elderly population. […] Hydronephrosis is commonly seen in up to 80% of pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis is more common in women for the age range 20-60 due to pregnancy and gynecologic malignancy. For the age group greater than 60, it becomes more common in men due to prostate disease and complications.

• #114 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Anatomic abnormalities account for the majority of cases in children. These include urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction. […] Nephrolithiasis is the most common cause of hydroureteronephrosis in young adults. […] Prostate hypertrophy and neoplasm, pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors, and renal stones are the more common causes in the elderly population. […] Hydronephrosis is commonly seen in up to 80% of pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis is more common in women for the age range 20-60 due to pregnancy and gynecologic malignancy. For the age group greater than 60, it becomes more common in men due to prostate disease and complications.

• #115 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Anatomic abnormalities account for the majority of cases in children. These include urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction. […] Nephrolithiasis is the most common cause of hydroureteronephrosis in young adults. […] Prostate hypertrophy and neoplasm, pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors, and renal stones are the more common causes in the elderly population. […] Hydronephrosis is commonly seen in up to 80% of pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis is more common in women for the age range 20-60 due to pregnancy and gynecologic malignancy. For the age group greater than 60, it becomes more common in men due to prostate disease and complications.

• #116 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Anatomic abnormalities account for the majority of cases in children. These include urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction. […] Nephrolithiasis is the most common cause of hydroureteronephrosis in young adults. […] Prostate hypertrophy and neoplasm, pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors, and renal stones are the more common causes in the elderly population. […] Hydronephrosis is commonly seen in up to 80% of pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis is more common in women for the age range 20-60 due to pregnancy and gynecologic malignancy. For the age group greater than 60, it becomes more common in men due to prostate disease and complications.

• #117 Hydronephrosis During Pregnancy: Definition, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/hydronephrosis-during-pregnancy-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Certain pre-existing conditions, such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections, or abnormalities in the urinary system, can increase the risk of hydronephrosis during pregnancy. […] Hydronephrosis during pregnancy is typically considered a physiological adaptation rather than a pathological condition. […] The term physiologic hydronephrosis is often used to describe the normal dilation of the renal pelvis and ureters that can occur in pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis during pregnancy is most common during the second and third trimesters. […] The enlarging uterus can put pressure on the ureters, the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, leading to obstruction and subsequent dilation of the renal pelvis and ureters. […] While physiologic hydronephrosis is a normal and expected adaptation to pregnancy, it is essential to differentiate it from pathologic hydronephrosis, which may occur due to obstructions or other underlying conditions that are not part of the normal physiological changes associated with pregnancy.

• #118 Hydronephrosis During Pregnancy: Definition, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/hydronephrosis-during-pregnancy-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Certain pre-existing conditions, such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections, or abnormalities in the urinary system, can increase the risk of hydronephrosis during pregnancy. […] Hydronephrosis during pregnancy is typically considered a physiological adaptation rather than a pathological condition. […] The term physiologic hydronephrosis is often used to describe the normal dilation of the renal pelvis and ureters that can occur in pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis during pregnancy is most common during the second and third trimesters. […] The enlarging uterus can put pressure on the ureters, the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, leading to obstruction and subsequent dilation of the renal pelvis and ureters. […] While physiologic hydronephrosis is a normal and expected adaptation to pregnancy, it is essential to differentiate it from pathologic hydronephrosis, which may occur due to obstructions or other underlying conditions that are not part of the normal physiological changes associated with pregnancy.

• #119 Hydronephrosis During Pregnancy: Definition, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/hydronephrosis-during-pregnancy-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Hydronephrosis during pregnancy can result from a combination of anatomical and physiological changes associated with pregnancy. The primary causes include: […] The primary cause of hydronephrosis during pregnancy is often the compression of the ureters, the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, by the expanding uterus. This compression can lead to a backup of urine, causing the affected kidneys to swell. […] Several factors contribute to the development of hydronephrosis during pregnancy: […] Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, particularly the increased levels of progesterone, can cause relaxation of smooth muscles, including those in the urinary tract. This relaxation can contribute to a slowdown in urine transport, making pregnant women more susceptible to hydronephrosis.

• #120 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hydronephrosis/article.htm

  Hydronephrosis describes the situation where the urine-collecting system of the kidney is dilated. This may be a normal variant or it may be due to an underlying illness or medical condition. […] While obstruction or blockage is the most frequent cause of hydronephrosis, it may be due to problems that occur congenitally in a fetus (prenatal) or may be a physiologic response to pregnancy. A large percentage of pregnant women develop hydronephrosis kidney or hydroureter. Experts think this is partly because of the effects of progesterone on the ureters, which decreases their tone. […] The main cause of hydronephrosis is an obstruction in the urinary tract that prevents urine from draining out of the kidney, leading to swelling and dilation of the kidney. This blockage can occur at various points along the urinary tract, including the ureter, bladder, or urethra.

• #121 Hydronephrosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosis

  In pregnancy, dextrorotation (rotation to the right) of the uterus can cause compression on the right ureter, thus making hydronephrosis more common in the right kidney than in the left kidney. Besides, hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and prostaglandin can cause ureter dilatation, thus causing hydronephrosis despite the absence of visible obstruction along the urinary tract.

• #122 Urinary Tract Obstruction – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/obstruction-of-the-urinary-tract/urinary-tract-obstruction

  In children, obstruction is due mainly to birth defects affecting the urinary tract. […] In adults, men (particularly those older than 60) are more likely to be affected because the prostate gland tends to increase in size as men age (a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia) and block the flow of urine. […] The most common causes overall are […] In older adults: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral stricture, or prostate cancer, tumors, and stones. […] Other common causes of obstruction include strictures (narrowing caused by scar tissue) of the ureter or urethra that develop after radiation therapy, surgery, or procedures done on the urinary tract. […] Hydronephrosis of both kidneys can occur during pregnancy as the enlarging uterus compresses the ureters. […] This condition, commonly called hydronephrosis of pregnancy, usually resolves when the pregnancy ends, although the renal pelvis and ureters may remain somewhat distended (swollen) afterward.

• #123 Eosinophilic inflammation that begins in the juvenile stage causes hydronephrosis and urothelial cancer in mutant mice | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-81013-w

  Obstructive hydronephrosis is caused by various factors such as chronic inflammation and tumors. […] Eosinophilic inflammation is associated with the development of hydronephrosis and urothelial hyperplasia, which may progress to urothelial adenocarcinoma due to increased CLP expression. […] Hydronephrosis is caused by obstruction of the urinary tract due to chronic inflammation, tumors, urinary stones, and birth defects at the ureteropelvic junction. […] Eosinophil infiltration was further exacerbated at 3 weeks, extending into the urothelial layer, and the urothelium proliferated as eosinophilic inflammation spread to the urothelial layer. […] The finding that urothelial YM1 and CHI3L1 expression are associated with eosinophilic inflammation and urothelial hyperplasia suggests that CLP triggers eosinophilic inflammation.

• #124 Hydronephrosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20575276

  Kidney stones. These are hard buildups of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. […] Enlarged prostate. A very enlarged prostate can cause the bladder to have trouble emptying urine. Urine may back up into the kidneys as a result. […] Injured or narrowed ureter. Pelvic surgery done with cuts through the stomach area could injure a ureter by accident. A ureter could become narrowed for reasons such as scarring after surgery or having radiation therapy for prostate cancer. […] Urinary tract infection. This type of infection can inflame any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys. […] Pregnancy. Swelling of the kidneys’ urine drainage system is common during pregnancy. Often, hydronephrosis in pregnant people doesn’t cause symptoms and goes away after giving birth. […] Cancer. With some types of cancer, a tumor can cause a urinary tract blockage. These include cancers of the bladder, cervix, colon and prostate.

• #125 Eosinophilic inflammation that begins in the juvenile stage causes hydronephrosis and urothelial cancer in mutant mice | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-81013-w

  Obstructive hydronephrosis is caused by various factors such as chronic inflammation and tumors. […] Eosinophilic inflammation is associated with the development of hydronephrosis and urothelial hyperplasia, which may progress to urothelial adenocarcinoma due to increased CLP expression. […] Hydronephrosis is caused by obstruction of the urinary tract due to chronic inflammation, tumors, urinary stones, and birth defects at the ureteropelvic junction. […] Eosinophil infiltration was further exacerbated at 3 weeks, extending into the urothelial layer, and the urothelium proliferated as eosinophilic inflammation spread to the urothelial layer. […] The finding that urothelial YM1 and CHI3L1 expression are associated with eosinophilic inflammation and urothelial hyperplasia suggests that CLP triggers eosinophilic inflammation.

• #126 Eosinophilic inflammation that begins in the juvenile stage causes hydronephrosis and urothelial cancer in mutant mice | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-81013-w

  Obstructive hydronephrosis is caused by various factors such as chronic inflammation and tumors. […] Eosinophilic inflammation is associated with the development of hydronephrosis and urothelial hyperplasia, which may progress to urothelial adenocarcinoma due to increased CLP expression. […] Hydronephrosis is caused by obstruction of the urinary tract due to chronic inflammation, tumors, urinary stones, and birth defects at the ureteropelvic junction. […] Eosinophil infiltration was further exacerbated at 3 weeks, extending into the urothelial layer, and the urothelium proliferated as eosinophilic inflammation spread to the urothelial layer. […] The finding that urothelial YM1 and CHI3L1 expression are associated with eosinophilic inflammation and urothelial hyperplasia suggests that CLP triggers eosinophilic inflammation.

• #127 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis isnt a primary disease. Its a secondary condition that results from some other underlying disease. Its structural and is the result of a blockage or obstruction in the urinary tract. […] One of the most common causes of hydronephrosis is acute unilateral obstructive uropathy. This is the sudden development of an obstruction in one of your ureters, which are the tubes that connect your kidneys to your bladder. […] The most common cause for this blockage is a kidney stone, but scarring and blood clots can also cause acute unilateral obstructive uropathy. […] A blocked ureter can cause urine to go back up into the kidney, which causes swelling. This backflow of urine is known as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). […] Other potential causes of a blockage include: a kink in the ureteropelvic junction, which is where the ureter meets the pelvis of the kidney; an enlarged prostate gland in men, which can be due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis; pregnancy, which causes a compression due to a growing fetus; tumors in or near the ureter; a narrowing of the ureter from an injury or birth defect.

• #128 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #129 Hydronephrosis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hydronephrosis_causes

  Hydronephrosis is commonly caused by conditions that obstruct urine outflow anywhere between kidneys and urethral opening. It is also caused by non obstructive conditions in some cases. Most common causes of hydronephrosis are renal calculi, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, carcinoma involving urinary tract, prostate enlargement and cancer, blood clots retention and external compression from pelvic and abdominal tumors such as ovarian cysts, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] Hydronephrosis is most commonly caused by urinary tract obstruction anywhere from kidneys to the urethral opening. It is also caused by non-obstructive conditions. […] The following table summarizes the common causes of hydronephrosis. […] Less common causes of disease name include: Fungal ball, Ketamine abuse, Physiologic hydronephrosis may be seen in pregnancy, Pelvic lipomatosis, Retrocaval ureter, Ureteral valve and pyeloureteric junction obstruction, Ureteral folds, Bladder diverticula, Bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex, Prune belly syndrome, Phimosis.

• #130 Hydronephrosis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hydronephrosis_causes

  Hydronephrosis is commonly caused by conditions that obstruct urine outflow anywhere between kidneys and urethral opening. It is also caused by non obstructive conditions in some cases. Most common causes of hydronephrosis are renal calculi, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, carcinoma involving urinary tract, prostate enlargement and cancer, blood clots retention and external compression from pelvic and abdominal tumors such as ovarian cysts, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] Hydronephrosis is most commonly caused by urinary tract obstruction anywhere from kidneys to the urethral opening. It is also caused by non-obstructive conditions. […] The following table summarizes the common causes of hydronephrosis. […] Less common causes of disease name include: Fungal ball, Ketamine abuse, Physiologic hydronephrosis may be seen in pregnancy, Pelvic lipomatosis, Retrocaval ureter, Ureteral valve and pyeloureteric junction obstruction, Ureteral folds, Bladder diverticula, Bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex, Prune belly syndrome, Phimosis.

• #131 Hydronephrosis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hydronephrosis_causes

  Hydronephrosis is commonly caused by conditions that obstruct urine outflow anywhere between kidneys and urethral opening. It is also caused by non obstructive conditions in some cases. Most common causes of hydronephrosis are renal calculi, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, carcinoma involving urinary tract, prostate enlargement and cancer, blood clots retention and external compression from pelvic and abdominal tumors such as ovarian cysts, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] Hydronephrosis is most commonly caused by urinary tract obstruction anywhere from kidneys to the urethral opening. It is also caused by non-obstructive conditions. […] The following table summarizes the common causes of hydronephrosis. […] Less common causes of disease name include: Fungal ball, Ketamine abuse, Physiologic hydronephrosis may be seen in pregnancy, Pelvic lipomatosis, Retrocaval ureter, Ureteral valve and pyeloureteric junction obstruction, Ureteral folds, Bladder diverticula, Bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex, Prune belly syndrome, Phimosis.

• #132 Bilateral hydronephrosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/bilateral-hydronephrosis

  Bilateral hydronephrosis occurs when urine is unable to drain from the kidney into the bladder. Hydronephrosis is not itself a disease. It occurs as a result of a problem that prevents urine from draining out of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. […] Disorders linked with bilateral hydronephrosis include: […] Acute bilateral obstructive uropathy — sudden blockage of the kidneys […] Bladder outlet obstruction — blockage of the bladder, which does not allow drainage […] Chronic bilateral obstructive uropathy — a gradual blockage of both kidneys is most often from a common singular obstruction […] Neurogenic bladder — poorly functional bladder […] Posterior urethral valves — flaps on the urethra that causes poor emptying of the bladder (in boys) […] Prune belly syndrome — poorly emptying bladder that causes distention of the belly

• #133 Hydronephrosis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hydronephrosis_causes

  Hydronephrosis is commonly caused by conditions that obstruct urine outflow anywhere between kidneys and urethral opening. It is also caused by non obstructive conditions in some cases. Most common causes of hydronephrosis are renal calculi, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, carcinoma involving urinary tract, prostate enlargement and cancer, blood clots retention and external compression from pelvic and abdominal tumors such as ovarian cysts, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] Hydronephrosis is most commonly caused by urinary tract obstruction anywhere from kidneys to the urethral opening. It is also caused by non-obstructive conditions. […] The following table summarizes the common causes of hydronephrosis. […] Less common causes of disease name include: Fungal ball, Ketamine abuse, Physiologic hydronephrosis may be seen in pregnancy, Pelvic lipomatosis, Retrocaval ureter, Ureteral valve and pyeloureteric junction obstruction, Ureteral folds, Bladder diverticula, Bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex, Prune belly syndrome, Phimosis.

• #134 Hydronephrosis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hydronephrosis_causes

  Hydronephrosis is commonly caused by conditions that obstruct urine outflow anywhere between kidneys and urethral opening. It is also caused by non obstructive conditions in some cases. Most common causes of hydronephrosis are renal calculi, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, carcinoma involving urinary tract, prostate enlargement and cancer, blood clots retention and external compression from pelvic and abdominal tumors such as ovarian cysts, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] Hydronephrosis is most commonly caused by urinary tract obstruction anywhere from kidneys to the urethral opening. It is also caused by non-obstructive conditions. […] The following table summarizes the common causes of hydronephrosis. […] Less common causes of disease name include: Fungal ball, Ketamine abuse, Physiologic hydronephrosis may be seen in pregnancy, Pelvic lipomatosis, Retrocaval ureter, Ureteral valve and pyeloureteric junction obstruction, Ureteral folds, Bladder diverticula, Bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex, Prune belly syndrome, Phimosis.

• #135 Hydronephrosis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hydronephrosis_causes

  Hydronephrosis is commonly caused by conditions that obstruct urine outflow anywhere between kidneys and urethral opening. It is also caused by non obstructive conditions in some cases. Most common causes of hydronephrosis are renal calculi, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, carcinoma involving urinary tract, prostate enlargement and cancer, blood clots retention and external compression from pelvic and abdominal tumors such as ovarian cysts, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] Hydronephrosis is most commonly caused by urinary tract obstruction anywhere from kidneys to the urethral opening. It is also caused by non-obstructive conditions. […] The following table summarizes the common causes of hydronephrosis. […] Less common causes of disease name include: Fungal ball, Ketamine abuse, Physiologic hydronephrosis may be seen in pregnancy, Pelvic lipomatosis, Retrocaval ureter, Ureteral valve and pyeloureteric junction obstruction, Ureteral folds, Bladder diverticula, Bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex, Prune belly syndrome, Phimosis.

• #136 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/436259-overview

  A multitude of causes exist for hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Classification can be made according to the level within the urinary tract and whether the etiology is intrinsic, extrinsic, or functional. […] The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. Anatomic abnormalities (including urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) account for the majority of cases in children. In comparison, calculi are most common in young adults, while prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, retroperitoneal or pelvic neoplasms, and calculi are the primary causes in older patients. […] Intrinsic ureter-level causes can be as follows: Ureteropelvic junction stricture, Ureterovesical junction obstruction, Papillary necrosis, Ureteral folds, Ureteral valves, Ureterovesical reflux, Ureteral stricture (iatrogenic), Blood clot, Benign fibroepithelial polyps, Ureteral tumor, Fungus ball, Ureteral calculus, Ureterocele, Endometriosis, Tuberculosis, Retrocaval ureter.

• #137 Hydronephrosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/swollen-kidney-and-hydronephrosis-4171499

  Hydronephrosis can affect people of all ages, from before birth to adulthood. If hydronephrosis happens before birth, it is referred to as antenatal hydronephrosis or fetal hydronephrosis. […] Common risk factors for hydronephrosis in adults include renal calculi (kidney stones that cause blockage when they move adjacent to or into the drainage tube of the kidney, called the ureter), enlarged prostate, pelvic masses or tumors (such as ovarian cysts, cervical cancer, or prostate cancer), and neurogenic bladder (the neurological loss of bladder control). […] Hydronephrosis can also occur during pregnancy as the growing uterus presses against the urinary tract. […] Not all swelling of the kidney is hydronephrosis. If you have a normal variant to the shape of your kidney called extrarenal pelvis this may look like hydronephrosis on imaging. Further testing can be done to rule out real hydronephrosis versus having extrarenal pelvis.

• #138 Hydronephrosis | UNC Department of Urology

  https://www.med.unc.edu/urology/pediatrics/pediatric-conditions/hydronephrosis/

  Hydronephrosis may be caused by something blocking the urine flow somewhere along the urinary drainage tubes or due to urine back-flowing from the urinary bladder into the ureter (the tube that drains the kidney) and kidney. […] Hydronephrosis may be due to obstruction of the kidney drainage system, back-flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter and kidney or may simply be the way the kidney was formed during development. […] A blockage at any point along this pathway can lead to hydronephrosis. […] Typically higher grades (moderate-severe, grades 3 and 4) of hydronephrosis are associated with obstruction. […] When the connection between the ureter and bladder is weak or abnormal, urine will flow up-hill from the bladder to the kidney. […] In more than half of the children with hydronephrosis, the dilation resolves without any treatment. In these cases, the cause is never known. […] Hydronephrosis may be due to factors such as kidney stones, blood clots, tissue outgrowths (polyps) or other abnormalities.

• #139 Hydronephrosis in Newborns: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hydronephrosis-in-newborns

  Hydronephrosis is a common birth irregularity in newborns. Its often diagnosed before birth and can affect up to 2 out of every 100 fetuses. It can be the result of a blockage in the urinary tract tubes or a physical irregularity causing poor urine flow. […] Theres often no known cause for hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns. This is usually the situation with mild cases that clear up on their own, called transient hydronephrosis. These account for about 50% of cases diagnosed before birth. […] Its believed that a narrowing in the urinary tract during fetal development causes transient hydronephrosis. As the urinary tract matures, the hydronephrosis resolves. If hydronephrosis has not resolved before birth, it may sometimes still be transient and clear up by the time the child is 3 years old.

• #140 Etiology of Hydronephrosis in Neonates

  https://brieflands.com/articles/num-65307.html

  Hydronephrosis as a major health issue, has a significant contribution to the loss of kidney function and dialysis. […] Based on these examinations, etiology of hydronephrosis were examined and recorded. […] Idiopathic cause (42%) as the most common etiology and vesicoureteric reflux as 2nd most common etiology of hydronephrosis have been evaluated (37.4%). […] Based on this finding, different causes can induce hydronephrosis as a different etiology; therefore, we can control and reduce hydronephrosis by checking vesicoureteric reflux as the most common possible etiology. […] Hydronephrosis is not a primary condition and results from other underlying diseases that result from a blockage or obstruction in the urinary tract. […] Acute unilateral obstructive uropathy is one of the most common causes of hydronephrosis, other causes include a torsion of ureteropelvic junction, tumors in or near the ureter, and narrowing of the ureter from congenital defect or injury. […] The most common etiology of hydronephrosis in this study was VUR, which was seen in 100 children (31.8%). […] VUR is the most common etiology of hydronephrosis in neonates. Therefore, we can control and reduce hydronephrosis by checking VUR as the most common possible etiology.

• #141 Hydronephrosis in Newborns: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hydronephrosis-in-newborns

  Hydronephrosis is a common birth irregularity in newborns. Its often diagnosed before birth and can affect up to 2 out of every 100 fetuses. It can be the result of a blockage in the urinary tract tubes or a physical irregularity causing poor urine flow. […] Theres often no known cause for hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns. This is usually the situation with mild cases that clear up on their own, called transient hydronephrosis. These account for about 50% of cases diagnosed before birth. […] Its believed that a narrowing in the urinary tract during fetal development causes transient hydronephrosis. As the urinary tract matures, the hydronephrosis resolves. If hydronephrosis has not resolved before birth, it may sometimes still be transient and clear up by the time the child is 3 years old.

• #142 Hydronephrosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hydronephrosis

  When urine cant drain properly from your childs kidney to their bladder, their kidney can become enlarged (dilated) with that extra urine. This is called hydronephrosis, or you might also hear your doctor call it, urinary tract dilation. […] Hydronephrosis can range from mild to severe, depending on the cause of the dilation. Often children who have hydronephrosis have it from the time of birth. […] Causes of hydronephrosis: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine travels backward from the bladder up towards the kidney. This may affect one or both ureters (the tubes that normally carry urine from the kidney to the bladder). […] An obstruction can occur at any location along the urinary tract: The ureteropelvic junction (UPJ), where the ureter is connected to the kidney; The ureterovesical junction (UVJ) where the ureter enters the bladder; this can be an intrinsic narrowing, or may be associated with ureterocele, which is a balloon-like obstruction at the end of the ureter; In the urethra in boys (posterior urethral valve, PUV). […] No significant abnormality. The dilation in many of these kidneys eventually resolves over time and no specific cause is discovered.

• #143 Hydronephrosis (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/hydronephrosis-pediatric

  Hydronephrosis is a swelling or dilation within the kidney or ureter, the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder, and often results from a blockage at the top of the ureter near the kidney, an area known as the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ). […] Why the ureter becomes blocked during development is unclear. […] If UPJ obstruction is determined to be the cause of the hydronephrosis, the chances for future children with the same obstruction may be as high as 50 percent. […] In addition, certain genetic conditions can cause the kidneys to have cysts and generally carry a 25 percent chance for future children to have the same condition.

• #144 Hydronephrosis (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/hydronephrosis-pediatric

  Hydronephrosis is a swelling or dilation within the kidney or ureter, the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder, and often results from a blockage at the top of the ureter near the kidney, an area known as the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ). […] Why the ureter becomes blocked during development is unclear. […] If UPJ obstruction is determined to be the cause of the hydronephrosis, the chances for future children with the same obstruction may be as high as 50 percent. […] In addition, certain genetic conditions can cause the kidneys to have cysts and generally carry a 25 percent chance for future children to have the same condition.

• #145 Hydronephrosis (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/hydronephrosis-pediatric

  Hydronephrosis is a swelling or dilation within the kidney or ureter, the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder, and often results from a blockage at the top of the ureter near the kidney, an area known as the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ). […] Why the ureter becomes blocked during development is unclear. […] If UPJ obstruction is determined to be the cause of the hydronephrosis, the chances for future children with the same obstruction may be as high as 50 percent. […] In addition, certain genetic conditions can cause the kidneys to have cysts and generally carry a 25 percent chance for future children to have the same condition.

• #146 Causes of antenatal hydronephrosis | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/antenatal-hydronephrosis/causes-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis/

  Most cases antenatal hydronephrosis are not inherited and are not caused by anything that the mother does during her pregnancy. […] Occasionally, antenatal hydronephrosis is caused by other problems affecting the development of the kidneys or the urinary system. These include: […] Some cases of antenatal hydronephrosis are caused by a blockage (or obstruction) that partially or fully stops the flow of urine out of the kidney. […] There are different types of problems that cause a blockage. […] A few conditions that cause antenatal hydronephrosis, such as VUR, may run in families and may be inherited from the mother or father.

• #147 Causes of antenatal hydronephrosis | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/antenatal-hydronephrosis/causes-of-antenatal-hydronephrosis/

  Most cases antenatal hydronephrosis are not inherited and are not caused by anything that the mother does during her pregnancy. […] Occasionally, antenatal hydronephrosis is caused by other problems affecting the development of the kidneys or the urinary system. These include: […] Some cases of antenatal hydronephrosis are caused by a blockage (or obstruction) that partially or fully stops the flow of urine out of the kidney. […] There are different types of problems that cause a blockage. […] A few conditions that cause antenatal hydronephrosis, such as VUR, may run in families and may be inherited from the mother or father.

• #148 Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563217/

  Anatomic abnormalities account for the majority of cases in children. These include urethral valves or stricture, and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction. […] Nephrolithiasis is the most common cause of hydroureteronephrosis in young adults. […] Prostate hypertrophy and neoplasm, pelvic and retroperitoneal tumors, and renal stones are the more common causes in the elderly population. […] Hydronephrosis is commonly seen in up to 80% of pregnant women. […] Hydronephrosis is more common in women for the age range 20-60 due to pregnancy and gynecologic malignancy. For the age group greater than 60, it becomes more common in men due to prostate disease and complications.

• #149 Hydronephrosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis is the result of any of several abnormal pathophysiological occurrences. […] The most common causes of hydronephrosis in children are anatomical abnormalities. These include vesicoureteral reflux, urethral stricture, and stenosis. The most common cause of hydronephrosis in young adults is kidney stones. In older adults, the most common cause of hydronephrosis is benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), or intrapelvic neoplasms such as prostate cancer. […] Compression of one or both ureters can also be caused by other developmental defects not completely occurring during the fetal stage such as an abnormally placed vein, artery, or tumor. […] Sources of obstruction that can arise from other various causes include kidney stones, blood clots or retroperitoneal fibrosis. […] The obstruction may be either partial or complete, and can occur anywhere from the urethral meatus to the renal calyces. Hydronephrosis can also result from the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder back into the kidneys (vesicoureteral reflux), which can be caused by some of the factors listed above as well as compression of the bladder outlet into the urethra by prostate enlargement or fecal impaction in the rectum (which sits immediately behind the prostate), as well as abnormal contractions of bladder detrusor muscles resulting from neurological dysfunction (neurogenic bladder) or other muscular disorders.

• #150 Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15417-hydronephrosis

  Hydronephrosis may lead to loss of kidney function or kidney failure. However, prompt treatment reduces the risk of long-term complications. […] Often, a blockage or obstruction between your kidney and ureter is the cause of hydronephrosis. […] The most common cause of hydronephrosis is a blockage or obstruction in one of the parts of your urinary tract. Many conditions can cause this. […] In adults, the conditions that most often cause hydronephrosis include: Kidney stones: Stones (hard deposits made of calcium and oxalate) that may become lodged in your kidneys or urinary tract. Ureteral obstruction: An obstruction in your ureters. Tumors: Tumors in your bladder, prostate gland, uterus or other organs that are part of or near your urinary tract may keep pee from flowing. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of your prostate gland can cause pressure on your urethra. Narrowing of your urinary tract: This narrowing can be due to injury, infection, birth disorders or surgery. Nerve or muscle problems: These issues can affect your kidneys or ureters. Urinary retention: You cant empty your pee from your bladder. Vesicoureteral reflux: Your pee flows backward from your bladder to your kidneys. Ureterocele: This is a condition where the lower part of your ureter may protrude into your bladder.

• #151 Hydronephrosis – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydronephrosis/symptoms-causes/home/ovc-20397564

  Hydronephrosis is swelling of one or both kidneys. It happens when urine can’t drain from a kidney and builds up in the kidney as a result. The condition can be due to a blockage in the tubes that drain urine from the kidneys. It also can happen due to a difference present at birth that prevents urine from draining properly. […] Treatment for hydronephrosis depends on the condition’s cause. Some people need medicine or surgery to feel better and prevent kidney damage. Mild hydronephrosis sometimes goes away on its own over time.

Zobacz więcej