Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Thyroid Nodules: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.thyroid-nodules-care-instructions.tw12209

  Thyroid nodules are growths or lumps in the thyroid gland. Your thyroid is in the front of your neck. It controls how your body uses energy. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Be safe with medicines. If you take thyroid hormone medicine: Take it exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. If you take the right amount and don’t skip doses, you probably won’t have side effects. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You have pain in your neck, jaw, or ear. You have problems swallowing. You feel weak and tired. You have nervousness, a fast heartbeat, hand tremors, problems sleeping, increased sweating, and weight loss. You do not feel better even though you are taking your medicine.

• #2 Thyroid Nodules | The University of Kansas Health System

  https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/thyroid-nodules

  Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in your neck that regulates your heart rate, metabolism, blood pressure and body temperature. Small bumps called nodules can develop in your thyroid. These nodules may be either solid or filled with fluid. The majority of thyroid nodules are noncancerous, but they may still cause problems so they should be checked by a doctor. […] Most thyroid nodules don’t cause signs or symptoms. They may, however, become large enough to cause: Swelling at the base of the neck, A hoarse voice, Coughing, Difficulty breathing or swallowing, Dizziness. […] After your thyroid nodule is discovered, your doctor will determine whether the rest of your thyroid is still healthy. This may be done by ultrasound or fine needle biopsy. Additional laboratory tests may be conducted to determine if your thyroid is still functioning normally.

• #3 Thyroid Nodules + 7 Natural Ways to Manage Symptoms – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/thyroid-nodules/

  Thyroid nodules are growths that develop within the thyroid gland, which is located in your throat, just behind your Adams apple. When thyroid tissue grows abnormally, it creates a nodule, or lump. Thyroid nodules can occur as a single lump or as multiple nodules, and they can be solid or fluid-filled. […] The vast majority of thyroid nodules are non-cancerous, but in order to determine whether or not the nodule is malignant, a doctor familiar with this field will have to run tests to make a diagnosis. […] Treatment for thyroid nodules depends on the initial risk estimate thats based on an ultrasound or cytology report. Doctors will formulate a treatment plan based on the estimated risk of malignancy and the presence and severity of symptoms. […] If the enlarged nodule is causing compressive symptoms, the following types of therapy can be used to treat benign thyroid nodules: Thyroid hormone therapy, Surgery, Radioactive iodine treatment, Laser or radiofrequency ablation treatment. […] Malignant nodules warrant surgical removal. There are two surgery options total removal of the thyroid gland, which is called a total thyroidectomy, or removal of half the thyroid gland, called thyroid lobectomy.

• #4 Thyroid Nodules | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/thyroid-nodules.html

  A thyroid nodule is a lump in or on the thyroid gland. Thyroid nodules are detected in about 6 percent of women and 1-2 percent of men; they occur 10 times as often in older individuals, but are usually not diagnosed. […] More than 95 percent of thyroid nodules are benign. […] Most patients who appear to have benign nodules require no specific treatment. Some physicians prescribe the hormone levothyroxine with hopes of preventing nodule growth or reducing the size of cold nodules. Radioiodine may be used to treat hot nodules. […] If the lesion is benign, the patient is monitored via ultrasound for the growth of the nodule or development of new nodules. If there is growth, another biopsy may be performed. If the lesion is malignant, the patient is referred to one of the Thyroid Cancer Program surgeons for removal of the thyroid.

• #5 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Thyroid nodules can be detected by ultrasonography in up to 68% of the general population. […] The primary goal of thyroid nodule evaluation is to determine whether it is malignant. […] After thyroid ultrasonography has been performed, the next step is measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. […] Nonfunctioning nodules and nodules in a patient with a normal or high thyroid-stimulating hormone level may require fine-needle aspiration based on ultrasound characteristics and size. […] The Bethesda System (categories 1 through 6) is used to classify samples. […] Treatment of pregnant women with nonfunctioning thyroid nodules and of children with thyroid nodules is similar to that for nonpregnant adults, with the exception of molecular testing, which has not been validated in these populations.

• #6 Thyroid Nodules | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/thyroid-nodules.html

  A thyroid nodule is a lump in or on the thyroid gland. Thyroid nodules are detected in about 6 percent of women and 1-2 percent of men; they occur 10 times as often in older individuals, but are usually not diagnosed. […] More than 95 percent of thyroid nodules are benign. […] Most patients who appear to have benign nodules require no specific treatment. Some physicians prescribe the hormone levothyroxine with hopes of preventing nodule growth or reducing the size of cold nodules. Radioiodine may be used to treat hot nodules. […] If the lesion is benign, the patient is monitored via ultrasound for the growth of the nodule or development of new nodules. If there is growth, another biopsy may be performed. If the lesion is malignant, the patient is referred to one of the Thyroid Cancer Program surgeons for removal of the thyroid.

• #7 Patient education: Thyroid nodules (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thyroid-nodules-beyond-the-basics

  Only approximately 5 percent of all thyroid nodules are malignant. Most people with thyroid cancer have an excellent chance of cure or long-term survival. […] Nodules in this category have a 67 to 83 percent risk of malignancy. People with nodules that are suspicious for malignancy frequently have a lobectomy (surgery to remove part of the thyroid) or a total thyroidectomy (removal of the entire thyroid) because the chance that the nodule is a cancer is higher than the chance it is benign. […] Nodules in this category have a 23 to 34 percent risk of malignancy. […] Nodules in this category have a 13 to 30 percent risk of malignancy. […] A nondiagnostic (or insufficient) biopsy does not have enough cells for interpretation. It should not be considered a negative biopsy. […] Some thyroid nodules produce thyroid hormone, similar to the thyroid gland, but do not respond to the body’s hormonal controls. These nodules are called „hot” or „autonomous” thyroid nodules. […] Cystic thyroid nodules are usually benign nodules that have filled with fluid. These nodules may simply collapse when the fluid is removed.

• #8 Patient education: Thyroid nodules (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thyroid-nodules-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Thyroid nodules (Beyond the Basics) […] This topic discusses the tests that may be performed on thyroid nodules, as well as the treatments that are available. […] Diagnostic tests can determine if a thyroid nodule is benign or malignant (cancerous); this information can help to guide treatment decisions. […] The appropriate thyroid nodule treatment depends upon the type of thyroid nodule that is found. […] Benign thyroid nodules usually develop as a result of overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue. Surgery is not usually recommended, and a benign nodule can be monitored with ultrasound over time. […] If a thyroid nodule is not cancerous, but it is large, some health care providers will suggest a trial of thyroid hormone (thyroxine [T4]) to shrink the nodule; this is called suppressive treatment.

• #9 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Thyroid nodules can be detected by ultrasonography in up to 68% of the general population. […] The primary goal of thyroid nodule evaluation is to determine whether it is malignant. […] After thyroid ultrasonography has been performed, the next step is measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. […] Nonfunctioning nodules and nodules in a patient with a normal or high thyroid-stimulating hormone level may require fine-needle aspiration based on ultrasound characteristics and size. […] The Bethesda System (categories 1 through 6) is used to classify samples. […] Treatment of pregnant women with nonfunctioning thyroid nodules and of children with thyroid nodules is similar to that for nonpregnant adults, with the exception of molecular testing, which has not been validated in these populations.

• #10

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/news/how-to-manage-thyroid-nodules-in-primary-care

  GPs are often the first line of diagnosis for thyroid nodules. […] While most nodules are benign, when is further investigation needed? […] Thyroid nodules are very common and can occur in up to 60% of the population. This condition is more common in women. […] Majority (95%) of thyroid nodules are benign, while the remaining 5% are malignant. […] She does have a family history of thyroid cancer and would benefit from further workup of this nodule. […] It is recommended by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) that serum TSH be measured in the initial evaluation of a patient with a thyroid nodule. […] It is preferable to have an experienced and accredited provider perform a formal diagnostic ultrasound of the neck as the pattern of sonographic features confers a risk of malignancy, and combined with nodule sizes, guides decision for fine needle aspiration (FNA).

• #11

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/news/how-to-manage-thyroid-nodules-in-primary-care

  Based on these suspicious results, you refer her to the SGH Otorhinolaryngology – Head Neck Surgery specialist outpatient clinic. […] Red flag symptoms/signs of thyroid cancer (e.g., rapid growth, persistent hoarseness suggesting recurrent laryngeal nerve involvement, dysphagia, shortness of breath/stridor, hard/fixed mass, cervical lymphadenopathy). […] Large nodule (4 cm), with/without compressive symptoms. […] The patient is seen in the SGH Otorhinolaryngology – Head Neck Surgery specialist outpatient clinic and ultrasound guided FNA is performed. […] In tumours less than 4 cm, hemithyroidectomy has been found to have excellent survival in properly selected low- to intermediate-risk patients. […] Total thyroidectomy carries increased risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy.

• #12

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/news/how-to-manage-thyroid-nodules-in-primary-care

  GPs are often the first line of diagnosis for thyroid nodules. […] While most nodules are benign, when is further investigation needed? […] Thyroid nodules are very common and can occur in up to 60% of the population. This condition is more common in women. […] Majority (95%) of thyroid nodules are benign, while the remaining 5% are malignant. […] She does have a family history of thyroid cancer and would benefit from further workup of this nodule. […] It is recommended by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) that serum TSH be measured in the initial evaluation of a patient with a thyroid nodule. […] It is preferable to have an experienced and accredited provider perform a formal diagnostic ultrasound of the neck as the pattern of sonographic features confers a risk of malignancy, and combined with nodule sizes, guides decision for fine needle aspiration (FNA).

• #13 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Thyroid nodules can be detected by ultrasonography in up to 68% of the general population. […] The primary goal of thyroid nodule evaluation is to determine whether it is malignant. […] After thyroid ultrasonography has been performed, the next step is measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. […] Nonfunctioning nodules and nodules in a patient with a normal or high thyroid-stimulating hormone level may require fine-needle aspiration based on ultrasound characteristics and size. […] The Bethesda System (categories 1 through 6) is used to classify samples. […] Treatment of pregnant women with nonfunctioning thyroid nodules and of children with thyroid nodules is similar to that for nonpregnant adults, with the exception of molecular testing, which has not been validated in these populations.

• #14 Thyroid nodules: a clinical update for primary care | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/69/686/462

  Thyroid nodules are very common in the adult population. Many nodules can be managed in primary care, but some patients will require referral to secondary care. The aim of this article is to arm a GP with the information required to confidently assess which patients require referral, and in what timeframe. […] Most patients with incidentally discovered thyroid nodules can be managed by the same principles of history and examination as those with palpable lumps. There are two exceptions to this rule, the first being incidental thyroid lumps on CT, MRI, or ultrasound scan (USS) that are 1 cm and have no associated lymphadenopathy. There is no need for further investigations or referral of these lesions unless there are specific adverse or concerning features. […] If there are no features in the history or examination that merit onwards referral as a possible cancer, it is also useful to ask specifically about the presence of compressive symptoms. This is because patients with benign nodules causing significant detriment to their quality of life may benefit from a routine referral to the local thyroid team.

• #15 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Fine-needle aspiration is recommended for thyroid nodules 1 cm or larger that have a suspicious pattern on ultrasonography. […] The first step in evaluating a thyroid nodule is to measure the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and perform thyroid ultrasonography with a survey of the cervical lymph nodes. […] Nonfunctioning or cold nodules should be further evaluated with FNA if they meet clinical or ultrasound criteria. […] FNA has a vital role in risk stratification of thyroid nodules. […] The American Thyroid Association recommends that FNA cytopathology be reported using the six Bethesda System diagnostic categories. […] If cytology and/or molecular test results show malignancy (Bethesda category 6) or suspicion for malignancy (Bethesda category 5, or category 3 or 4 with suspicious molecular test results), surgical referral is recommended to remove the affected thyroid lobe or the entire thyroid gland.

• #16 When to Worry About Thyroid Nodules: Size, Symptoms & More

  https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2024/07/when-to-worry-about-thyroid-nodules

  Thyroid nodules are very common, more so in women than men, says Dr. Maghami. But the majority of nodules, especially in women, end up being benign. […] Once you suspect a thyroid nodule, the standard of care is a diagnostic ultrasound of the thyroid, says Dr. Maghami. Ultrasound by far is the best imaging modality. It is widely available, fast and cost-effective, with no radiation exposure and it shows detailed characteristics of the nodule. […] After an ultrasound, the nodule is deemed low, medium or high risk for cancer. If it is medium or high risk, your doctor may then recommend a fine-needle biopsy, which is a minimally invasive procedure that takes a small sample of tissue for analysis in a lab. This analysis can help determine whether it is likely that a nodule is cancerous. […] Treatment for benign, or non-cancerous, thyroid nodules often includes simple monitoring every year using ultrasound. If a nodule is large or symptomatic, options include surgery to remove it or ablation techniques using radiofrequency or alcohol, which can shrink the nodule. […] In the case of cancerous thyroid nodules, your cancer care team will discuss a variety of options with you. These include: Surgery to remove half of the thyroid (lobectomy) […] Patient outcomes often depend on the level of experience a surgeon has.

• #17 Thyroid Nodules: What are Thyroid Nodules? Thyroid Nodules Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/conditions-treated/thyroid/thyroid-nodules-thyroid-cancer

  Thyroid nodules are lumps or growths of the thyroid, usually made up of normal thyroid tissue or fluid. Thyroid nodules are frequently discovered on routine physical examination or unintentionally on imaging tests. […] Most thyroid nodules do not cause any symptoms. Some thyroid nodules show up as a painless lump in the neck that you can feel or see. Thyroid nodules usually move up and down with swallowing. […] At the UCLA Endocrine Center in Los Angeles, multiple layers of evaluation are designed to help you avoid invasive tests and surgery whenever possible. Consultation, ultrasound, and FNA can all be performed in a single visit. […] An ultrasound is a highly accurate tool to visualize your thyroid nodule. There is no associated radiation with ultrasounds and it is non-invasive. […] Not all thyroid nodules need a biopsy. For many thyroid nodules we see in our office, we choose not to biopsy because the ultrasound appearance is so reassuring.

• #18 Thyroid nodule symptoms and treatment | St. Luke’s Health

  https://www.stlukeshealth.org/services-specialties/endocrinology/thyroid-disease/thyroid-nodules

  Thyroid nodules are growths inside the thyroid gland made up of groups of abnormally reproducing cells. […] If you have nodules, your doctor will evaluate them with an ultrasound and a test to check hormone levels. They may also request a fine needle aspiration biopsy, a thyroid scan and uptake study, or a CT scan. If the thyroid nodules grow large enough or there are signs of thyroid cancer, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove a portion or all of the thyroid gland. […] Surgical removal of the thyroid nodule or, in some cases, the entire thyroid gland (thyroidectomy) may be recommended for large nodules, nodules causing symptoms, or nodules that are cancerous. Surgical treatment is typically necessary if the nodule is compressing nearby structures or if it is malignant. […] Baylor St. Lukes Medical Center is the only hospital in Texas to offer scarless thyroid surgery using the transoral vestibular approach (TOVA). This minimally invasive procedure involves making small incisions in the mouth through which a surgeon uses long instruments to remove the necessary parts of the thyroid gland. If you need a partial or total thyroidectomy, ask your endocrinologist if you may be a candidate.

• #19 Thyroid nodules: a clinical update for primary care | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/69/686/462

  Thyroid nodules are very common in the adult population. Many nodules can be managed in primary care, but some patients will require referral to secondary care. The aim of this article is to arm a GP with the information required to confidently assess which patients require referral, and in what timeframe. […] Most patients with incidentally discovered thyroid nodules can be managed by the same principles of history and examination as those with palpable lumps. There are two exceptions to this rule, the first being incidental thyroid lumps on CT, MRI, or ultrasound scan (USS) that are 1 cm and have no associated lymphadenopathy. There is no need for further investigations or referral of these lesions unless there are specific adverse or concerning features. […] If there are no features in the history or examination that merit onwards referral as a possible cancer, it is also useful to ask specifically about the presence of compressive symptoms. This is because patients with benign nodules causing significant detriment to their quality of life may benefit from a routine referral to the local thyroid team.

• #20 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Fine-needle aspiration is recommended for thyroid nodules 1 cm or larger that have a suspicious pattern on ultrasonography. […] The first step in evaluating a thyroid nodule is to measure the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and perform thyroid ultrasonography with a survey of the cervical lymph nodes. […] Nonfunctioning or cold nodules should be further evaluated with FNA if they meet clinical or ultrasound criteria. […] FNA has a vital role in risk stratification of thyroid nodules. […] The American Thyroid Association recommends that FNA cytopathology be reported using the six Bethesda System diagnostic categories. […] If cytology and/or molecular test results show malignancy (Bethesda category 6) or suspicion for malignancy (Bethesda category 5, or category 3 or 4 with suspicious molecular test results), surgical referral is recommended to remove the affected thyroid lobe or the entire thyroid gland.

• #21 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Fine-needle aspiration is recommended for thyroid nodules 1 cm or larger that have a suspicious pattern on ultrasonography. […] The first step in evaluating a thyroid nodule is to measure the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and perform thyroid ultrasonography with a survey of the cervical lymph nodes. […] Nonfunctioning or cold nodules should be further evaluated with FNA if they meet clinical or ultrasound criteria. […] FNA has a vital role in risk stratification of thyroid nodules. […] The American Thyroid Association recommends that FNA cytopathology be reported using the six Bethesda System diagnostic categories. […] If cytology and/or molecular test results show malignancy (Bethesda category 6) or suspicion for malignancy (Bethesda category 5, or category 3 or 4 with suspicious molecular test results), surgical referral is recommended to remove the affected thyroid lobe or the entire thyroid gland.

• #22 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Fine-needle aspiration is recommended for thyroid nodules 1 cm or larger that have a suspicious pattern on ultrasonography. […] The first step in evaluating a thyroid nodule is to measure the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and perform thyroid ultrasonography with a survey of the cervical lymph nodes. […] Nonfunctioning or cold nodules should be further evaluated with FNA if they meet clinical or ultrasound criteria. […] FNA has a vital role in risk stratification of thyroid nodules. […] The American Thyroid Association recommends that FNA cytopathology be reported using the six Bethesda System diagnostic categories. […] If cytology and/or molecular test results show malignancy (Bethesda category 6) or suspicion for malignancy (Bethesda category 5, or category 3 or 4 with suspicious molecular test results), surgical referral is recommended to remove the affected thyroid lobe or the entire thyroid gland.

• #23 Patient education: Thyroid nodules (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/thyroid-nodules-beyond-the-basics

  Only approximately 5 percent of all thyroid nodules are malignant. Most people with thyroid cancer have an excellent chance of cure or long-term survival. […] Nodules in this category have a 67 to 83 percent risk of malignancy. People with nodules that are suspicious for malignancy frequently have a lobectomy (surgery to remove part of the thyroid) or a total thyroidectomy (removal of the entire thyroid) because the chance that the nodule is a cancer is higher than the chance it is benign. […] Nodules in this category have a 23 to 34 percent risk of malignancy. […] Nodules in this category have a 13 to 30 percent risk of malignancy. […] A nondiagnostic (or insufficient) biopsy does not have enough cells for interpretation. It should not be considered a negative biopsy. […] Some thyroid nodules produce thyroid hormone, similar to the thyroid gland, but do not respond to the body’s hormonal controls. These nodules are called „hot” or „autonomous” thyroid nodules. […] Cystic thyroid nodules are usually benign nodules that have filled with fluid. These nodules may simply collapse when the fluid is removed.

• #24 Thyroid Nodules | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/thyroid-nodule.html

  Thyroid nodules and related disorders are common, but they dont always need treatment. Often, we recommend monitoring nodules that arent causing symptoms. When symptoms do occur, we discuss your options in detail with you so that you can make the best decisions about your treatment. […] Your care may include: Active surveillance: We watch the thyroid nodule for changes that might indicate treatment is necessary, but we do not yet treat it. You may have ultrasound imaging regularly to measure the nodules. […] Fine needle aspiration biopsy: Using a very fine needle, your doctor removes thyroid cells to test for cancer. We use ultrasound imaging to guide the needle. Your doctor may order additional molecular testing to help determine the risk of cancer. […] Thyroid nodules that cause symptoms or have a risk of cancer may need surgical removal. Stanford is a regional referral center for endocrine surgery, meaning that many doctors from throughout California send their patients to us for surgery. Our skilled surgeons perform a high volume of thyroid operations each year, including many highly complex operations and reoperations (surgeries for people who have had thyroid surgery before).

• #25 Surgery for Thyroid Nodules & Cancers | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/thyroid-nodules-cancers/treatments/surgery-for-thyroid-nodules-cancers

  Most noncancerous, or benign, thyroid nodules do not need treatment unless they are a cosmetic concern or cause symptoms including problems with swallowing, breathing, or speaking and neck discomfort. In these situations, NYU Langone doctors may recommend surgery or a minimally invasive interventional procedures. […] Doctors typically recommend surgery to manage a thyroid nodule if a biopsy shows it is cancerous or if genetic testing shows it is likely to be cancerous. Genetic testing of a nodule often allows surgeons to avoid performing surgery if the test shows no mutations or genetic abnormalities. […] Your NYU Langone endocrinologist and endocrine surgeon determine the most effective and least invasive treatment or type of surgery based on diagnostic test results. […] Scar-reducing or scarless surgery may be an option.

• #26 Patient Journey Thyroid – Planning and Treatment – Goiter and Nodule | American Association of Clinical Endocrinology

  https://www.aace.com/patient-journey/thyroid/planning-and-treatment/goiter-nodule

  Goiter, Nodule, and Thyroid Cancer Treatment Options […] Nodule Treatment Options […] What are the treatment options for nodules? […] The type of treatment you receive for your thyroid nodule depends on what caused it. […] Observation: If your thyroid nodule is benign (not cancerous) and is causing no symptoms, you may need no treatment. Your health care professional will check it regularly to watch for changes, and in some cases, may recommend against additional testing. […] Medication: If your thyroid nodule is releasing excess thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism), your health care professional may prescribe medication to slow down thyroid hormone production or block the effect of thyroid hormones on your body. […] Surgery: If your thyroid nodule requires removal, either because it contains cancer cells or because it is growing large enough to cause symptoms, your health care professional may recommend a thyroidectomy (surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid).

• #27 Patient Journey Thyroid – Planning and Treatment – Goiter and Nodule | American Association of Clinical Endocrinology

  https://www.aace.com/patient-journey/thyroid/planning-and-treatment/goiter-nodule

  Goiter, Nodule, and Thyroid Cancer Treatment Options […] Nodule Treatment Options […] What are the treatment options for nodules? […] The type of treatment you receive for your thyroid nodule depends on what caused it. […] Observation: If your thyroid nodule is benign (not cancerous) and is causing no symptoms, you may need no treatment. Your health care professional will check it regularly to watch for changes, and in some cases, may recommend against additional testing. […] Medication: If your thyroid nodule is releasing excess thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism), your health care professional may prescribe medication to slow down thyroid hormone production or block the effect of thyroid hormones on your body. […] Surgery: If your thyroid nodule requires removal, either because it contains cancer cells or because it is growing large enough to cause symptoms, your health care professional may recommend a thyroidectomy (surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid).

• #28 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Benign nodules (Bethesda category 2, or category 3 or 4 with benign molecular test results) should be followed with repeat ultrasonography 12 to 24 months after the initial FNA, based on the ultrasound characteristics of the nodules. […] If the nodules have not grown significantly, the interval may be extended to three to five years. […] Nodules showing significant growth on follow-up thyroid ultrasonography should undergo repeat FNA or serial ultrasonography, based on the suspicion for malignancy. […] Pregnant women may have thyroid nodules that grow in size. […] Nonfunctioning thyroid nodules in pregnant women can be managed in the same way as those in nonpregnant women, with the exception of molecular testing, which has not been validated in this population. […] Thyroid nodules in children are rare, but they carry a greater risk of malignancy than those in adults (22% to 26%). […] The evaluation and treatment are similar to those for adults; however, because thyroid volume increases with age, ultrasound features rather than size alone should be used to identify nodules that require FNA in children.

• #29 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Benign nodules (Bethesda category 2, or category 3 or 4 with benign molecular test results) should be followed with repeat ultrasonography 12 to 24 months after the initial FNA, based on the ultrasound characteristics of the nodules. […] If the nodules have not grown significantly, the interval may be extended to three to five years. […] Nodules showing significant growth on follow-up thyroid ultrasonography should undergo repeat FNA or serial ultrasonography, based on the suspicion for malignancy. […] Pregnant women may have thyroid nodules that grow in size. […] Nonfunctioning thyroid nodules in pregnant women can be managed in the same way as those in nonpregnant women, with the exception of molecular testing, which has not been validated in this population. […] Thyroid nodules in children are rare, but they carry a greater risk of malignancy than those in adults (22% to 26%). […] The evaluation and treatment are similar to those for adults; however, because thyroid volume increases with age, ultrasound features rather than size alone should be used to identify nodules that require FNA in children.

• #30 Thyroid Nodules | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/thyroid-nodules.html

  A thyroid nodule is a lump in or on the thyroid gland. Thyroid nodules are detected in about 6 percent of women and 1-2 percent of men; they occur 10 times as often in older individuals, but are usually not diagnosed. […] More than 95 percent of thyroid nodules are benign. […] Most patients who appear to have benign nodules require no specific treatment. Some physicians prescribe the hormone levothyroxine with hopes of preventing nodule growth or reducing the size of cold nodules. Radioiodine may be used to treat hot nodules. […] If the lesion is benign, the patient is monitored via ultrasound for the growth of the nodule or development of new nodules. If there is growth, another biopsy may be performed. If the lesion is malignant, the patient is referred to one of the Thyroid Cancer Program surgeons for removal of the thyroid.

• #31 Thyroid Nodules | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0201/p559.html

  Use of TSH suppressive therapy with thyroxine to manage benign, solitary thyroid nodules remains controversial. […] The efficacy of thyroxine is less certain for solitary nodules than for a diffuse or multinodular goiter. […] However, some patients may benefit, and suppressive therapy is considered an appropriate alternative as long as the patient is followed carefully at six-month intervals. […] When thyroxine therapy is selected to manage a benign thyroid nodule, the medication should be prescribed in dosages sufficient to suppress the TSH level to 0.1 to 0.5 U per mL (0.1 to 0.5 mU per L) for six to 12 months. […] Following complete resection of thyroid cancer, the TSH concentration should be in the target range of 0.5 U per mL (0.5 mU per L). […] Thyroid nodules in pregnant women can be managed in the same way as in nonpregnant patients, except that radionuclide scanning is contraindicated.

• #32 Patient Journey Thyroid – Planning and Treatment – Goiter and Nodule | American Association of Clinical Endocrinology

  https://www.aace.com/patient-journey/thyroid/planning-and-treatment/goiter-nodule

  Goiter, Nodule, and Thyroid Cancer Treatment Options […] Nodule Treatment Options […] What are the treatment options for nodules? […] The type of treatment you receive for your thyroid nodule depends on what caused it. […] Observation: If your thyroid nodule is benign (not cancerous) and is causing no symptoms, you may need no treatment. Your health care professional will check it regularly to watch for changes, and in some cases, may recommend against additional testing. […] Medication: If your thyroid nodule is releasing excess thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism), your health care professional may prescribe medication to slow down thyroid hormone production or block the effect of thyroid hormones on your body. […] Surgery: If your thyroid nodule requires removal, either because it contains cancer cells or because it is growing large enough to cause symptoms, your health care professional may recommend a thyroidectomy (surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid).

• #33 Thyroid Nodules: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.thyroid-nodules-care-instructions.tw12209

  Thyroid nodules are growths or lumps in the thyroid gland. Your thyroid is in the front of your neck. It controls how your body uses energy. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Be safe with medicines. If you take thyroid hormone medicine: Take it exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. If you take the right amount and don’t skip doses, you probably won’t have side effects. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You have pain in your neck, jaw, or ear. You have problems swallowing. You feel weak and tired. You have nervousness, a fast heartbeat, hand tremors, problems sleeping, increased sweating, and weight loss. You do not feel better even though you are taking your medicine.

• #34 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Fine-needle aspiration is recommended for thyroid nodules 1 cm or larger that have a suspicious pattern on ultrasonography. […] The first step in evaluating a thyroid nodule is to measure the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and perform thyroid ultrasonography with a survey of the cervical lymph nodes. […] Nonfunctioning or cold nodules should be further evaluated with FNA if they meet clinical or ultrasound criteria. […] FNA has a vital role in risk stratification of thyroid nodules. […] The American Thyroid Association recommends that FNA cytopathology be reported using the six Bethesda System diagnostic categories. […] If cytology and/or molecular test results show malignancy (Bethesda category 6) or suspicion for malignancy (Bethesda category 5, or category 3 or 4 with suspicious molecular test results), surgical referral is recommended to remove the affected thyroid lobe or the entire thyroid gland.

• #35 Thyroid Nodules | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0201/p559.html

  Most patients with benign biopsies can be followed without surgery and monitored carefully; however, some patients choose surgery after being fully informed of the risks. […] Patients who prefer surveillance should be monitored for changes in nodule size and symptoms, and repeat ultrasonography or FNA biopsy should be performed if the nodule grows. […] Nodules with indeterminate findings should be surgically removed, especially those found to be cold nodules on nuclear imaging. […] Most incidental nodules found on routine testing with ultrasonography are benign and can be monitored with no further testing and follow-up observation. […] FNA biopsy is indicated if the nodule becomes palpable, has findings suggestive of malignancy on ultrasonography, or is larger than 1.5 cm, or if the patient has a history of head or neck irradiation (especially in childhood) or a strong family history of thyroid cancer.

• #36 Thyroid Nodules Care: Expert Minimally Invasive Treatment!

  https://northstarir.com/conditions/thyroid-nodules/

  If treatment for the nodule is required, there are several treatment options available to patients: […] If the thyroid gland isn’t capable of making a sufficient amount of thyroid hormone, a synthetic hormone is usually given in pill form. […] If the thyroid is producing too much hormone, medication can be used to block the production of thyroid hormone. […] If a nodule is large and causing symptoms, two surgical options are available. A partial thyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy, depending on your unique condition. However, hyperthyroidism may develop as a result of either procedure, requiring life-long hormone medication. In addition, surgery will leave a neck scar. […] North Star Vascular & Interventional physicians offer minimally invasive, outpatient alternatives to surgical treatments such as a partial or total thyroidectomy.

• #37 Thyroid Nodules ENT Treatment in Utah – ENT Center of Utah

  https://entcenterutah.com/adult-care/thyroid-salivary/thyroid-nodules/

  Occasionally, a nodule that’s clearly benign may require surgery, especially if it’s so large that it makes it hard to breathe or swallow. […] If a thyroid nodule is producing excessive amounts of thyroid hormone, overloading your glands normal hormone production levels, your surgeon may recommend treating you for hyperthyroidism. […] Treatment for a nodule that’s cancerous usually involves a surgical procedure called total thyroidectomy. Complications uncommonly occur during thyroid. However, risks that are unique to this procedure include damage to the nerves that controls your vocal cords (laryngeal nerves), and damage to your parathyroid glands four tiny glands located on the back of your thyroid gland that help control the level of calcium in your blood. After thyroidectomy, you’ll need lifelong treatment with thyroid hormone supplement to supply your body with normal amounts of thyroid hormone.

• #38

  https://www.nccs.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/thyroid-nodules

  Radiofrequency ablation (RFA): RFA treats benign thyroid nodules by delivering thermal energy to the targeted nodule, causing coagulative necrosis and shrinkage of the nodule. This minimally invasive procedure offers a low-risk alternative to surgery, providing symptomatic relief and cosmetic improvement for patients with benign thyroid nodules. […] If the nature of the nodule is indeterminate on FNAB, your doctor will discuss with you the options of repeating the FNAB, close observation or surgery. The risk of your nodule being cancerous depends on the exact findings on ultrasound and FNAB. […] Thyroid surgery is performed under general anaesthesia and may be: Hemithyroidectomy: Removal of half the thyroid gland, for benign nodules or small cancers. […] Total Thyroidectomy: Removal of the entire thyroid gland, for larger cancers, nodular goitre, or toxic goitre including Graves’ disease.

• #39

  https://www.nccs.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/thyroid-nodules

  Radiofrequency ablation (RFA): RFA treats benign thyroid nodules by delivering thermal energy to the targeted nodule, causing coagulative necrosis and shrinkage of the nodule. This minimally invasive procedure offers a low-risk alternative to surgery, providing symptomatic relief and cosmetic improvement for patients with benign thyroid nodules. […] If the nature of the nodule is indeterminate on FNAB, your doctor will discuss with you the options of repeating the FNAB, close observation or surgery. The risk of your nodule being cancerous depends on the exact findings on ultrasound and FNAB. […] Thyroid surgery is performed under general anaesthesia and may be: Hemithyroidectomy: Removal of half the thyroid gland, for benign nodules or small cancers. […] Total Thyroidectomy: Removal of the entire thyroid gland, for larger cancers, nodular goitre, or toxic goitre including Graves’ disease.

• #40 Thyroid Nodules and Cancer Treatment | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/thyroid-disease

  After resting at home overnight, patients typically will be able to resume most daily activities the next day. Your doctor will give you complete instructions and discuss your recovery and expectations with you. […] Patients may need thyroid hormone replacement after surgery. Hormone replacement is typically one pill taken daily. Thyroid hormones have no side effects. It is identical to the hormone produced naturally by your thyroid. […] After surgery, all patients with thyroid cancer are placed in a registry and followed up with long term. This will entail blood work and ultrasound imaging that our staff will monitor. […] Even after treatment for thyroid cancer, it is possible for the cancer to return. This is called recurrent disease. […] While surgery is commonly offered to treat recurrent thyroid cancer, there are several new innovative approaches as possible alternatives.

• #41 Nonsurgical procedure brings relief to those with thyroid nodules

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/nonsurgical-procedure-brings-relief-to-those-with-thyroid-nodules/2024/09

  Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a nonsurgical, outpatient treatment that is an alternative to surgery in some patients with thyroid nodules. […] The procedure is minimally invasive and performed with local anesthesia. […] Patients who opt for radiofrequency ablation of their thyroid nodules spend 45 minutes in the procedure and their growths decrease by as much as 80% after a year. […] After the procedure, Smith’s throat bump dramatically decreased. In the first three months, it decreased by 60%. Her throat clearing stopped and swallowing instantly became easier. […] For patients who don’t qualify for RFA because they have a completely fluid-filled or cystic nodule, UC Davis’s team of specialists offers an alternative ethanol ablation. In that procedure, the surgeon injects a needle into the cystic nodule, sucks out the liquid and refills it with alcohol.

• #42 A new, minimally invasive treatment option for thyroid nodules | Nebraska Medicine Omaha, NE

  https://www.nebraskamed.com/health/patient-stories/cancer-care/a-new-minimally-invasive-treatment-option-for-thyroid-nodules

  Thyroid nodules are very common, explains Abbey Fingeret, MD. In fact, more than half of adult women have them. Most are benign, but even benign nodules can cause symptoms. […] The RFA procedure is great improvement over other treatment options because it can treat the nodule and improve appearance and symptoms with a much lower risk of needing thyroid medication, says Dr. Fingeret. In fact, the risk of needing thyroid medication after radiofrequency ablation is about 1%. […] RFA is a relatively simple outpatient procedure performed under sedation. Since nothing is removed, there’s no incision, so there’s no scar on the neck. With lower overall risks and a faster recovery, most patients are back to work the next day. […] Studies have shown that after RFA, thyroid nodules shrink by more than one-half to two-thirds in six to 12 months, says Dr. Kotwal. For Davis, the nodule shrunk significantly and there was tremendous improvement in her neck symptoms a few months after undergoing RFA. […] The RFA procedure exceeded my expectations. Anytime you can maintain the natural function of your thyroid and take care of the other issues with such a simple procedure, I highly recommend it, says Davis.

• #43 Nonsurgical procedure brings relief to those with thyroid nodules

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/nonsurgical-procedure-brings-relief-to-those-with-thyroid-nodules/2024/09

  Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a nonsurgical, outpatient treatment that is an alternative to surgery in some patients with thyroid nodules. […] The procedure is minimally invasive and performed with local anesthesia. […] Patients who opt for radiofrequency ablation of their thyroid nodules spend 45 minutes in the procedure and their growths decrease by as much as 80% after a year. […] After the procedure, Smith’s throat bump dramatically decreased. In the first three months, it decreased by 60%. Her throat clearing stopped and swallowing instantly became easier. […] For patients who don’t qualify for RFA because they have a completely fluid-filled or cystic nodule, UC Davis’s team of specialists offers an alternative ethanol ablation. In that procedure, the surgeon injects a needle into the cystic nodule, sucks out the liquid and refills it with alcohol.

• #44 Interventional Treatment of Thyroid Nodules and Recurrent Cancer – Digestive Care Innovations Hub – Digestive Diseases | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/digestive-care-innovations-hub/non-invasive-minimally-invasive-procedures/interventional-treatment-thyroid-nodules-recurrent-cancer

  Interventional Treatment of Thyroid Nodules and Recurrent Cancer […] With surgical treatment of nodules, however, at least 25% of patients need to take thyroid hormones for life. […] At NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center’s Thyroid Center, doctors are now able to treat many of these patients without surgery by inserting an electrode or needle into the nodule or affected lymph node and destroying the tissue with radiofrequency waves or ethanol a technique called ablation. […] People who are able to receive interventional treatment for thyroid nodules or cancerous lymph nodes benefit from: An outpatient procedure that can be completed without surgery or general anesthesia […] Achievement of 80% to 90% reduction in the size of benign thyroid nodules without the need for future thyroid hormone supplementation

• #45 6 Thyroidectomy Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/thyroidectomy-nursing-care-plans/

  Thyroidectomy requires meticulous postoperative nursing care to prevent complications. The nursing care plan will focus on managing the hyperthyroid state preoperatively, relieving pain, providing information about the surgical procedure, prognosis, and treatment needs, and preventing complications. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients who underwent thyroidectomy: Prepare the patient for thyroidectomy surgery, ensuring proper informed consent and preoperative assessments. Monitor the patients vital signs and condition during and after the surgery. Administer prescribed medications, such as antibiotics or pain relievers, as directed. Assess and manage the patients pain and discomfort postoperatively. Monitor the patient for any signs of complications, such as bleeding or infection. Provide wound care and dressing changes as required. Educate the patient on postoperative care, including activity restrictions and dietary modifications. Offer emotional support and address any concerns or questions the patient may have. Schedule follow-up appointments to monitor healing, assess thyroid hormone levels, and adjust medication dosage if needed.

• #46 Nursing Care Plan for Thyroid Cancer ~ Lifenurses

  http://www.lifenurses.com/2011/03/nursing-care-plan-for-thyroid-cancer.html

  Nursing . Assessment Focused Nursing Assessment for Thyroid Cancer Explore patients feelings and concerns regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The first indication of disease may be a painless nodule discovered incidentally or detected during physical examination. If the tumor grows large enough to destroy the thyroid gland. Patients history may include sensitivity to cold and mental apathy (hypothyroidism). If the tumor triggers excess thyroid hormone production, the patient may report sensitivity to heat, restlessness, and overactivity (hyperthyroidism). The patient may also complain of diarrhea, dysphagia, anorexia, irritability, and ear pain. When speaking with the patient, you may hear hoarseness and vocal stridor. On inspection, you may detect a disfiguring thyroid mass, especially if the patient is in the later stages of anaplastic thyroid cancer.

• #47 Nursing Care Plan for Thyroid Cancer ~ Lifenurses

  http://www.lifenurses.com/2011/03/nursing-care-plan-for-thyroid-cancer.html

  Nursing Diagnosis Common Nursing Diagnosis That Could Be Found In Patient With Thyroid Cancer: Fear/Anxiety [specify level] Acute/chronic Pain Risk for ineffective Airway Clearance Impaired verbal Communication Risk for Injury, [tetany, thyroid storm] Deficient Knowledge [Learning Need] regarding Condition, prognosis, treatment, self-care, and Discharge needs. […] Nursing Interventions and rationale Nursing diagnosis Fear/Anxiety: Review clients and significant others (SOs) previous experience with cancer. Determine what the doctor has told client and what conclusion client has reached. Rationale Clarifies clients perceptions; assists in identification of fear(s) and misconceptions based on diagnosis and experience with cancer. […] Nursing Diagnosis Risk for Ineffective Airway Clearance Related to: Tracheal obstruction, swelling, bleeding, laryngeal spasms.

• #48 6 Thyroidectomy Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/thyroidectomy-nursing-care-plans/

  Thyroidectomy requires meticulous postoperative nursing care to prevent complications. The nursing care plan will focus on managing the hyperthyroid state preoperatively, relieving pain, providing information about the surgical procedure, prognosis, and treatment needs, and preventing complications. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients who underwent thyroidectomy: Prepare the patient for thyroidectomy surgery, ensuring proper informed consent and preoperative assessments. Monitor the patients vital signs and condition during and after the surgery. Administer prescribed medications, such as antibiotics or pain relievers, as directed. Assess and manage the patients pain and discomfort postoperatively. Monitor the patient for any signs of complications, such as bleeding or infection. Provide wound care and dressing changes as required. Educate the patient on postoperative care, including activity restrictions and dietary modifications. Offer emotional support and address any concerns or questions the patient may have. Schedule follow-up appointments to monitor healing, assess thyroid hormone levels, and adjust medication dosage if needed.

• #49 Nursing Care Plan for Thyroid Cancer ~ Lifenurses

  http://www.lifenurses.com/2011/03/nursing-care-plan-for-thyroid-cancer.html

  Nursing Outcomes Evaluation Criteria Client Will: Maintain patent airway, with aspiration prevented. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationale Nursing Diagnosis Risk for Ineffective Airway Clearance: Monitor respiratory rate, depth, and work of breathing. Rationale Respirations may remain somewhat rapid because of hyperthyroid state, but development of respiratory distress is indicative of tracheal compression from edema or hemorrhage. […] Nursing Diagnosis Impaired Verbal Communication Related to: Vocal cord injury, laryngeal nerve damage. Tissue edema; pain and discomfort. […] Nursing Outcomes Evaluation Criteria Client Will: Establish method of communication in which needs can be understood. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationale: Assess speech periodically and encourage voice rest. Rationale Hoarseness and sore throat may occur secondary to tissue edema or surgical damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve and may last several days. Permanent nerve damage can occur (rare) that causes paralysis of vocal cords and or compression of the trachea.

• #50

  https://www.nccs.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/thyroid-nodules

  Your surgeon will explain which operation you require and the reason for it. […] Immediately post-surgery, there may be a drain placed in the neck to drain residual fluid and prevent a collection. If you are otherwise well and not requiring any other care, you may be discharged home with the drain in your neck after being taught how to care for it. You will then be given a follow up appointment in clinic to remove this drain. […] In terms of long-term follow up, regular outpatient appointments for further blood tests and scans may be scheduled to check on thyroid hormone/calcium levels and in case the cancer recurs. These tests are crucial for timely treatments if the cancer recurs, or complications arise.

• #51 Nursing Care Plan for Thyroid Cancer ~ Lifenurses

  http://www.lifenurses.com/2011/03/nursing-care-plan-for-thyroid-cancer.html

  Nursing Diagnosis Deficient Knowledge Regarding Condition, Prognosis, Treatment, Self-Care, And Discharge Needs Related to: Lack of exposure and recall; misinterpretation, Unfamiliarity with information resources. […] Nursing Outcomes Evaluation Criteria Client Will: Verbalize understanding of surgical procedure and prognosis and potential complications. Verbalize understanding of therapeutic needs. Participate in treatment regimen. Initiate necessary lifestyle changes. […] Patient Teaching Thyroid Cancer Patient Teaching discharge and Home Health Guidance for Patient with Thyroid Cancer. To maintain a euthyroid state, teach family and patient sign and symptoms of hypothyroidism for early detection of problems: weakness, fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, facial puffiness, periorbital edema, bradycardia, and hypothermia. Be sure the patient understands all medications, including the dosage, route, action, and adverse effects. Explain that the patient needs routine follow-up laboratory tests to check TSH and thyroxine (T4) levels. Be sure the patient knows when the first postoperative physicians visit is scheduled. […] Before discharge, ensure that the patient knows the date and time of his next appointment. Answer his questions about his treatment and home care. Be sure he understands the purpose of his medications, dosage, administration times, and possible adverse effects.

• #52 Thyroid Nodules: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.thyroid-nodules-care-instructions.tw12209

  Thyroid nodules are growths or lumps in the thyroid gland. Your thyroid is in the front of your neck. It controls how your body uses energy. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Be safe with medicines. If you take thyroid hormone medicine: Take it exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. If you take the right amount and don’t skip doses, you probably won’t have side effects. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You have pain in your neck, jaw, or ear. You have problems swallowing. You feel weak and tired. You have nervousness, a fast heartbeat, hand tremors, problems sleeping, increased sweating, and weight loss. You do not feel better even though you are taking your medicine.

• #53 Nursing Care Plan for Thyroid Cancer ~ Lifenurses

  http://www.lifenurses.com/2011/03/nursing-care-plan-for-thyroid-cancer.html

  Nursing Diagnosis Common Nursing Diagnosis That Could Be Found In Patient With Thyroid Cancer: Fear/Anxiety [specify level] Acute/chronic Pain Risk for ineffective Airway Clearance Impaired verbal Communication Risk for Injury, [tetany, thyroid storm] Deficient Knowledge [Learning Need] regarding Condition, prognosis, treatment, self-care, and Discharge needs. […] Nursing Interventions and rationale Nursing diagnosis Fear/Anxiety: Review clients and significant others (SOs) previous experience with cancer. Determine what the doctor has told client and what conclusion client has reached. Rationale Clarifies clients perceptions; assists in identification of fear(s) and misconceptions based on diagnosis and experience with cancer. […] Nursing Diagnosis Risk for Ineffective Airway Clearance Related to: Tracheal obstruction, swelling, bleeding, laryngeal spasms.

• #54 Nursing Care Plan for Thyroid Cancer ~ Lifenurses

  http://www.lifenurses.com/2011/03/nursing-care-plan-for-thyroid-cancer.html

  Nursing Outcomes Evaluation Criteria Client Will: Maintain patent airway, with aspiration prevented. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationale Nursing Diagnosis Risk for Ineffective Airway Clearance: Monitor respiratory rate, depth, and work of breathing. Rationale Respirations may remain somewhat rapid because of hyperthyroid state, but development of respiratory distress is indicative of tracheal compression from edema or hemorrhage. […] Nursing Diagnosis Impaired Verbal Communication Related to: Vocal cord injury, laryngeal nerve damage. Tissue edema; pain and discomfort. […] Nursing Outcomes Evaluation Criteria Client Will: Establish method of communication in which needs can be understood. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationale: Assess speech periodically and encourage voice rest. Rationale Hoarseness and sore throat may occur secondary to tissue edema or surgical damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve and may last several days. Permanent nerve damage can occur (rare) that causes paralysis of vocal cords and or compression of the trachea.

• #55 Nursing Care Plan for Thyroid Cancer ~ Lifenurses

  http://www.lifenurses.com/2011/03/nursing-care-plan-for-thyroid-cancer.html

  Nursing Outcomes Evaluation Criteria Client Will: Maintain patent airway, with aspiration prevented. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationale Nursing Diagnosis Risk for Ineffective Airway Clearance: Monitor respiratory rate, depth, and work of breathing. Rationale Respirations may remain somewhat rapid because of hyperthyroid state, but development of respiratory distress is indicative of tracheal compression from edema or hemorrhage. […] Nursing Diagnosis Impaired Verbal Communication Related to: Vocal cord injury, laryngeal nerve damage. Tissue edema; pain and discomfort. […] Nursing Outcomes Evaluation Criteria Client Will: Establish method of communication in which needs can be understood. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationale: Assess speech periodically and encourage voice rest. Rationale Hoarseness and sore throat may occur secondary to tissue edema or surgical damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve and may last several days. Permanent nerve damage can occur (rare) that causes paralysis of vocal cords and or compression of the trachea.

• #56 Nursing Care Plan for Thyroid Cancer ~ Lifenurses

  http://www.lifenurses.com/2011/03/nursing-care-plan-for-thyroid-cancer.html

  Nursing Diagnosis Deficient Knowledge Regarding Condition, Prognosis, Treatment, Self-Care, And Discharge Needs Related to: Lack of exposure and recall; misinterpretation, Unfamiliarity with information resources. […] Nursing Outcomes Evaluation Criteria Client Will: Verbalize understanding of surgical procedure and prognosis and potential complications. Verbalize understanding of therapeutic needs. Participate in treatment regimen. Initiate necessary lifestyle changes. […] Patient Teaching Thyroid Cancer Patient Teaching discharge and Home Health Guidance for Patient with Thyroid Cancer. To maintain a euthyroid state, teach family and patient sign and symptoms of hypothyroidism for early detection of problems: weakness, fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, facial puffiness, periorbital edema, bradycardia, and hypothermia. Be sure the patient understands all medications, including the dosage, route, action, and adverse effects. Explain that the patient needs routine follow-up laboratory tests to check TSH and thyroxine (T4) levels. Be sure the patient knows when the first postoperative physicians visit is scheduled. […] Before discharge, ensure that the patient knows the date and time of his next appointment. Answer his questions about his treatment and home care. Be sure he understands the purpose of his medications, dosage, administration times, and possible adverse effects.

• #57 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Benign nodules (Bethesda category 2, or category 3 or 4 with benign molecular test results) should be followed with repeat ultrasonography 12 to 24 months after the initial FNA, based on the ultrasound characteristics of the nodules. […] If the nodules have not grown significantly, the interval may be extended to three to five years. […] Nodules showing significant growth on follow-up thyroid ultrasonography should undergo repeat FNA or serial ultrasonography, based on the suspicion for malignancy. […] Pregnant women may have thyroid nodules that grow in size. […] Nonfunctioning thyroid nodules in pregnant women can be managed in the same way as those in nonpregnant women, with the exception of molecular testing, which has not been validated in this population. […] Thyroid nodules in children are rare, but they carry a greater risk of malignancy than those in adults (22% to 26%). […] The evaluation and treatment are similar to those for adults; however, because thyroid volume increases with age, ultrasound features rather than size alone should be used to identify nodules that require FNA in children.

• #58 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Benign nodules (Bethesda category 2, or category 3 or 4 with benign molecular test results) should be followed with repeat ultrasonography 12 to 24 months after the initial FNA, based on the ultrasound characteristics of the nodules. […] If the nodules have not grown significantly, the interval may be extended to three to five years. […] Nodules showing significant growth on follow-up thyroid ultrasonography should undergo repeat FNA or serial ultrasonography, based on the suspicion for malignancy. […] Pregnant women may have thyroid nodules that grow in size. […] Nonfunctioning thyroid nodules in pregnant women can be managed in the same way as those in nonpregnant women, with the exception of molecular testing, which has not been validated in this population. […] Thyroid nodules in children are rare, but they carry a greater risk of malignancy than those in adults (22% to 26%). […] The evaluation and treatment are similar to those for adults; however, because thyroid volume increases with age, ultrasound features rather than size alone should be used to identify nodules that require FNA in children.

• #59 Thyroid Nodules | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0201/p559.html

  Use of TSH suppressive therapy with thyroxine to manage benign, solitary thyroid nodules remains controversial. […] The efficacy of thyroxine is less certain for solitary nodules than for a diffuse or multinodular goiter. […] However, some patients may benefit, and suppressive therapy is considered an appropriate alternative as long as the patient is followed carefully at six-month intervals. […] When thyroxine therapy is selected to manage a benign thyroid nodule, the medication should be prescribed in dosages sufficient to suppress the TSH level to 0.1 to 0.5 U per mL (0.1 to 0.5 mU per L) for six to 12 months. […] Following complete resection of thyroid cancer, the TSH concentration should be in the target range of 0.5 U per mL (0.5 mU per L). […] Thyroid nodules in pregnant women can be managed in the same way as in nonpregnant patients, except that radionuclide scanning is contraindicated.

• #60 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Benign nodules (Bethesda category 2, or category 3 or 4 with benign molecular test results) should be followed with repeat ultrasonography 12 to 24 months after the initial FNA, based on the ultrasound characteristics of the nodules. […] If the nodules have not grown significantly, the interval may be extended to three to five years. […] Nodules showing significant growth on follow-up thyroid ultrasonography should undergo repeat FNA or serial ultrasonography, based on the suspicion for malignancy. […] Pregnant women may have thyroid nodules that grow in size. […] Nonfunctioning thyroid nodules in pregnant women can be managed in the same way as those in nonpregnant women, with the exception of molecular testing, which has not been validated in this population. […] Thyroid nodules in children are rare, but they carry a greater risk of malignancy than those in adults (22% to 26%). […] The evaluation and treatment are similar to those for adults; however, because thyroid volume increases with age, ultrasound features rather than size alone should be used to identify nodules that require FNA in children.

• #61 Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0901/p298.html

  Benign nodules (Bethesda category 2, or category 3 or 4 with benign molecular test results) should be followed with repeat ultrasonography 12 to 24 months after the initial FNA, based on the ultrasound characteristics of the nodules. […] If the nodules have not grown significantly, the interval may be extended to three to five years. […] Nodules showing significant growth on follow-up thyroid ultrasonography should undergo repeat FNA or serial ultrasonography, based on the suspicion for malignancy. […] Pregnant women may have thyroid nodules that grow in size. […] Nonfunctioning thyroid nodules in pregnant women can be managed in the same way as those in nonpregnant women, with the exception of molecular testing, which has not been validated in this population. […] Thyroid nodules in children are rare, but they carry a greater risk of malignancy than those in adults (22% to 26%). […] The evaluation and treatment are similar to those for adults; however, because thyroid volume increases with age, ultrasound features rather than size alone should be used to identify nodules that require FNA in children.

• #62 Thyroid Nodules | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/thyroid-nodules

  A thyroid nodule is a firm lump in the thyroid gland, which is located in the front of the neck. […] In the Pediatric Thyroid Center at Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, we have established a unique evaluation process for all suspected thyroid nodules that ensures the most accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment for your child. […] At CHOP, experts at the Pediatric Thyroid Center take a team approach to treatment for children with thyroid nodules. Our board-certified endocrinologists, pediatric surgeons and nurses collaborate to provide your child with individualized care and the best possible outcome. […] The use of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has allowed benign (not cancerous) nodules to be followed without surgery in children and adolescents. […] If results of your child’s FNA show malignant cells (cancerous), the next step is to arrange for surgical removal of the entire thyroid gland, a procedure called total thyroidectomy. […] Follow-up care for children with thyroid nodules will depend on whether the nodule was benign or malignant and what treatment was received.

• #63

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=tw12209

  Thyroid nodules are growths or lumps in the thyroid gland. Your thyroid is in the front of your neck. It controls how your body uses energy. […] If you do have cancer, it can usually be cured. Treatment will probably include surgery. You may also get radioactive iodine treatment. If your thyroid can’t make thyroid hormone after treatment, you can take a pill every day to replace the hormone. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Be safe with medicines. If you take thyroid hormone medicine: Take it exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. If you take the right amount and don’t skip doses, you probably won’t have side effects.

• #64 Thyroid Nodules and Cancer Treatment | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/thyroid-disease

  After resting at home overnight, patients typically will be able to resume most daily activities the next day. Your doctor will give you complete instructions and discuss your recovery and expectations with you. […] Patients may need thyroid hormone replacement after surgery. Hormone replacement is typically one pill taken daily. Thyroid hormones have no side effects. It is identical to the hormone produced naturally by your thyroid. […] After surgery, all patients with thyroid cancer are placed in a registry and followed up with long term. This will entail blood work and ultrasound imaging that our staff will monitor. […] Even after treatment for thyroid cancer, it is possible for the cancer to return. This is called recurrent disease. […] While surgery is commonly offered to treat recurrent thyroid cancer, there are several new innovative approaches as possible alternatives.

• #65 Recovery & Support for Thyroid Nodules & Cancers | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/thyroid-nodules-cancers/support

  After treating you for thyroid nodules or cancer, NYU Langone doctors play an important role in your follow-up care. If you have received therapy for toxic thyroid nodules, which cause hyperthyroidism, its important that you see an endocrinologist regularly to ensure that your thyroid hormone levels are healthy. […] Those who have been treated for thyroid cancer usually see an endocrinologist every 6 to 12 months for monitoring of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. Keeping these levels low can help to prevent papillary or follicular thyroid cancer from returning. […] Your doctor also gives you periodic physical exams and ultrasounds to detect a recurrence of the tumor as early as possible. […] Your endocrinologist may also monitor the level of thyroglobulin, a thyroid-produced protein from which thyroid hormones are made, to assess how well the treatment has worked.

• #66 Recovery & Support for Thyroid Nodules & Cancers | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/thyroid-nodules-cancers/support

  After treating you for thyroid nodules or cancer, NYU Langone doctors play an important role in your follow-up care. If you have received therapy for toxic thyroid nodules, which cause hyperthyroidism, its important that you see an endocrinologist regularly to ensure that your thyroid hormone levels are healthy. […] Those who have been treated for thyroid cancer usually see an endocrinologist every 6 to 12 months for monitoring of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. Keeping these levels low can help to prevent papillary or follicular thyroid cancer from returning. […] Your doctor also gives you periodic physical exams and ultrasounds to detect a recurrence of the tumor as early as possible. […] Your endocrinologist may also monitor the level of thyroglobulin, a thyroid-produced protein from which thyroid hormones are made, to assess how well the treatment has worked.

• #67 Recovery & Support for Thyroid Nodules & Cancers | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/thyroid-nodules-cancers/support

  Because cancer treatments largely remove or destroy the thyroid, thyroglobulin levels should be low or undetectable after a thyroidectomy, the complete removal of the thyroid. If levels start to rise months or years after a thyroidectomy, cancer cells may have returned. The same is true for treatment with radioactive iodine. […] If you have been treated for medullary thyroid cancer, the doctor may monitor the blood for high levels of the hormone calcitonin, which helps control the bodys use of calcium. High levels of the hormone may be a sign that the condition has come back after treatment. […] The doctor may also monitor the blood for high levels of a protein called carcinoembryonic antigen. These levels are usually low in healthy adults. Measuring this substance can help your doctor monitor the progress of cancer treatment, and help determine if medullary thyroid cancer has returned once treatment is completed.

• #68 Recovery & Support for Thyroid Nodules & Cancers | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/thyroid-nodules-cancers/support

  To help you throughout treatment and recovery, NYU Langone specialists offer a variety of support services. […] The supportive care team at NYU Langones Perlmutter Cancer Center provides therapy for any treatment-related discomfort. In addition, your doctor may refer you to integrative health services offered at Perlmutter Cancer Center. […] Support groups and one-on-one counseling sessions with a psycho-oncologist, a healthcare provider who is trained to address the psychological needs of people with cancer, are available at Perlmutter Cancer Center. Counseling may help you cope with any cancer-related stress or anxiety. […] Social workers can help you address any financial matters or logistical challengessuch as traveling to your medical appointmentsthat may arise during treatment.

• #69 Recovery & Support for Thyroid Nodules & Cancers | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/thyroid-nodules-cancers/support

  Although rare, temporary speech and swallowing difficulties can result from a swelling of the salivary glands after radioactive iodine therapy for toxic thyroid nodules, toxic multinodular goiters, or thyroid cancer. […] If swallowing is difficult, you may need a nutritional assessment and dietary plan. Nutritionists at Perlmutter Cancer Center can help ensure you are getting the nutrients you need in easy-to-swallow foods during your recovery. […] After an evaluation by one of our doctors, you can receive physical and occupational therapy at NYU Langones Rusk Rehabilitation. These therapies may include strength and aerobic exercises to address fatigue or functional problems caused by surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. The goals of therapy include improving quality of life and helping you return to your daily activities at home and in the community.

• #70 Thyroid Nodules | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/thyroid-nodules

  Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You have pain in your neck, jaw, or ear. You have problems swallowing. You feel weak and tired. You have nervousness, a fast heartbeat, hand tremors, problems sleeping, increased sweating, and weight loss. You do not feel better even though you are taking your medicine.

• #71 Expert Care for Thyroid Nodules | Becker ENT & Allergy

  https://www.beckerentandallergy.com/blog/expert-care-for-thyroid-nodules

  A thyroid nodule is a lump that forms in the thyroid gland, which sits at the front of your neck. Most nodules are not serious, but some may need more testing to rule out conditions like cancer or problems with thyroid hormone levels. The right medical team can help you manage your condition and improve your quality of life. […] Penn Medicine Becker ENT Allergy offers reliable care and clear guidance for people with thyroid nodules, working closely with specialists from endocrinologists to surgeons to support every step of your care. […] Thyroid nodules are often treated by a team of specialists. Endocrinologists manage hormone-related issues, surgeons handle biopsies or removal if needed, and radiologists and pathologists assist with imaging and lab analysis. ENT doctors may also be involved if the nodule affects your voice, swallowing, or breathing. At Penn Medicine Becker ENT Allergy, all of these experts work together to provide complete, coordinated care so you get the support you need at every step.

• #72 Pediatric Thyroid Nodule and Cancer Program | Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital Nashville, TN

  https://www.childrenshospitalvanderbilt.org/clinic/pediatric-thyroid-nodule-and-cancer-program

  At the Monroe Carell’s Pediatric Thyroid Nodule and Cancer Program, we use a team approach to treat children with thyroid issues, which can include thyroid nodules, hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer, among other complex thyroid problems. […] We provide personal care for our patients through experience, collaboration and advanced research. Your child and family will have access to multiple specialists and experts with coordinated clinic visits, and follow-up care available in Nashville and Murfreesboro. […] Thyroid treatment strategies are complex. Your child’s care needs input from surgeons, endocrinologists, pathologists, radiologists and other experts. Our team working together allows better communication, which means an improved outcome and a better patient experience for your child. […] When Lexi faced thyroid cancer, the pediatric care team at Monroe Carell set up appointments with several specialists all on the same day, and she had surgery a week later.

• #73 6 Thyroidectomy Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/thyroidectomy-nursing-care-plans/

  Thyroidectomy requires meticulous postoperative nursing care to prevent complications. The nursing care plan will focus on managing the hyperthyroid state preoperatively, relieving pain, providing information about the surgical procedure, prognosis, and treatment needs, and preventing complications. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients who underwent thyroidectomy: Prepare the patient for thyroidectomy surgery, ensuring proper informed consent and preoperative assessments. Monitor the patients vital signs and condition during and after the surgery. Administer prescribed medications, such as antibiotics or pain relievers, as directed. Assess and manage the patients pain and discomfort postoperatively. Monitor the patient for any signs of complications, such as bleeding or infection. Provide wound care and dressing changes as required. Educate the patient on postoperative care, including activity restrictions and dietary modifications. Offer emotional support and address any concerns or questions the patient may have. Schedule follow-up appointments to monitor healing, assess thyroid hormone levels, and adjust medication dosage if needed.

• #74 Thyroid nodules: a clinical update for primary care | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/69/686/462

  Patients who do not meet the criteria for referral should be reassured that thyroid nodules are an incredibly common phenomenon in the population and should be considered a variant of normal. […] For the minority of patients who do have a malignancy, the prognosis for differentiated thyroid cancer is generally excellent, and treatment is associated with lower morbidity than many other oncological protocols. Treatment is predominantly surgical, by hemi- or total thyroidectomy. Some patients may require extended surgery to include lymph nodes or radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA). RRA is a short course of treatment, usually taking less than a week to complete. It causes very few side effects.

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