Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Thyroid Nodules | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/thyroid-nodules/

  WHAT CAUSES THYROID NODULES AND HOW COMMON ARE THEY? […] We do not know what causes most thyroid nodules but they are extremely common. By age 60, about one-half of all people have a thyroid nodule that can be found either through examination or with imaging. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis, which is the most common cause of hypothyroidism, is associated with an increased risk of thyroid nodules. Iodine deficiency, which is very uncommon in the United States, is also known to cause thyroid nodules.

• #2 5 Causes of Thyroid Nodules Houston, TX

  https://www.houstonsinussurgery.com/blog/5-causes-of-thyroid-nodules/?bp=38643

  One of the first things to understand about thyroid nodules is that theyre incredibly common. In fact, about 50% of all people develop a nodule by age 60. […] The most common cause of thyroid nodules is an overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue. Also referred to as thyroid adenoma, were not sure what causes this excessive tissue growth. […] This is a condition in which your thyroid is inflamed, which can lead to nodules. […] The thyroid gland is included in the hormonal changes women undergo during pregnancy, and this can leave them susceptible to developing thyroid nodules. […] While thyroid nodules themselves are rarely cancerous, they can stem from thyroid cancer. If you have a small, hard nodule, its important to have us check it out. […] If your diet lacks iodine, it can lead to the development of thyroid nodules. This cause is extremely rare as Americans usually get plenty of iodine through salt and other foods.

• #3 Thyroid Nodule: Approach and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71446

  A thyroid nodule is defined as a discrete radiologically distinct lesion from the surrounding thyroid parenchyma. […] The clinical importance lies in excluding malignancy in a thyroid nodule, assessing functional status, associated with pain at appearance and compressive symptoms (if large) and accordingly decide the line of management. […] Thyroid nodular disease comprises of a wide range of disorders. Colloid nodules, cysts and thyroiditis comprise of 80% of cases, whereas benign follicular neoplasms and thyroid carcinomas account for 10-15% and 5% cases respectively. […] Autoimmune thyroid diseases are commonly associated with thyroid nodules. Graves disease is associated with nodules in 10-31% of patients. […] Nodules occur more commonly in areas of iodine deficiency. […] Cigarette smoking can also predispose to development of nodular goitre. […] The prevalence of thyroid nodules is 4 times more common in females than in males. […] The prevalence of thyroid nodules increases with age. […] The number of detected nodules increases with age, with the highest prevalence in the seventh decade.

• #4 Thyroid Nodules: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13121-thyroid-nodule

  More than 90% of detected nodules in adults are noncancerous (benign), but they may represent thyroid cancer in approximately 4.0% to 6.5% of cases. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules include: History of thyroid radiation. Family history of thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer. Increasing age. Iron-deficiency anemia. Smoking. Obesity. Metabolic syndrome. Alcohol consumption. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (a hormone). Uterine fibroids. […] Researchers dont know why most thyroid nodules form. Nodules can form for various reasons, and there are different types, including: Colloid nodules: These are one or more overgrowths of normal thyroid tissue. These growths are not cancer (benign). They may grow large, but they dont spread beyond your thyroid gland. These are the most common type of thyroid nodules. Thyroid cysts: These are growths that are filled with fluid or partly solid and partly filled with fluid. Cystic nodules pose a low risk for cancer (malignancy) and are either monitored or biopsied if theyre larger than 2 centimeters. Inflammatory nodules: These nodules develop as a result of long-term (chronic) (inflammation) of your thyroid gland. These growths may or may not cause pain. Multinodular goiter: Sometimes an enlarged thyroid (goiter) is made up of many nodules (which are usually benign). Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: These nodules produce extra thyroid hormone, which may lead to the development of hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism requires treatment. Thyroid cancer: Cancer is the biggest concern when thyroid nodules form. Fortunately, thyroid cancer is very rare its found in less than 6.5% of all thyroid nodules. […] Since researchers dont know what causes the majority of thyroid nodules, you cant prevent them in most cases.

• #5 Thyroid nodules – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/symptoms-causes/syc-20355262

  Several conditions can cause nodules to develop in your thyroid gland, including: […] An overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue is sometimes referred to as a thyroid adenoma. It’s unclear why this occurs, but it’s not cancerous and isn’t considered serious unless it causes bothersome symptoms from its size. […] Some thyroid adenomas lead to hyperthyroidism. […] Fluid-filled cavities (cysts) in the thyroid most commonly result from degenerating thyroid adenomas. […] Hashimoto’s disease, a thyroid disorder, can cause thyroid inflammation and result in enlarged nodules. This often is associated with hypothyroidism. […] The term goiter is used to describe any enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can be caused by iodine deficiency or a thyroid disorder. […] The chances that a nodule is cancerous are small. However, a nodule that is large and hard or causes pain or discomfort is more worrisome.

• #6 Thyroid nodules – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/symptoms-causes/syc-20355262

  Several conditions can cause nodules to develop in your thyroid gland, including: […] An overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue is sometimes referred to as a thyroid adenoma. It’s unclear why this occurs, but it’s not cancerous and isn’t considered serious unless it causes bothersome symptoms from its size. […] Some thyroid adenomas lead to hyperthyroidism. […] Fluid-filled cavities (cysts) in the thyroid most commonly result from degenerating thyroid adenomas. […] Hashimoto’s disease, a thyroid disorder, can cause thyroid inflammation and result in enlarged nodules. This often is associated with hypothyroidism. […] The term goiter is used to describe any enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can be caused by iodine deficiency or a thyroid disorder. […] The chances that a nodule is cancerous are small. However, a nodule that is large and hard or causes pain or discomfort is more worrisome.

• #7 5 Causes of Thyroid Nodules – Associated Endocrinologists

  https://www.endocrinemds.com/blogs/5-causes-thyroid-nodules/

  Thyroid nodules are classified as either cold or hot nodules. A hot thyroid nodule produces thyroid hormones that can cause hyperthyroidism. Hot nodules are also referred to as toxic nodules. Thyroid nodules that dont produce thyroid hormones are called cold nodules. […] Most thyroid nodules dont cause symptoms and arent a serious health problem. You should also see a doctor if youre experiencing symptoms of hyperthyroidism or Hashimotos thyroiditis. Hyperthyroidism could be due to a hot nodule that needs treatment. While having Hashimotos could make you more likely to develop thyroid nodules and not produce enough thyroid hormones.

• #8 Toxic thyroid nodule | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/toxic-thyroid-nodule/

  A toxic thyroid nodule is a cause of hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), which is a cause of thyrotoxicosis (having an excess amount of thyroid hormones). This occurs when a single nodule (or lump) grows in the thyroid gland and produces excess thyroid hormones. […] Toxic nodules are usually benign (ie non-cancerous). If the increased hormone production is coming from a single nodule in the gland, this is called a toxic nodule. If the thyroid gland becomes enlarged, for example due to the presence of nodules, this is called a goitre. If there are many nodules causing hyperthyroidism, this is referred to as a toxic multinodular goitre. […] Thyroid disorders are much more common in women than in men. Figures from the USA state that the incidence of toxic thyroid nodules accounts for 35% of patients with hyperthyroidism. Toxic nodules are more common in elderly people, particularly in areas of iodine deficiency. […] Currently, toxic nodules are not thought to be inherited.

• #9 Thyroid Nodule Overview

  https://www.thyroidcancer.com/thyroid-nodule

  Multinodular goiter is a thyroid gland which contains multiple thyroid nodules. The cause of multinodular goiter is not known but in some instances there may be a strong family history of goiters. […] Although the likelihood that a thyroid nodule is a cancer is quite low, the following are associated with an increased malignant risk: Age less than 30 years of age, Age greater than 50 years of age, Men greater than women, A positive family history of thyroid cancer, A positive family history of other endocrine cancers, A history of radiation exposure, Larger thyroid nodules, Vocal cord paralysis (hoarseness).

• #10 Thyroid nodules – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/symptoms-causes/syc-20355262

  Several conditions can cause nodules to develop in your thyroid gland, including: […] An overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue is sometimes referred to as a thyroid adenoma. It’s unclear why this occurs, but it’s not cancerous and isn’t considered serious unless it causes bothersome symptoms from its size. […] Some thyroid adenomas lead to hyperthyroidism. […] Fluid-filled cavities (cysts) in the thyroid most commonly result from degenerating thyroid adenomas. […] Hashimoto’s disease, a thyroid disorder, can cause thyroid inflammation and result in enlarged nodules. This often is associated with hypothyroidism. […] The term goiter is used to describe any enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can be caused by iodine deficiency or a thyroid disorder. […] The chances that a nodule is cancerous are small. However, a nodule that is large and hard or causes pain or discomfort is more worrisome.

• #11 5 Causes of Thyroid Nodules – Associated Endocrinologists

  https://www.endocrinemds.com/blogs/5-causes-thyroid-nodules/

  People of any age or gender can experience growths in their thyroid gland called thyroid nodules. These nodules are fluid-filled or solid lumps that form within the butterfly-shaped gland in your neck. While more than 90% of thyroid nodules are benign, they can be a sign of an underlying health problem that needs to be addressed. […] An overgrowth of normal tissue, also called thyroid adenoma, are non-cancerous growths within your thyroid that cause nodules. Its not clear why they happen, but they are generally harmless unless they begin causing symptoms. […] Thyroid cysts are fluid-filled cavities that form as a thyroid adenoma breaks down. Solid parts of tissue growth are mixed in with fluid, forming cysts. Cysts are typically non-cancerous but can contain cancerous solid material within them.

• #12 What Are Thyroid Nodules?

  https://lakesideallergyent.com/2017/08/30/what-are-thyroid-nodules/

  A thyroid gland that overproduces hormones causes hyperthyroidism. Conversely, hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. Either of these conditions can cause a thyroid nodule to form. Factors contributing to nodule formation include: […] Thyroid Cysts These usually benign growths are fluid-filled sacs resulting from deteriorating thyroid adenomas. Occasionally the solid parts of the cyst can contain malignant cells. […] Thyroid Tissue Overgrowth Known as an adenoma, this tissue growth is usually noncancerous and doesnt cause symptoms unless it grows overly large. […] Thyroiditis (chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland) Also known as Hashimotos disease, this condition is associated with hypothyroidism and causes an inflammation of the thyroid and any nodules that are present.

• #13 Thyroid Nodules: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13121-thyroid-nodule

  More than 90% of detected nodules in adults are noncancerous (benign), but they may represent thyroid cancer in approximately 4.0% to 6.5% of cases. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules include: History of thyroid radiation. Family history of thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer. Increasing age. Iron-deficiency anemia. Smoking. Obesity. Metabolic syndrome. Alcohol consumption. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (a hormone). Uterine fibroids. […] Researchers dont know why most thyroid nodules form. Nodules can form for various reasons, and there are different types, including: Colloid nodules: These are one or more overgrowths of normal thyroid tissue. These growths are not cancer (benign). They may grow large, but they dont spread beyond your thyroid gland. These are the most common type of thyroid nodules. Thyroid cysts: These are growths that are filled with fluid or partly solid and partly filled with fluid. Cystic nodules pose a low risk for cancer (malignancy) and are either monitored or biopsied if theyre larger than 2 centimeters. Inflammatory nodules: These nodules develop as a result of long-term (chronic) (inflammation) of your thyroid gland. These growths may or may not cause pain. Multinodular goiter: Sometimes an enlarged thyroid (goiter) is made up of many nodules (which are usually benign). Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: These nodules produce extra thyroid hormone, which may lead to the development of hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism requires treatment. Thyroid cancer: Cancer is the biggest concern when thyroid nodules form. Fortunately, thyroid cancer is very rare its found in less than 6.5% of all thyroid nodules. […] Since researchers dont know what causes the majority of thyroid nodules, you cant prevent them in most cases.

• #14 Thyroid nodules – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/symptoms-causes/syc-20355262

  Several conditions can cause nodules to develop in your thyroid gland, including: […] An overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue is sometimes referred to as a thyroid adenoma. It’s unclear why this occurs, but it’s not cancerous and isn’t considered serious unless it causes bothersome symptoms from its size. […] Some thyroid adenomas lead to hyperthyroidism. […] Fluid-filled cavities (cysts) in the thyroid most commonly result from degenerating thyroid adenomas. […] Hashimoto’s disease, a thyroid disorder, can cause thyroid inflammation and result in enlarged nodules. This often is associated with hypothyroidism. […] The term goiter is used to describe any enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can be caused by iodine deficiency or a thyroid disorder. […] The chances that a nodule is cancerous are small. However, a nodule that is large and hard or causes pain or discomfort is more worrisome.

• #15 Why do I have Thyroid Nodules? – RFA For Life Blog

  https://rfaforlife.com/thyroidrfa-blogs/why-do-i-have-thyroid-nodules/

  Thyroid nodules are overgrowths of thyroid cells that form a lump within the thyroid gland. The precise cause of most thyroid nodules remains unknown. Today, we are going to cover some medical conditions that are associated with the development of thyroid nodules. […] The underlying cause of everyone’s thyroid nodule varies. Below are several conditions that are associated with nodular development in your thyroid gland. […] Thyroid hyperplasia accounts for 80% of all nodular thyroid disease. It has many causes including iodine deficiency and thyroid autoimmune diseases. […] There are two autoimmune conditions that can predispose (cause) a thyroid gland to develop thyroid nodules: Hashimoto Disease and Grave’s Disease. […] Hashimoto Disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system produces antibodies that attack the thyroid gland causing inflammation (thyroiditis). […] Grave’s Disease is another autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland causing overproduction of the thyroid hormone. […] Lastly, malignancy (cancer) is the most unwanted cause for any thyroid nodules, and they occur in 5-10% of all thyroid nodules.

• #16 5 Causes of Thyroid Nodules – Associated Endocrinologists

  https://www.endocrinemds.com/blogs/5-causes-thyroid-nodules/

  While most thyroid nodules are benign, some are caused by thyroid cancer. Nodules that feel hard or large or cause pain are of more concern. A family history of thyroid cancer or radiation exposure from previous medical treatments can increase your risk of developing thyroid cancer. […] Chronic inflammation of the thyroid, also called thyroiditis, can cause nodules to develop. Types of thyroiditis include postpartum thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and Hashimotos thyroiditis. Hashimotos thyroiditis is the most common form of thyroiditis. It is an inflammatory-based disease of the thyroid that causes hypothyroidism, thyroid inflammation, and enlarged thyroid nodules. […] A lack of iodine in your diet can cause you to develop thyroid nodules. Iodine deficiencies can result in the enlargement of your thyroid gland, called a goiter.

• #17 Thyroid Nodules | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/thyroid-nodules/

  WHAT CAUSES THYROID NODULES AND HOW COMMON ARE THEY? […] We do not know what causes most thyroid nodules but they are extremely common. By age 60, about one-half of all people have a thyroid nodule that can be found either through examination or with imaging. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis, which is the most common cause of hypothyroidism, is associated with an increased risk of thyroid nodules. Iodine deficiency, which is very uncommon in the United States, is also known to cause thyroid nodules.

• #18 5 Causes of Thyroid Nodules – Associated Endocrinologists

  https://www.endocrinemds.com/blogs/5-causes-thyroid-nodules/

  While most thyroid nodules are benign, some are caused by thyroid cancer. Nodules that feel hard or large or cause pain are of more concern. A family history of thyroid cancer or radiation exposure from previous medical treatments can increase your risk of developing thyroid cancer. […] Chronic inflammation of the thyroid, also called thyroiditis, can cause nodules to develop. Types of thyroiditis include postpartum thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and Hashimotos thyroiditis. Hashimotos thyroiditis is the most common form of thyroiditis. It is an inflammatory-based disease of the thyroid that causes hypothyroidism, thyroid inflammation, and enlarged thyroid nodules. […] A lack of iodine in your diet can cause you to develop thyroid nodules. Iodine deficiencies can result in the enlargement of your thyroid gland, called a goiter.

• #19 Thyroid nodules – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/symptoms-causes/syc-20355262

  Certain factors increase your risk of thyroid cancer, such as a family history of thyroid or other endocrine cancers and having a history of radiation exposure from medical therapy or from nuclear fallout. […] Lack of iodine in your diet can sometimes cause your thyroid gland to develop thyroid nodules. But iodine deficiency is uncommon in the United States, where iodine is routinely added to table salt and other foods.

• #20 Thyroid nodule – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/thyroid-nodule/

  Thyroid nodules are very common, but the fear that they are cancer is unfounded in the vast majority of cases. […] The most important cause for the development of a thyroid nodule is iodine deficiency, which is still present subliminally in Switzerland. Iodine is, so to speak, the fuel for the thyroid gland, which it needs to produce hormones. If it receives too little iodine, the gland reacts by enlarging. Their cells multiply in order to be able to absorb the little iodine available from the blood as completely as possible. […] Iodine deficiency thus changes the thyroid gland in two ways: its cells multiply and enlarge. This can cause goiter, benign nodules, but also cysts and in rare cases cancer.

• #21 Causes of thyroid nodules | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/thyroid-nodule/causes

  The exact mechanism by which nodules appear and grow is unknown. Altogether, there are many possible causes of thyroid nodules, most of which are the same as the causes of nodular goitre. […] Nodules and goitres are more common in areas where there is a lack of iodine in the diet. Some nodules have a hereditary, genetic component that causes them to grow.

• #22 Thyroid nodules – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/symptoms-causes/syc-20355262

  Certain factors increase your risk of thyroid cancer, such as a family history of thyroid or other endocrine cancers and having a history of radiation exposure from medical therapy or from nuclear fallout. […] Lack of iodine in your diet can sometimes cause your thyroid gland to develop thyroid nodules. But iodine deficiency is uncommon in the United States, where iodine is routinely added to table salt and other foods.

• #23 Thyroid nodules: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and pictures

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/185672

  Thyroid nodules can be a sign of iodine deficiency and other issues. […] A nodule can develop for different reasons. It may be a cyst or, less commonly, cancerous. […] The cause of thyroid nodules is unknown. However, a range of possible causes includes: […] Iodine deficiency is very uncommon in the U.S. […] An iodine deficiency may also lead to toxic thyroid nodules, which are nodules that lead to an excess of thyroid hormones, resulting in hyperthyroidism. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis increases the risk of thyroid nodules. […] More than 90% of nodules are benign, but some may be cancerous. […] Risk factors for thyroid cancer include:

• #24 Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/thyroid-nodule/causes.html

  Thyroid nodules are growths that form within the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland in the neck. […] Experts don’t know the exact cause of thyroid nodules. But they do know that people who have been exposed to radiation have a greater chance of getting them. Exposure to environmental radiation raises your risk for thyroid nodules. Also, past radiation treatment to the head, neck, and chest (especially as a child) raises your risk for thyroid nodules. Thyroid nodules are more common as you age. […] Experts know that thyroid nodules run in families. This means you are more likely to have a thyroid nodule if one of your parents has had a thyroid nodule. […] Also, if you have another thyroid condition (such as goiter), you may have a greater chance of developing thyroid nodules.

• #25 Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924550-overview

  Many risk factors are associated with the development of thyroid nodules and cancer. A family history of thyroid disease, benign or malignant, significantly increases risk. Fowler et al found that a family history of thyroid disease was present in 41% of their patients with thyroid nodules. […] Exposure to certain carcinogens predisposes patients to the development of thyroid disease. Previous head and neck irradiation is the most obvious and well-known risk factor. […] In the 1950s, 70% of thyroid nodules in children harbored malignancy. […] Irradiation is still a factor in children who have received therapeutic radiation for Hodgkin lymphoma, bone marrow transplants, or other malignancies or in those who have been exposed to unusual environmental radiation, such as the Chernobyl accident.

• #26 Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924550-overview

  Many risk factors are associated with the development of thyroid nodules and cancer. A family history of thyroid disease, benign or malignant, significantly increases risk. Fowler et al found that a family history of thyroid disease was present in 41% of their patients with thyroid nodules. […] Exposure to certain carcinogens predisposes patients to the development of thyroid disease. Previous head and neck irradiation is the most obvious and well-known risk factor. […] In the 1950s, 70% of thyroid nodules in children harbored malignancy. […] Irradiation is still a factor in children who have received therapeutic radiation for Hodgkin lymphoma, bone marrow transplants, or other malignancies or in those who have been exposed to unusual environmental radiation, such as the Chernobyl accident.

• #27 Thyroid Nodules

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3575959/

  Family history of thyroid disorders should always be investigated. Rare but important familial thyroid syndromes include familial medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), derived from calcitonin-producing C-cell tumors, and familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer, which is derived from follicular cells. […] A personal history of head and neck irradiation, particularly as a child, young age (20 years), or advanced age (70 years), and male sex are demographic features associated with increased likelihood of malignancy in a patient with a thyroid nodule. […] The risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules increases as the serum TSH increases. […] The risk of malignancy rises in parallel with serum TSH, even within the normal range, and higher TSH levels were found to be associated with advanced-stage thyroid cancer.

• #28 What Causes Thyroid Cancer? | Causes of Thyroid Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/thyroid-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  While we know about some risk factors for thyroid cancer, including certain inherited conditions, its not always clear exactly what causes thyroid cancer. […] Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. […] Some people inherit DNA changes (mutations) from a parent that increase their risk of thyroid cancer. […] But most thyroid cancers are not caused by inherited gene changes. Instead, the gene changes are acquired during a persons life. Sometimes these changes might be caused by something in a persons environment, like radiation. […] The main gene changes in people with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) are mutations in different parts of the RET gene. […] Nearly all people with an inherited form of MTC, such as from multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), have a mutation in the RET gene.

• #29 Thyroid Nodule – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/

  Thyroid nodules may be classified as neoplastic and non-neoplastic. Neoplastic nodules may be benign or malignant, with benign neoplastic including non-functioning and functioning nodules. Non-neoplastic nodules include hyperplastic and inflammatory nodules. […] Colloid nodules represent adenomatous benign neoplasms, are the most common thyroid nodules, and do not pose an increased risk of malignancy. While most follicular adenomas are benign, they share characteristics with follicular carcinomas. […] Thyroid carcinomas may be classified as non-medullary thyroid cancers (NMTCs), arising from epithelial cells and constituting approximately 95% of all thyroid malignancies, or medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) arising from the calcitonin-producing parafollicular cells of the thyroid. Twenty percent of MTCs are familiar and may occur as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes.

• #30 Thyroid Nodule – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/

  A broad spectrum of disorders is associated with nodules of the thyroid, from benign to malignant conditions that may have indolent or very aggressive clinical courses. Approximately 23% of solitary nodules represent a dominant nodule within a multinodular goiter. […] Ionizing radiation is a known risk factor for both benign and malignant nodules of the thyroid. This population may develop thyroid nodules at a rate of 2% annually. The incidence of malignancy has been documented as high as 20% to 50% in palpable nodules of previously irradiated thyroids glands. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules and goiter include smoking, obesity, metabolic syndrome, alcohol consumption, increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, and uterine fibroids. Factors associated with possible decreased risk may include the use of oral contraceptives and statins.

• #31 Thyroid Nodules: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/thyroid-nodules-overview-4570944

  Thyroid nodules are very common, and about half of American adults will have one by age 60. Thyroid nodules are not cancerous 95% of the time. […] Many times, the cause of thyroid nodules cant be identified; however, there are some medical conditions that can cause them, including iodine deficiency. Iodine is necessary for the production of the thyroid hormone. […] In addition, thyroiditis, or the inflammation of your thyroid gland can cause thyroid nodules. Thyroid cancer and thyroid cysts are types of thyroid nodules. […] There are some risk factors associated with thyroid nodules: Advanced age, Exposure to radiation on the neck or head, especially before age 20, Being female, Smoking, Being iodine deficient, Having Hashimotos thyroiditis. […] Causes include age, radiation exposure to the head and neck, and iodine deficiency.

• #32 Thyroid Nodule – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/

  A broad spectrum of disorders is associated with nodules of the thyroid, from benign to malignant conditions that may have indolent or very aggressive clinical courses. Approximately 23% of solitary nodules represent a dominant nodule within a multinodular goiter. […] Ionizing radiation is a known risk factor for both benign and malignant nodules of the thyroid. This population may develop thyroid nodules at a rate of 2% annually. The incidence of malignancy has been documented as high as 20% to 50% in palpable nodules of previously irradiated thyroids glands. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules and goiter include smoking, obesity, metabolic syndrome, alcohol consumption, increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, and uterine fibroids. Factors associated with possible decreased risk may include the use of oral contraceptives and statins.

• #33 Thyroid Nodule – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/

  A broad spectrum of disorders is associated with nodules of the thyroid, from benign to malignant conditions that may have indolent or very aggressive clinical courses. Approximately 23% of solitary nodules represent a dominant nodule within a multinodular goiter. […] Ionizing radiation is a known risk factor for both benign and malignant nodules of the thyroid. This population may develop thyroid nodules at a rate of 2% annually. The incidence of malignancy has been documented as high as 20% to 50% in palpable nodules of previously irradiated thyroids glands. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules and goiter include smoking, obesity, metabolic syndrome, alcohol consumption, increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, and uterine fibroids. Factors associated with possible decreased risk may include the use of oral contraceptives and statins.

• #34 Thyroid nodule – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_nodule

  The prevalence of cancer is higher in males, patients under 20 years old or over 70 years old, and patients with a history of head and neck irradiation or a family history of thyroid cancer. […] Solitary thyroid nodules are more common in females yet more worrisome in males. Other associations with neoplastic nodules are family history of thyroid cancer and prior radiation to the head and neck. […] Radiation exposure to the head and neck may be for historic indications such as tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy, „enlarged thymus”, acne vulgaris, or existent indications such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Children living near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant during the catastrophe of 1986 experienced a 60-fold increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer. […] Malignancy is virtually non-existent in hot nodules.

• #35 Thyroid Nodule: Approach and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71446

  A thyroid nodule is defined as a discrete radiologically distinct lesion from the surrounding thyroid parenchyma. […] The clinical importance lies in excluding malignancy in a thyroid nodule, assessing functional status, associated with pain at appearance and compressive symptoms (if large) and accordingly decide the line of management. […] Thyroid nodular disease comprises of a wide range of disorders. Colloid nodules, cysts and thyroiditis comprise of 80% of cases, whereas benign follicular neoplasms and thyroid carcinomas account for 10-15% and 5% cases respectively. […] Autoimmune thyroid diseases are commonly associated with thyroid nodules. Graves disease is associated with nodules in 10-31% of patients. […] Nodules occur more commonly in areas of iodine deficiency. […] Cigarette smoking can also predispose to development of nodular goitre. […] The prevalence of thyroid nodules is 4 times more common in females than in males. […] The prevalence of thyroid nodules increases with age. […] The number of detected nodules increases with age, with the highest prevalence in the seventh decade.

• #36 What Causes Thyroid Nodules: Video – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/videos/what-causes-thyroid-nodules

  As we get older, the chances of developing thyroid nodules rise. This is due to the gradual proliferation of abnormal cells within the thyroid gland over time. The buildup of these irregular cells results in the formation of nodules, a frequent occurrence as we age. […] Another significant factor contributing to thyroid nodules is iodine deficiency, which can disrupt thyroid function and promote nodule formation. The thyroid gland relies on iodine to synthesize thyroid hormones, and inadequate iodine intake can lead to the development of nodules. […] Additionally, studies have identified several lifestyle factors associated with thyroid nodules, including smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity. These habits have been linked to hormonal imbalances and inflammatory processes that may contribute to nodule development.

• #37 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/thyroid-nodules-and-swellingsleaflet

  The main cause is unknown, but thyroid nodules and thyroid enlargement are more common in women than men and increase in frequency with age. […] Women often develop thyroid enlargement during pregnancy. […] The most common types are as follows: […] This is often caused by autoimmune thyroid conditions such as Hashimotos thyroiditis and Graves disease and can be associated with an over- or an under-active thyroid. […] Thyroid cancer is rare and has a high cure rate.

• #38 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/thyroid-nodules-and-swellingsleaflet

  The main cause is unknown, but thyroid nodules and thyroid enlargement are more common in women than men and increase in frequency with age. […] Women often develop thyroid enlargement during pregnancy. […] The most common types are as follows: […] This is often caused by autoimmune thyroid conditions such as Hashimotos thyroiditis and Graves disease and can be associated with an over- or an under-active thyroid. […] Thyroid cancer is rare and has a high cure rate.

• #39 Thyroid Nodule – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/

  A broad spectrum of disorders is associated with nodules of the thyroid, from benign to malignant conditions that may have indolent or very aggressive clinical courses. Approximately 23% of solitary nodules represent a dominant nodule within a multinodular goiter. […] Ionizing radiation is a known risk factor for both benign and malignant nodules of the thyroid. This population may develop thyroid nodules at a rate of 2% annually. The incidence of malignancy has been documented as high as 20% to 50% in palpable nodules of previously irradiated thyroids glands. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules and goiter include smoking, obesity, metabolic syndrome, alcohol consumption, increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, and uterine fibroids. Factors associated with possible decreased risk may include the use of oral contraceptives and statins.

• #40 Thyroid Nodule: Approach and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71446

  A thyroid nodule is defined as a discrete radiologically distinct lesion from the surrounding thyroid parenchyma. […] The clinical importance lies in excluding malignancy in a thyroid nodule, assessing functional status, associated with pain at appearance and compressive symptoms (if large) and accordingly decide the line of management. […] Thyroid nodular disease comprises of a wide range of disorders. Colloid nodules, cysts and thyroiditis comprise of 80% of cases, whereas benign follicular neoplasms and thyroid carcinomas account for 10-15% and 5% cases respectively. […] Autoimmune thyroid diseases are commonly associated with thyroid nodules. Graves disease is associated with nodules in 10-31% of patients. […] Nodules occur more commonly in areas of iodine deficiency. […] Cigarette smoking can also predispose to development of nodular goitre. […] The prevalence of thyroid nodules is 4 times more common in females than in males. […] The prevalence of thyroid nodules increases with age. […] The number of detected nodules increases with age, with the highest prevalence in the seventh decade.

• #41 Thyroid Nodules: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13121-thyroid-nodule

  More than 90% of detected nodules in adults are noncancerous (benign), but they may represent thyroid cancer in approximately 4.0% to 6.5% of cases. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules include: History of thyroid radiation. Family history of thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer. Increasing age. Iron-deficiency anemia. Smoking. Obesity. Metabolic syndrome. Alcohol consumption. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (a hormone). Uterine fibroids. […] Researchers dont know why most thyroid nodules form. Nodules can form for various reasons, and there are different types, including: Colloid nodules: These are one or more overgrowths of normal thyroid tissue. These growths are not cancer (benign). They may grow large, but they dont spread beyond your thyroid gland. These are the most common type of thyroid nodules. Thyroid cysts: These are growths that are filled with fluid or partly solid and partly filled with fluid. Cystic nodules pose a low risk for cancer (malignancy) and are either monitored or biopsied if theyre larger than 2 centimeters. Inflammatory nodules: These nodules develop as a result of long-term (chronic) (inflammation) of your thyroid gland. These growths may or may not cause pain. Multinodular goiter: Sometimes an enlarged thyroid (goiter) is made up of many nodules (which are usually benign). Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: These nodules produce extra thyroid hormone, which may lead to the development of hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism requires treatment. Thyroid cancer: Cancer is the biggest concern when thyroid nodules form. Fortunately, thyroid cancer is very rare its found in less than 6.5% of all thyroid nodules. […] Since researchers dont know what causes the majority of thyroid nodules, you cant prevent them in most cases.

• #42 Thyroid Nodule – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/

  A broad spectrum of disorders is associated with nodules of the thyroid, from benign to malignant conditions that may have indolent or very aggressive clinical courses. Approximately 23% of solitary nodules represent a dominant nodule within a multinodular goiter. […] Ionizing radiation is a known risk factor for both benign and malignant nodules of the thyroid. This population may develop thyroid nodules at a rate of 2% annually. The incidence of malignancy has been documented as high as 20% to 50% in palpable nodules of previously irradiated thyroids glands. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules and goiter include smoking, obesity, metabolic syndrome, alcohol consumption, increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, and uterine fibroids. Factors associated with possible decreased risk may include the use of oral contraceptives and statins.

• #43 Thyroid Nodules: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13121-thyroid-nodule

  More than 90% of detected nodules in adults are noncancerous (benign), but they may represent thyroid cancer in approximately 4.0% to 6.5% of cases. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules include: History of thyroid radiation. Family history of thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer. Increasing age. Iron-deficiency anemia. Smoking. Obesity. Metabolic syndrome. Alcohol consumption. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (a hormone). Uterine fibroids. […] Researchers dont know why most thyroid nodules form. Nodules can form for various reasons, and there are different types, including: Colloid nodules: These are one or more overgrowths of normal thyroid tissue. These growths are not cancer (benign). They may grow large, but they dont spread beyond your thyroid gland. These are the most common type of thyroid nodules. Thyroid cysts: These are growths that are filled with fluid or partly solid and partly filled with fluid. Cystic nodules pose a low risk for cancer (malignancy) and are either monitored or biopsied if theyre larger than 2 centimeters. Inflammatory nodules: These nodules develop as a result of long-term (chronic) (inflammation) of your thyroid gland. These growths may or may not cause pain. Multinodular goiter: Sometimes an enlarged thyroid (goiter) is made up of many nodules (which are usually benign). Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: These nodules produce extra thyroid hormone, which may lead to the development of hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism requires treatment. Thyroid cancer: Cancer is the biggest concern when thyroid nodules form. Fortunately, thyroid cancer is very rare its found in less than 6.5% of all thyroid nodules. […] Since researchers dont know what causes the majority of thyroid nodules, you cant prevent them in most cases.

• #44 Thyroid Nodules: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13121-thyroid-nodule

  More than 90% of detected nodules in adults are noncancerous (benign), but they may represent thyroid cancer in approximately 4.0% to 6.5% of cases. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules include: History of thyroid radiation. Family history of thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer. Increasing age. Iron-deficiency anemia. Smoking. Obesity. Metabolic syndrome. Alcohol consumption. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (a hormone). Uterine fibroids. […] Researchers dont know why most thyroid nodules form. Nodules can form for various reasons, and there are different types, including: Colloid nodules: These are one or more overgrowths of normal thyroid tissue. These growths are not cancer (benign). They may grow large, but they dont spread beyond your thyroid gland. These are the most common type of thyroid nodules. Thyroid cysts: These are growths that are filled with fluid or partly solid and partly filled with fluid. Cystic nodules pose a low risk for cancer (malignancy) and are either monitored or biopsied if theyre larger than 2 centimeters. Inflammatory nodules: These nodules develop as a result of long-term (chronic) (inflammation) of your thyroid gland. These growths may or may not cause pain. Multinodular goiter: Sometimes an enlarged thyroid (goiter) is made up of many nodules (which are usually benign). Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: These nodules produce extra thyroid hormone, which may lead to the development of hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism requires treatment. Thyroid cancer: Cancer is the biggest concern when thyroid nodules form. Fortunately, thyroid cancer is very rare its found in less than 6.5% of all thyroid nodules. […] Since researchers dont know what causes the majority of thyroid nodules, you cant prevent them in most cases.

• #45 Thyroid Nodules: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13121-thyroid-nodule

  More than 90% of detected nodules in adults are noncancerous (benign), but they may represent thyroid cancer in approximately 4.0% to 6.5% of cases. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules include: History of thyroid radiation. Family history of thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer. Increasing age. Iron-deficiency anemia. Smoking. Obesity. Metabolic syndrome. Alcohol consumption. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (a hormone). Uterine fibroids. […] Researchers dont know why most thyroid nodules form. Nodules can form for various reasons, and there are different types, including: Colloid nodules: These are one or more overgrowths of normal thyroid tissue. These growths are not cancer (benign). They may grow large, but they dont spread beyond your thyroid gland. These are the most common type of thyroid nodules. Thyroid cysts: These are growths that are filled with fluid or partly solid and partly filled with fluid. Cystic nodules pose a low risk for cancer (malignancy) and are either monitored or biopsied if theyre larger than 2 centimeters. Inflammatory nodules: These nodules develop as a result of long-term (chronic) (inflammation) of your thyroid gland. These growths may or may not cause pain. Multinodular goiter: Sometimes an enlarged thyroid (goiter) is made up of many nodules (which are usually benign). Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: These nodules produce extra thyroid hormone, which may lead to the development of hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism requires treatment. Thyroid cancer: Cancer is the biggest concern when thyroid nodules form. Fortunately, thyroid cancer is very rare its found in less than 6.5% of all thyroid nodules. […] Since researchers dont know what causes the majority of thyroid nodules, you cant prevent them in most cases.

• #46 Thyroid Nodules: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13121-thyroid-nodule

  More than 90% of detected nodules in adults are noncancerous (benign), but they may represent thyroid cancer in approximately 4.0% to 6.5% of cases. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules include: History of thyroid radiation. Family history of thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer. Increasing age. Iron-deficiency anemia. Smoking. Obesity. Metabolic syndrome. Alcohol consumption. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (a hormone). Uterine fibroids. […] Researchers dont know why most thyroid nodules form. Nodules can form for various reasons, and there are different types, including: Colloid nodules: These are one or more overgrowths of normal thyroid tissue. These growths are not cancer (benign). They may grow large, but they dont spread beyond your thyroid gland. These are the most common type of thyroid nodules. Thyroid cysts: These are growths that are filled with fluid or partly solid and partly filled with fluid. Cystic nodules pose a low risk for cancer (malignancy) and are either monitored or biopsied if theyre larger than 2 centimeters. Inflammatory nodules: These nodules develop as a result of long-term (chronic) (inflammation) of your thyroid gland. These growths may or may not cause pain. Multinodular goiter: Sometimes an enlarged thyroid (goiter) is made up of many nodules (which are usually benign). Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: These nodules produce extra thyroid hormone, which may lead to the development of hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism requires treatment. Thyroid cancer: Cancer is the biggest concern when thyroid nodules form. Fortunately, thyroid cancer is very rare its found in less than 6.5% of all thyroid nodules. […] Since researchers dont know what causes the majority of thyroid nodules, you cant prevent them in most cases.

• #47 Causes Of Thyroid Nodules and Its Treatment Options – CV ENT Surgical Group

  https://www.cvsurgicalgroup.com/all-about-thyroid-nodules/

  The cause of thyroid nodules is unknown, but there seems to be a link to some other conditions such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and iron deficiency; these conditions, however, do not account for the entire 50% of the populace that develops nodules. […] Many people become very concerned when they hear about abnormal growths, equating them with cancer. Are Thyroid nodules cancerous? The answer is sometimes yes, but usually no. Only around 5% of nodule biopsies reveal malignant cells.

• #48 Thyroid Nodule – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/

  A broad spectrum of disorders is associated with nodules of the thyroid, from benign to malignant conditions that may have indolent or very aggressive clinical courses. Approximately 23% of solitary nodules represent a dominant nodule within a multinodular goiter. […] Ionizing radiation is a known risk factor for both benign and malignant nodules of the thyroid. This population may develop thyroid nodules at a rate of 2% annually. The incidence of malignancy has been documented as high as 20% to 50% in palpable nodules of previously irradiated thyroids glands. […] Other factors that lead to an increased risk of thyroid nodules and goiter include smoking, obesity, metabolic syndrome, alcohol consumption, increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, and uterine fibroids. Factors associated with possible decreased risk may include the use of oral contraceptives and statins.

• #49 Thyroid nodules – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/symptoms-causes/syc-20355262

  Several conditions can cause nodules to develop in your thyroid gland, including: […] An overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue is sometimes referred to as a thyroid adenoma. It’s unclear why this occurs, but it’s not cancerous and isn’t considered serious unless it causes bothersome symptoms from its size. […] Some thyroid adenomas lead to hyperthyroidism. […] Fluid-filled cavities (cysts) in the thyroid most commonly result from degenerating thyroid adenomas. […] Hashimoto’s disease, a thyroid disorder, can cause thyroid inflammation and result in enlarged nodules. This often is associated with hypothyroidism. […] The term goiter is used to describe any enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can be caused by iodine deficiency or a thyroid disorder. […] The chances that a nodule is cancerous are small. However, a nodule that is large and hard or causes pain or discomfort is more worrisome.

• #50 Thyroid nodules – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/symptoms-causes/syc-20355262

  Several conditions can cause nodules to develop in your thyroid gland, including: […] An overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue is sometimes referred to as a thyroid adenoma. It’s unclear why this occurs, but it’s not cancerous and isn’t considered serious unless it causes bothersome symptoms from its size. […] Some thyroid adenomas lead to hyperthyroidism. […] Fluid-filled cavities (cysts) in the thyroid most commonly result from degenerating thyroid adenomas. […] Hashimoto’s disease, a thyroid disorder, can cause thyroid inflammation and result in enlarged nodules. This often is associated with hypothyroidism. […] The term goiter is used to describe any enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can be caused by iodine deficiency or a thyroid disorder. […] The chances that a nodule is cancerous are small. However, a nodule that is large and hard or causes pain or discomfort is more worrisome.

• #51 Thyroid nodule – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_nodule

  The prevalence of cancer is higher in males, patients under 20 years old or over 70 years old, and patients with a history of head and neck irradiation or a family history of thyroid cancer. […] Solitary thyroid nodules are more common in females yet more worrisome in males. Other associations with neoplastic nodules are family history of thyroid cancer and prior radiation to the head and neck. […] Radiation exposure to the head and neck may be for historic indications such as tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy, „enlarged thymus”, acne vulgaris, or existent indications such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Children living near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant during the catastrophe of 1986 experienced a 60-fold increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer. […] Malignancy is virtually non-existent in hot nodules.

• #52 Thyroid nodule – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_nodule

  The prevalence of cancer is higher in males, patients under 20 years old or over 70 years old, and patients with a history of head and neck irradiation or a family history of thyroid cancer. […] Solitary thyroid nodules are more common in females yet more worrisome in males. Other associations with neoplastic nodules are family history of thyroid cancer and prior radiation to the head and neck. […] Radiation exposure to the head and neck may be for historic indications such as tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy, „enlarged thymus”, acne vulgaris, or existent indications such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Children living near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant during the catastrophe of 1986 experienced a 60-fold increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer. […] Malignancy is virtually non-existent in hot nodules.

• #53 Thyroid Nodule Overview

  https://www.thyroidcancer.com/thyroid-nodule

  Multinodular goiter is a thyroid gland which contains multiple thyroid nodules. The cause of multinodular goiter is not known but in some instances there may be a strong family history of goiters. […] Although the likelihood that a thyroid nodule is a cancer is quite low, the following are associated with an increased malignant risk: Age less than 30 years of age, Age greater than 50 years of age, Men greater than women, A positive family history of thyroid cancer, A positive family history of other endocrine cancers, A history of radiation exposure, Larger thyroid nodules, Vocal cord paralysis (hoarseness).

• #54 Thyroid nodules – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/symptoms-causes/syc-20355262

  Certain factors increase your risk of thyroid cancer, such as a family history of thyroid or other endocrine cancers and having a history of radiation exposure from medical therapy or from nuclear fallout. […] Lack of iodine in your diet can sometimes cause your thyroid gland to develop thyroid nodules. But iodine deficiency is uncommon in the United States, where iodine is routinely added to table salt and other foods.

• #55 Thyroid nodules – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/symptoms-causes/syc-20355262

  Certain factors increase your risk of thyroid cancer, such as a family history of thyroid or other endocrine cancers and having a history of radiation exposure from medical therapy or from nuclear fallout. […] Lack of iodine in your diet can sometimes cause your thyroid gland to develop thyroid nodules. But iodine deficiency is uncommon in the United States, where iodine is routinely added to table salt and other foods.

• #56 Thyroid Awareness – Thyroid Nodules: When to Worry | The Surgical Clinic

  https://thesurgicalclinics.com/thyroid-awareness-thyroid-nodules-when-to-worry/

  Previous exposure to radiation, whether from medical treatments or environmental sources, is associated with an increased risk of thyroid nodules. […] An overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue, termed a thyroid adenoma, may lead to non-cancerous nodules. […] Fluid-filled cavities (cysts) in the thyroid, often resulting from degenerating thyroid adenomas, can contain noncancerous or occasionally cancerous components. […] Hashimoto’s disease, a thyroid disorder causing inflammation, can contribute to the development of enlarged nodules. […] Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, may stem from iodine deficiency or a thyroid disorder. […] While the likelihood of nodules being cancerous is small, certain characteristics, such as size, hardness, or discomfort, warrant closer examination. Risk factors include a family history of thyroid or endocrine cancers, as well as a history of radiation exposure.

• #57 Thyroid Nodules | The Surgery Group

  https://thesurgerygroup.com/condition/thyroid-nodules/

  Some nodules have a much higher risk of cancer. The large size and increased blood flow are risk factors, as well as rapid enlargement and calcifications. Men with one or more nodules are much more likely to have thyroid cancer than women with the same situation. Prior exposure to neck radiation as a child, and family history of thyroid cancer are risk factors. […] Thyroid nodules causing large goiters can also be caused by iodine deficiency. However, this is uncommon in the United States since the introduction of iodized salt in the 20th century.

• #58 Thyroid Nodule Overview

  https://www.thyroidcancer.com/thyroid-nodule

  Multinodular goiter is a thyroid gland which contains multiple thyroid nodules. The cause of multinodular goiter is not known but in some instances there may be a strong family history of goiters. […] Although the likelihood that a thyroid nodule is a cancer is quite low, the following are associated with an increased malignant risk: Age less than 30 years of age, Age greater than 50 years of age, Men greater than women, A positive family history of thyroid cancer, A positive family history of other endocrine cancers, A history of radiation exposure, Larger thyroid nodules, Vocal cord paralysis (hoarseness).

• #59 Thyroid nodule – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_nodule

  The prevalence of cancer is higher in males, patients under 20 years old or over 70 years old, and patients with a history of head and neck irradiation or a family history of thyroid cancer. […] Solitary thyroid nodules are more common in females yet more worrisome in males. Other associations with neoplastic nodules are family history of thyroid cancer and prior radiation to the head and neck. […] Radiation exposure to the head and neck may be for historic indications such as tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy, „enlarged thymus”, acne vulgaris, or existent indications such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Children living near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant during the catastrophe of 1986 experienced a 60-fold increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer. […] Malignancy is virtually non-existent in hot nodules.

• #60 Thyroid Nodule – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/

  Thyroid nodules may be classified as neoplastic and non-neoplastic. Neoplastic nodules may be benign or malignant, with benign neoplastic including non-functioning and functioning nodules. Non-neoplastic nodules include hyperplastic and inflammatory nodules. […] Colloid nodules represent adenomatous benign neoplasms, are the most common thyroid nodules, and do not pose an increased risk of malignancy. While most follicular adenomas are benign, they share characteristics with follicular carcinomas. […] Thyroid carcinomas may be classified as non-medullary thyroid cancers (NMTCs), arising from epithelial cells and constituting approximately 95% of all thyroid malignancies, or medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) arising from the calcitonin-producing parafollicular cells of the thyroid. Twenty percent of MTCs are familiar and may occur as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes.

• #61 Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924550-overview

  A history of other malignancy may also increase risk for thyroid cancer. Alkylating agents have been associated with the development of thyroid nodules and malignancy. […] Several genetic markers are under investigation for their association with thyroid tumors. Papillary tumors are more likely to demonstrate abnormalities on chromosome arm 10q, whereas follicular tumors more often involve chromosome 3. […] The ras proto-oncogene is present in 80% of follicular tumors and often is present in follicular adenomas. […] The ret proto-oncogene is associated with papillary tumors and medullary cancer, both familial and nonfamilial. […] Finally, mutations in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-receptor gene have been associated with the development of papillary tumors.

• #62 Thyroid Nodules

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3575959/

  The cytology findings from some FNA biopsies fall into an indeterminate category in which malignancy cannot reliably be excluded. […] Panels of gene mutations may serve as markers of which patients with cytologically indeterminate nodules may safely avoid surgery. […] The evaluation of genetic markers associated with thyroid carcinoma (PTC: BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC; FTC: PAX8/PPAR1) in the cytology specimen has been shown to improve preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules in large prospective studies, particularly when used in combination with cytologic features. […] The use of molecular markers, in the form of a panel of gene mutations, in patients with indeterminate cytology on FNA samples has been shown to increase the probability of cancer from 24% to 89% if any mutation is identified, whereas the lack of any mutation decreases the risk to 11%. […] The etiology and behavior of thyroid nodules discovered during pregnancy as compared with the general population is unknown.

• #63 Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924550-overview

  A history of other malignancy may also increase risk for thyroid cancer. Alkylating agents have been associated with the development of thyroid nodules and malignancy. […] Several genetic markers are under investigation for their association with thyroid tumors. Papillary tumors are more likely to demonstrate abnormalities on chromosome arm 10q, whereas follicular tumors more often involve chromosome 3. […] The ras proto-oncogene is present in 80% of follicular tumors and often is present in follicular adenomas. […] The ret proto-oncogene is associated with papillary tumors and medullary cancer, both familial and nonfamilial. […] Finally, mutations in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-receptor gene have been associated with the development of papillary tumors.

• #64 Thyroid Nodules

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3575959/

  The cytology findings from some FNA biopsies fall into an indeterminate category in which malignancy cannot reliably be excluded. […] Panels of gene mutations may serve as markers of which patients with cytologically indeterminate nodules may safely avoid surgery. […] The evaluation of genetic markers associated with thyroid carcinoma (PTC: BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC; FTC: PAX8/PPAR1) in the cytology specimen has been shown to improve preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules in large prospective studies, particularly when used in combination with cytologic features. […] The use of molecular markers, in the form of a panel of gene mutations, in patients with indeterminate cytology on FNA samples has been shown to increase the probability of cancer from 24% to 89% if any mutation is identified, whereas the lack of any mutation decreases the risk to 11%. […] The etiology and behavior of thyroid nodules discovered during pregnancy as compared with the general population is unknown.

• #65 Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924550-overview

  A history of other malignancy may also increase risk for thyroid cancer. Alkylating agents have been associated with the development of thyroid nodules and malignancy. […] Several genetic markers are under investigation for their association with thyroid tumors. Papillary tumors are more likely to demonstrate abnormalities on chromosome arm 10q, whereas follicular tumors more often involve chromosome 3. […] The ras proto-oncogene is present in 80% of follicular tumors and often is present in follicular adenomas. […] The ret proto-oncogene is associated with papillary tumors and medullary cancer, both familial and nonfamilial. […] Finally, mutations in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-receptor gene have been associated with the development of papillary tumors.

• #66 Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924550-overview

  A history of other malignancy may also increase risk for thyroid cancer. Alkylating agents have been associated with the development of thyroid nodules and malignancy. […] Several genetic markers are under investigation for their association with thyroid tumors. Papillary tumors are more likely to demonstrate abnormalities on chromosome arm 10q, whereas follicular tumors more often involve chromosome 3. […] The ras proto-oncogene is present in 80% of follicular tumors and often is present in follicular adenomas. […] The ret proto-oncogene is associated with papillary tumors and medullary cancer, both familial and nonfamilial. […] Finally, mutations in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-receptor gene have been associated with the development of papillary tumors.

• #67 Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924550-overview

  A history of other malignancy may also increase risk for thyroid cancer. Alkylating agents have been associated with the development of thyroid nodules and malignancy. […] Several genetic markers are under investigation for their association with thyroid tumors. Papillary tumors are more likely to demonstrate abnormalities on chromosome arm 10q, whereas follicular tumors more often involve chromosome 3. […] The ras proto-oncogene is present in 80% of follicular tumors and often is present in follicular adenomas. […] The ret proto-oncogene is associated with papillary tumors and medullary cancer, both familial and nonfamilial. […] Finally, mutations in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-receptor gene have been associated with the development of papillary tumors.

• #68 Thyroid Nodules

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3575959/

  The cytology findings from some FNA biopsies fall into an indeterminate category in which malignancy cannot reliably be excluded. […] Panels of gene mutations may serve as markers of which patients with cytologically indeterminate nodules may safely avoid surgery. […] The evaluation of genetic markers associated with thyroid carcinoma (PTC: BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC; FTC: PAX8/PPAR1) in the cytology specimen has been shown to improve preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules in large prospective studies, particularly when used in combination with cytologic features. […] The use of molecular markers, in the form of a panel of gene mutations, in patients with indeterminate cytology on FNA samples has been shown to increase the probability of cancer from 24% to 89% if any mutation is identified, whereas the lack of any mutation decreases the risk to 11%. […] The etiology and behavior of thyroid nodules discovered during pregnancy as compared with the general population is unknown.

• #69 Thyroid Nodule – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/

  Thyroid nodules may be classified as neoplastic and non-neoplastic. Neoplastic nodules may be benign or malignant, with benign neoplastic including non-functioning and functioning nodules. Non-neoplastic nodules include hyperplastic and inflammatory nodules. […] Colloid nodules represent adenomatous benign neoplasms, are the most common thyroid nodules, and do not pose an increased risk of malignancy. While most follicular adenomas are benign, they share characteristics with follicular carcinomas. […] Thyroid carcinomas may be classified as non-medullary thyroid cancers (NMTCs), arising from epithelial cells and constituting approximately 95% of all thyroid malignancies, or medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) arising from the calcitonin-producing parafollicular cells of the thyroid. Twenty percent of MTCs are familiar and may occur as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes.

• #70 5 Causes of Thyroid Nodules – Associated Endocrinologists

  https://www.endocrinemds.com/blogs/5-causes-thyroid-nodules/

  Thyroid nodules are classified as either cold or hot nodules. A hot thyroid nodule produces thyroid hormones that can cause hyperthyroidism. Hot nodules are also referred to as toxic nodules. Thyroid nodules that dont produce thyroid hormones are called cold nodules. […] Most thyroid nodules dont cause symptoms and arent a serious health problem. You should also see a doctor if youre experiencing symptoms of hyperthyroidism or Hashimotos thyroiditis. Hyperthyroidism could be due to a hot nodule that needs treatment. While having Hashimotos could make you more likely to develop thyroid nodules and not produce enough thyroid hormones.

• #71 5 Causes of Thyroid Nodules – Associated Endocrinologists

  https://www.endocrinemds.com/blogs/5-causes-thyroid-nodules/

  Thyroid nodules are classified as either cold or hot nodules. A hot thyroid nodule produces thyroid hormones that can cause hyperthyroidism. Hot nodules are also referred to as toxic nodules. Thyroid nodules that dont produce thyroid hormones are called cold nodules. […] Most thyroid nodules dont cause symptoms and arent a serious health problem. You should also see a doctor if youre experiencing symptoms of hyperthyroidism or Hashimotos thyroiditis. Hyperthyroidism could be due to a hot nodule that needs treatment. While having Hashimotos could make you more likely to develop thyroid nodules and not produce enough thyroid hormones.

• #72 What Causes Thyroid Nodules to Grow? – Mind Body Spirit Care

  https://mindbodyspiritcare.com/what-causes-thyroid-nodules-to-grow/

  Thyroid nodules result from an overgrowth of thyroid gland cells. While the exact cause of this overgrowth is unknown, thyroid nodules can be categorized by type. […] Hyperfunctioning or toxic thyroid nodules produce an excess of thyroid hormone, which can lead to hyperthyroidism.

• #73 Thyroid nodule – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_nodule

  The prevalence of cancer is higher in males, patients under 20 years old or over 70 years old, and patients with a history of head and neck irradiation or a family history of thyroid cancer. […] Solitary thyroid nodules are more common in females yet more worrisome in males. Other associations with neoplastic nodules are family history of thyroid cancer and prior radiation to the head and neck. […] Radiation exposure to the head and neck may be for historic indications such as tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy, „enlarged thymus”, acne vulgaris, or existent indications such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Children living near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant during the catastrophe of 1986 experienced a 60-fold increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer. […] Malignancy is virtually non-existent in hot nodules.

• #74

  https://www.rgare.com/knowledge-center/article/demystifying-risk-stratification-of-pulmonary-and-thyroid-nodules

  Several groups have sought to classify thyroid nodules based on their features. A recent study outlined the differences in relative risk among thyroid nodules by comparing three sets of guidelines: the 2016 guidelines from a consortium of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), the American College of Endocrinology (ACE), and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi (AME); the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for management of thyroid nodules and differentiated cancer; and the 2014 British Thyroid Association (BTA) guidelines for management of thyroid carcinoma. […] Today, however, the American College of Radiologys Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System, known as ACR TI-RADS (or just TI-RADS), is one of the most accepted thyroid nodule risk classification methodologies. […] The factors listed below can be used in conjunction with both ACR TI-RADS scores and FNA results, when available, to determine the prognosis of the nodule. The presence of any of these factors may lead to a poorer prognosis, indicating a prudent underwriting approach.

• #75

  https://www.rgare.com/knowledge-center/article/demystifying-risk-stratification-of-pulmonary-and-thyroid-nodules

  Several groups have sought to classify thyroid nodules based on their features. A recent study outlined the differences in relative risk among thyroid nodules by comparing three sets of guidelines: the 2016 guidelines from a consortium of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), the American College of Endocrinology (ACE), and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi (AME); the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for management of thyroid nodules and differentiated cancer; and the 2014 British Thyroid Association (BTA) guidelines for management of thyroid carcinoma. […] Today, however, the American College of Radiologys Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System, known as ACR TI-RADS (or just TI-RADS), is one of the most accepted thyroid nodule risk classification methodologies. […] The factors listed below can be used in conjunction with both ACR TI-RADS scores and FNA results, when available, to determine the prognosis of the nodule. The presence of any of these factors may lead to a poorer prognosis, indicating a prudent underwriting approach.

• #76 THYROID NODULES RISK FACTORS AND CAUSES: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS | Supreme Vascular and Interventional Clinic

  https://supremevascular.com/thyroid-nodules-risk-factors-and-causes-faqs/

  Thyroid nodules are often caused by overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue, and the cause of this excess growth often isn’t known. However, in some cases, thyroid nodules may be the result of an underlying health condition such as: […] Yes, certain autoimmune diseases can lead to the formation of thyroid nodules. In particular, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis increases the risk of thyroid nodules. This is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, which can result in thyroid inflammation and enlarged nodules. […] Over time, thyroid nodules may get bigger due to several reasons including the use of medications such as lithium carbonate, inflammation of the thyroid as the result of Hashimoto’s disease, and certain genetic defects. One of the most common reasons thyroid nodules may form and/or grow is having an iodine deficiency in your diet.

• #77 THYROID NODULES RISK FACTORS AND CAUSES: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS | Supreme Vascular and Interventional Clinic

  https://supremevascular.com/thyroid-nodules-risk-factors-and-causes-faqs/

  Thyroid nodules are often caused by overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue, and the cause of this excess growth often isn’t known. However, in some cases, thyroid nodules may be the result of an underlying health condition such as: […] Yes, certain autoimmune diseases can lead to the formation of thyroid nodules. In particular, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis increases the risk of thyroid nodules. This is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, which can result in thyroid inflammation and enlarged nodules. […] Over time, thyroid nodules may get bigger due to several reasons including the use of medications such as lithium carbonate, inflammation of the thyroid as the result of Hashimoto’s disease, and certain genetic defects. One of the most common reasons thyroid nodules may form and/or grow is having an iodine deficiency in your diet.

• #78 THYROID NODULES RISK FACTORS AND CAUSES: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS | Supreme Vascular and Interventional Clinic

  https://supremevascular.com/thyroid-nodules-risk-factors-and-causes-faqs/

  Thyroid nodules are often caused by overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue, and the cause of this excess growth often isn’t known. However, in some cases, thyroid nodules may be the result of an underlying health condition such as: […] Yes, certain autoimmune diseases can lead to the formation of thyroid nodules. In particular, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis increases the risk of thyroid nodules. This is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, which can result in thyroid inflammation and enlarged nodules. […] Over time, thyroid nodules may get bigger due to several reasons including the use of medications such as lithium carbonate, inflammation of the thyroid as the result of Hashimoto’s disease, and certain genetic defects. One of the most common reasons thyroid nodules may form and/or grow is having an iodine deficiency in your diet.

• #79 THYROID NODULES RISK FACTORS AND CAUSES: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS | Supreme Vascular and Interventional Clinic

  https://supremevascular.com/thyroid-nodules-risk-factors-and-causes-faqs/

  Thyroid nodules are often caused by overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue, and the cause of this excess growth often isn’t known. However, in some cases, thyroid nodules may be the result of an underlying health condition such as: […] Yes, certain autoimmune diseases can lead to the formation of thyroid nodules. In particular, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis increases the risk of thyroid nodules. This is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, which can result in thyroid inflammation and enlarged nodules. […] Over time, thyroid nodules may get bigger due to several reasons including the use of medications such as lithium carbonate, inflammation of the thyroid as the result of Hashimoto’s disease, and certain genetic defects. One of the most common reasons thyroid nodules may form and/or grow is having an iodine deficiency in your diet.

• #80 Thyroid Nodules

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3575959/

  Family history of thyroid disorders should always be investigated. Rare but important familial thyroid syndromes include familial medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), derived from calcitonin-producing C-cell tumors, and familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer, which is derived from follicular cells. […] A personal history of head and neck irradiation, particularly as a child, young age (20 years), or advanced age (70 years), and male sex are demographic features associated with increased likelihood of malignancy in a patient with a thyroid nodule. […] The risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules increases as the serum TSH increases. […] The risk of malignancy rises in parallel with serum TSH, even within the normal range, and higher TSH levels were found to be associated with advanced-stage thyroid cancer.

• #81 Thyroid Nodules in Children and Adolescents | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/thyroid-nodules-children-adolescents/

  Thyroid nodules are common in adults, especially as they get older (they are present in up to one-half of adults by age 60 years). […] There is an increased risk of thyroid cancer in nodules found in children and adolescents compared to adults; however, even in children, most thyroid nodules are benign (not cancer). It is estimated that over 75% of nodules found in children and adolescents are benign. […] For the majority of patients, it is not known why a thyroid nodule develops. Risk factors include exposure to radiation (most commonly medical radiation used to treat another form of cancer), a family history of thyroid nodules, or thyroid cancer. Iodine deficiency also causes nodules, but this is very uncommon in the United States.

• #82 Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924550-overview

  Many risk factors are associated with the development of thyroid nodules and cancer. A family history of thyroid disease, benign or malignant, significantly increases risk. Fowler et al found that a family history of thyroid disease was present in 41% of their patients with thyroid nodules. […] Exposure to certain carcinogens predisposes patients to the development of thyroid disease. Previous head and neck irradiation is the most obvious and well-known risk factor. […] In the 1950s, 70% of thyroid nodules in children harbored malignancy. […] Irradiation is still a factor in children who have received therapeutic radiation for Hodgkin lymphoma, bone marrow transplants, or other malignancies or in those who have been exposed to unusual environmental radiation, such as the Chernobyl accident.

• #83 Solitary Thyroid Nodule: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/924550-overview

  Many risk factors are associated with the development of thyroid nodules and cancer. A family history of thyroid disease, benign or malignant, significantly increases risk. Fowler et al found that a family history of thyroid disease was present in 41% of their patients with thyroid nodules. […] Exposure to certain carcinogens predisposes patients to the development of thyroid disease. Previous head and neck irradiation is the most obvious and well-known risk factor. […] In the 1950s, 70% of thyroid nodules in children harbored malignancy. […] Irradiation is still a factor in children who have received therapeutic radiation for Hodgkin lymphoma, bone marrow transplants, or other malignancies or in those who have been exposed to unusual environmental radiation, such as the Chernobyl accident.

• #84 Thyroid Nodules | Mays Cancer Center

  https://cancer.uthscsa.edu/cancer-care/types-and-treatments/thyroid-nodules

  Nodules are growths in the thyroid glands. They are often harmless, but in some people, they can become cancerous. […] Adults face a higher risk of thyroid nodules if there is a family history of thyroid cancer or nodules. Regardless of family history, the risk of nodules increases with age. […] Thyroid nodules in children often occur due to genetic conditions, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia. […] Thyroid nodules rarely require treatment. But most people need ongoing monitoring to check for changes that may lead to a cancer diagnosis.

• #85 Thyroid Nodules

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3575959/

  The cytology findings from some FNA biopsies fall into an indeterminate category in which malignancy cannot reliably be excluded. […] Panels of gene mutations may serve as markers of which patients with cytologically indeterminate nodules may safely avoid surgery. […] The evaluation of genetic markers associated with thyroid carcinoma (PTC: BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC; FTC: PAX8/PPAR1) in the cytology specimen has been shown to improve preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules in large prospective studies, particularly when used in combination with cytologic features. […] The use of molecular markers, in the form of a panel of gene mutations, in patients with indeterminate cytology on FNA samples has been shown to increase the probability of cancer from 24% to 89% if any mutation is identified, whereas the lack of any mutation decreases the risk to 11%. […] The etiology and behavior of thyroid nodules discovered during pregnancy as compared with the general population is unknown.

• #86 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/thyroid-nodules-and-swellingsleaflet

  The main cause is unknown, but thyroid nodules and thyroid enlargement are more common in women than men and increase in frequency with age. […] Women often develop thyroid enlargement during pregnancy. […] The most common types are as follows: […] This is often caused by autoimmune thyroid conditions such as Hashimotos thyroiditis and Graves disease and can be associated with an over- or an under-active thyroid. […] Thyroid cancer is rare and has a high cure rate.

• #87 5 Causes of Thyroid Nodules Houston, TX

  https://www.houstonsinussurgery.com/blog/5-causes-of-thyroid-nodules/?bp=38643

  One of the first things to understand about thyroid nodules is that theyre incredibly common. In fact, about 50% of all people develop a nodule by age 60. […] The most common cause of thyroid nodules is an overgrowth of normal thyroid tissue. Also referred to as thyroid adenoma, were not sure what causes this excessive tissue growth. […] This is a condition in which your thyroid is inflamed, which can lead to nodules. […] The thyroid gland is included in the hormonal changes women undergo during pregnancy, and this can leave them susceptible to developing thyroid nodules. […] While thyroid nodules themselves are rarely cancerous, they can stem from thyroid cancer. If you have a small, hard nodule, its important to have us check it out. […] If your diet lacks iodine, it can lead to the development of thyroid nodules. This cause is extremely rare as Americans usually get plenty of iodine through salt and other foods.

• #88

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/causes/

  There are a number of conditions that can cause your thyroid to become overactive. […] The cause of Graves’ disease is unknown, but it mostly affects young or middle-aged women and often runs in families. […] It’s not known why some people develop thyroid nodules, but they usually affect people over 60 years of age. […] An increased level of iodine in your body can cause your thyroid to produce excess thyroid hormones. […] Other possible causes of an overactive thyroid include: high levels of a substance called human chorionic gonadotrophin in your body this can happen in early pregnancy, a multiple pregnancy or a molar pregnancy (where a lump of abnormal cells grows in the womb instead of a healthy foetus), a pituitary adenoma a non-cancerous (benign) tumour in the pituitary gland (a gland at the base of the brain that can affect the level of hormones produced by your thyroid), thyroiditis swelling (inflammation) of your thyroid, which can cause extra thyroid hormones to be produced, thyroid cancer rarely, a cancerous thyroid tumour can affect the production of thyroid hormones.

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