Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme–Literature Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9139611/

  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, accounting for 14.5% of all central nervous system tumors and 48.6% of malignant central nervous system tumors. The median overall survival (OS) of GBM patients is only 15 months. […] The data indicate that GBM is the higher-grade primary brain tumor and is significantly more common in men. The risk of being diagnosed with glioma increases with age, and median survival remains low, despite medical advances. […] The incidence in the pediatric population (0-18 years) is 0.85 per 100,000, where pediatric glioblastoma multiforme (p-GBM) accounts for 31.5% of primary brain tumors in this age group, although primary tumors of the central nervous system are the second-most-common type of cancer in children and the most common among solid tumors in children.

• #1 Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme–Literature Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9139611/

  The location of the glioblastoma multiforme is concentrated in most cases in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, and, less often, it affects other structures. […] Age is an important factor in the development of diseases such as cancer. Many studies confirm that age significantly affects the incidence of GBM, where the vast majority of cases occur in people over 40 years of age. […] The incidence of GBM increases with age, peaking at 75-84 years and decreasing after 85 years. […] The authors of a study published in NEJM suggested the usefulness of determining the MGMT promoter methylation status by methylation-specific PCR in order to identify patients who may benefit from including temozolomide with standard radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone. […] Despite the alarming growing trend in the incidence of GBM, it is still difficult to directly determine the causes of its occurrence, which is why further research into the etiology and treatment of GBM tumors should continue.

• #2 Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme–Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/10/2412

  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, accounting for 14.5% of all central nervous system tumors and 48.6% of malignant central nervous system tumors. The median overall survival (OS) of GBM patients is only 15 months. […] The data indicate that GBM is the higher-grade primary brain tumor and is significantly more common in men. The risk of being diagnosed with glioma increases with age, and median survival remains low, despite medical advances. […] The incidence in the pediatric population (0–18 years) is 0.85 per 100,000, where pediatric glioblastoma multiforme (p-GBM) accounts for 3–15% of primary brain tumors in this age group, although primary tumors of the central nervous system are the second-most-common type of cancer in children and the most common among solid tumors in children.

• #3 Epidemiology and Outcome of Glioblastoma – Glioblastoma – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470003/

  Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor. With an incidence rate of 3.19 per 100,000 persons in the United States and a median age of 64 years, it is uncommon in children. The incidence is 1.6 times higher in males compared to females and 2.0 times higher in Caucasians compared to Africans and Afro-Americans, with lower incidence in Asians and American Indians. […] The average annual age-adjusted incidence rate (IR) of GBM is 3.19 per 100,000 persons in the United States, with the age-adjusted GBM rates being 2.5 times higher in European Americans than in African Americans. […] The average annual age-adjusted IR of GBM is variable, ranging from 0.59 per 100,000 persons to 3.69 per 100,000 persons, and is the highest among malignant primary brain tumors. […] Overall, the incidence of GBM is higher in males than in females (3.97 vs. 2.53 in the United States).

• #3 Epidemiology and Outcome of Glioblastoma – Glioblastoma – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470003/

  Whites have the highest IR of GBM followed by Blacks; age-adjusted GBM rate is 2.5 times higher in European Americans than in African Americans and more common in non-Hispanics than in Hispanics. […] There is increased incidence of GBM in patients with hereditary tumor syndromes, for example, Turcot syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. […] Factors associated with GBM risk are prior radiation, decreased susceptibility to allergy, immune factors and immune genes, and some nucleotide polymorphisms, detected by genome-wide association. […] The current experience in GBM treatment shows that several targets should be approached. Therefore, rational combinations between established treatments and new approaches aiming, for example, at inhibition of angiogenesis, induction of apoptosis, or inhibition of several signal transduction pathways might offer the best opportunity to improve prognosis.

• #4 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  About three per 100,000 people develop the disease a year, although regional frequency may be much higher. […] It is the second-most common central nervous system tumor after meningioma. […] It occurs more commonly in males than females. […] Although the median age at diagnosis is 64, in 2014, the broad category of brain cancers was second only to leukemia in people in the United States under 20 years of age. […] The frequency in England doubled between 1995 and 2015.

• #5 Glioblastoma Research Program, Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs

  https://cdmrp.health.mil/gbmrp/default

  According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, or SEERS, Program, glioblastoma affects three persons per 100,000 in the United States annually, making this cancer the most common type of brain cancer. […] The NCI Center for Cancer Research reports that glioblastoma is highly aggressive with a median survival of 15-18 months while SEERS data demonstrates that only 6.2% of patients survive five years post diagnosis. […] Studies continue to demonstrate a higher incidence of brain cancer among Service Members and the VA recently established brain cancers, including glioblastoma, as presumptive conditions associated with military service.

• #6 Global Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) Epidemiology Market Forecast Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210402005068/en/Global-Glioblastoma-Multiforme-GBM-Epidemiology-Market-Forecast-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  The total diagnosed incident population of Glioblastoma Multiforme in the 7 major markets was estimated to be 28,259 in 2017. In case of Glioblastoma Multiforme patients in the United States, the diagnosed cases were 14,666 in 2017. […] The total diagnosed incident cases of Glioblastoma Multiforme patients were found to be maximum in males as compared to females in the 7 MM during the study period of 2017-2030. […] In the EU5 countries, the diagnosed incident population of Glioblastoma Multiforme was found to be maximum in Germany with 2,876 cases followed by France with 2,683 cases in 2017. While, Spain accounted for the lowest diagnosed incident population of 1,403 in 2017. […] As per this analysis, Japan had 1,899 diagnosed incident cases of Glioblastoma Multiforme in 2017. […] The epidemiology segmentation also encompasses diagnosed incident population according to primary site of glioblastoma. As per the publisher’s estimates, it has been found that the primary site of GBM included maximum cases at parietal site, while minimum number of cases were found in unknown and other sites. This trend is clearly evident across all the 7MM countries for the study period 2017-2030.

• #7 Epidemiology of Glioblastoma and Trends in Glioblastoma Survivorship | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/epidemiology-of-glioblastoma-and-trends-in-glioblastoma-survivorship/

  Gliomas are the most common type of malignant brain tumor in adults. Of the gliomas, glioblastoma (astrocytoma grade IV) is the most common, and represents approximately 27% of all primary brain tumors, and 80% of malignant primary brain tumors in the United States. Incidence of glioblastoma in the United States varies significantly by sex, race, ethnicity, and age. From 2006 to 2012, glioblastoma occurred at an overall average annual age-adjusted incidence rate (AAAIR) of 3.20 per 100,000 population. Glioblastoma is 1.6 times more common in men than in women, with an AAAIR of 3.99 per 100,000 in men, and 2.53 per 100,000 in women. Incidence of glioblastoma is significantly higher in non-Hispanic people compared with Hispanic people. Glioblastoma is most common in white people, compared with black people, American Indian/Alaska natives, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Incidence of glioblastoma increases with increasing age. Incidence is lowest among people 0 to 19 years old and highest among those 75 years and older.

• #7 Epidemiology of Glioblastoma and Trends in Glioblastoma Survivorship | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/epidemiology-of-glioblastoma-and-trends-in-glioblastoma-survivorship/

  There was no significant increase in incidence of glioblastoma in the United States between 2000 and 2010. This trend is similar to patterns of incidence in other countries, including Australia and the United Kingdom. […] Glioblastoma has one of the poorest survival rates of any malignant brain tumor, and contributes disproportionately to cancer mortality and morbidity. Median survival after diagnosis with glioblastoma is approximately 12 months, and this survival period increases to approximately 14 months when patients are treated with current standard therapy. Between 2000 and 2012 in the United States, glioblastoma had a 1-year relative survival rate of 37.8%, with 5.1% of persons surviving 5 years after diagnosis. One-year survival rates have improved since 2000, likely because of the current standard therapy being widely adopted. Survival rates over time vary significantly by age at diagnosis, with persons aged 20 to 34 years having the best overall survival.

• #7 Epidemiology of Glioblastoma and Trends in Glioblastoma Survivorship | Neupsy Key

  https://neupsykey.com/epidemiology-of-glioblastoma-and-trends-in-glioblastoma-survivorship/

  There have been significant increases in both 1-year and 5-year survival after diagnosis with glioblastoma since 1973. From 1997 to 2012, 1-year survival increased with an annual percentage change (APC) of 3.7% from 24.3% at the beginning of the time period, to 43.0% at the end of the time period. Five-year survival also increased from 1997 to 2012, with an APC of 8.0% from 2.1% at the beginning of the time period to 5.6% at the end of the time period. […] The National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) has been collecting data on cancer diagnoses in population-based registries since 1973. From 1973 to 2012, there were 51,152 persons diagnosed with a glioblastoma in the SEER data set; 1611 of these persons (3.1%) survived at least 5 years after diagnosis.

• #8 Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme–Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/10/2412

  The incidence of GBM shows minor locational variability. The location of the glioblastoma multiforme is concentrated in most cases in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, and, less often, it affects other structures. In the last two decades, the increase in the number of detected cases (increase in morbidity/better diagnostic techniques) has been particularly noticeable, especially in the areas of the frontal and temporal lobes. […] Age is an important factor in the development of diseases such as cancer. Many studies confirm that age significantly affects the incidence of GBM, where the vast majority of cases occur in people over 40 years of age. […] The incidence rate of GBM increases with age. […] The protective effects of female sex hormones on the development of GBM tumors, and their effect on increasing the incidence of meningiomas, are fairly well documented in the literature.

• #9 Glioblastoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283252-overview

  In the United States, glioblastoma is 1.59 times more common in males than females, with an annual age-adjusted incidence of 4.03 and 2.54 per 100,000 persons, respectively. With regard to race and ethnicity, incidence is highest among non-Hispanic whites (3.51 per 100,000 persons) and lowest among Asians or Pacific Islanders (1.18 per 100,000 persons). […] Glioblastoma may manifest in persons of any age but preferentially affects older adults. The incidence rate increases with age, peaking at 75-79 years, and the median age at diagnosis is 64 years. […] Although existing epidemiologic data are based on the previous WHO guidelines, implementation of the 2021 WHO guidelines is unlikely to result in a substantial change in incidence rates, because approximately 90% of all GBMs were IDH-wildtype while just 10% were IDH-mutant. However, because IDH-mutant GBM were more common in young people and in women, there will likely be a notable increase in the average age of onset and the incidence for men.

• #9 Glioblastoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283252-overview

  Glioblastoma is the most frequent malignant brain tumor in adults, accounting for approximately 12-15% of all primary intracranial neoplasms and 45-55% of all gliomas. The overall incidence of glioblastoma varies worldwide and is highest in North America, Australia, and Northern and Western Europe. In the United States, the average annual age-adjusted incidence rate of GBM is 3.19 per 100,000 persons, and the overall prevalence is 9.23 per 100,000 persons. Recent studies have shown that incidence is increasing in England, but there does not appear to be any trend toward increased incidence in the United States or Canada. These discrepancies may be due to differences in genetics or environmental factors, but they are more likely a reflection of international differences in surveillance procedures, reporting practices, and changes in classifications of glioblastoma over time.

• #10 Epidemiology and molecular pathology of glioma | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/ncpneuro0289

  The Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium has been formed to co-ordinate these studies. […] Only rare familial syndromes and exposure to high therapeutic doses of ionizing radiation are known causes of glioma. […] Asthma and other allergic conditions decrease glioma risk, and this protective association has been confirmed for glioblastoma by objective evidence from asthma-related germline polymorphisms. […] The general absence of consistent findings of associations between DNA repair and cell cycle regulation polymorphisms and glioma risk might be attributable to unexamined interactions between these genes and immune regulatory genes or with as yet unknown environmental factors or both.

• #11 Glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/glioblastoma-idh-wildtype?lang=us

  Glioblastomas, now defined as IDH-wildtype tumors, are essentially tumors of adults, usually occurring after the age of 40 years with a peak incidence between 65 and 75 years of age. There is a slight male preponderance with a 3:2 M:F ratio. White patients are affected more frequently than other ethnicities: the prevalence in Europe and North America is 3-4 per 100,000, whereas in Asia it is 0.59 per 100,000. […] The vast majority of glioblastomas are sporadic. Rarely they are related to prior radiation exposure (radiation-induced glioma). They can also occur as part of rare inherited tumor syndromes, such as p53 mutation-related syndromes including neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Other syndromes in which glioblastomas are encountered include Turcot syndrome, Ollier disease, and Maffucci syndrome. […] Glioblastomas should be followed up closely with MRI.

• #12 Clinical features associated with the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with glioblastoma (GBM): a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) analysis | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-021-07800-0

  The current care standard regimen is based on the outcomes from patients aged 18 to 70years, while most patients diagnosed with GBM are older than 60years with a median age of 64.0years. […] In our study, all ages were included and divided into three age groups with the median age 63years. Elderly patients aged 65years or over had the worst median OS (5months) and GMBSS (5months) among all age groups. Although young patients benefited most from chemotherapy, the survival of elderly patients was also improved by chemotherapy. […] We found that there was a relationship between tumor location and survival, and most GMB was supratentorial tumor with better survival than other locations. […] Among patients who received chemotherapy, 85.41% underwent surgery and 82.34% underwent radiotherapy. Moreover, surgery and radiotherapy were prognostic factors for patients with GBM.

• #13 Recent incidence trend of elderly patients with glioblastoma in the United States, 2000–2017 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-020-07778-1

  The incidence of glioblastoma increases significantly with age. […] This study aims to provide in-depth description of the patterns of incidence trends and to examine the age-period-cohort effects to the trends of glioblastoma specific to elderly patients. […] The overall incidence rate of elderly patients with glioblastoma was 13.16 per 100,000 (95% CI, 12.99-13.32) from 2000 to 2017. […] The trend of incidence remained stable and there was a non-significant increasing tendency for all elderly patients (APC 0.3, 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.7, p= 0.111). […] There was a significantly increasing incidence trend for non-Hispanic white (APC 0.6, 95% CI, 0.2 to 1.1, p= 0.013), supratentorial location (APC 0.7, 95% CI, 0.2 to 1.3, p= 0.016), tumor size <4cm (APC 2.5, 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.6, p<0.001), and a significantly decreasing trend for overlapping/NOS location (APC -0.9, 95% CI, 1.6 to 0.2, p= 0.012), and unknown tumor size (APC -4.9, 95% CI, 6.6 to 3.3, p<0.001).

• #14 Glioblastoma (Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Treatments)

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/glioblastoma/

  The prognosis of glioblastoma is extremely poor. Even with treatment, glioblastoma recurs in almost all patients. The median survival is 15 months, and the 5-year survival rate is 5%. […] Despite researchers and clinicians best efforts, survival of patients with glioblastoma has not improved much in recent decades.

• #15 About Glioblastoma

  https://braintumor.org/events/glioblastoma-awareness-day/about-glioblastoma/

  Glioblastoma (GBM) is a disease that all Americans should care about. More than 14,490 Americans are expected to receive a GBM diagnosis in 2023. GBM accounts for 50.1 percent of all primary malignant brain tumors. It is estimated that more than 10,000 individuals in the United States will succumb to glioblastoma every year. The five-year survival rate for glioblastoma patients is only 6.9 percent, and the average length of survival for glioblastoma patients is estimated to be only 8 months. Survival rates and mortality statistics for GBM have been virtually unchanged for decades. Mean age at diagnosis is 65. Glioblastoma is also one of the more expensive cancers to treat, often leaving patients and families with major financial hardship on top of the burdens of the disease. […] On this sixth annual Glioblastoma Awareness Day, we unite to raise nationwide awareness about glioblastoma (GBM), the most common, complex, treatment-resistant, and deadliest type of brain cancer.

• #16 Epidemiologic and Molecular Prognostic Review of Glioblastoma

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/41986

  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary central nervous system malignancy with a median survival of 15 months. The average incidence rate of GBM is 3.19/100,000 population, and the median age of diagnosis is 64 years. Incidence is higher in men and individuals of white race and non-Hispanic ethnicity. […] We report the current epidemiology of GBM with new data from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States 2006 to 2010 as well as demonstrate and discuss trends in incidence and survival. […] Many genetic and environmental factors have been studied in GBM, but the majority are sporadic, and no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of GBMs has been identified. However, several favorable clinical prognostic factors are identified, including younger age at diagnosis, cerebellar location, high performance status, and maximal tumor resection. GBMs comprise of primary and secondary subtypes, which evolve through different genetic pathways, affect patients at different ages, and have differences in outcomes.

• #17 EPR25-124: Epidemiology of Giant Cell Glioblastoma: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Analysis in: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Volume 23 Issue 3.5 (2025)

  https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/23/3.5/article-EPR25-124.xml?print

  Giant Cell Glioblastoma (GCG) accounts for only 5% of all the glioblastomas and less than 1% of all the brain tumors. […] There is limited data on GCG due to its rarity; therefore, the purpose of this study is to better understand the nature of this tumor. […] Total 514 cases were found. Median age of diagnosis was 59.5 years, and the overall median of survival (MoS) was 11 months. […] Our analysis concluded that males and Caucasians are most commonly affected. Improved survival outcomes were associated with younger age, female gender, earlier stage, left-sided tumor, brainstem or frontal lobe involvement, and surgical or non-surgical treatment options. Whereas, race and income had no influence.

• #18 Management of glioblastoma: a perspective from Nigeria – Balogun – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/36549/html

  GBM is the most common adult glial tumor worldwide. There is a significant variation in the epidemiology of GBM in different regions of the world, with a clear predominance amongst Caucasians compared with the African-Americans. Reliable data on the occurrence of GBM in Sub-Saharan Africa and indeed Nigeria is scarce. This may be attributed to a paucity of tumor registries, pre-operative deaths from untreated, symptomatic, large tumors due to cultural and religious beliefs and limited neuropathological diagnosis resulting from a dearth of neuropathologists or general pathologists familiar with the diagnosis of the disease. […] There are however more recent reports, that suggest a gradual increase in diagnosis of GBM among Nigerians and GBM reported to be the most common type of glioma as it is in other parts of the world. The reported low incidence of the disease in Nigeria may also be impacted by the absent or non-documentation of some of the established risk factors for GBM such as exposure to ionizing radiations, and low report of familial syndromes such as Lynch and Li-Fraumeni syndromes.

• #19 Management of glioblastoma: a perspective from Mexico – Moreno-Jiménez – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/43201/html

  Epidemiological data is incomplete due to the lack of a national cancer registry. […] The available information suggests that gliomas represent 33% of all intracranial tumors. […] Statistical data regarding the incidence of cancer in Mexico, including glioblastoma, is largely unavailable due to the lack of a national tumor registry. […] The National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (NINN) conducted a retrospective analysis using records of all cases of intracranial neoplasms between 1988 and 1994 in order to evaluate the overall frequency of intracranial tumors and prognostic factors for glioblastoma in Mexican patients. […] The distribution of patients included 586 (33%) with gliomas, 165 of which were glioblastomas (WHO grade IV). […] One of the major limitations of all of these studies is that they report on the experience of single institutions in Mexico City, which might not be representative of the countrys population and incidence. […] Epidemiological data of glioblastoma in the Mexican population is largely unknown in great measure due to the lack of a national tumor registry for neoplasms of the nervous system and to the disparity in resources available throughout the country.

• #20 Surveillance Imaging After Surgery Does Not Improve Outcomes for Patients with Glioblastoma – MU School of Medicine

  https://medicine.missouri.edu/news/surveillance-imaging-after-surgery-does-not-improve-outcomes-patients-glioblastoma

  Glioblastoma is an aggressive and deadly brain cancer. […] After surgeons remove the tumor, patients typically undergo surveillance imaging within 48 hours followed by regular screenings to monitor for recurrence. […] However, a retrospective study from the University of Missouri School of Medicine and MU Health Care showed patients who underwent surveillance imaging after surgery did not have better outcomes than patients who did not have imaging and returned when they felt symptoms of recurrence. […] The results indicated that for this population of patients, the outcome was equivalent whether they had surveillance or showed up when they had symptoms. […] Litofsky said less patient surveillance testing could improve patient convenience, reduce cost and ease pre-imaging anxiety. […] Litofsky is now planning a pilot study to link patient-reported outcomes identified through a questionnaire to clinic visits for patients. […] Litofsky’s study, Does Surveillance-Detected Disease Progression Yield Superior Patient Outcomes in High-Grade Glioma? was recently published by the journal World Neurosurgery.

• #21 Surveillance after surgery does not improve outcomes for patients with glioblastoma

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-02-surveillance-surgery-outcomes-patients-glioblastoma.html

  Glioblastoma is an aggressive and deadly brain cancer. […] After surgeons remove the tumor, patients typically undergo surveillance imaging within 48 hours followed by regular screenings to monitor for recurrence. […] However, a retrospective study from the University of Missouri School of Medicine and MU Health Care showed patients who underwent surveillance imaging after surgery did not have better outcomes than patients who did not have imaging and returned when they felt symptoms of recurrence. […] Litofsky found the median survival without a worsening condition was 6.1 months for the surveillance group and 6.0 for the symptomatic group. […] The results indicated that for this population of patients, the outcome was equivalent whether they had surveillance or showed up when they had symptoms.

• #22 Glioblastoma Market, an Area With High Trial Failure And

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/01/27/3015873/0/en/Glioblastoma-Market-an-Area-With-High-Trial-Failure-And-Unmet-Need-is-Expected-to-Witness-Significant-Growth-Owing-to-Increased-Usage-of-Bevacizumab-Temozolimide-Optune-Gio-Along-w.html

  Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is a highly aggressive and malignant brain tumor that originates from glial cells, which provide support and protection for neurons. The precise causes of glioblastoma remain largely unknown, though genetic mutations, environmental factors, and certain pre-existing conditions may contribute to its development. Common glioblastoma symptoms include persistent headaches, seizures, nausea, vomiting, cognitive changes, and motor deficits, which vary depending on the tumor’s location within the brain. […] The glioblastoma epidemiology section provides insights into the historical and current glioblastoma patient pool and forecasted trends for the 7MM. It helps recognize the causes of current and forecasted patient trends by exploring numerous studies and views of key opinion leaders.

• #23

  https://exonpublications.com/index.php/exon/article/view/130

  Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor. With an incidence rate of 3.19 per 100,000 persons in the United States and a median age of 64 years, it is uncommon in children. The incidence is 1.6 times higher in males compared to females and 2.0 times higher in Caucasians compared to Africans and Afro-Americans, with lower incidence in Asians and American Indians. […] Survival from GBM is poor; only few patients survive 2.5 years and less than 5% of patients survive 5 years following diagnosis. Survival rates for patients with GBM have shown no notable improvement in population statistics in the last three decades. […] The future of the epidemiology of GBM will depend on multicenter studies generating large clinical data sets of genomic data potentially leading to further understanding of the roles of genes and environment in the development of this devastating disease.

• #24 STING activation counters glioblastoma by vascular alteration and immune surveillance | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556091v1.full-text

  Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor with a median survival of 15 months and has limited treatment options. […] New immunotherapy approaches and a deeper understanding of immune surveillance of GBM are needed to advance treatment options for this devastating disease. […] Despite extensive research and investment into the advancement of glioma treatment, little progress has been made. […] Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new treatment possibilities to prolong survival and eventually cure this devastating disease. […] Immune activation has shown promising results in preclinical models of cancer. […] Overall, this study shows that STING activation increases tumor surveillance partly through immune activation and through alteration of vasculature. […] Together these results pave the way to future studies to refine combination treatments with anti-VEGF and checkpoint inhibitors.

• #25 STING activation counters glioblastoma by vascular alteration and immune surveillance | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556091v1.full-text

  In this study, we have demonstrated that prolonged and systemic pharmacological activation of the STING pathway hampers GBM progression and increases overall survival in mouse models of GBM. […] Activation of STING in these immunologically cold tumors, resulted in an increased number of cytotoxic T-cells in the tumors, revealing that systemic STING activation alters the glioma milieu towards increased infiltration of lymphocytes. […] Despite the increased amounts of cytotoxic T-cells in gliomas due to STING activation, we did not observe an additive effect of combination treatment with anti-PD1. […] Therefore, future research will focus on combination treatment of STING agonists and anti-VEGF towards GBM to discover new opportunities for the treatment of this devastating cancer.

• #26 Study Reveals Sex Differences in Glioblastoma – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/glioblastoma-treatment-response-differs-by-sex

  Researchers have known for decades that men are more likely than women to develop an aggressive form of brain cancer called glioblastoma. […] There is also evidence that women tend to respond better than men to standard therapy for this disease. […] Although researchers have been aware of substantial sex differences in the incidence of glioblastoma and other brain tumors for decades, most researchers conducting large-scale analyses have continued to merge data from patients of both sexes, Dr. Rubin added. […] Males are 60% more likely to develop glioblastoma overall than females. […] The MRI studies indicated that the standard treatment for glioblastoma is more effective for females than for males, said Konstantin Salnikow, Ph.D., of NCIs Division of Cancer Biology (DCB), who was not involved in the study.

• #27 Study Reveals Sex Differences in Glioblastoma – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/glioblastoma-treatment-response-differs-by-sex

  Despite well-established sex differences in the incidence [of glioblastoma] and emerging indications of differences in outcomes, there are few insights that distinguish male and female glioblastomas at the molecular level or that allow specific targeting of these biological differences, Dr. Salnikow continued. […] Sex differences in cancer are an understudied area of research, and more of these studies are needed to make progress in what is often known as precision, or personalized, medicine, said Dr. Salnikow, noting that the results of the current study need to be replicated by larger studies. […] No matter which aspect of glioblastoma we looked at, we could see sex-specific differences, said Dr. Rubin. As we learn more, you could imagine that treatment for glioblastoma might need to be delivered in a sex-specific manner in the future.

• #28 A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare data analysis of elderly patients with glioblastoma multiforme: Treatment patterns, outcomes and cost

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/mco.2015.590

  The groups treated using HRT with or without TMZ or TMZ alone did exhibit statistically significantly improved survival when compared to patients who received no therapy. […] However, when compared to patients treated using SRT with or without TMZ, even when adjusted for age and other comorbidities, patients treated using these regimens exhibited a poorer survival. […] The use of HRT had decreased to 5% by 2009. […] The availability of various treatment options also brings to light the need for geriatric assessment tools.

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