Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Paget Disease of the Breast – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/paget-breast-fact-sheet

  Paget disease of the breast occurs in both women and men, but most cases occur in women. Approximately 1 to 4 percent of all cases of breast cancer also involve Paget disease of the breast. The average age at diagnosis is 57 years, but the disease has been found in adolescents and in people in their late 80s. […] Doctors do not fully understand what causes Paget disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that cancer cells from a tumor inside the breast travel through the milk ducts to the nipple and areola. This would explain why Paget disease of the breast and tumors inside the same breast are almost always found together. […] A second theory is that cells in the nipple or areola become cancerous on their own. This would explain why a few people develop Paget disease of the breast without having a tumor inside the same breast. Moreover, it may be possible for Paget disease of the breast and tumors inside the same breast to develop independently.

• #2 Paget’s disease of the breast | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/pagets-disease-of-the-breast

  Pagets disease of the breast is an uncommon type of breast cancer. […] Pagets disease of the breast happens in less than 5% of women with breast cancer. […] Most people with Pagets disease will have an early form of breast cancer called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) under the nipple or elsewhere in the breast. […] Some people with Pagets disease will also have an underlying invasive breast cancer. […] Invasive breast cancer has the potential to spread from the breast to other parts of the body. […] Pagets disease can look like other skin conditions such as eczema. But there are differences. […] Pagets disease also usually occurs in one breast, while most other skin conditions tend to affect both breasts.

• #3 Paget disease (breast) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/paget-disease-breast?lang=us

  Paget disease of the breast, which is also known as Paget disease of the nipple, has traditionally been described as a form of breast malignancy characterized by infiltration of the nipple epidermis by malignant cells. Although most cases have underlying focus or foci of in situ or invasive carcinomas, some cases of Paget disease are confined to the skin of the nipple-areola without underlying neoplastic foci. […] In most cases of Paget of the breast, there are malignant ductal cells that extend to the nipple surface through the terminal lactiferous ducts. Malignant epithelial (Paget) cells infiltrate and proliferate in the epidermis, causing an eczema-like rash of the nipple and the areolar skin. There are several histologic variants of Paget disease including: […] Paget disease of the breast is named after Sir James Paget (1814-1899), the British surgeon and pathologist, who first described it in 1874.

• #4 Paget Disease of the Breast – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/paget-breast-fact-sheet

  Paget disease of the breast occurs in both women and men, but most cases occur in women. Approximately 1 to 4 percent of all cases of breast cancer also involve Paget disease of the breast. The average age at diagnosis is 57 years, but the disease has been found in adolescents and in people in their late 80s. […] Doctors do not fully understand what causes Paget disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that cancer cells from a tumor inside the breast travel through the milk ducts to the nipple and areola. This would explain why Paget disease of the breast and tumors inside the same breast are almost always found together. […] A second theory is that cells in the nipple or areola become cancerous on their own. This would explain why a few people develop Paget disease of the breast without having a tumor inside the same breast. Moreover, it may be possible for Paget disease of the breast and tumors inside the same breast to develop independently.

• #5 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9139704/

  Mammary Pagets Disease is a non-invasive cutaneous malignancy of the breast involving the nipple-areolar complex that is commonly mistaken for benign breast conditions, leading to delay in diagnosis. […] Two main theories have been proposed for how MPD arises: the epidermotropic theory and the intraepidermal origin theory. The epidermotropic theory states that Paget cells originate from underlying intraductal carcinoma cells that migrated along the basement membrane into the nipple. This theory is supported by the high incidence of MPD with underlying ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). […] The intraepidermal origin theory states that Paget cells result from malignant transformation of pluripotent keratinocyte stem cells or cells of apocrine gland ducts in the absence of underlying carcinoma, which also provides an explanation for cases of MPD where the nipple is spared.

• #6 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/10/2422

  Mammary Paget’s Disease is a non-invasive cutaneous malignancy of the breast involving the nipple-areolar complex that is commonly mistaken for benign breast conditions, leading to delay in diagnosis. […] This review article discusses Paget’s disease etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic work-up, natural history and prognosis. […] Two main theories have been proposed for how MPD arises: the epidermotropic theory and the intraepidermal origin theory. The epidermotropic theory states that Paget cells originate from underlying intraductal carcinoma cells that migrated along the basement membrane into the nipple. […] The intraepidermal origin theory states that Paget cells result from malignant transformation of pluripotent keratinocyte stem cells or cells of apocrine gland ducts in the absence of underlying carcinoma, which also provides an explanation for cases of MPD where the nipple is spared. […] A hybrid theory proposes that Paget cells can originate either epidermotrophically or intraepidermally, depending on the circumstances and local conditions.

• #7 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9139704/

  Mammary Pagets Disease is a non-invasive cutaneous malignancy of the breast involving the nipple-areolar complex that is commonly mistaken for benign breast conditions, leading to delay in diagnosis. […] Two main theories have been proposed for how MPD arises: the epidermotropic theory and the intraepidermal origin theory. The epidermotropic theory states that Paget cells originate from underlying intraductal carcinoma cells that migrated along the basement membrane into the nipple. This theory is supported by the high incidence of MPD with underlying ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). […] The intraepidermal origin theory states that Paget cells result from malignant transformation of pluripotent keratinocyte stem cells or cells of apocrine gland ducts in the absence of underlying carcinoma, which also provides an explanation for cases of MPD where the nipple is spared.

• #8 Mammary Paget disease. Paget disease of the nipple

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/mammary-paget-disease

  Mammary Paget disease is an uncommon form of breast cancer, comprising 13% of all breast cancer presentations. […] Mammary Paget disease is nearly always associated with an underlying intraductal breast cancer located near the areola. […] There are two main theories proposed for the pathogenesis of mammary Paget disease. […] Epidermotropic theory this theory proposes that Paget cells arise in an underlying intraductal carcinoma and migrate along the lactiferous ducts to the nipple epidermis. […] In situ malignant transformation theory this suggests Paget cells are malignant keratinocytes of the nipple epidermis. […] Mammary Paget disease is almost always a skin sign of an underlying breast cancer. This may be an in-situ or invasive intraductal carcinoma. Metastases to lymph nodes and beyond may be present.

• #9 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9139704/

  Mammary Pagets Disease is a non-invasive cutaneous malignancy of the breast involving the nipple-areolar complex that is commonly mistaken for benign breast conditions, leading to delay in diagnosis. […] Two main theories have been proposed for how MPD arises: the epidermotropic theory and the intraepidermal origin theory. The epidermotropic theory states that Paget cells originate from underlying intraductal carcinoma cells that migrated along the basement membrane into the nipple. This theory is supported by the high incidence of MPD with underlying ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). […] The intraepidermal origin theory states that Paget cells result from malignant transformation of pluripotent keratinocyte stem cells or cells of apocrine gland ducts in the absence of underlying carcinoma, which also provides an explanation for cases of MPD where the nipple is spared.

• #10 Mammary Paget disease. Paget disease of the nipple

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/mammary-paget-disease

  Mammary Paget disease is an uncommon form of breast cancer, comprising 13% of all breast cancer presentations. […] Mammary Paget disease is nearly always associated with an underlying intraductal breast cancer located near the areola. […] There are two main theories proposed for the pathogenesis of mammary Paget disease. […] Epidermotropic theory this theory proposes that Paget cells arise in an underlying intraductal carcinoma and migrate along the lactiferous ducts to the nipple epidermis. […] In situ malignant transformation theory this suggests Paget cells are malignant keratinocytes of the nipple epidermis. […] Mammary Paget disease is almost always a skin sign of an underlying breast cancer. This may be an in-situ or invasive intraductal carcinoma. Metastases to lymph nodes and beyond may be present.

• #11 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9139704/

  A hybrid theory proposes that Paget cells can originate either epidermotrophically or intraepidermally, depending on the circumstances and local conditions. […] Nearly all patients diagnosed with MPD have either underlying invasive or intraductal carcinoma. […] In patients with MPD and no palpable or mammographic mass, the majority will have underlying DCIS; therefore, axillary lymph nodes are usually negative, and treatment should be limited to the breast. […] Without treatment, the skin lesions and underlying disease will progress to the development of invasive breast cancer, potentially followed by lymph node and visceral metastasis. […] The presence of a palpable breast tumor, lymph node enlargement, high nuclear grade, and age below 60 years are unfavorable prognostic factors that correlate with a high risk of invasive carcinoma and a high rate of lymph node metastasis.

• #12 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/10/2422

  Mammary Paget’s Disease is a non-invasive cutaneous malignancy of the breast involving the nipple-areolar complex that is commonly mistaken for benign breast conditions, leading to delay in diagnosis. […] This review article discusses Paget’s disease etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic work-up, natural history and prognosis. […] Two main theories have been proposed for how MPD arises: the epidermotropic theory and the intraepidermal origin theory. The epidermotropic theory states that Paget cells originate from underlying intraductal carcinoma cells that migrated along the basement membrane into the nipple. […] The intraepidermal origin theory states that Paget cells result from malignant transformation of pluripotent keratinocyte stem cells or cells of apocrine gland ducts in the absence of underlying carcinoma, which also provides an explanation for cases of MPD where the nipple is spared. […] A hybrid theory proposes that Paget cells can originate either epidermotrophically or intraepidermally, depending on the circumstances and local conditions.

• #13 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9139704/

  A hybrid theory proposes that Paget cells can originate either epidermotrophically or intraepidermally, depending on the circumstances and local conditions. […] Nearly all patients diagnosed with MPD have either underlying invasive or intraductal carcinoma. […] In patients with MPD and no palpable or mammographic mass, the majority will have underlying DCIS; therefore, axillary lymph nodes are usually negative, and treatment should be limited to the breast. […] Without treatment, the skin lesions and underlying disease will progress to the development of invasive breast cancer, potentially followed by lymph node and visceral metastasis. […] The presence of a palpable breast tumor, lymph node enlargement, high nuclear grade, and age below 60 years are unfavorable prognostic factors that correlate with a high risk of invasive carcinoma and a high rate of lymph node metastasis.

• #14 Paget Disease of the Breast | Details, Diagnosis and Signs | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/types-of-breast-cancer/paget-disease-of-the-nipple.html

  Paget disease of the breast is a rare type of breast cancer involving the skin of the nipple and the areola (the dark circle around the nipple). […] Paget disease usually affects only one breast. In 80-90% of cases, its usually found along with either ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or infiltrating ductal carcinoma (invasive breast cancer). […] Paget disease of the breast is diagnosed by a biopsy, removing a small piece of the breast tissue and looking at it closely in the lab. […] If invasive cancer is found, the lymph nodes under the arm will be checked for cancer. […] If the cancer has spread within the breast tissue (is invasive), the outlook is not as good, and the cancer will be staged and treated like any other invasive ductal carcinoma.

• #15 Paget’s disease of the breast: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192362

  Pagets disease of the breast typically occurs as a manifestation of a type of precancerous lesion known as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or an underlying invasive cancer. […] Pagets disease of the breast causes skin symptoms on the breasts or nipples because of underlying breast cancer. In 80% to 90% of people with Pagets disease of the breast, the underlying cancer is either ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of Pagets disease of the breast. One theory is that it may be a result of a person already having breast cancer, and that Pagets disease occurs when some cancer cells migrate through the milk ducts. […] Another possible explanation is that the skin cells of the nipple spontaneously transform into cancer cells. Some people with Pagets disease of the breast have no underlying breast cancer or the tumor has no links to the disease in the nipple.

• #16 Paget’s disease of the breast | Breast cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/types/pagets-disease-breast

  Paget’s disease is a sign that there might be breast cancer in the tissues behind the nipple. […] About half of the people diagnosed with Paget’s disease of the breast have a lump behind the nipple. Most people with a lump behind the nipple are found to have invasive breast cancer. […] But most people with Pagets disease of the breast who have no lump behind the nipple, have ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). This means that some cells have started to turn into cancer but they are completely contained within the lining of the breast ducts. […] Paget’s disease of the breast is rare. It is found in 1 to 3 out of every 100 breast cancers (1 to 3%) diagnosed in women. It can also happen in men but this is even more rare.

• #17 Mammary Paget Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is an uncommon manifestation of underlying breast cancer in postmenopausal female patients. […] It is widely accepted that Paget disease is associated with some underlying breast malignancy, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma. […] It is theorized that these malignant ductal epithelial cells migrate toward the skin through the lactiferous ducts and ductules. […] There are no clearly identified distinct risk factors except those which are common to other breast cancers. […] These risk factors are as follows: old age (above 50 years old), a personal history of breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, dense breast tissue as identified by the mammogram, radiation exposure, particularly to the chest, increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancers due to inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA 2, hormone replacement like estrogen therapy after menopause, high-risk ethnicity for breast cancer, e.g., White race women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women, drinking large amounts of alcohol.

• #18 Paget’s disease of the breast | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/breast-cancer/pagets-disease-of-the-breast

  Pagets disease of the breast is a condition that causes a scaly rash on the skin of the nipple. Most people who have Pagets disease also have breast cancer. So it is sometimes called a rare type of breast cancer. […] Doctors do not know what causes Paget’s disease. The risk factors are similar to those for DCIS and invasive breast cancer.

• #19 Mammary Paget Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is an uncommon manifestation of underlying breast cancer in postmenopausal female patients. […] It is widely accepted that Paget disease is associated with some underlying breast malignancy, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma. […] It is theorized that these malignant ductal epithelial cells migrate toward the skin through the lactiferous ducts and ductules. […] There are no clearly identified distinct risk factors except those which are common to other breast cancers. […] These risk factors are as follows: old age (above 50 years old), a personal history of breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, dense breast tissue as identified by the mammogram, radiation exposure, particularly to the chest, increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancers due to inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA 2, hormone replacement like estrogen therapy after menopause, high-risk ethnicity for breast cancer, e.g., White race women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women, drinking large amounts of alcohol.

• #20 Paget’s Disease of the Breast Explained

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/womens-health/pagets-disease-of-the-breast

  Factors that increase your risk for Paget’s disease and other breast cancers include having a family history of breast cancer or breast-related conditions, having had breast or ovarian cancer previously, being over the age of 50, having dense breast tissue, drinking large amounts of alcohol, having exposure to radiation, certain chemicals, or UV rays, not eating a healthy and balanced diet, being overweight, having excess stress.

• #21 Mammary Paget Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is an uncommon manifestation of underlying breast cancer in postmenopausal female patients. […] It is widely accepted that Paget disease is associated with some underlying breast malignancy, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma. […] It is theorized that these malignant ductal epithelial cells migrate toward the skin through the lactiferous ducts and ductules. […] There are no clearly identified distinct risk factors except those which are common to other breast cancers. […] These risk factors are as follows: old age (above 50 years old), a personal history of breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, dense breast tissue as identified by the mammogram, radiation exposure, particularly to the chest, increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancers due to inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA 2, hormone replacement like estrogen therapy after menopause, high-risk ethnicity for breast cancer, e.g., White race women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women, drinking large amounts of alcohol.

• #22 Difference Between Paget Disease and Eczema: Symptoms, Pictures, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/difference-between-pagets-disease-and-eczema

  Paget disease of the breast is a rare type of breast cancer, representing only 0.5% to 5% of breast cancers. […] The most commonly accepted theory for Paget disease of the breast is that it begins in people who have breast cancer. Paget cells break off from a mass within the breast and then travel through milk ducts to the nipple. […] A second theory is that Paget disease is a distinct, spontaneous process that starts in the outer layer of skin at the nipple. […] Contributing factors may include: genetic abnormalities, exposure to ultraviolet rays, certain chemicals, or radiation, diet and stress. […] Paget disease is usually diagnosed in females ages 50 years and older. Its very rare in males. […] Other risk factors for Paget disease of the breast include: mutations to BRCA1, BRCA2, and other genes associated with breast cancer, high dose radiation exposure, previous diagnosis of breast cancer, being in postmenopause, history of noncancerous (benign) conditions, such as breast atypia (changes in breast cells) or lobular carcinoma in situ, having a first-degree relative with breast or ovarian cancer, undergoing hormone replacement therapy, such as estrogen, drinking alcohol.

• #23 Mammary Paget Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is an uncommon manifestation of underlying breast cancer in postmenopausal female patients. […] It is widely accepted that Paget disease is associated with some underlying breast malignancy, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma. […] It is theorized that these malignant ductal epithelial cells migrate toward the skin through the lactiferous ducts and ductules. […] There are no clearly identified distinct risk factors except those which are common to other breast cancers. […] These risk factors are as follows: old age (above 50 years old), a personal history of breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, dense breast tissue as identified by the mammogram, radiation exposure, particularly to the chest, increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancers due to inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA 2, hormone replacement like estrogen therapy after menopause, high-risk ethnicity for breast cancer, e.g., White race women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women, drinking large amounts of alcohol.

• #24 Paget’s Disease of the Nipple- Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment!

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/pagets-disease-nipple

  If women or men in your family have a history with breast or ovarian cancer, the offspring will also have a greater chance of developing the same. […] Defects like BRCA1 or BRCA2 are known to genetic defaults that carry a constant of developing cancer, especially in the breast. […] In case a patient receives any radiation treatments in the early stages of life, especially in the chest area. It is very likely for them to develop breast cancer in older ages. […] Weighing more than your ideal Body Mass Index (BMI) can make your breast tissues more dense which heightens the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking medication for estrogen imbalance after menopause can increase the risk of breast cancer in some cases. […] Studies have shown that there is an increased chance of developing breast cancer in white women as compared to black women yet, black women are more susceptible to die from breast cancer. […] Drinking large amounts of alcohol or smoking cigarettes for a very long time can increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

• #25 Mammary Paget Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is an uncommon manifestation of underlying breast cancer in postmenopausal female patients. […] It is widely accepted that Paget disease is associated with some underlying breast malignancy, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma. […] It is theorized that these malignant ductal epithelial cells migrate toward the skin through the lactiferous ducts and ductules. […] There are no clearly identified distinct risk factors except those which are common to other breast cancers. […] These risk factors are as follows: old age (above 50 years old), a personal history of breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, dense breast tissue as identified by the mammogram, radiation exposure, particularly to the chest, increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancers due to inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA 2, hormone replacement like estrogen therapy after menopause, high-risk ethnicity for breast cancer, e.g., White race women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women, drinking large amounts of alcohol.

• #26 Mammary Paget Disease – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/mammary-paget-disease/?utm_source=pubmedlink&utm_campaign=MDS&utm_content=34019

  Pagets disease is widely recognized to be linked with some kind of underlying breast cancer, usually whats known as ductal carcinoma in situ (cells that appear abnormal but havent spread) or invasive ductal carcinoma (cancer that started in a milk duct and has spread to the surrounding tissue). […] Its a bit unclear what specifically puts someone at risk for Pagets disease, but the usual risk factors for other types of breast cancer seem to apply. […] These risk factors include being older (over 50 years old), having a history of certain breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ (abnormal cells in breast lobules) or atypical hyperplasia (a build-up of abnormal cells in the breast), having a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, having dense breast tissue (seen through a mammogram), exposure to radiation (especially in the chest), carrying inherited gene mutations (like BRCA1 and BRCA2) which can raise the risk of breast or ovarian cancers, using hormone replacements like estrogen therapy after menopause, belonging to a high-risk ethnicity group for breast cancer (white women are more likely than black or Hispanic women), and drinking a lot of alcohol. […] Mammary Paget Disease is believed to occur when harmful breast cells move towards the skin through milk ducts and smaller branches.

• #27 Mammary Paget Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is an uncommon manifestation of underlying breast cancer in postmenopausal female patients. […] It is widely accepted that Paget disease is associated with some underlying breast malignancy, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma. […] It is theorized that these malignant ductal epithelial cells migrate toward the skin through the lactiferous ducts and ductules. […] There are no clearly identified distinct risk factors except those which are common to other breast cancers. […] These risk factors are as follows: old age (above 50 years old), a personal history of breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, dense breast tissue as identified by the mammogram, radiation exposure, particularly to the chest, increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancers due to inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA 2, hormone replacement like estrogen therapy after menopause, high-risk ethnicity for breast cancer, e.g., White race women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women, drinking large amounts of alcohol.

• #28 Paget’s Disease of the Nipple- Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment!

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/pagets-disease-nipple

  If women or men in your family have a history with breast or ovarian cancer, the offspring will also have a greater chance of developing the same. […] Defects like BRCA1 or BRCA2 are known to genetic defaults that carry a constant of developing cancer, especially in the breast. […] In case a patient receives any radiation treatments in the early stages of life, especially in the chest area. It is very likely for them to develop breast cancer in older ages. […] Weighing more than your ideal Body Mass Index (BMI) can make your breast tissues more dense which heightens the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking medication for estrogen imbalance after menopause can increase the risk of breast cancer in some cases. […] Studies have shown that there is an increased chance of developing breast cancer in white women as compared to black women yet, black women are more susceptible to die from breast cancer. […] Drinking large amounts of alcohol or smoking cigarettes for a very long time can increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

• #29 Mammary Paget Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is an uncommon manifestation of underlying breast cancer in postmenopausal female patients. […] It is widely accepted that Paget disease is associated with some underlying breast malignancy, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma. […] It is theorized that these malignant ductal epithelial cells migrate toward the skin through the lactiferous ducts and ductules. […] There are no clearly identified distinct risk factors except those which are common to other breast cancers. […] These risk factors are as follows: old age (above 50 years old), a personal history of breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, dense breast tissue as identified by the mammogram, radiation exposure, particularly to the chest, increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancers due to inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA 2, hormone replacement like estrogen therapy after menopause, high-risk ethnicity for breast cancer, e.g., White race women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women, drinking large amounts of alcohol.

• #30 What Is Paget’s Disease of the Breast | Breast Care Center Miami

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/what-is-pagets-disease-of-the-breast/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is a rare type of cancer that predominantly affects the nipple and, in some cases, the surrounding area, known as the areola. […] Paget’s disease of the breast is often associated with underlying ductal breast cancer, which can either be in situ (localized and not spread) or invasive (spread beyond the milk ducts). […] Understanding the risk factors associated with Paget’s disease of the breast can aid in early detection and prevention. While the exact causes remain unclear, certain factors may increase the risk: […] Individuals with mutations in certain genes associated with breast cancer, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, might have an increased risk. […] Paget’s disease of the nipple is often mistaken for eczema or dermatitis due to its skin-related symptoms. However, unlike these conditions, Paget’s disease is linked to an underlying breast cancer.

• #31 Mammary Paget Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is an uncommon manifestation of underlying breast cancer in postmenopausal female patients. […] It is widely accepted that Paget disease is associated with some underlying breast malignancy, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma. […] It is theorized that these malignant ductal epithelial cells migrate toward the skin through the lactiferous ducts and ductules. […] There are no clearly identified distinct risk factors except those which are common to other breast cancers. […] These risk factors are as follows: old age (above 50 years old), a personal history of breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, dense breast tissue as identified by the mammogram, radiation exposure, particularly to the chest, increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancers due to inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA 2, hormone replacement like estrogen therapy after menopause, high-risk ethnicity for breast cancer, e.g., White race women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women, drinking large amounts of alcohol.

• #32 Difference Between Paget Disease and Eczema: Symptoms, Pictures, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/difference-between-pagets-disease-and-eczema

  Paget disease of the breast is a rare type of breast cancer, representing only 0.5% to 5% of breast cancers. […] The most commonly accepted theory for Paget disease of the breast is that it begins in people who have breast cancer. Paget cells break off from a mass within the breast and then travel through milk ducts to the nipple. […] A second theory is that Paget disease is a distinct, spontaneous process that starts in the outer layer of skin at the nipple. […] Contributing factors may include: genetic abnormalities, exposure to ultraviolet rays, certain chemicals, or radiation, diet and stress. […] Paget disease is usually diagnosed in females ages 50 years and older. Its very rare in males. […] Other risk factors for Paget disease of the breast include: mutations to BRCA1, BRCA2, and other genes associated with breast cancer, high dose radiation exposure, previous diagnosis of breast cancer, being in postmenopause, history of noncancerous (benign) conditions, such as breast atypia (changes in breast cells) or lobular carcinoma in situ, having a first-degree relative with breast or ovarian cancer, undergoing hormone replacement therapy, such as estrogen, drinking alcohol.

• #33 Mammary Paget Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is an uncommon manifestation of underlying breast cancer in postmenopausal female patients. […] It is widely accepted that Paget disease is associated with some underlying breast malignancy, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma. […] It is theorized that these malignant ductal epithelial cells migrate toward the skin through the lactiferous ducts and ductules. […] There are no clearly identified distinct risk factors except those which are common to other breast cancers. […] These risk factors are as follows: old age (above 50 years old), a personal history of breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, dense breast tissue as identified by the mammogram, radiation exposure, particularly to the chest, increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancers due to inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA 2, hormone replacement like estrogen therapy after menopause, high-risk ethnicity for breast cancer, e.g., White race women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women, drinking large amounts of alcohol.

• #34 Paget’s Disease of the Nipple- Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment!

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/pagets-disease-nipple

  If women or men in your family have a history with breast or ovarian cancer, the offspring will also have a greater chance of developing the same. […] Defects like BRCA1 or BRCA2 are known to genetic defaults that carry a constant of developing cancer, especially in the breast. […] In case a patient receives any radiation treatments in the early stages of life, especially in the chest area. It is very likely for them to develop breast cancer in older ages. […] Weighing more than your ideal Body Mass Index (BMI) can make your breast tissues more dense which heightens the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking medication for estrogen imbalance after menopause can increase the risk of breast cancer in some cases. […] Studies have shown that there is an increased chance of developing breast cancer in white women as compared to black women yet, black women are more susceptible to die from breast cancer. […] Drinking large amounts of alcohol or smoking cigarettes for a very long time can increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

• #35 Mammary Paget Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is an uncommon manifestation of underlying breast cancer in postmenopausal female patients. […] It is widely accepted that Paget disease is associated with some underlying breast malignancy, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma. […] It is theorized that these malignant ductal epithelial cells migrate toward the skin through the lactiferous ducts and ductules. […] There are no clearly identified distinct risk factors except those which are common to other breast cancers. […] These risk factors are as follows: old age (above 50 years old), a personal history of breast abnormalities like lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical hyperplasia, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, dense breast tissue as identified by the mammogram, radiation exposure, particularly to the chest, increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancers due to inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA 2, hormone replacement like estrogen therapy after menopause, high-risk ethnicity for breast cancer, e.g., White race women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women, drinking large amounts of alcohol.

• #36 Paget’s Disease of the Breast Explained

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/womens-health/pagets-disease-of-the-breast

  Factors that increase your risk for Paget’s disease and other breast cancers include having a family history of breast cancer or breast-related conditions, having had breast or ovarian cancer previously, being over the age of 50, having dense breast tissue, drinking large amounts of alcohol, having exposure to radiation, certain chemicals, or UV rays, not eating a healthy and balanced diet, being overweight, having excess stress.

• #37 Paget’s Disease of the Breast Explained

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/womens-health/pagets-disease-of-the-breast

  Factors that increase your risk for Paget’s disease and other breast cancers include having a family history of breast cancer or breast-related conditions, having had breast or ovarian cancer previously, being over the age of 50, having dense breast tissue, drinking large amounts of alcohol, having exposure to radiation, certain chemicals, or UV rays, not eating a healthy and balanced diet, being overweight, having excess stress.

• #38 Paget’s Disease of the Nipple- Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment!

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/pagets-disease-nipple

  If women or men in your family have a history with breast or ovarian cancer, the offspring will also have a greater chance of developing the same. […] Defects like BRCA1 or BRCA2 are known to genetic defaults that carry a constant of developing cancer, especially in the breast. […] In case a patient receives any radiation treatments in the early stages of life, especially in the chest area. It is very likely for them to develop breast cancer in older ages. […] Weighing more than your ideal Body Mass Index (BMI) can make your breast tissues more dense which heightens the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking medication for estrogen imbalance after menopause can increase the risk of breast cancer in some cases. […] Studies have shown that there is an increased chance of developing breast cancer in white women as compared to black women yet, black women are more susceptible to die from breast cancer. […] Drinking large amounts of alcohol or smoking cigarettes for a very long time can increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

• #39 Paget’s disease of the breast – VALINTERMED treatment in Valencia

  https://valintermed.com/en/medlibrary/disease-of-the-mammary-gland/

  There are various risk factors that may contribute to the development of Paget’s disease of the breast. These include: Age the risk increases with age, especially after age 50. […] Having a family history of breast cancer Being related to someone with a history of the disease may increase your risk. […] Hormonal factors estrogen levels may influence the risk of developing the disease. […] Contact with chemical carcinogens – Long-term exposure may increase the risk of developing cancer.

• #40 Paget’s disease of the breast causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast_causes

  Mutations predisposing patients to Paget’s disease of the breast have not yet been described in the literature. […] It is currently hypothesized that intraepidermal cells of Paget’s disease may be intrinsically genetically different than those of the underlying breast carcinoma. […] The most widely accepted theory is that the disease results from an underlying intra-ductal breast carcinoma. The cancer cells are hypothesized to travel through lactiferous ducts to the nipple and its surrounding skin. […] Another theory is that the disease can develop independently in the nipple as an in-situ carcinoma. […] The cause of Paget’s disease of the breast has not been identified. […] Mutations predisposing patients to Paget’s disease of the breast have not yet been described in the literature.

• #41 Paget’s disease of the breast causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast_causes

  Mutations predisposing patients to Paget’s disease of the breast have not yet been described in the literature. […] It is currently hypothesized that intraepidermal cells of Paget’s disease may be intrinsically genetically different than those of the underlying breast carcinoma. […] The most widely accepted theory is that the disease results from an underlying intra-ductal breast carcinoma. The cancer cells are hypothesized to travel through lactiferous ducts to the nipple and its surrounding skin. […] Another theory is that the disease can develop independently in the nipple as an in-situ carcinoma. […] The cause of Paget’s disease of the breast has not been identified. […] Mutations predisposing patients to Paget’s disease of the breast have not yet been described in the literature.

• #42 Paget’s disease of the breast causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast_causes

  It is currently hypothesized that intraepidermal cells of Paget’s disease may be intrinsically genetically different than those of the underlying breast carcinoma. […] This has been seen by specific chromosomal alterations identified by loss of heterozygosity and mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequence analysis.

• #43 Paget’s disease of the breast causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast_causes

  It is currently hypothesized that intraepidermal cells of Paget’s disease may be intrinsically genetically different than those of the underlying breast carcinoma. […] This has been seen by specific chromosomal alterations identified by loss of heterozygosity and mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequence analysis.

• #44 What Is Paget’s Disease of the Breast | Breast Care Center Miami

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/what-is-pagets-disease-of-the-breast/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is a rare type of cancer that predominantly affects the nipple and, in some cases, the surrounding area, known as the areola. […] Paget’s disease of the breast is often associated with underlying ductal breast cancer, which can either be in situ (localized and not spread) or invasive (spread beyond the milk ducts). […] Understanding the risk factors associated with Paget’s disease of the breast can aid in early detection and prevention. While the exact causes remain unclear, certain factors may increase the risk: […] Individuals with mutations in certain genes associated with breast cancer, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, might have an increased risk. […] Paget’s disease of the nipple is often mistaken for eczema or dermatitis due to its skin-related symptoms. However, unlike these conditions, Paget’s disease is linked to an underlying breast cancer.

• #45 Paget’s disease of the breast – VALINTERMED treatment in Valencia

  https://valintermed.com/en/medlibrary/disease-of-the-mammary-gland/

  Paget’s disease of the breast (PDMB) is a rare disorder characterized by erythema, eczema-like changes of the skin around the nipple, which may be accompanied by itching, redness, swelling and discharge. […] PDMB is usually associated with invasive breast cancer, which requires special attention and diagnostics for an accurate assessment of the patient’s condition. […] Paget’s disease can occur both in isolated cases and in combination with other forms of cancer, which emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to its diagnosis and treatment. […] In recent years, studies have identified several genes associated with the development of Paget’s disease. The most significant are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are responsible for DNA repair and regulate the cell cycle. Mutations in these genes significantly increase the risk of developing both breast cancer and BPC.

• #46 Paget’s disease of the breast | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/pagets-disease-of-the-breast

  Pagets disease of the breast is an uncommon type of breast cancer. […] Pagets disease of the breast happens in less than 5% of women with breast cancer. […] Most people with Pagets disease will have an early form of breast cancer called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) under the nipple or elsewhere in the breast. […] Some people with Pagets disease will also have an underlying invasive breast cancer. […] Invasive breast cancer has the potential to spread from the breast to other parts of the body. […] Pagets disease can look like other skin conditions such as eczema. But there are differences. […] Pagets disease also usually occurs in one breast, while most other skin conditions tend to affect both breasts.

• #47 Paget’s disease of the breast | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/pagets-disease-of-the-breast

  Pagets disease of the breast is an uncommon type of breast cancer. […] Pagets disease of the breast happens in less than 5% of women with breast cancer. […] Most people with Pagets disease will have an early form of breast cancer called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) under the nipple or elsewhere in the breast. […] Some people with Pagets disease will also have an underlying invasive breast cancer. […] Invasive breast cancer has the potential to spread from the breast to other parts of the body. […] Pagets disease can look like other skin conditions such as eczema. But there are differences. […] Pagets disease also usually occurs in one breast, while most other skin conditions tend to affect both breasts.

• #48 What Is Paget’s Disease of the Breast | Breast Care Center Miami

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/what-is-pagets-disease-of-the-breast/

  Paget’s disease of the breast is a rare type of cancer that predominantly affects the nipple and, in some cases, the surrounding area, known as the areola. […] Paget’s disease of the breast is often associated with underlying ductal breast cancer, which can either be in situ (localized and not spread) or invasive (spread beyond the milk ducts). […] Understanding the risk factors associated with Paget’s disease of the breast can aid in early detection and prevention. While the exact causes remain unclear, certain factors may increase the risk: […] Individuals with mutations in certain genes associated with breast cancer, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, might have an increased risk. […] Paget’s disease of the nipple is often mistaken for eczema or dermatitis due to its skin-related symptoms. However, unlike these conditions, Paget’s disease is linked to an underlying breast cancer.

• #49 Paget’s disease of the breast

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20155351

  Paget’s disease of the breast occurs most often after age 50. […] Doctors don’t know what causes Paget’s disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that the disease results from an underlying ductal breast cancer. […] Another theory is that the disease can develop independently in the nipple.

• #50 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9139704/

  A hybrid theory proposes that Paget cells can originate either epidermotrophically or intraepidermally, depending on the circumstances and local conditions. […] Nearly all patients diagnosed with MPD have either underlying invasive or intraductal carcinoma. […] In patients with MPD and no palpable or mammographic mass, the majority will have underlying DCIS; therefore, axillary lymph nodes are usually negative, and treatment should be limited to the breast. […] Without treatment, the skin lesions and underlying disease will progress to the development of invasive breast cancer, potentially followed by lymph node and visceral metastasis. […] The presence of a palpable breast tumor, lymph node enlargement, high nuclear grade, and age below 60 years are unfavorable prognostic factors that correlate with a high risk of invasive carcinoma and a high rate of lymph node metastasis.

• #51 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9139704/

  A hybrid theory proposes that Paget cells can originate either epidermotrophically or intraepidermally, depending on the circumstances and local conditions. […] Nearly all patients diagnosed with MPD have either underlying invasive or intraductal carcinoma. […] In patients with MPD and no palpable or mammographic mass, the majority will have underlying DCIS; therefore, axillary lymph nodes are usually negative, and treatment should be limited to the breast. […] Without treatment, the skin lesions and underlying disease will progress to the development of invasive breast cancer, potentially followed by lymph node and visceral metastasis. […] The presence of a palpable breast tumor, lymph node enlargement, high nuclear grade, and age below 60 years are unfavorable prognostic factors that correlate with a high risk of invasive carcinoma and a high rate of lymph node metastasis.

• #52 Paget Disease of the Breast | Details, Diagnosis and Signs | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/types-of-breast-cancer/paget-disease-of-the-nipple.html

  Paget disease of the breast is a rare type of breast cancer involving the skin of the nipple and the areola (the dark circle around the nipple). […] Paget disease usually affects only one breast. In 80-90% of cases, its usually found along with either ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or infiltrating ductal carcinoma (invasive breast cancer). […] Paget disease of the breast is diagnosed by a biopsy, removing a small piece of the breast tissue and looking at it closely in the lab. […] If invasive cancer is found, the lymph nodes under the arm will be checked for cancer. […] If the cancer has spread within the breast tissue (is invasive), the outlook is not as good, and the cancer will be staged and treated like any other invasive ductal carcinoma.

• #53 Paget’s disease of the breast | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/pagets-disease-of-the-breast/

  Pagets disease of the breast is an uncommon type of breast cancer. […] Pagets disease of the breast happens in less than 5% of women with breast cancer. […] Most people with Pagets disease will have an early form of breast cancer called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) under the nipple or elsewhere in the breast. […] Some people with Pagets disease will also have an underlying invasive breast cancer. […] Invasive breast cancer has the potential to spread from the breast to other parts of the body. […] Pagets disease is uncommon and can look like other skin conditions, its not always diagnosed straight away. […] Treatment aims to remove the area of Pagets disease from your breast and reduce the risk of it coming back or spreading to other parts of the body. […] Surgery is usually the first treatment for Pagets disease of the breast. […] If youve been diagnosed with Pagets disease alone, youre most likely to be offered surgery to remove your nipple and areola. […] If you have invasive breast cancer in addition to Pagets disease, you may be given some treatments before surgery.

• #54 Paget’s disease of the breast | Breast cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/types/pagets-disease-breast

  Paget’s disease is a sign that there might be breast cancer in the tissues behind the nipple. […] About half of the people diagnosed with Paget’s disease of the breast have a lump behind the nipple. Most people with a lump behind the nipple are found to have invasive breast cancer. […] But most people with Pagets disease of the breast who have no lump behind the nipple, have ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). This means that some cells have started to turn into cancer but they are completely contained within the lining of the breast ducts. […] Paget’s disease of the breast is rare. It is found in 1 to 3 out of every 100 breast cancers (1 to 3%) diagnosed in women. It can also happen in men but this is even more rare.

• #55 Paget Disease of the Breast – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/paget-breast-fact-sheet

  Paget disease of the breast occurs in both women and men, but most cases occur in women. Approximately 1 to 4 percent of all cases of breast cancer also involve Paget disease of the breast. The average age at diagnosis is 57 years, but the disease has been found in adolescents and in people in their late 80s. […] Doctors do not fully understand what causes Paget disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that cancer cells from a tumor inside the breast travel through the milk ducts to the nipple and areola. This would explain why Paget disease of the breast and tumors inside the same breast are almost always found together. […] A second theory is that cells in the nipple or areola become cancerous on their own. This would explain why a few people develop Paget disease of the breast without having a tumor inside the same breast. Moreover, it may be possible for Paget disease of the breast and tumors inside the same breast to develop independently.

• #56 Paget Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1101235-overview

  The cause of Paget disease is unknown. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated. […] Studies have found a positive family history in 12.3% of 788 patients in the United States, 13.8% of 407 patients in Great Britain, and 22.8% of 658 patients in Australia. […] Numerous other studies have described families exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance. […] Studies of potential genetic markers for Paget disease have found an association between human leukocyte antigenA (HLA-A), HLA-B, and HLA-C (class I) and clinical evidence of disease. […] The geographic distribution of the disease may be explained by genetic transmission and dissemination by population migration. […] The development of Paget disease of bone may be related to a deregulation of autophagy, a catabolic process responsible for the degradation of damaged organelles, cytoplasmic proteins, and protein aggregates.

• #57 Paget’s disease of the breast – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pagets-disease-of-the-breast/symptoms-causes/syc-20351079

  Paget’s disease of the breast occurs most often after age 50. […] Doctors don’t know what causes Paget’s disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that the disease results from an underlying ductal breast cancer. The cancer cells from the original tumor then travel through milk ducts to the nipple and its surrounding skin. […] Another theory is that the disease can develop independently in the nipple.

• #58 Paget Disease of the Breast – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/paget-breast-fact-sheet

  Paget disease of the breast occurs in both women and men, but most cases occur in women. Approximately 1 to 4 percent of all cases of breast cancer also involve Paget disease of the breast. The average age at diagnosis is 57 years, but the disease has been found in adolescents and in people in their late 80s. […] Doctors do not fully understand what causes Paget disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that cancer cells from a tumor inside the breast travel through the milk ducts to the nipple and areola. This would explain why Paget disease of the breast and tumors inside the same breast are almost always found together. […] A second theory is that cells in the nipple or areola become cancerous on their own. This would explain why a few people develop Paget disease of the breast without having a tumor inside the same breast. Moreover, it may be possible for Paget disease of the breast and tumors inside the same breast to develop independently.

• #59 Paget’s disease of the breast – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pagets-disease-of-the-breast/symptoms-causes/syc-20351079

  Paget’s disease of the breast occurs most often after age 50. […] Doctors don’t know what causes Paget’s disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that the disease results from an underlying ductal breast cancer. The cancer cells from the original tumor then travel through milk ducts to the nipple and its surrounding skin. […] Another theory is that the disease can develop independently in the nipple.

• #60 Paget’s disease of the breast

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20155351

  Paget’s disease of the breast occurs most often after age 50. […] Doctors don’t know what causes Paget’s disease of the breast. The most widely accepted theory is that the disease results from an underlying ductal breast cancer. […] Another theory is that the disease can develop independently in the nipple.

• #61 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9139704/

  Mammary Pagets Disease is a non-invasive cutaneous malignancy of the breast involving the nipple-areolar complex that is commonly mistaken for benign breast conditions, leading to delay in diagnosis. […] Two main theories have been proposed for how MPD arises: the epidermotropic theory and the intraepidermal origin theory. The epidermotropic theory states that Paget cells originate from underlying intraductal carcinoma cells that migrated along the basement membrane into the nipple. This theory is supported by the high incidence of MPD with underlying ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). […] The intraepidermal origin theory states that Paget cells result from malignant transformation of pluripotent keratinocyte stem cells or cells of apocrine gland ducts in the absence of underlying carcinoma, which also provides an explanation for cases of MPD where the nipple is spared.

• #62 Mammary Paget’s Disease: An Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9139704/

  A hybrid theory proposes that Paget cells can originate either epidermotrophically or intraepidermally, depending on the circumstances and local conditions. […] Nearly all patients diagnosed with MPD have either underlying invasive or intraductal carcinoma. […] In patients with MPD and no palpable or mammographic mass, the majority will have underlying DCIS; therefore, axillary lymph nodes are usually negative, and treatment should be limited to the breast. […] Without treatment, the skin lesions and underlying disease will progress to the development of invasive breast cancer, potentially followed by lymph node and visceral metastasis. […] The presence of a palpable breast tumor, lymph node enlargement, high nuclear grade, and age below 60 years are unfavorable prognostic factors that correlate with a high risk of invasive carcinoma and a high rate of lymph node metastasis.

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