Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Group B Streptococcal Disease | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/streptococcal-disease-group-b

  Group B Streptococcus (GBS), also known as Streptococcus agalactiae, is the leading cause of newborn infection; presentations of GBS include bacteremia, meningitis, neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, or other focal infections. […] Laboratory testing for GBS is recommended for antepartum screening of pregnant individuals to inform potential intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis and prevent early-onset disease in neonates. […] Additionally, diagnostic testing is useful in symptomatic patients. Culture and nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) are the most common types of tests performed to evaluate GBS. […] Universal screening for group B Streptococcus (GBS) is recommended for all pregnant individuals at 36 0/7 to 37 6/7 weeks of gestation unless intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for GBS is indicated due to existing risk factors.

• #2 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  ABSTRACT: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of newborn infection. The primary risk factor for neonatal GBS early-onset disease (EOD) is maternal colonization of the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Approximately 50% of women who are colonized with GBS will transmit the bacteria to their newborns. Vertical transmission usually occurs during labor or after rupture of membranes. In the absence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, 12% of those newborns will develop GBS EOD. Other risk factors include gestational age of less than 37 weeks, very low birth weight, prolonged rupture of membranes, intraamniotic infection, young maternal age, and maternal black race. The key obstetric measures necessary for effective prevention of GBS EOD continue to include universal prenatal screening by vaginalrectal culture, correct specimen collection and processing, appropriate implementation of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and coordination with pediatric care providers. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists now recommends performing universal GBS screening between 36 0/7 and 37 6/7 weeks of gestation. All women whose vaginalrectal cultures at 36 0/737 6/7 weeks of gestation are positive for GBS should receive appropriate intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis unless a prelabor cesarean birth is performed in the setting of intact membranes.

• #3 Strep B Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/strep-b-test/

  Strep B, also known as group B strep (GBS), is a type of bacteria commonly found in the digestive tract, urinary tract, and genital area. […] A group B strep test checks for GBS bacteria. If you are pregnant and the test shows that you have GBS, taking antibiotics during labor can protect your baby from infection. […] If you are pregnant, a group B strep test is most often used to look for GBS bacteria during your routine prenatal screening. It may also be used to test infants who show signs of infection. […] You may need a strep B test if you are pregnant. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends GBS testing if you are pregnant. Testing is usually done between 36 and 38 weeks of pregnancy. […] If you are pregnant and results show you have GBS bacteria, you will be given antibiotics intravenously (by IV) during labor, at least four hours before delivery. This will prevent you from passing the bacteria to your baby. […] If your baby’s results show a GBS infection, he or she will be treated with antibiotics. If your provider suspects a GBS infection, he or she may treat your baby before test results are available. This is because GBS can cause serious illness or death.

• #4 Group B Strep and Pregnancy (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/groupb.html

  Pregnant women are routinely tested for GBS late in the pregnancy, usually between weeks 35 and 37. The test is simple, inexpensive, and painless. Called a culture, it involves using a large cotton swab to collect samples from the vagina and rectum. These samples are tested in a lab to check for GBS. The results are usually available in 1 to 3 days. […] GBS infection in babies is diagnosed by testing a sample of blood or spinal fluid. But not all babies born to GBS-positive mothers need testing. Most healthy babies are simply watched to see if they have signs of infection.

• #5 Screening for Group B Strep Bacteria | Group B Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-b-strep/testing/index.html

  Healthcare providers should screen all women for group B Streptococcus (group B strep, GBS) bacteria during each pregnancy. […] The test is simple and doesn’t hurt. […] Screening results help healthcare providers take steps to protect newborns from serious GBS infections. […] Screening women during pregnancy is one of the best ways to prevent GBS disease in the newborn’s first week of life. […] The results help healthcare providers know who’s at increased risk for having a baby who could get GBS disease. Healthcare providers can then take steps to decrease this risk. […] GBS bacteria screening should happen even when a cesarean birth is planned. […] Women who test positive for GBS bacteria aren’t sick. However, they’re at increased risk for passing the bacteria to their babies during birth. […] Healthcare providers give women who test positive antibiotics during labor to help protect their newborns from getting sick.

• #6 Group B Strep and Pregnancy | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/group-b-strep-and-pregnancy

  Are there times when antibiotics are given without testing first? In some cases, your doctor may recommend antibiotics during labor without testing for GBS. Antibiotics may be given without testing if you had a previous child who had GBS disease, you have GBS bacteria in your urine at any point during your pregnancy, your GBS status is not known when you go into labor and you have a fever, your GBS status is not known and you go into labor before 37 weeks, your GBS status is not known and it has been 18 hours or more since your water broke, your GBS status for this pregnancy is not known but you tested positive for GBS in a past pregnancy. […] What if I plan to have a cesarean birth? If you have a cesarean birth, you do not need to be given antibiotics for GBS during delivery if your labor has not started and the amniotic sac has not ruptured (your water has not broken). But you should still be tested for GBS because labor may happen before a cesarean birth. If the test result is positive, the baby may need to be monitored for GBS disease after birth.

• #7 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-workup

  For pregnant individuals, both vaginal and rectal swabs should be obtained at 36 0/7 and 37 6/7 weeks of gestation. A single swab is used for culture; first a specimen is obtained from the lower vagina, then a specimen is obtained from the rectum. This method increases the culture yield significantly when compared with either sampling from the cervix or rectum alone or a single vaginal swab without a rectal swab. […] Samples can be collected by the patients themselves, and studies have shown that self-collected samples are as accurate as those collected by physicians. […] Isolation of group B streptococci from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and/or a site of local suppuration is the only method for diagnosing invasive GBS infection. […] GBS antigen may be detected in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and/or urine but is noted to have sensitivity around 57%.

• #8 Group B Streptococcal Disease | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/streptococcal-disease-group-b

  Diagnostic laboratory testing may be useful for patients who exhibit signs and symptoms of GBS infection including bacteremia without a focus, meningitis, bone and joint infections, or other soft tissue infections. […] Culture is the most common laboratory method for the identification of GBS. […] NAAT has a faster turnaround time and may be useful in some situations. […] It is important that NAAT be performed on specimens incubated in enrichment broth to maximize sensitivity and specificity. […] In other individuals with group B streptococcal disease, diagnosis is confirmed when GBS is isolated from a normally sterile body site such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). […] Because penicillin is the preferred agent for intrapartum prophylaxis, antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be performed on all GBS isolates from pregnant individuals with a severe penicillin allergy to inform selection of an alternate antibiotic treatment.

• #9 Laboratory Testing for Group B Streptococcus | Group B Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-b-strep/php/laboratories/index.html

  Laboratory methods for group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae, GBS) screening and testing haven’t changed substantially over the past decade. […] Culture remains the gold standard method. […] In 2021, the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) released new guidelines for detecting and identifying GBS to prevent disease in newborns. ASM’s guidelines replace the 2010 guidelines published by CDC. […] The CDC Streptococcus Laboratory supports the national population-based Active Bacterial Core surveillance through serotyping of GBS isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and strain characterization by whole-genome sequencing.

• #10 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-workup

  Although rapid tests are available for assessment of maternal GBS colonization at the onset of labor, a study of 2 rapid tests by Daniels et al revealed that neither was sufficiently accurate to recommend their routine use in clinical practice. […] The authors concluded that screening using a rapid test was not cost effective based on its current sensitivity, specificity, and cost, and that intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis directed by screening with enriched culture at 35 to 37 weeks’ gestation is likely to be the most acceptable cost-effective strategy. […] Another study revealed that although intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis was effective in preventing transmission of group B streptococci from the birthing parent to the newborn, prenatal cultures obtained by health care providers during routine care did not accurately predict the occurrence of infection found during labor. […] Schwope et al advise that, when collecting samples for GBS screening during a pelvic examination, practitioners should obtain the sample before using a bacteriostatic surgical lubricant.

• #11 Group B strep disease | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/group-b-strep-disease?content_id=CON-20164015

  If your newborn might have group B strep disease, a sample of your baby’s blood or spinal fluid likely will be taken. A lab checks the sample for the bacteria that causes the infection. […] For adults who have an infection, a blood test can find out if group B strep is the cause. Learning the cause may be important for figuring out the right treatment.

• #12 Group B streptococcal septicemia of the newborn – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/group-b-streptococcal-septicemia-of-the-newborn

  Group B streptococcal septicemia is a severe bacterial infection that affects newborn infants. […] To diagnose GBS septicemia, GBS bacteria must be found in a sample of blood (blood culture) taken from a sick newborn. […] This disease is usually diagnosed shortly after birth, often while the baby is still in the hospital. […] To help reduce the risk for GBS, pregnant women should get tested for the bacteria at 35 to 37 weeks into their pregnancy. If the bacteria are detected, women are given antibiotics through a vein during labor. […] Early diagnosis can help decrease the risk for some complications.

• #13 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p02363

  Most newborns with GBS infection have signs in the first few hours after birth. Your baby’s healthcare provider will test your babys body fluids, such as blood or spinal fluid. […] Everyone should be tested for GBS during their pregnancy. This is part of routine prenatal care. In late pregnancy, your healthcare provider can test for GBS. They do this by taking a swab of your vagina and rectum during a pelvic exam. They can also test your urine for GBS. The swab or urine is sent to a lab to grow the bacteria. Tests are usually done during 36 through 37 weeks of pregnancy. The results may take a few days. Someone with GBS may test positive at certain times and not at others. […] If you test positive for GBS during pregnancy, you will get IV antibiotics during labor. This lowers the risk that your baby will get the infection. Penicillin is the most common antibiotic given. Tell your healthcare provider if you have any medicine allergies.

• #13 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p02363

  If you have not been diagnosed with GBS, you may be given antibiotics before labor and birth if you have certain risk factors. These include: GBS infection in a previous baby, Labor or waters breaking (rupture of membranes) before 37 weeks (preterm), Rupture of membranes 18 hours or longer before delivery of a full-term pregnancy, Fever during labor. […] Some babies still get GBS even with testing and treatment. Research is being done to make vaccines to prevent GBS infection.

• #14 Group B Streptococcal Infections in Newborns | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.group-b-streptococcal-infections-in-newborns.zp3014spec

  Tests for group B strep are done in the third trimester of pregnancy. Babies suspected of being infected are diagnosed at birth by testing their blood or urine or both for the bacteria. […] If they show signs of a serious infection, the doctor may test the spinal fluid.

• #15 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-overview

  Group B streptococcus (GBS), also known as Streptococcus agalactiae, is recognized as a leading cause of postpartum infection and neonatal sepsis. Infection in healthy, nonpregnant adults is becoming more common, especially among young to middle-aged women with diabetes. […] Examination of patients with GBS infection may reveal the following findings: Lung consolidation, pleural effusion, Tachypnea, Tachycardia, murmur, evidence of heart failure, Hypotension, Headache, nuchal rigidity, Confusion, altered mental status, neurologic dysfunction, Evidence of an embolic event, phlebitis, Splenomegaly, Vascular insufficiency of the lower extremity, wound infection, Back, flank, pelvic, or abdominal pain. […] Laboratory tests performed for a patient with suspected GBS infection may include the following: Gram stain, Isolation of GBS from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and/or a site of local suppuration: the only method for diagnosing invasive GBS infection, GBS antigen detection in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and/or urine.

• #16 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-overview

  The following imaging studies may be performed for a patient suspected of having GBS infection: Chest radiography: May show pneumonia in elderly bedridden patient with fever, neurologic deficits, or other relevant symptoms; infiltrate or effusion may be seen, Radiography of an affected region in a patient with diabetes or one who is elderly or bedridden with fever and relevant symptoms: May reveal evidence of gas or bone destruction in such patients with soft-tissue infection, osteomyelitis, diskitis, epidural abscess, wound infection, necrotizing fasciitis, decubitus ulcer, Computed tomography (CT) scanning of an affected region: May reveal phlegmon, abscess, or osteomyelitis, CT scanning of the head in a patient who has undergone a neurosurgical procedure with fever and other relevant symptoms: May show meningitis; may reveal an abscess or contiguous infection, Echocardiography in a patient with fever of unclear origin: May demonstrate vegetations or evidence of valve destruction, Ultrasonography of the genitourinary tract or pelvis in a postpartum woman or older man or woman with fever and relevant symptoms: May reveal evidence of genitourinary obstruction or abscess, CT scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the genitourinary system or pelvis: May show evidence of obstruction or abscess.

• #17 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-overview

  The following are procedures that may be performed when GBS infection is suspected: Lumbar puncture for suspected GBS meningitis: First, rule out increased intracranial pressure with CT scanning, then perform lumbar puncture, Diagnostic and therapeutic thoracentesis for suspected GBS pneumonia: in the presence of pleural effusion; empyema requires drainage by thoracentesis, chest tube, or surgery, Valve replacement for GBS bacteremia, endocarditis, and line-related sepsis: Caused by destructive endocarditis, Diagnostic aspiration and curative surgery for GBS soft-tissue infection, arthritis, osteomyelitis, diskitis, and epidural abscess, Diagnostic aspiration/tap with ultrasonography or CT guidance for urinary tract infection or pelvic abscess to isolate the organism, relieve obstruction, or drain an abscess.

• #18 Group B strep disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/group-b-strep/symptoms-causes/syc-20351729

  A „positive” test result means that you carry group B strep. It doesn’t mean that you’re ill or that your unborn baby will be affected. But you do have a higher risk of passing the bacteria to your baby. […] Medicine can prevent group B bacteria from spreading to your baby during labor or delivery. An antibiotic through a needle in a vein, also called an IV, is given to you when labor begins. The antibiotic is usually penicillin or a related medicine. […] Antibiotic treatment during labor also is recommended if you: […] Although it’s not available yet, researchers are working on a group B strep vaccine. It could help prevent group B strep infections in the future.

• #19 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  If the prenatal GBS culture result is unknown when labor starts, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated for women who have risk factors for GBS EOD. […] If a woman presents in labor at term with unknown GBS colonization status and does not have risk factors that are an indication for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis but reports a known history of GBS colonization in a previous pregnancy, the risk of GBS EOD in the neonate is likely to be increased. […] Intravenous penicillin remains the agent of choice for intrapartum prophylaxis, with intravenous ampicillin as an acceptable alternative. […] For women who are at high risk of anaphylaxis after exposure to penicillin, the laboratory requisitions for ordering antepartum GBS screening cultures (whether on paper or online in electronic medical records) should indicate clearly the presence of penicillin allergy.

• #20 Group B Streptococcus and Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482443/

  ACOG recommends penicillin as the first-line antibiotic for GBS prophylaxis due to its narrow antimicrobial activity, which decreases the risk of resulting antibiotic resistance. […] For women with penicillin allergies, the choice of IAP antibiotic depends on the allergy history and, if available, clindamycin susceptibility results from GBS cultures.

• #21 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  Intravenous vancomycin remains the only pharmacokinetically and microbiologically validated option for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in women who report a high-risk penicillin allergy and whose GBS isolate is not susceptible to clindamycin. […] Obstetric interventions, when necessary, should not be delayed solely to provide 4 hours of antibiotic administration before birth.

• #22 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  Definitive testing: Culture of the organism from a sterile body site establishes the diagnosis of GBS infection. […] The initial therapy for suspected neonatal sepsis is ampicillin and an aminoglycoside, typically gentamicin. Both ampicillin and gentamicin have activity against GBS, which is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis. […] Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is indicated for all mothers with a positive GBS screening culture routinely obtained at 35 to 37 weeks gestation. Revised guidelines from 2010 also recommend IAP for pregnant women who have a history of GBS bacteriuria at any point during the current pregnancy or have a history of a previous infant with invasive GBS disease. […] To prevent transmission of GBS from mother to infant, all pregnant women should be screened for GBS colonization as part of their routine prenatal care late in their third trimester (usually between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation). Those who test positive for GBS will receive IV antibiotics during labor to lower the risk of transmission to the baby.

• #23 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) in pregnancy and newborn babies | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/group-b-streptococcus-gbs-in-pregnancy-and-newborn-babies/

  Babies with signs of GBS infection or babies who are suspected to have the infection should be treated with antibiotics as soon as possible. Antibiotics can be life-saving when given to babies with suspected infection. Treatment will be stopped if there is no sign of infection after at least 36 hours, and all the tests are negative.

• #24

  https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/bacterial-meningitis/groupb-streptococcal-meningitis

  In some countries (including the UK), doctors will arrange at least one follow-up appointment so they can check for longer term after-effects. […] Most early-onset group B strep infections in babies are preventable by identifying pregnant women who are at increased risk of having a baby with a group B strep infection and treating the mother with antibiotics during labour. […] Currently, there is no vaccine to protect against group B streptococcal meningitis. […] Scientists are working to develop a vaccine that can be given to pregnant women to protect their babies during pregnancy and birth.

• #25 Group B Streptococcus and Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482443/

  Group B streptococcus, or Streptococcus agalactiae, is a gram-positive bacterium commonly found in the genital and gastrointestinal tracts of humans and less frequently in the upper respiratory tracts of children and adults, which poses significant health risks, particularly to neonates, young infants, pregnant women, and those with certain medical conditions. […] Effective prevention of neonatal group B streptococcus disease depends on proper screening, timely antibiotic administration, and coordination with pediatric care clinicians. […] Despite CDC recommendations for routine group B streptococcus screening and intrapartum antibiotics, group B streptococcus remains a leading cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis in the United States. […] Universal GBS screening during pregnancy is the primary approach utilized to evaluate patients for GBS colonization in the United States, whereas, in several other countries, including the United Kingdom, testing is only performed on symptomatic patients, such as those with vaginal discharge and premature rupture of membranes.

• #26 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) commonly appears in up to 35% of healthy women’s reproductive or gastrointestinal tracts. Pregnant women colonized with GBS can transmit the bacteria to their newborns at the time of birth. This infection can lead to neonatal sepsis and/or meningitis. Thus, it is essential to screen and understand the clinical presentations and treatments for GBS infections. This activity reviews the healthcare team’s role in the background, presentation, prevention, evaluation, and treatment of Group B streptococcus infections. […] The widespread screening of pregnant women for this organism in the third trimester and subsequent antibiotic prophylaxis for maternal colonization has dramatically reduced the incidence of early-onset neonatal disease from 1.7 cases per 1000 live births in the early 1990s to 0.22 cases per 1000 live births in 2017.

• #27 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  Targeted intravenous intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has demonstrated efficacy for prevention of GBS early-onset disease (EOD) in neonates born to women with positive antepartum GBS cultures and women who have other risk factors for intrapartum GBS colonization. Neither antepartum nor intrapartum oral or intramuscular regimens have been shown to be comparably effective in reducing GBS EOD. […] Regardless of planned mode of birth, all pregnant women should undergo antepartum screening for GBS at 36 0/737 6/7 weeks of gestation, unless intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for GBS is indicated because of GBS bacteriuria during the pregnancy or because of a history of a previous GBS-infected newborn. […] All women whose vaginalrectal cultures at 36 0/737 6/7 weeks of gestation are positive for GBS should receive appropriate intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis unless a prelabor cesarean birth is performed in the setting of intact membranes.

• #28 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) – Your pregnancy and your baby | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/group-b-streptococcus-gbs-your-pregnancy-and-your-baby/

  If your baby is considered to be at higher chance of group B Strep infection and you did not get IV antibiotics at least 4 hours before giving birth, your baby will be monitored closely for signs of infection for at least 12 hours, but in some cases up to 24 hours. […] If your baby shows any signs of GBS infection IV antibiotics will be recommended. […] If you spot any of these signs, please contact your GP for an urgent appointment, or call 111. Make sure to inform them that you were diagnosed with group B Strep.

• #29 Group B Streptococcus – Antibiotics – Screening – TeachMeObGyn

  https://teachmeobgyn.com/pregnancy/medical-disorders/infections/group-b-streptococcus/

  In the UK, different hospital trusts have different policies on testing for GBS in pregnancy, but RCOG recommends that it is not screened for routinely, so only women identified as being high risk for GBS infection will be tested. […] High risk may include those with symptoms of UTI or chorioamnionitis during pregnancy, those with STI symptoms pre-pregnancy or those with a previous GBS infected baby. […] Rationales behind not screening routinely: Most GBS infections occur in the preterm population – and these would be missed by screening as they would likely have already delivered by the screening date. […] Not all women who screen positive at screening are GBS positive at delivery – and these women would receive inappropriate treatment. […] High dose intravenous penicillins (usually benzylpenicillin, or cefuroxime or clindamycin in penicillin-allergic patients) throughout labour will be indicated in women with: GBS positive swabs, a UTI caused by GBS during this pregnancy, previous baby with GBS infection, pyrexia during labour, labour onset 37 weeks, rupture of membranes 18 hours.

• #30 Group B strep infection | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/group-b-strep-infection

  Screening after 35 weeks of pregnancy helps to identify the presence of Group B Strep […] Screening is the best way to protect the newborn during labor and delivery because you will be aware that Group B Strep is present […] The best way to know if you have GBS is to get tested […] Your provider tests you for GBS at 36 weeks of pregnancy. Testing for GBS is simple and painless. Your provider takes a swab from your vagina and rectum and sends the sample to a laboratory. Your test results are usually available in 1 to 2 days […] If your GBS test at 36 weeks shows you have a GBS present in your results, your provider gives you medicine called an antibiotic during labor and birth through an IV (through a needle into a vein) […] Treatment with antibiotics helps prevent your baby from getting the infection

• #31 GBS Testing – Group B Strep International

  https://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/gbs-testing.html

  Group B Strep Testing Approximately 1 in 5 pregnant individuals globally carry group B strep (GBS), a leading cause of invasive infection in babies worldwide. GBS can infect babies during pregnancy, at birth, and during the first few months of life. […] Fortunately there are ways to help protect babies from group B strep disease, such as testing for group B strep during pregnancy! Knowing your GBS status can help you and your healthcare team take steps to help protect your baby. […] Ideally, your provider should do a urine culture for group B strep (GBS) and other bacteria (this is not the standard prenatal urine dipstick check) at your first prenatal visit. […] It is now the standard of care in many countries for all pregnant individuals to be routinely tested for group B strep (GBS) during their 36th or 37th week of each pregnancy (since levels of GBS can change, each pregnancy can be different) unless their urine already cultured positive in the current pregnancy or they have had a previous baby with GBS disease (in these cases, they should be treated as being GBS positive regardless).

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