Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Group B Strep Surveillance and Trends | Group B Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-b-strep/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC conducts active surveillance for invasive group B Streptococcus (group B strep, GBS) disease. […] GBS bacteria remain a leading cause of meningitis and bloodstream infections in newborns younger than 3 months old. […] CDC conducts active surveillance for invasive GBS disease through Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs). ABCs is part of CDC’s Emerging Infections Program. […] Approximately 28,010 cases of invasive GBS disease occur annually in the United States in all age groups. […] GBS bacteria remain a leading cause of meningitis and bloodstream infections in newborns younger than 3 months old. […] As use of intrapartum prophylaxis increased, GBS disease declined by 80% in babies younger than one week old.

• #2 Clinical Overview of Group B Strep Disease | Group B Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-b-strep/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Surveillance for invasive GBS disease is ongoing in a multistate population through Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs). […] Since its introduction, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has decreased disease in neonates in the first week of life. However, GBS bacteria remain a leading cause of meningitis and bloodstream infections in neonates younger than 3 months old. […] Public health experts are working to implement universal screening in all prenatal healthcare settings. […] Identify a strategy for prevention of late-onset disease and adult disease.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news/item/05-11-2017-group-b-streptococcus-infection-causes-an-estimated-150-000-preventable-stillbirths-and-infant-deaths-every-year

  21.7 million pregnant women carry this bacteria according to the first global study of Group B Strep – most of them are currently unidentified and untreated. […] An estimated one in five pregnant women around the world carry Group B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteria which is a major, yet preventable, cause of maternal and infant ill health globally. […] Led by the London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine and involving more than 100 researchers from around the world, the series of 11 research papers conservatively estimates that out of 410,000 GBS cases every year, there will be at least 147,000 stillbirths and infant deaths globally. […] Despite being home to only 13% of the worlds population, Africa had the highest burden, with 54% of estimated cases and 65% of stillbirths and infant deaths.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news/item/05-11-2017-group-b-streptococcus-infection-causes-an-estimated-150-000-preventable-stillbirths-and-infant-deaths-every-year

  The new research found GBS is present among pregnant women in all regions of the world, with an average of 18% of pregnant women worldwide carrying (colonised with) the bacteria, ranging from 11% in eastern Asia to 35% in the Caribbean, totalling 21.7 million in 195 countries. […] Current GBS prevention focuses on giving antibiotics to women in labour, aiming to reduce disease in infants at delivery. […] At least 60 countries have a policy for antibiotic use in pregnancy to prevent newborn GBS disease. […] Antibiotics currently prevent an estimated 29,000 cases of early-onset Group B Streptococcal disease per year, almost all in high-income settings. […] A maternal GBS vaccine could prevent many more cases and deaths worldwide. […] These disease burden estimates highlight the importance of perinatal infection prevention. […] It is now essential to accelerate the GBS vaccine development activities.

• #5 Group B Strep Awareness Month

  https://www.comomeningitis.org/post/group-b-strep-awareness-month-1

  GBS infection is the leading cause of sepsis and meningitis in babies under 3 months. Tragically, many families first hear about Strep B after their baby has become seriously ill with Strep B meningitis, sepsis or pneumonia. […] Around the world, there are an estimated 320,000 GBS infections in babies a year. 90,000 babies die and another 10,000 survive with moderate to severe disability. […] The highest incidence of GBS is reported in East and South Africa. 54% of global GBS cases are reported on the African continent, and 65% of GBS-associated stillbirths and infant deaths. […] A global average estimate indicates that approximately 1 in 4 babies with GBS infection will die globally. This varies between countries, and the level of medical facilities available. In middle to high-income countries, it can be as low as 1 in 20.

• #6 Group B streptococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection

  It has been estimated that 19.7 million pregnant women had rectovaginal colonization with GBS worldwide in 2020. And 400.000 children presented GBS neonatal disease, causing 232.000 GBS-EOD, 162. 000 GBS-LOD, and 37.100 children developed neurodevelopmental impairment. 90,000 newborn deaths were calculated to occur, most of them in Sub-Saharan countries […] In 2000-2001, the reported overall incidence of GBS infection in newborn babies in the UK was 0.72 per 1,000 live births, 0.47 per 1,000 for GBS-EOD and 0.25 per 1,000 for GBS-LOD. Very marked variations were observed, the incidence in Scotland was 0.42 per 1,000, whilst in Northern Ireland, it was 0.9 per 1,000 live births. […] Nevertheless, it may be a serious underestimation of the real incidence of GBS infections in newborns. A plausible explanation of this is that a considerable number of infants with probable GBS-EOD had negative cultures as a result of a previous maternal antibiotic treatment that inhibits the growth of GBS in blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures, but does not mask clinical symptoms.

• #7 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  Colonization and infection in neonates largely correlate with maternal colonization at the time of delivery. Vertical transmission from colonized mothers to their neonates occurs in approximately 41% to 72% of cases (mean, approximately 50%). However, about 1% to 12% of colonized infants (mean, 5%) are born to non-colonized mothers. Furthermore, heavy maternal colonization in the genital tract (greater than 10 colony-forming units per milliliter) greatly increases the rate of vertical transmission and the rate of heavily colonized infants. Heavily colonized infants are then more likely to have either early- or late-onset GBS disease. […] Before the widespread use of intrapartum prophylactic antibiotics, reported attack rates of early-onset neonatal GBS infections ranged from 1.8 to 4.0 per 1000 live births. Early-onset disease (onset within the first 6 days of life) accounted for approximately 80% of cases or about 7600 cases annually. Following the 2002 guidelines for universal screening of pregnant women at 35 to 37 weeks gestation and administration of prophylactic antibiotics to colonized women, the incidence of early-onset disease has decreased to approximately 0.25 cases per 1000 live births, a finding representing a decline of nearly 85% from 1990.

• #8 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  However, the incidence of late-onset disease (onset from 7 through 89 days of life) was not changed through maternal intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, remaining at approximately 0.27 per 1000 live births. Late, late-onset GBS disease occurs in infants older than 3 months of age and accounts for 7% to 13% of childhood GBS infections. Affected infants typically were born before 34 weeks gestation or have an underlying immunodeficiency or concomitant infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the past 2 decades, 2-fold to 4-fold increases in the incidence of GBS disease have occurred in nonpregnant adults, mostly those who have underlying medical conditions or are 65 years of age or older. Residents of nursing homes have a markedly higher incidence of invasive group B streptococcal disease than community residents.

• #9 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  Implementation of national guidelines for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has resulted in a reduction in the incidence of GBS EOD of more than 80%, from 1.8 newborns per 1,000 live births in the 1990s to 0.23 newborns per 1,000 live births in 2015. […] The primary risk factor for neonatal GBS EOD is maternal vaginalrectal colonization with GBS during the intrapartum period. Other risk factors include gestational age less than 37 weeks, very low birth weight, prolonged rupture of membranes, intraamniotic infection, young maternal age, and maternal black race. […] Approximately 50% of women who are colonized with GBS will transmit the bacteria to their newborns. In the absence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, 12% of those newborns will develop GBS EOD. […] The key obstetric measures necessary for effective prevention of GBS EOD continue to include universal prenatal screening by vaginalrectal culture, correct specimen collection and processing, appropriate implementation of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and coordination with pediatric care providers.

• #10 Group B streptococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection

  Data collected prospectively for neonates that required a septic screen in the first 72 hrs. of life in the UK in 2003, indicated a combined rate of definite and probable GBS-EOD infection of 3.6 per 1,000 live births. […] Another study on the epidemiology of invasive GBS infections in England and Wales reported a rise in the incidence of GBS-EOD between 2000 and 2010 from 0.28 to 0.41 per 1,000 live births. Rates of GBS-LOD also increased between 1991 and 2010 from 0.11 to 0.29 per 1,000 live births in England and Wales. […] In the past, the incidence of GBS-EOD ranged from 0.7 to 3.7 per thousand live births in the US, and from 0.2 to 3.25 per thousand in Europe. […] In 2008, after widespread use of antenatal screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States reported an incidence of 0.28 cases of GBS-EOD per thousand live births in the US. From 2006 to 2015 the incidence of GBS EOD decreased from 0.37 to 0.23 per thousand live births in the US.

• #11 Group B streptococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection

  In contrast with GBS-EOD, the incidence of GBS-LOD has remained stable in the US at 0.31 per 1000 live births from 2006 to 2015. […] In 2021, in the United States the CDC reported an incidence of 0.21 per 1,000 live births of GBS-EOD and of 0.23 per thousand live births of GBS-LOD. In 2021 had been estimated a total of 1970 deaths ((0.59/100,000 population) in the US caused by GBS neonatal infections. […] In 2021, it was estimated that 226 infants (49 per 100,000) in the United States had a clinically significant GBS infection, and that approximately 11 (2.4%) of those cases resulted in death. […] In Spain, the incidence of GBS vertical sepsis declined by 73.6%, from 1.25/1,000 live births in 1996 to 0.33/1,000 in 2008. […] In France since 2001, a rapid decrease in the incidence of the neonatal GBS infections has also been reported after widespread use of IAP, from 0.7 to 0.2 per 1,000 births between 1997 and 2006. The incidence of GBS-EOD infections has been reported to be 0.2 per 1000 live births in 2011.

• #12 Epidemiology of Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease in the U.S., 2006–2015logo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/na48331/2019/01/16/epidemiology-neonatal-group-b-streptococcal-disease-us

  Late-onset group B streptococcal disease has outpaced early-onset disease. […] Neonatal group B streptococcal disease (GBS) is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. […] To better define the epidemiology of EOD and LOD, investigators have analyzed 9 years of data (2006–2015) from the multistate Active Bacterial Core surveillance program, which captures approximately 10% of U.S. born infants and in 2015 included 439,000 live births. […] Key findings included the following: […] Incidence of EOD decreased from 0.37 to 0.23 per 1000 live births during the study period; the declines were significant in both term and preterm infants. […] Incidence of LOD remained stable during the study period and was highest in preterm infants (rate ratio, 6.4 times) and in black infants (RR, 2.9 times). […] In the era of universal screening and prophylaxis for GBS, late-onset disease is now more common than early-onset disease, and this study highlights the remarkable success of the current recommendations for intrapartum prophylaxis.

• #13 GBS | Surveillance | Group B Strep | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/groupbstrep/surveillance.html

  Group B Streptococcus (group B strep, GBS) emerged in the 1970s as the most common cause of sepsis in newborns. Invasive adult disease (invasion of the bacteria into a site where there usually are no bacteria, like the blood) was recognized more recently and the incidence has been increasing. […] Active surveillance for invasive group B strep disease is ongoing in a multistate population of approximately 33 million, including approximately 450,000 live births annually. The disease is not reportable in most states. […] To be considered a case for this active surveillance system, the following case definition must be met: GBS must be isolated from a normally sterile site, such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, bone, joint/synovial fluid, or internal body site (e.g., lymph node, brain). […] The following is an exception to this sterile site case definition and would be counted as cases for this surveillance system: GBS isolated from the placenta and/or amniotic fluid with fetal death.

• #14 Group B streptococcus: Beyond pregnancy and neonatal infections | Medical Laboratory Observer

  https://www.mlo-online.com/disease/infectious-disease/article/53061966/group-b-streptococcus-beyond-pregnancy-and-neonatal-infections

  Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B streptococcus (GBS), is a gram-positive coccus that was first differentiated from other beta-hemolytic streptococcal species by renowned microbiologist Rebecca Lancefield, PhD, in the early 1930s. […] In 1996, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in collaboration with key stakeholders and several professional societies published the first guidelines on preventing GBS disease. These guidelines were subsequently updated in 2002 and again in 2010. […] Beginning in the late 1990s, the CDC began active surveillance for GBS through the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) network. The ABCs is a multistate, population-based surveillance system for invasive bacterial pathogens, including GBS. […] Since the ABCs began tracking GBS in 1997, the overall rate of GBS has increased 42% from 6.2 per 100,000 to 8.8 per 100,000 in 2021, the last year of data currently available.

• #15 Group B streptococcus: Beyond pregnancy and neonatal infections | Medical Laboratory Observer

  https://www.mlo-online.com/disease/infectious-disease/article/53061966/group-b-streptococcus-beyond-pregnancy-and-neonatal-infections

  The ABCs surveillance network also performs additional characterization of GBS isolates from selected surveillance areas using whole genome sequencing. […] Infections due to GBS in nonpregnant persons is high. In the United States, the incidence among all persons was estimated to be 11 cases per 100,000 persons in 2016. […] The recommended intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis is penicillin or cefazolin; therefore, AST is warranted for women who have a documented penicillin allergy.

• #16 Airborne and Direct Contact Diseases – Group B Strep – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/airborne/group-b.shtml

  Group B streptococcus (group B strep) is a type of bacteria that causes illness in newborn babies, pregnant women, the elderly, and adults with other illnesses, such as diabetes or liver disease. Group B strep is the most common cause of life-threatening infections in newborns. […] Group B strep is the most common cause of sepsis (blood infection) and meningitis (infection of the fluid and lining around the brain) in newborns. Group B strep is a frequent cause of newborn pneumonia and is more common than other, more well-known, newborn problems such as rubella, congenital syphilis, and spina bifida. Good prenatal care and testing during pregnancy can greatly reduce the risk of newborn infection.

• #17 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/strep/gbs/index.html

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a bacteria that causes illness in newborn babies, pregnant women, the elderly, and adults with chronic illnesses such as cancer and diabetes. GBS is the most common cause of life-threatening infections in newborns. […] As part of the Emerging Infections Program, Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Project (ABCs), population-based surveillance of GBS has been ongoing in Minnesota since 1995. […] Statistics for GBS in Minnesota.

• #18 Group B Streptococcal Infections | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/invasive-bacteria/gbs.htm

  GBS disease is the most common cause of life-threatening infections in newborns. […] This is a Wisconsin disease surveillance category II disease: […] Report to the patient’s local public health department electronically, through the Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System (WEDSS), by mail or fax using an Acute and Communicable Disease case report, F-44151 (Word) or by other means within 72 hours upon recognition of a case. […] Case Reporting and Investigation Protocol (EpiNet): P-01983 Group B Streptococcal infections (PDF)

• #19 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  ABSTRACT: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of newborn infection. The primary risk factor for neonatal GBS early-onset disease (EOD) is maternal colonization of the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Approximately 50% of women who are colonized with GBS will transmit the bacteria to their newborns. Vertical transmission usually occurs during labor or after rupture of membranes. In the absence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, 12% of those newborns will develop GBS EOD. Other risk factors include gestational age of less than 37 weeks, very low birth weight, prolonged rupture of membranes, intraamniotic infection, young maternal age, and maternal black race. The key obstetric measures necessary for effective prevention of GBS EOD continue to include universal prenatal screening by vaginalrectal culture, correct specimen collection and processing, appropriate implementation of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and coordination with pediatric care providers. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists now recommends performing universal GBS screening between 36 0/7 and 37 6/7 weeks of gestation.

• #20 Group B streptococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection

  Since 2012 the incidence of neonatal GBS infection has been estimated as 0.53 per 1,000 births in the European region, 0.67 in America, and 0.15 in Australasia. Countries reporting no use of IAP had a 2.2-fold higher incidence of GBS-EOD compared with those reporting any use of IAP. […] Estimates of the incidence of GBS-EOD per 1,000 births differ among countries, Japan 0.09, Panama 0.58, Hong Kong 0.76, and 2.35 in the Dominican Republic. Overall, rates are highest in Africa and lowest in Asia. The estimate of the global incidence of GBS LOD is 0.26 cases per 1,000 live births. […] It has been appraised that GBS infections cause at least 409.000 maternal/fetal/infant cases and 147.000 stillbirths and infant deaths worldwide annually.

• #21 Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcal Infections Among Nonpregnant Adults in the United States, 2008-2016

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450309/

  In this population-based study of 21250 patients with invasive group B Streptococcus detected by the Active Bacterial Core surveillance network from 2008 through 2016, invasive group B Streptococcus incidence among nonpregnant adults increased significantly from 8.1 cases per 100000 population in 2008 to 10.9 in 2016; incidence was highest among those with male sex, age 65 years or older, and black race. […] The incidence of invasive group B Streptococcus continues to rise among nonpregnant adults; chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, may contribute. […] Using population-based surveillance data, this case study reports epidemiology trends in invasive group B Streptococcus disease among US nonpregnant adults according to demographic characteristics, underlying clinical conditions, and isolate characteristics.

• #22 Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcal Infections Among Nonpregnant Adults in the United States, 2008-2016

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6450309/

  The public health burden of invasive GBS disease among nonpregnant adults is substantial and continues to increase. Chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, may contribute. […] The incidence of invasive GBS disease among nonpregnant US adults continues to rise, roughly tripling between 1990 and 2016 (from 3.6 to 10.9 cases per 100000). […] Given the severity of invasive GBS (94.6% of cases were hospitalized, 27.3% of cases required intensive care unit admission, and 5.6% of cases were fatal in 2016), this rise represents a clinical and public health concern. […] Surveillance data do not allow us to determine the direct cause of the rising incidence. However, the data suggest that the increase may be associated with certain serotypes because serotypes Ib, II, and IV accounted for three-quarters of the increase in incidence between 2008 and 2016. […] Our analysis found an increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes among patients with invasive GBS over the study period. […] Ongoing surveillance to monitor future trends in serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance is warranted.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02210-3

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) colonizes the gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa in healthy adults, but has also become an increasing cause of invasive infection. The aims of this study were to describe the incidence and factors associated with the occurrence of invasive GBS disease in adults in Norway. […] A total of 3710 GBS episodes were identified. The age-standardized incidence rate increased steadily from 1.10 (95% CI 0.801.50) in 1996 to 6.70 (95% CI 5.907.50) per 100,000 person-years in 2019. The incidence rate had an average annual increase of 6.44% (95% CI 5.127.78). […] The incidence of invasive GBS disease in adults increased significantly from 1996 to 2019. The increasing age of the population with accompanying underlying comorbid conditions might contribute to the increasing burden of invasive GBS disease.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02210-3

  Risk factors for invasive GBS disease in adults include old age and chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and cancer. […] The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the epidemiology of invasive GBS infections in adults in Norway from 1996 to 2019, focusing on trends in incidence rates and factors associated with the occurrence of invasive GBS disease. […] The incidence of invasive GBS infections in adults in Norway increased more than sixfold during the study period from 1996 to 2019. […] An aging population with increasing prevalence of comorbid diseases has been pointed out as the main reason for the increasing burden of invasive GBS disease. […] The increase in the incidence of invasive GBS infection found in this study is similar to what has been reported elsewhere.

• #25 Group B Strep (GBS) Infection | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/invasive-and-respiratory-diseases-and-conditions/streptococcal-strep-diseases/group-b-strep-gbs-infection

  Group B Strep (GBS) disease is caused by Streptococcus agalactiae or group B Streptococcus bacteria. […] According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), GBS is the most common cause of sepsis (blood infection) and meningitis (infection of the fluid and lining around the brain) in newborns. […] GBS is no longer a reportable condition in Texas. The number of invasive GBS cases reported in Texas has increased 457.8% over the past fifteen years, increasing from 464 (1.5 cases per 100,000 population) in 2005 to 2,124 (7.3 cases per 100,000 population) in 2019. Among the cases in 2019, 68.3% of the GBS cases in Texas occurred in adults aged 50 years or more. The highest age-specific incidence rates of invasive GBS in Texas are seen in children less than one year of age (52.6 cases per 100,000 population) followed by adults aged 60 years or more (19.5 cases per 100,000 population).

• #26 Group B Strep (GBS) Data | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/invasive-and-respiratory-diseases-and-conditions/streptococcal-strep-diseases/group-b-strep-gbs-infection/group-b-strep-gbs-data

  Group B Streptococcus, Invasive Disease Cases Reported and Incidence Rates (IR) for Texas, 2012-2021: 2021 NR NR 2020 1,402 4.7 2019 2,124 7.3 2018 2,016 6.9 2017 1,929 6.7 2016 1,761 6.2 2015 1,703 6.1 2014 1,356 4.9 2013 1,050 3.9 2012 1,020 3.9 aIncidence rates (IR) are calculated per 100,000 population. Population data are projected population from Texas Demographic Centers Texas Populations Projections Program; 2021, 2020 and 2019 population projections were updated March 2022 and 2018 earlier population projections were from the prior version. Data Source: Texas NEDSS Finalized Data File, 2012-2021, Texas Notifiable Conditions. […] Reported Group B Streptococcus, Invasive Cases and Incidence Rates by Age Groups in Texas, Years 2013-2019: 1 158 38 165 40.7 219 53.2 236 56.4 180 42.3 199 45.9 222 52.6 1-4 0 0 1 0.1 2 0.1 3 0.2 3 0.2 2 0.1 2 – 5-9 0 0 2 0.1 2 0.1 1 0.1 2 0.1 1 0.0 2 – 10-14 2 0.1 3 0.1 0 0 1 0.05 3 0.1 2 0.1 2 – 15-19 7 0.4 7 0.4 8 0.4 10 0.5 12 0.6 8 0.4 6 – 20-29 29 0.7 29 0.7 45 1.1 43 1.1 50 1.2 49 1.2 55 1.3 30-39 57 1.4 76 2 86 2.2 109 2.8 124 3.1 136 3.3 145 3.5 40-49 129 3.4 194 5.4 209 5.8 218 6 244 6.6 248 6.6 240 6.4 50-59 203 6.1 277 8.1 356 10.2 356 10.2 385 10.9 396 11.2 413 11.9 60+ 465 11.4 601 13.5 776 16.7 784 16.2 926 18.4 975 18.6 1,037 19.5

• #27 Group B Strep (GBS) Data | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/invasive-and-respiratory-diseases-and-conditions/streptococcal-strep-diseases/group-b-strep-gbs-infection/group-b-strep-gbs-data

  Total 1050 3.9 1356 5 1703 6.1 1761 6.2 1929 6.7 2016 6.9 2,124 7.3 aIncidence rates (IR) are calculated per 100,000 population. Population data are projected population from Texas Demographic centers Texas Populations Projections Program; 2019 population projections were updated July 18, 2019, and 2018 population projections were from the prior version. Projected populations were used for 2013-2019. Note: Per Emerging and Acute Infectious Disease Unit Data Suppression policy, beginning with data published after September 2021, conditions with statewide case counts of 1-4 are not provided (-). Rates are not provided (-) when the Relative Standard Error exceeds 25% (n 16).

• #28 UofL research shows Group B Strep infections more common than previously recognized | UofL News

  https://www.uoflnews.com/section/science-and-tech/uofl-research-shows-group-b-strep-infections-more-common-than-previously-recognized/

  Research published this week from UofL and Pfizer Inc., is the first to show the burden of both invasive and non-invasive Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections among hospitalized adults in the United States. […] In the new study, however, non-invasive disease was three to four times more common than invasive disease, suggesting that adult GBS burden is considerably greater than previously recognized. […] These new data suggest that the burden of GBS infection is considerably greater than previously recognized in earlier surveillance studies that only focused on invasive disease, said Julio Ramirez, MD, chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases at UofL. […] This type of study, evaluating both invasive and non-invasive GBS infections, is essential for understanding the full spectrum of GBS disease burden among adults, said John M. McLaughlin, PhD, Global Epidemiology and Scientific Affairs Lead, Pipeline Vaccines, Pfizer Inc., and the lead study author. […] Our population-based study gives the first estimates of total annual GBS burden in the United States, emphasizing the importance of preventive efforts in the growing population of adults who are older or have chronic medical conditions, and will inform future vaccination strategies.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230630/The-epidemiology-of-the-Streptococcus-agalactiae-bacterium-(group-B-Streptococcus-GBS)-in-Southeast-Asia.aspx

  In a study published by Emerging Infectious Diseases, researchers detected the presence of a Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) sequence type (ST) 283 in communities known to include raw fish in their diet. […] The study results establish humans as a transmission vector for the pathogen and may form the basis for understanding the origin of this relatively new strain. […] A novel strain named ST283 was identified as the cause of a GBS sepsis outbreak in Singapore in 2015, wherein the pathogen was discovered. […] GBS ST283 is significantly more virulent and infectious than its sister strains. […] The strain has rapidly outcompeted its sisters and is responsible for more than 70% of all reported GBS infections from Laos and Thailand. […] MSLT analyses confirm previous hypotheses that GBS ST283 found in cichlid fish and humans are identical, implying that transmission cyclically occurs between these hosts.

• #30 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  Universal antepartum culture-based screening of all pregnant women in the 2002 perinatal GBS guidelines, and universal antepartum culture-based screening continues to be the current standard. Regardless of planned mode of birth, all pregnant women should undergo antepartum screening for GBS at 36 0/737 6/7 weeks of gestation, unless intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for GBS is indicated because of GBS bacteriuria during the pregnancy or because of a history of a previous GBS-infected newborn. […] Surveys of obstetriciangynecologists practices and case review analyses have demonstrated that incorrect specimen collectionmost typically vaginal cultures obtained without concomitant rectal samplingis the most commonly identified GBS prenatal screening error among health care providers.

• #31 Group B Strep in Pregnancy Study | Yale School of Public Health

  https://ysph.yale.edu/emerging-infections-program/projects/completed/group-b-strep-study/

  Group B strep, or GBS, is a bacterium that can cause serious infections in young babies and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young infants under 3 months of age worldwide. […] GBS can cause babies to develop infections after birth such as bacteremia (blood infection), pneumonia (lung infection) and meningitis (infection of the tissue surrounding the spinal cord and brain), which can cause death. […] Currently, the available prevention measure is to give women colonized with GBS intravenous antibiotics during labor. […] The development of a GBS vaccine for pregnant women could potentially prevent GBS infections in the future. […] Epidemiology of Invasive Early-Onset and Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in the United States, 2006 to 2015: Multistate Laboratory and Population-Based Surveillance.

• #32

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/group-b-streptococcus-(gbs)

  Efficacy studies for GBS vaccine will require a large number of participants, therefore initial vaccine licensure based on immunological correlates of protection (CoP) should be explored, followed by post licensure studies to assess effectiveness and to evaluate the reduction in disease burden. […] Group B Streptococcus infection causes an estimated 150,000 preventable stillbirths and infant deaths every year.

• #33

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/group-b-streptococcus-(gbs)

  Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus or GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal and infant sepsis and meningitis globally. GBS is associated with maternal sepsis, stillbirths and preterm births, and can cause disease in immunocompromised adults and the elderly, but the highest incidence of all is in neonates and young infants up to age 3 months. GBS was estimated to have caused 319,000 cases of neonatal disease annually (2015), resulting in 90000 deaths and at least 57,000 stillbirths. The highest burden is in Africa, where 54% of estimated invasive GBS cases, and 65% of all fetal/infant deaths occur. […] An average of 18% (with regional variation) of pregnant women carry GBS worldwide. Administration of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) to pregnant women with GBS colonization can substantially reduce the incidence of early-onset GBS disease, but IAP does not prevent late-onset GBS disease, which in most cases are transmitted postnatally.

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