Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) commonly appears in up to 35% of healthy women’s reproductive or gastrointestinal tracts. Pregnant women colonized with GBS can transmit the bacteria to their newborns at the time of birth. This infection can lead to neonatal sepsis and/or meningitis. […] The pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae represents group B streptococcus (GBS). The commonly used term of group B streptococcus or GBS is based on Lancefield grouping that takes into account specific cell wall carbohydrate antigens. It is a common colonizer of the genital and gastrointestinal tracts. GBS colonization in pregnant women is a major risk factor for neonatal and infant infection. […] The group B specific cell wall carbohydrate antigen is common to all strains of GBS, and a surface capsular polysaccharide allows classification into types Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX (Lancefield classification scheme).

• #2 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-overview

  Group B streptococcus (GBS), also known as Streptococcus agalactiae, is recognized as a leading cause of postpartum infection and neonatal sepsis. […] GBS organisms colonize the vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and the upper respiratory tract in healthy humans. […] In the frail elderly, GBS infection is strongly linked with congestive heart failure. […] GBS neonatal sepsis is rare, but it is more common in the setting of prematurity and prolonged rupture of the membranes. […] Rates of mortality and morbidity are increased in preterm newborns with early-onset GBS disease. […] The absence of antibody to GBS in infants is a risk factor for infection. […] Streptococcus agalactiae infection is becoming more common in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying abnormalities.

• #3 Group B streptococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection

  Group B streptococcal infection, also known as Group B streptococcal disease or just Group B strep infection, is the infectious disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae. Streptococcus agalactiae is the most common human pathogen belonging to group B of the Lancefield classification of streptococci hence the name of group B streptococcal (GBS). Infection with GBS can cause serious illness and sometimes death, especially in newborns, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems. The most severe form of group B streptococcal disease is neonatal meningitis in infants, which is frequently lethal and can cause permanent neuro-cognitive impairment. […] Its significance as a human pathogen was first described in 1938, and in the early 1960s, GBS came to be recognized as a major cause of infections in newborns.

• #4 Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6432937/

  Invasive disease due to group B Streptococcus infection (Streptococcus agalactiae) results in a wide spectrum of clinical disease. In North America, serotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, and V are most frequently associated with invasive disease. Group B Streptococcus remains a continuing source of morbidity and mortality in high-risk populations, including pregnant women, neonates, and the elderly; an increasing incidence of invasive disease has been observed in nonpregnant adults. Group B Streptococcus remains the most common culture-confirmed neonatal bacterial infection in the United States and is a significant source of neonatal morbidity globally. […] The incidence of invasive GBS disease continues to increase, and it remains a significant pathogen among both infants and adults. […] S. agalactiae has historically been divided into nine serotypes (Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII) based on the capsular polysaccharide. A tenth serotype (IX) was described in 2007. Among nonpregnant adults in the United States, the most common serotype causing invasive disease is group V (29% in 2005 to 2006), followed by serotypes Ia, II, and III.

• #5 Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6432937/

  The most common syndromes due to invasive GBS disease in adults are bacteremia without a focus and skin/soft tissue infections. […] GBS is the leading etiology of culture-confirmed neonatal bacterial infection in the United States and results in significant mortality. Invasive neonatal GBS disease may be divided into early-onset disease (EOD), occurring at 7 days of life, and late-onset disease (LOD), occurring between 7 and 90 days of life. Serotypes I to V account for 97% of invasive neonatal GBS disease, with serotype III accounting for nearly half (43%) of EOD and 73% of LOD. […] Risk factors for EOD disease include maternal vaginal or rectal GBS colonization, GBS bacteriuria during pregnancy, prolonged labor, prolonged rupture of membranes, low birth weight, prematurity, intrapartum fever, and systemic maternal GBS disease.

• #6 Group B strep disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/group-b-strep/symptoms-causes/syc-20351729

  Group B strep is a common type of bacteria. Another name for it is Streptococcus agalactiae. It’s often carried in the intestines or lower genital tract. […] Group B strep can spread to a baby during a vaginal delivery. This happens if the baby is exposed to or swallows fluids that contains the bacteria. […] Many healthy people carry group B strep bacteria in their bodies. You might carry the bacteria in your body for a short time. It can come and go. Or you might always have it. Group B strep bacteria are not spread through sex, food or water. It isn’t clear how the bacteria are spread to anyone other than newborns.

• #7 Group B Strep Infection in Pregnancy and Newborns

  https://www.medicinenet.com/group_b_strep/article.htm

  Group B strep bacteria can cause infections in a pregnant woman and her baby. Group B strep bacteria can cause infections in a pregnant woman and her baby. […] Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a type of gram-positive streptococcal bacteria also known as Streptococcus agalactiae. This type of bacteria (not to be confused with group A strep, which causes strep throat) is commonly found in the human body (this is termed colonization), and it usually does not cause any symptoms. However, in certain cases, it can be a dangerous cause of various infections that can affect nonpregnant adults, pregnant women, and their newborn infants. […] Group B strep infection is more common in African Americans than in whites. […] Group B strep bacteria can normally be found in about 25%-30% of all healthy pregnant women. Group B strep is commonly found in the intestine, vagina, and rectal area.

• #8 Specific Bacterial Infections: Group B Streptococcus | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Specific%20Bacterial%20Infections:%20Group%20B%20Streptococcus/item/179

  GBS is one of many serologically distinct species within the genus Streptococcus. GBS can be recovered from sterile sites on nonselective blood agar. However, use of a selective broth medium (SBM) (e.g., Todd-Hewitt, or Lim broth) that contains antibiotics such as nalidixic acid and colistin or gentamicin to inhibit other bacteria is now the standard for isolation of GBS from genital or rectal sites. […] The prevalence and natural history of GBS colonization of the female lower genital tract have been extensively studied during pregnancy. GBS was recovered from the vagina and cervix in approximately 19% (range, 9% to 26%) of 8000 pregnant women using selective culture medium. The gastrointestinal tract is the primary reservoir of GBS, and vaginal colonization occurs secondarily from the gastrointestinal source. The prevalence of GBS isolation is highest in the rectum, intermediate in the vagina, and lowest in the cervix. A combination vaginal-rectal culture is now recommended to detect GBS in pregnant women. Approximately 20% (range, 10% to 30%) of pregnant women have GBS in vaginal and rectal cultures in studies using selective media.

• #9 Streptococcus Group B – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553143/

  GBS can be found colonizing normal gastro-intestinal and genitourinary flora in up to one-third of healthy asymptomatic women. Several factors associated with a higher risk of colonization include Black race, obesity, multiple sexual partners, man-to-woman oral sex, frequent sexual intercourse, tampon use, and infrequent hand washing. […] Research studies investigating the causes of late-onset GBS disease propose an acquired fecal-oral route of transmission. […] GBS is also an occasional cause of infections in postpartum women (endometritis) and individuals with impaired immune systems, in whom the organism may cause septicemia or pneumonia.

• #10 Group B streptococcal infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection

  Though GBS is an asymptomatic and harmless colonizer of the gastrointestinal human tract in up to 30% of otherwise healthy adults, including pregnant women. This opportunistic harmless bacterium can, in some circumstances, cause severe invasive infections (opportunistic infection). […] GBS infections in the mother can cause chorioamnionitis (intra-amniotic infection or severe infection of the placental tissues) infrequently, postpartum infections (after birth) and it had been related to prematurity and fetal death. […] In the western world, GBS (in the absence of effective prevention measures) is the main cause of bacterial infections in newborns, such as sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, which can lead to death or long-term after effects. […] Colonization with GBS during labor is the primary risk factor for the development of GBS-EOD. GBS-EOD is acquired vertically (vertical transmission), through exposure of the fetus or the baby to GBS from the vagina of a colonized woman, either in utero (because of ascending infection) or during birth, after rupture of membranes.

• #11 Group B Strep and Pregnancy (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/groupb.html

  Group B Streptococcus (group B strep, GBS) is a type of bacteria often found in the urinary tract, digestive system, and reproductive tracts. […] GBS can cause infections in such areas of the body as the blood, lungs, skin, or bones. […] In pregnant women, GBS can cause infection of the urinary tract, placenta, womb, and amniotic fluid. […] Even if they haven’t had any symptoms of infection, pregnant women can pass the infection to their babies during labor and delivery. […] The two types of GBS disease in babies are: Early-onset infections, which happen during the first week of life. Babies often have symptoms within 24 hours of birth. […] Late-onset infections, which develop weeks to months after birth. This type of GBS disease is not well understood. […] GBS infection in babies is diagnosed by testing a sample of blood or spinal fluid. […] Giving antibiotics during labor helps to prevent early-onset GBS disease only. The cause of late-onset disease isn’t known, so no method has yet been found to prevent it.

• #12 What Is Group B Strep? – Group B Strep International

  https://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/what-is-group-b-strep.html

  Group B Streptococcus (GBS), also known as group B strep, Streptococcus agalactiae, Strep B, or Beta Strep, is a type of bacteria that is naturally found in the digestive and lower reproductive tracts of both men and women. About 1 in 4 pregnant individuals „carry” or are „colonized” with group B strep (GBS). Carrying GBS does not mean that you are unclean or have poor hygiene. Carrying GBS or testing GBS+ does not mean you are infected, but it can potentially cause an infection in your baby. […] Unfortunately, babies can be infected by group B strep before birth through several months of age due to their underdeveloped immune systems. These infections have been known as „GBS disease” with a newer terminology of „invasive GBS disease (iGBS)” being introduced. „GBS” refers to the type of bacteria while „iGBS” refers to an invasive infection (disease) caused by GBS. GBS most commonly causes invasive infection in the blood (sepsis), the fluid and lining of the brain (meningitis), and lungs (pneumonia). GBS can also cause invasive bone and joint infections. Some iGBS survivors experience handicaps such as blindness, deafness, and mental challenges, and/or cerebral palsy. Only a few babies who are exposed to GBS become infected, but iGBS can cause babies to be miscarried, stillborn, or become very ill and sometimes die after birth.

• #13 Group A and B Streptococcus: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/group-and-b-streptococcus

  Infections with group A and B Streptococcus (respectively Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae) are frequent. […] Group B Streptococcus (also known as GBS or Strep B) is responsible for severe invasive infections (including bacteremia and meningitis) in newborns. […] The main reservoir of Streptococcus agalactiae is the digestive tract, from where the bacteria may colonize the female genital tract, often on a sporadic basis. […] Neonatal infections are mostly linked with the inhalation and ingestion of vaginal secretions during childbirth. Mother-to-child transmission essentially occurs if the baby inhales or ingests infected amniotic fluid when the fetal membranes rupture or during delivery by passage through a GBS-colonized birth canal. […] GBS infections in newborns may be divided into two types, depending on when they occur: Early-onset infections, 80% of which occur during the first 24 hours of the infant’s life, and late-onset infections, which occur between the first week and the third month.

• #14 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of newborn infection. The primary risk factor for neonatal GBS early-onset disease (EOD) is maternal colonization of the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Approximately 50% of women who are colonized with GBS will transmit the bacteria to their newborns. Vertical transmission usually occurs during labor or after rupture of membranes. In the absence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, 12% of those newborns will develop GBS EOD. Other risk factors include gestational age of less than 37 weeks, very low birth weight, prolonged rupture of membranes, intraamniotic infection, young maternal age, and maternal black race. […] The key obstetric measures necessary for effective prevention of GBS EOD continue to include universal prenatal screening by vaginalrectal culture, correct specimen collection and processing, appropriate implementation of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and coordination with pediatric care providers.

• #15 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  The primary risk factor for neonatal GBS EOD is maternal vaginalrectal colonization with GBS during the intrapartum period. Other risk factors include gestational age less than 37 weeks, very low birth weight, prolonged rupture of membranes, intraamniotic infection, young maternal age, and maternal black race. […] Approximately 50% of women who are colonized with GBS will transmit the bacteria to their newborns. In the absence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, 12% of those newborns will develop GBS EOD. […] Targeted intravenous intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has demonstrated efficacy for prevention of GBS EOD in neonates born to women with positive antepartum GBS cultures and women who have other risk factors for intrapartum GBS colonization. Neither antepartum nor intrapartum oral or intramuscular regimens have been shown to be comparably effective in reducing GBS EOD.

• #16 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/group-b-streptococcus-gbs

  Newborns can contract GBS during pregnancy or from the mother’s genital tract during labor and delivery. […] GBS is the most common cause of life-threatening infections in newborns, including pneumonia and meningitis. […] In a pregnant woman, GBS infection may cause chorioamnionitis (a severe infection of the placental tissues) and postpartum (after birth) infection. Urinary tract infections caused by GBS can lead to preterm labor and birth. […] Although it is rare, GBS may also develop in babies one week to several months after birth. Only about half of late-onset GBS disease among newborns comes from a mother who is a GBS carrier. The source of infection for others with late-onset GBS disease is unknown.

• #17 Group B Strep (GBS) Infection | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/invasive-and-respiratory-diseases-and-conditions/streptococcal-strep-diseases/group-b-strep-gbs-infection

  Group B Streptococcal (GBS) disease is caused by Streptococcus agalactiae or group B Streptococcus bacteria. […] The source of infection for adults is unknown. Since group B strep is a common organism in the gastrointestinal tract of men and women, this may be a source of some adult infections. […] GBS is the most common cause of sepsis (blood infection) and meningitis (infection of the fluid and lining around the brain) in newborns. […] The most common problems caused by group B strep in adults are bloodstream infections, pneumonia (infection in the lungs), skin and soft-tissue infections, and bone and joint infections. […] Serious group B strep infections in adults can be fatal.

• #18 GBS in Nonpregnant Adults – Group B Strep International

  https://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/gbs-in-nonpregnant-adults.html

  Group B strep (GBS) can be carried by individuals who are not pregnant. This is also known as being colonized. Pregnant and non-pregnant people, men and women, young and old can all be carriers of GBS. Carrying GBS does not mean you have an infection or are sick. If you are not pregnant, simply carrying GBS does not require treatment. GBS is not considered a sexually transmitted disease or infection as it can occur on its own even in someone with no prior sexual experience. However, like other germs, it can be passed between sexual partners, including through oral contact. GBS is naturally found in the digestive and lower reproductive tracts. Most people who carry GBS do not have any symptoms so getting tested outside of pregnancy is not typically necessary. […] GBS may also cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) which should be treated with oral antibiotics. If you are experiencing UTI symptoms, please contact your healthcare provider. GBS can also cause vaginal burning, vaginal irritation and/or unusual discharge which may be mistaken for a yeast infection and treated incorrectly. See your healthcare provider for any vaginitis symptoms. According to the CDC, most cases of GBS disease in adults are among those who have other medical conditions. Other medical conditions that puts adults at increased risk include: Diabetes, Heart disease, Congestive heart failure, Cancer or history of cancer, Obesity. Risk for group B strep disease also increases as people get older. Adults 65 years and older are at increased risk compared to adults under 65 years old.

• #19 Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns

  Vaginalrectal colonization with GBS at the time of labor onset is the most important risk factor for neonatal GBS EOD, and a universal culture-based screening strategy for identifying candidates for GBS intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis was demonstrated to be superior to risk-based screening protocols for the prevention of GBS EOD.

• #20 Group B streptococcal septicemia of the newborn Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/group-b-streptococcal-septicemia-of-the-newborn

  Group B streptococcal (GBS) septicemia is a severe bacterial infection that affects newborn infants. […] GBS septicemia is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae, which is commonly called group B strep, or GBS. […] GBS is commonly found in adults and older children and usually does not cause infection. But it can make newborn babies very sick. […] There are two ways in which GBS can be passed to a newborn baby: The baby can become infected while passing through the birth canal. […] The infant may also become infected after delivery by coming into contact with people who carry the GBS germ. […] GBS septicemia now occurs less often, because there are methods to screen and treat pregnant women whose babies are at risk. […] The following increase an infant’s risk for GBS septicemia: Being born more than 3 weeks before the due date (prematurity), especially if the mother goes into labor early (preterm labor) and has not been screened for GBS.

• #21 Group B streptococcal septicemia of the newborn Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/group-b-streptococcal-septicemia-of-the-newborn

  Mother who has already given birth to a baby with GBS sepsis. […] Mother who has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher during labor and has not been screened for GBS. […] Mother who has GBS in her gastrointestinal, reproductive, or urinary tract. […] Rupture of membranes (water breaks) more than 18 hours before the baby is delivered in a mother who has not been screened for GBS.

• #22 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-overview

  In published series, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and malignancy have been consistently reported as the most common underlying diseases associated with infection. […] GBS infection in elderly people (70 years) is strongly linked to congestive heart failure and being bedridden; urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and soft-tissue infection are the most common manifestations of infection. […] Primary GBS bacteremia without an obvious source is a common presentation in adults. […] Group B streptococci can cause acute destructive endocarditis, which may require emergency valve replacement. […] Urinary tract infections are a common manifestation of GBS disease and are observed in both pregnant and nonpregnant adults. […] Group B streptococci remain sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin and were once also sensitive to cefazolin, erythromycin, and clindamycin.

• #23 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  GBS infection in healthy adults is becoming more prevalent in nonpregnant adults and is almost always associated with underlying comorbidities, with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, older age, lower socioeconomic status and obesity being the most common in some series. […] Cardiovascular and genitourinary abnormalities have also been identified as major factors that predispose individuals to GBS infection. Other conditions associated with GBS infection in adults include neurologic deficits, cirrhosis, steroids, AIDS, renal dysfunction, and peripheral vascular disease. In elderly people aged 70 years or older, GBS infection is strongly linked with congestive heart failure and being bedridden. […] Multiple studies have shown that GBS bacteremia is one of the most common clinical manifestations of invasive GBS disease.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02210-3

  Group B streptococcus (GBS) colonizes the gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa in healthy adults, but has also become an increasing cause of invasive infection. […] The incidence of invasive GBS disease in adults increased significantly from 1996 to 2019. […] The increasing age of the population with accompanying underlying comorbid conditions might contribute to the increasing burden of invasive GBS disease. […] Interestingly, type 1 diabetes was also associated with the occurrence of invasive GBS disease. […] Risk factors for invasive GBS disease in adults include old age and chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and cancer. […] Some authors propose that the increasing prevalence of underlying medical conditions is the most plausible explanation for the increasing incidence of invasive GBS infection in adults.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02210-3

  An aging population with increasing prevalence of comorbid diseases has been pointed out as the main reason for the increasing burden of invasive GBS disease. […] We found a significant rise in proportion of GBS patients with type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. […] Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes were overrepresented in GBS patients compared to patients with GAS and general population controls. […] The pathophysiological mechanisms by which diabetes leads to higher susceptibility to invasive GBS is proposed to be modulation of the immune system and weakening of anatomic barriers. […] The differentiation between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in relation to invasive GBS disease has to our knowledge not been reported before.

• #26 Prenatal-onset Group B Strep (POGBS) Disease

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/prenatal-onset-group-b-strep-pogbs-disease

  The August 16, 2002 CDC MMWR specifically states that GBS can cross intact amniotic membranes. […] GBS microorganisms have special attractant molecules that can take hold of genital tract tissues. […] GBS can then penetrate membranes and infect the baby or damage the placenta which eventually results in miscarriage or early pregnancy stillbirth. […] GBS can cause yellow or green discharge as well as vaginal burning and/or irritation. […] The presence of GBS bacteriuria in any concentration in a pregnant woman is a marker for heavy genital tract colonization and possibly absent maternal immunity which can put the baby at greater risk. […] Although this strategy is not currently a CDC or ACOG recommendation, two studies have shown that treating GBS positive women with 4.8 million units of intramuscular benzathine penicillin G eradicates or significantly reduces their GBS colonization at delivery when given in the late third trimester.

• #27 Specific Bacterial Infections: Group B Streptococcus | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Specific%20Bacterial%20Infections:%20Group%20B%20Streptococcus/item/179

  The low attack rate of serious neonatal GBS infection, despite a high prevalence of maternal and neonatal GBS colonization, suggests considerable protection against invasive infection. GBS has been associated with both AF infection and neonatal sepsis diagnosed at birth, indicating that infection occurs before birth. In fact, approximately 70% of infants with early-onset GBS infection are bacteremic at birth. This indicates that bacteremia develops in utero as a result of aspiration of infected AF, or contamination of umbilical blood due to a GBS-infected placenta. […] GBS causes neonatal pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. It has become the leading cause of septicemia and meningitis in the first 2 months of life. The early-onset neonatal GBS attack rate is 1 to 3 in 1000 live births. Early-onset infection accounts for 80% of neonatal GBS infection. This rate was estimated from a multistate surveillance, which reported 7600 episodes of neonatal GBS infection and 310 deaths annually. Up to 30% of survivors of GBS meningitis will have neurologic sequelae.

• #28 What Is Group B Strep? – Group B Strep International

  https://www.groupbstrepinternational.org/what-is-group-b-strep.html

  Carrying GBS or testing GBS+ does not mean you are infected, but it can potentially cause an infection in your baby. In some cases, group B strep is able to cross intact membranes reaching the baby in the womb (prenatal-onset). It is thought that babies are most often infected with GBS as they pass through the birth canal (early-onset). Once born, iGBS can be caused by sources other than the birthing parent (early or late-onset). […] Yes. Is it rare? For many years, the prevailing thought has been that GBS-caused miscarriages and stillbirths are rare or very rare. However, there wasn’t surveillance data to support that until recently. According to one study, an estimated 57,000 fetal infections/stillbirths occur each year. Another study found that GBS causes up to 12.1% of stillbirths, but more research is needed.

• #29 Streptococcal infection – group B | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/streptococcal-infection-group-b

  Group B streptococcal bacteria can cause a wide range of illnesses. […] Between one and four out of every 1,000 newborns contract group B streptococcal disease (GBS disease) from their mothers during birth. […] Some of the life-threatening complications of GBS infection in newborns include bacterial infection of the bloodstream (septicaemia), pneumonia and meningitis. […] Group B streptococcal bacteria can cause a wide range of illnesses in susceptible people including newborns, the elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions such as diabetes or cancer. […] Out of every 1,000 newborns delivered vaginally, less than a third will become colonised with group B streptococci (GBS), and only one to four of those 1,000 will develop any illness from GBS. […] The rate of GBS disease is declining in Australia maternity hospitals, which is believed to be due to preventative screening programs and the use of antibiotics when required.

• #30 Group A and B Streptococcus: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/group-and-b-streptococcus

  Most invasive infections in pregnant women present as bacteremia, sometimes associated with intrauterine infections (infection of the placental tissue). Infection with group B Streptococcus outside the context of pregnancy and early infancy mainly gives rise to bacteremia, but cases of arthritis, endocarditis and meningitis have also been reported. Age and underlying medical conditions such as diabetes or cancer are risk factors. […] Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis is based on a -lactam (penicillin or amoxicillin) or a macrolide in the event of an allergy. […] There is no vaccine for group B Streptococcus infections. […] In France, around 500 cases of invasive neonatal infection are recorded each year, leading to between 30 and 60 deaths. […] The transmission rate from mothers with GBS to newborns is 50% on average, and approximately 1 to 2% of newborns go on to develop an infection if antibiotic prophylaxis is not administered to women with GBS colonization during childbirth.

• #31 Evidence on Group B Strep in Pregnancy

  https://evidencebasedbirth.com/groupbstrep/

  In pregnancy, GBS can sometimes lead to urinary tract infections (UTIs), preterm birth, and stillbirth. However, it is somewhat uncommon for GBS to cause infections in pregnant people—it is the cause of only 1-2% of UTIs in pregnancy, and only about 1-2% of stillbirths. […] For newborn babies whose immune system is not yet mature, GBS can cause a serious disease that usually requires a stay in the NICU. […] There are two main types of GBS disease in newborns: early onset GBS disease (< 7 days of life) and late onset GBS disease (1 week through 3 months). [...] Right before a baby is born, the microbiome has not been seeded, and there is a window of opportunity for bad bacteria to gain a foothold in a fetus’s body. [...] However, once the membranes rupture (also known as your “waters breaking”), there is now a potential pathway for infection to occur. Group B Strep bacteria, if present, can travel from the vagina up into the amniotic fluid and uterus, in what is called an ascending infection or vertical transmission.

• #32

  https://www.who.int/news/item/05-11-2017-group-b-streptococcus-infection-causes-an-estimated-150-000-preventable-stillbirths-and-infant-deaths-every-year

  Group B Streptococcus infection causes an estimated 150,000 preventable stillbirths and infant deaths every year. […] An estimated one in five pregnant women around the world carry Group B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteria which is a major, yet preventable, cause of maternal and infant ill health globally. […] Despite being home to only 13% of the worlds population, Africa had the highest burden, with 54% of estimated cases and 65% of stillbirths and infant deaths. […] GBS is carried by up to a third of adults, usually with no symptoms. In women, GBS can live harmlessly in the digestive system or lower vaginal tract, from where it can be passed to the unborn baby through the amniotic fluid or to newborns during labour. […] If untreated, GBS can cause serious infections, such as meningitis and septicaemia, which may lead to stillbirths, and newborn and infant deaths. […] A maternal GBS vaccine could prevent many more cases and deaths worldwide. […] By filling in one of the great voids in public health data, this work provides crucial insight and shows the pressing unmet need for the development of an effective Group B Strep vaccine.

• #33 Airborne and Direct Contact Diseases – Group B Strep – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/airborne/group-b.shtml

  Group B streptococcus (group B strep) is a type of bacteria that causes illness in newborn babies, pregnant women, the elderly, and adults with other illnesses, such as diabetes or liver disease. Group B strep is the most common cause of life-threatening infections in newborns. […] Group B strep is the most common cause of sepsis (blood infection) and meningitis (infection of the fluid and lining around the brain) in newborns. Group B strep is a frequent cause of newborn pneumonia and is more common than other, more well-known, newborn problems such as rubella, congenital syphilis, and spina bifida. Good prenatal care and testing during pregnancy can greatly reduce the risk of newborn infection.

• #34 Group B Strep (GBS): Early, Late, and Very Late — Pediatric EM Morsels

  https://pedemmorsels.com/group-b-strep-gbs-early-late-and-very-late/

  Group B Strep is a significant cause of invasive bacterial infections (ex, meningitis and sepsis) in neonates and infants less than 3 months. […] ~20-25% of pregnant women are colonized by GBS. […] Factors associated with higher risk for transmission of GBS: Previous Sibling with GBS Disease, Prematurity (37 weeks GA), Prolonged Rupture of Amniotic Membranes, Maternal GBS UTI during pregnancy, Maternal Fever. […] Screening programs and intrapartum antibiotics have successfully reduced the incidence of Early Onset GBS, but not Late Onset GBS. […] Late Onset GBS likely has different risk factors and routes of transmission. […] Typical Risk Factors of Early Onset GBS are not prevalent in Late Onset GBS patients. […] Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a recognized cause of sepsis and meningitis, particularly in infants. […] GBS also can be acquired by the fetus during passage through the birth canal or after delivery. Infection commonly manifests as meningitis, pneumonia, or sepsis. […] Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in the United States.

• #35 Group B Strep In Pregnancy: Test, Risks & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11045-group-b-streptococcus–pregnancy

  Group B strep infection (also GBS or group B Streptococcus) is caused by bacteria typically found in your vagina or rectal area. […] If you have GBS, you can pass the bacteria to your baby during vaginal delivery. […] Experts aren’t entirely sure why the bacteria spreads, but they know that its potentially harmful in babies and people with weakened immune systems. […] Group B strep screening during pregnancy has decreased the number of cases. […] About 930 babies get early-onset GBS, and 1,050 get late-onset GBS. […] Healthcare providers prevent GBS infection in your baby by treating you with intravenous (IV) antibiotics during labor and delivery. […] The most common antibiotic to treat group B strep is penicillin or ampicillin. […] It’s not effective to treat GBS earlier than at delivery.

• #36 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infections Clinical Presentation: History, Physical

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229091-clinical

  Although a genitourinary, soft-tissue, or line-related source of infection is possible, no source of infection can be identified in most cases. Bacteremia with an unknown source accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of invasive GBS disease in some studies. […] GBS pneumonia in elderly people has been associated with bacteremia. Endocarditis should always be strongly considered in patients with bacteremia without an identified source. […] Other manifestations of GBS infection include skin and soft-tissue infection, osteomyelitis, arthritis, diskitis, and colonization of foot infections and decubitus ulcers in patients with diabetes. […] GBS infections leading to necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome have been documented. […] Chorioamnionitis, endometritis, and the full spectrum of urinary tract infections (from asymptomatic bacteriuria to cystitis and pyelonephritis with bacteremia) are observed with GBS infection. These are common complications often related to childbirth in young and middle-aged women. Urinary tract infections with group B streptococci are also observed in elderly men and women, often those with diabetes or genitourinary abnormalities.

• #37 Group B strep infection | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/group-b-strep-infection

  Group B streptococcus (also called Group B strep or GBS) is a common type of bacteria (tiny organisms that live in and around your body) that can cause infection. […] While GBS may not be harmful to you, it can be very harmful to your baby. If you’re pregnant, you can pass it to your baby during labor and childbirth. […] If you have GBS during childbirth and it’s not treated, there is a 1 to 2 percent chance that your baby will get the infection. […] If you have GBS and you’re given antibiotics during labor and birth, your treatment helps protect your baby from the infection. […] Treatment with antibiotics helps prevent your baby from getting the infection. […] Babies with a GBS infection can have one or more of these illnesses: Sepsis, a blood infection; Pneumonia, a lung infection; Meningitis, an infection of the fluid and lining around the brain.

• #38 Group B strep: What to know in adults and babies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326233

  Babies can have long term complications from GBS, such as developmental disabilities and deafness or partial hearing loss. […] The CDC estimate that 46% of babies who develop GBS disease will die. […] Importantly, a woman who gives birth to a child who develops GBS disease will usually feel fine and may not have any symptoms. […] Doctors will want to take steps to prevent a woman from passing GBS to her newborn child. […] According to the CDC, a woman who is a GBS carrier and receives antibiotics during labor has only a 1 in 4,000 chance of delivering a baby who develops GBS disease. Without the antibiotics, the risk increases to 1 in 200. […] Pregnant women who test positive for GBS will usually need treatment to avoid passing GBS to their newborns. […] Infants have the highest risk of debilitating complications or death from group B strep. […] GBS infection can happen at any age, but it is less common and may be less severe in older children and adults.

• #39 Streptococcus B | Types, risks, symptoms, causes & treatment

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/care/streptococcus-b/

  Pregnant women can also suffer from postpartum endometritis or bacteraemia due to carrying GBS. […] Strep B infections are riskier in babies as well as adults with some chronic medical conditions like liver disease and diabetes. […] If a woman is carrying group B strep bacteria while she is pregnant, there is a chance that the baby could contract the bacteria during the birth. […] Unfortunately, strep B infections can be fatal. […] In the United Kingdom, around one baby each week will die from strep B and another will be left with a long-term disability. […] Statistics-wise, between 4% and 6% of babies who get a GBS infection will die. […] The best way to prevent a strep B infection in newborns is to identify the infection in pregnant women and treat it with antibiotics. […] If a pregnant woman has been found to have strep B, either during her current pregnancy or a previous one, she will be advised by her midwife or consultant on how to treat it.

• #40 Group B strep infection | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/group-b-strep-infection

  Most babies who are treated for GBS do fine. But even with treatment, about 1 in 20 babies (5 percent) who have GBS die. […] GBS can cause a uterine infection during and after pregnancy. […] Without treatment, infection during pregnancy may increase your chances of: Premature rupture of the members; Preterm labor; Stillbirth. […] Identification of GBS in your prenatal care and preventive antibiotics during labor are the best protection for the baby.

• #41 Streptococcus Urinary Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/strep-urinary-infection

  Group B strep is a type of bacteria sometimes implicated as the cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), its not fully understood how strep bacteria, also known as Streptococcus agalactiae, spreads among people and causes a strep UTI. […] Group B strep accounts for 2% to 3% of UTIs in healthy adults. […] According to the World Health Organization, up to 33% of all people worldwide carry group B strep, and they usually have no symptoms. […] Its more often the case that group B strep bacteria exists harmlessly in the body rather than causing an infection. […] Group B strep can cause severe illness or life threatening complications in babies.

• #42 Clinical Overview of Group B Strep Disease | Group B Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-b-strep/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Streptococcus agalactiae or GBS cause GBS disease. […] Early-onset GBS disease can be prevented through intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. However, no effective strategy has yet been identified for how to prevent late-onset disease or adult disease. […] There has been widespread use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent early-onset GBS disease. This antibiotic use has raised concern about the development of antibiotic resistance among GBS isolates.

• #43 Evidence on Group B Strep in Pregnancy

  https://evidencebasedbirth.com/groupbstrep/

  If GBS is identified in a urine culture during pregnancy, then the pregnant person is considered GBS positive and further culture screening does not need to take place. […] Antibiotics are medications that target and kill bacteria. […] Most researchers have found that antibiotic resistance has not been a problem with penicillin, the drug most commonly used to prevent early GBS disease. […] In summary, Group B Strep is a normal part of the microbiome bacteria for some pregnant people, but it can cause early GBS disease (a serious illness) in a minority of newborns, because of their immature immune system. Researchers have found that if a pregnant person who carries GBS is not treated with specific antibiotics during labor (penicillin, ampicillin, or cefazolin), then there is a 1 to 2% chance their infant will develop early GBS disease.

• #44 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) in Adults: Commonly Asked Questions – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/strep/gbs/gbsadults.html

  GBS is a bacteria that is found in the bowel, genital tract, urinary tract, throat, or respiratory tract of some adults. […] GBS can cause mild disease in adults, such as urinary tract infections (bladder infections). […] GBS can also cause serious infections in adults that include bloodstream infections, pneumonia (infection in the lung), skin and soft-tissue infections, and bone and joint infections. […] Rarely in adults, GBS can cause meningitis (infection of the fluid and lining surrounding the brain). […] Most GBS disease occurs in adults with serious medical conditions. These conditions include persons with diabetes, liver disease, and cancer. […] GBS infections are usually treated with penicillin. Sometimes other types of antibiotics are used. […] Researchers are currently working on developing a vaccine against GBS.

• #45 Group B Streptococcus infection causes an estimated 150,000 preventable

  https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2018/group-b-streptococcus-infection-causes-estimated-150000-preventable

  Group B Streptococcus infection causes an estimated 150,000 preventable stillbirths and infant deaths every year. […] An estimated one in five pregnant women around the world carry Group B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteria which is a major, yet preventable, cause of maternal and infant ill health globally. […] Led by the London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine and involving more than 100 researchers from around the world, the series of 11 research papers conservatively estimates that out of 410,000 GBS cases every year, there will be at least 147,000 stillbirths and infant deaths globally. […] GBS can cause serious infections, such as meningitis and septicaemia, which may lead to stillbirths, and newborn and infant deaths. […] A maternal GBS vaccine could prevent many more cases and deaths worldwide. […] By filling in one of the great voids in public health data, this work provides crucial insight and shows the pressing unmet need for the development of an effective Group B Strep vaccine.

• #46 About Group B Strep Disease | Group B Strep | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/group-b-strep/about/index.html

  Group B Streptococcus (group B strep, GBS) bacteria cause GBS disease. […] GBS disease is a name for any infection caused by GBS bacteria. […] GBS bacteria can cause many types of infections. […] Most babies who get GBS disease in the first week of life are exposed to the bacteria this way. […] Healthcare providers usually treat GBS disease with antibiotics.

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