Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Horner Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500000/

  Horner syndrome is a rare condition classically presenting with partial ptosis (drooping or falling of the upper eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), and facial anhidrosis (absence of sweating) due to a disruption in the sympathetic nerve supply. It is primarily acquired following damage to the sympathetic nerve supply, but rare cases of congenital forms have been seen. […] The symptomology depends on the location of the lesion, and severity depends on the degree of denervation. […] The long-term prognosis of idiopathic Horner syndrome appears to be benign. Clinically, patients do not generally become worse, and in fact, half of the patients no longer experience anisocoria. Almost a third of patients with ptosis notice spontaneous improvement or complete resolution in a mean duration of 7.9 years after Horner syndrome is diagnosed. In unilateral cases, the oculo-sympathetic defect does not progress to become bilateral. It is possible that new medical disorders later develop between 3 and 20 years after the diagnosis of Horner syndrome; none are usually related to Horner syndrome.

• #2 Horner Syndrome – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Horner_Syndrome

  Horner’s syndrome (also called oculosympathetic paresis, or Horner syndrome) comprises a constellation of clinical signs including the classic triad of ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis. It results from a lesion to the sympathetic pathway that supplies the head and neck region. The cause of Horner’s syndrome varies with the site of the lesion. Prompt evaluation is necessary to detect and treat potentially life-threatening conditions. […] Horner’s syndrome is a clinical diagnosis. Pharmacological confirmation tests can be performed in subtle cases. […] Isolated Horner’s: The patient, an acquaintance, or a health care provider may notice a difference in the palpebral aperture or pupillary size. Patients may also complain of ocular redness, nasal stuffiness and headache. Children with isolated Horner’s syndrome may present when parents notice a difference in eye color, pupil size, or impaired facial flushing.

• #3 Horner Syndrome Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/horner-syndrome-overview-4176967

  Horner syndrome is a rare neurological condition characterized by a drooping upper eyelid, a constricted pupil, and decreased sweating on one side of the face. […] Classically, Horner syndrome describes a group of three symptoms that occur concomitantly (at the same time): partially drooping upper eyelid (ptosis), small pupil size (miosis), and lack of sweating on the face (facial anhidrosis). […] The symptoms are unilateral (affecting one side of the face only). […] Other possible symptoms include unilateral facial flushing, blurred vision, or eye pain. […] The intensity of symptoms depends on how severely the nerve pathway is damaged. […] Horner syndrome is a neurological disorder that affects the eye and surrounding tissues on one side of the face. Symptoms include the drooping of the upper eyelid, a constricted pupil, and absent sweating on one side of the face.

• #4 Horner syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/horner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20373547

  Decreased eye pupil size is a key sign of Horner syndrome. […] Typically, signs and symptoms of Horner syndrome include decreased pupil size, a drooping eyelid and decreased sweating on the affected side of the face. […] Common signs and symptoms include: A persistently small pupil (miosis), A notable difference in pupil size between the two eyes (anisocoria), Little or delayed opening (dilation) of the affected pupil in dim light, Drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis), Slight elevation of the lower lid, sometimes called upside-down ptosis, Sunken appearance of the affected eye, Little or no sweating (anhidrosis) on the affected side of the face. […] Signs and symptoms, particularly ptosis and anhidrosis, may be subtle and difficult to detect. […] Additional signs and symptoms in children with Horner syndrome may include: Lighter iris color in the affected eye of a child under the age of 1, Change in color on the affected side of the face that would typically appear from heat, physical exertion or emotional reactions.

• #5 Horner Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17836-horners-syndrome

  Symptoms include a drooping upper eyelid, constricted pupil, bloodshot eye and a lack of sweating in the affected area. […] Symptoms of Horner syndrome usually affect only one side of your face. […] Usually, symptoms of Horner syndrome affect only one side of your face. They include: Drooping of your upper eyelid (ptosis). Constricted pupil (miosis), resulting in mismatched sizes of your pupils. Decrease in sweating or lack of sweating on your face (anhidrosis). […] The prognosis (outlook) of Horner syndrome depends on the underlying cause. The characteristic symptoms of Horner syndrome generally dont have a significant impact on your quality of life or vision. […] If you have symptoms of Horner syndrome, such as one drooping upper eyelid, mismatched pupil sizes and lack of sweating on the same side of your face, see a healthcare provider as soon as possible.

• #6 Horner syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/horner-syndrome

  Horner syndrome is a rare condition that affects the nerves to the eyes and face. […] Symptoms of Horner syndrome may include: […] Decreased sweating on the affected side of the face […] Drooping eyelid (ptosis) […] Sinking of the eyeball into the face […] Different sizes of pupils of the eyes (anisocoria) with the affected side pupil being smaller. […] There may also be other symptoms, depending on the location of the affected nerve fiber. These may include: […] Vertigo (sensation that surroundings are spinning) with nausea and vomiting […] Double vision […] Lack of muscle control and coordination […] Arm pain, weakness and numbness […] One sided neck and ear pain […] Hoarseness […] Hearing loss […] Bladder and bowel difficulty […] Overreaction of the involuntary (autonomic) nervous system to stimulation (hyperreflexia). […] The outcome depends on whether treatment of the cause is successful.

• #7 Horner Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/horner-syndrome

  A key sign of Horner syndrome is when the following symptoms affect just one side of your face: Less or no sweat on one side of your face […] A droopy upper eyelid (ptosis) […] A lower eyelid that’s slightly raised (inverse ptosis) […] A small pupil, the black circle in the middle of your eye (miosis) […] Pupils that are of different sizes (anisocoria) […] A pupil that doesn’t open (dilate) widely or is slow to open in dim light […] A sunken or bloodshot eye. You may have additional symptoms depending on the cause of your condition. Horner syndrome alone isn’t life-threatening, but it can be a sign of a serious health condition. See your doctor if you notice any of its symptoms. Children who get Horner syndrome also can have: One iris (the colored circle around the pupil) that’s lighter in color than the other (heterochromia iridis). This usually occurs in children under 2 years. […] A change of color on one side of their face that would normally happen in response to heat, physical exertion, or emotional reactions such as being angry, embarrassed, or upset.

• #8 EyeRounds.org: Horner’s Syndrome with Cluster Headache

  http://eyerounds.org/cases/case22.htm

  Horner’s Syndrome (due to Cluster Headache): […] Symptoms: […] – „Droopy” and sometimes as „sunken” eyelids […] – Unequal pupil size […] – Decreased sweating, unilateral […] – Asymmetric facial flushing […] – Classic signs for Cluster HA: severe headaches occurring in episodic attacks associated with rhinorrhea and epiphora. […] Diagnosis: Horner’s Syndrome with Cluster Headache (Hortons headache) […] Discussion: In the absence of other positive findings on exam/MRI/MRA, and with a classic picture of cluster headache by history, the diagnosis was Horner’s syndrome due to cluster HA. […] Signs: […] – Ptosis (no more than 1-2 mm, due to the relative contribution of Muellers m. vs. levator). […] – Reverse Ptosis […] – Myosis (noted especially in dark lighting) […] – Dilation lag: abnormal/myotic pupil is seen most dramatically in the first 5 seconds of dark observation. With increased time in dark lighting, the affected pupil will slowly dilate further.

• #9 Horner’s Syndrome | Birth Injuries

  https://www.birthinjuryhelpcenter.org/birth-injuries/erb-s-palsy/other-nerve-injuries/horners-syndrome/

  Horners syndrome is an uncommon health condition in which nerve damage disrupts the brains control over the eye. […] The primary symptoms associated with Horners syndrome are: Miosis: the pupil remains persistently small / contracted, Anisocoria: pupils are not the same size in both eyes, Ptosis: the upper eyelid remains droopy or dropped down, Anhidrosis: absence of sweating on the affected side of the face. […] The affected eye may also have a somewhat sunken appearance in comparison to the other eye and the pupil will not expand in dim light conditions. […] In some cases a babys Horners syndrome will go away on its own as the nerve injury gradually heals. In other cases Horners syndrome can be more or less permanent if the damage to the facial nerve does not fully heal. Even with permanent damage to the nerve, however, the symptoms of Horners syndrome will often fade as the baby gets older. […] Whether permanent or short-term, Horners syndrome is not really a serious health condition. However, Horners syndrome is often an indication of more serious neurologic injuries suffered during childbirth.

• #10 Horner’s Syndrome in Cats: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.animaleyeguys.com/site/blog/2023/09/15/horner-syndrome-cats

  Horner’s Syndrome is a neurological disorder affecting eyes and face muscles, causing ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos, and conjunctival hyperemia. […] The most common symptoms of Horner’s Syndrome include: […] Ptosis: the upper eyelid dropping on the affected side […] Miosis: the pupil will be constricted, or smaller than usual […] Enophthalmos: the eye appears sunken […] Conjunctival Hyperemia: the third eyelid may appear red and raised or protruded. […] Horner’s syndrome usually goes away on its own with time. […] If the Horner’s is a result of a bulla osteotomy, about 75% will recover from Horner’s Syndrome. […] Some cats only experience a partial recovery. They might still have a drooping eyelid, sunken eye, or shrunken pupil. But these are cosmetic and shouldn’t affect your cat’s quality of life.

• #11 Horner Syndrome – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Horner_Syndrome

  Non-isolated Horner’s: Horner’s syndrome may accompany other neurologic or systemic deficits from disease processes listed above. […] Horner’s syndrome can be established clinically by an ocular examination. A targeted physical and neurological examination is a must to identify signs that may help localize the lesion and guide appropriate investigations. […] Anhidrosis: Variable degree of loss of sweating can be seen depending on the site of the lesion. Central or preganglionic lesions tend to produce more noticeable anhidrosis. The sudomotor and vasomotor fibers to most of the face separate out at the superior cervical ganglion and anhidrosis is often not noticeable in postganglionic lesions. […] Prognosis depends on the etiology of Horner’s syndrome.

• #12 Horner syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000708.htm

  Horner syndrome is a rare condition that affects the nerves to the eyes and face. […] Symptoms of Horner syndrome may include: Decreased sweating on the affected side of the face, Drooping eyelid (ptosis), Sinking of the eyeball into the face, Different sizes of pupils of the eyes (anisocoria) with the affected side pupil being smaller. […] There may also be other symptoms, depending on the location of the affected nerve fiber. These may include: Vertigo (sensation that surroundings are spinning) with nausea and vomiting, Double vision, Lack of muscle control and coordination, Arm pain, weakness and numbness, One sided neck and ear pain, Hoarseness, Hearing loss, Bladder and bowel difficulty, Overreaction of the involuntary (autonomic) nervous system to stimulation (hyperreflexia). […] The outcome depends on whether treatment of the cause is successful.

• #13 Horner Syndrome: Overview, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1220091-overview

  Patients may not be able to open the affected eye completely and may not sweat on that side of the face. The presence, absence, or location of anhidrosis is an important localizing sign. […] Patients with preganglionic lesions may have facial flushing. This symptom (ie, harlequin effect) occurs with physical exercise in some patients. […] The pupil on the affected side may be round and constricted (ie, miosis). In individuals with Horner syndrome, the anisocoria is greater in darkness than in light. […] The pattern of a patients inability to sweat may be helpful in localizing the lesion. If a patient has a lesion in the area of the common carotid artery, loss of sweating involves the entire side of the face. […] Partial ptosis […] Iris heterochromia (heterochromia iridis) The affected iris may remain blue when the other iris changes to brown; this may be present if the lesion is in a child younger than 2 years but is uncommon in older patients; iris pigmentation is under sympathetic control during development, which is completed by the age of 2 years. […] In general, appropriate treatment of Horner syndrome depends on the underlying cause. The goal of treatment is to eradicate the underlying disease process. In many cases, however, no effective treatment is known.

• #14 Horner Syndrome: Overview, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1220091-overview

  Horner syndrome (Horners syndrome or oculosympathetic paresis) results from an interruption of the sympathetic nerve supply to the eye and is characterized by the classic triad of miosis (ie, constricted pupil), partial ptosis, and loss of hemifacial sweating (ie, anhidrosis), as well as enophthalmos (sinking of the eyeball into the bony cavity that protects the eye). […] The prognosis and the complications to be expected depend on the underlying cause of the syndrome, as does treatment. […] Depending on the level of the lesion, impaired flushing and sweating may be found ipsilaterally. With central first-order neuron lesions, anhidrosis affects the ipsilateral side of the body. Lesions affecting second-order neurons may cause anhidrosis of the ipsilateral face. […] Although Horner syndrome is commonly an incidental finding related to a benign cause, it occasionally may be a manifestation of a serious and life-threatening disorder.

• #15 The Radiology Assistant : Horner syndrome

  https://radiologyassistant.nl/head-neck/horners-syndrome-1

  Horner syndrome is a rare clinical condition presenting with partial ptosis, miosis and facial anhidrosis described in 1869 by Johann Friedrich Horner. […] The clinical symptoms allow the anatomic location of the underlying pathology somewhere in the oculosympathetic pathway. Imaging plays an important role in the final diagnosis. […] Horner syndrome classically presents with: Partial ptosis – drooping of upper eyelid, Miosis – constricted pupil, Facial anhidrosis – loss of sweating. […] Interruption of oculosympathetic pathways leads to inactivation of the superior tarsal muscle resulting in ptosis and inactivation of the dilator muscle producing a miosis. […] Pre- and postganglionic causes of Horner syndrome are as common. Central Horner syndrome is uncommon. Clinically frequently the central Horner syndrome goes unnoticed, because the other symptoms of brain pathology dominate the clinical picture.

• #16 The Radiology Assistant : Horner syndrome

  https://radiologyassistant.nl/head-neck/horners-syndrome-1

  The Horner syndrome can be explained by the progressive syringohydromyelia at the cervical level with disruption of the first order neurons of the oculosympathetic pathway. […] Preganglionic Horner syndrome is a common cause of Horner syndrome and most often caused by tumor or trauma. Patients with preganglionic Horner’s syndrome often present with the classic triad: ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis and sometimes in combination with brachial plexopathy. […] Postganglionic causes of Horner are as common compared as preganglionic. […] An acute isolated Horner syndrome with headache or neck pain is a carotid dissection until proven otherwise and MRA or CTA of the head and neck is needed.

• #17 Horner’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/horners-syndrome

  May be asymptomatic. […] Inability to open eye fully on the affected side. […] Loss of sweating on the affected side. […] Facial flushing (if preganglionic lesion). […] Orbital pain/headache (if postganglionic lesion). […] There may be other symptoms depending on the underlying cause (see 'Aetiology’, below) – eg, head, neck or facial pain on the affected side if associated with carotid artery dissection. […] Constricted pupil on the affected side, more apparent in a darkened room: […] The affected pupil lags behind the other in dilation as it lacks sympathetic tone but the test may need to be repeated several times to detect it. […] Ipsilateral dry skin on the face due to loss of sweating: […] On the affected side there may be more friction as the skin is drier because there is no sweating on that side.

• #18 Acute Painful Horner Syndrome as the First Presenting Sign of Carotid Artery Dissection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10506494/

  All acute Horner syndrome presentations should be referred for same-day evaluation to rule out potentially life-threatening conditions, such as a cerebrovascular accident, carotid artery dissection or aneurysm, and giant cell arteritis. […] Ultimately, her Horner syndrome was determined to result from an internal carotid artery dissection. […] All acute Horner syndrome cases should be considered a result of a carotid artery dissection until proven otherwise, despite the presence or absence of any other signs or symptoms. […] This consideration is not only because of the potentially life-threatening sequelae associated with carotid dissections, but also because dissections have been shown to be the most common cause of ischemic strokes in young and middle-aged patients, accounting for 10% to 25% of all ischemic strokes.

• #18 Acute Painful Horner Syndrome as the First Presenting Sign of Carotid Artery Dissection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10506494/

  Horner syndrome is a rare neurologic disorder that can arise from severe neurologic and systemic conditions, which may require immediate diagnosis with radiologic imaging and treatment with antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. […] Horner syndrome is often asymptomatic but can have distinct, easily identified characteristics seen with an ophthalmic examination. […] The full Horner syndrome triad consists of ipsilateral miosis, anhidrosis of the face, and mild ptosis of the upper eyelid with reverse ptosis of the lower eyelid. […] Although the classical triad of ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis is emphasized in the literature, the full triad may not always be present. […] This variation is due to the anatomy of the oculosympathetic pathway with branches of the nerve system separating at the superior cervical ganglion and following different pathways along the internal and external carotid arteries, resulting in anhidrosis only in Horner syndrome caused by lesions to the first- or second-order neurons.

• #19

  https://www.healio.com/news/ophthalmology/20201008/how-and-when-should-i-workup-horner-syndrome

  A 55-year-old hypertensive man complains of acute headache on the left and is found to have a left Horner syndrome. What evaluation is necessary with Horner syndrome and how urgently should it be performed? Are there any life-threatening etiologies of a Horner syndrome? […] This patient with an acute isolated painful Horner syndrome is considered to have a left internal carotid artery dissection until proven otherwise. He needs to be evaluated emergently in neurology with noninvasive vascular imaging. If a dissection is confirmed, he will need to be admitted and treated to prevent a cerebral infarction. […] The diagnosis of Horner syndrome is most often easy just based on the findings of anisocoria, with the small pupil not dilating well in the dark and decreased ipsilateral palpebral fissure. Horner syndrome results from dysfunction of the ipsilateral sympathetic pathway and is also called oculosympathetic paresis. Signs of Horner syndrome include reduced palpebral fissure with mild ptosis involving both upper and lower lids due to paralysis of the Mllers muscles innervated by the sympathetic pathway, pseudo-enophthalmos because of the reduced palpebral fissure, unilateral miosis, dilation lag in the dark (slow dilation of the affected pupil), and heterochromia in congenital Horner syndrome (lighter color on affected side). Associated neurologic symptoms and signs such as anhidrosis of ipsilateral face may occur with preganglionic lesions (first or second order) while brainstem and spinal cord symptoms and signs suggest a first-order Horner syndrome. Associated arm pain, hand weakness, history of neck surgery, or neck trauma suggest a second-order Horner syndrome.

• #20

  https://www.healio.com/news/ophthalmology/20201008/how-and-when-should-i-workup-horner-syndrome

  Most patients with Horner syndrome have no visual changes and tolerate a mild ptosis. Rarely, lid surgery is requested to correct a persistent ptosis. Topical apraclonidine corrects the ptosis associated with Horner syndrome and may be used intermittently for cosmetic reasons or when the ptosis reduces the superior visual field. […] An acute painful Horner syndrome should be presumed related to a dissection of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery unless proven otherwise (these patients are at risk of cerebral infarction and should be evaluated emergently).

• #21 Horner’s syndrome: Overview, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/horners-syndrome

  Horners syndrome is a rare condition that affects the face. Symptoms typically affect only one side of the face, and may include a drooping eyelid, a constricted pupil, and the absence of facial sweating. […] According to the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), Horner syndrome usually affects only one side of the face. Possible signs and symptoms include: a contracted pupil, called miosis; a drooping eyelid, called ptosis; a sunken eye; reduced or absent sweating on the affected side of the face. […] The four characteristic signs of Horners syndrome are: a constricted pupil; a drooping eyelid; a sunken eyeball; reduced or absent sweating on one side of the face. […] The outlook for people living with Horners syndrome depends mainly on the cause of the condition. For people with idiopathic Horners syndrome, the condition remains relatively benign, with many experiencing a partial or complete resolution of their symptoms. Half of people who experience miosis will find that their pupils return to being symmetrical. […] Anyone who experiences signs and symptoms of Horners syndrome should see their doctor to determine the cause. Horners syndrome can sometimes indicate a serious underlying health issue that requires immediate attention.

• #22 Horner Syndrome – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/eye-health/horner-syndrome/

  An examination might reveal a small, round pupil in the affected eye, which dilates more slowly than it should. This is typically more noticeable in the dark. […] The long-term outlook for people with Horner syndrome, which seems to occur without any known cause, is generally good. In most cases, patients’ conditions do not get worse. In fact, about half no longer show uneven pupil sizes or anisocoria, which is one of the main signs of Horner syndrome. […] Almost one-third of people with a drooping eyelid or ptosis, another feature of Horner syndrome, see their symptoms either improve on their own or completely go away. This usually occurs about 7.9 years after they have been diagnosed with Horner syndrome.

• #23 Horner syndrome | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/horner-syndrome

  Horner syndrome is caused by an interruption of the oculosympathetic pathway that extends from the hypothalamus through the brainstem, upper spinal cord, paraspinal region, chest, neck, skull base, and orbit. […] Ipsilateral ptosis and miosis are the principal clinical manifestations, but both abnormalities are minimal and often overlooked; anhidrosis is difficult to assess. […] The ptosis and anisocoria of Horner syndrome are typically persistent, even if the cause of the Horner syndrome is relieved. The anisocoria causes no symptoms. The ptosis may cause impairment of vision and a cosmetic blemish. It can be relieved with topical instillation of apraclonidine or by a minor surgical procedure. […] In isolated Horner syndrome without preceding trauma or procedures, the cause will remain indeterminate in up to 70% of cases even after adequate imaging evaluation. […] When Horner syndrome is isolated, at least half of cases will be of indeterminate cause, even after adequate imaging.

• #24 Horner Syndrome: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17836-horners-syndrome

  Horner syndrome is a rare sign of underlying nerve damage. While the symptoms of the syndrome often dont cause harm, the underlying cause may be life-threatening, such as a tumor or carotid artery dissection. Because of this, its crucial to see a healthcare provider if you develop the syndrome so they can determine the underlying cause and treat it immediately.

• #25 CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS OF HORNER-BERNARD SYNDROME

  https://ccchclinic.com/causes-symptoms-horner-bernard-syndrome/

  Horner-Bernard syndrome can be a result of many factors or underlying conditions, which is why it is advised to consult a doctor and diagnose the disorder at the earliest. You should also get emergency care if you experience impaired vision, muscle weakness on the face, dizziness, and severe headache or neck pain after a traumatic injury.

• #26 Horner’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/horners-syndrome

  Ipsilateral partial ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) with possible paradoxical contralateral eyelid retraction. […] There may be apparent mild enophthalmos due to the sagging lid. […] There is increased amplitude of accommodation. […] Heterochromia irides may occur with congenital Horner’s syndrome. […] Horner’s syndrome associated with pain always needs investigation. […] In children, unless there is a known aetiology such as birth trauma, acquired Horner’s syndrome requires thorough investigation; there is frequently a serious underlying cause, including neuroblastoma, trauma, rhabdomyosarcoma and brainstem vascular malformation. […] A rare congenital form of Horner’s syndrome is described. […] Preganglionic lesions are less common but are more likely to be malignant.

• #27 What Are the 4 Classic Signs of Horner’s Syndrome? | Birth Injury Types | Birth Injury Lawyers Group

  https://birthinjurylawyer.com/horners-syndrome/what-are-the-4-classic-signs-of-horners-syndrome/

  One reason why it is paramount that you get an accurate diagnosis and work to get to the bottom of what caused your child’s symptoms is that neuroblastoma is a common cause of Horner’s syndrome in children and babies. This type of cancer can be deadly if not treated early. […] If your doctor believes that your baby has Horner’s syndrome, they may recommend seeing a specialist to confirm the diagnosis. Your baby may also require additional testing to rule out neuroblastoma and other serious causes of the signs of Horner’s syndrome.

• #28 Traumatic Horner Syndrome – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Traumatic_Horner_Syndrome

  Horner syndrome, known classically by its presenting triad of miosis (pupillary constriction), eyelid ptosis (drooping), and facial anhidrosis (decreased sweating), results from damage to the sympathetic pathways between the hypothalamus and ocular adnexa. […] In clinical practice, however, definitive diagnosis can be challenging as patients rarely present with the complete triad of signs and symptoms. […] Although Horner syndrome can result from a variety of mechanisms, the most common etiologies are neoplastic (35-60% of all cases). […] The presence of concomitant ptosis with pupillary miosis should place Horner syndrome high on the differential, particularly if accompanied by anhidrosis. […] Horner syndrome results from disruption of the oculosympathetic pathways, and is associated with ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis, although patients may not present with this complete triad. […] Although there are many causes of Horner syndrome, head, neck, and chest trauma can precipitate the syndrome. […] Careful neuro-ophthalmic evaluation can help differentiate Horner syndrome from other disease entities that impact pupil and eyelid anatomy and physiology.

• #29 Horner’s syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner%27s_syndrome

  Interruption of sympathetic pathways leads to several implications. It inactivates the dilator muscle and thereby produces miosis. It inactivates the superior tarsal muscle which produces ptosis. It reduces sweat secretion in the face. Patients may have apparent enophthalmos (affected eye looks to be slightly sunken in) but this is not always the case. […] In children, Horner’s syndrome sometimes leads to heterochromia, a difference in eye color between the two eyes. This happens because a lack of sympathetic stimulation in childhood interferes with melanin pigmentation of the melanocytes in the superficial stroma of the iris.

• #30 Horner syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/horner-syndrome/

  Horner syndrome is a disorder that affects the eye and surrounding tissues on one side of the face and results from paralysis of certain nerves. Horner syndrome is characterized by drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis) on the affected side, a constricted pupil in the affected eye (miosis) resulting in unequal pupil size (anisocoria), and absent sweating (anhidrosis) on the affected side of the face. Sinking of the eye into its cavity (enophthalmos) and a bloodshot eye often occur in this disorder. […] The abnormalities in the eye area related to Horner syndrome do not generally affect vision or health. However, the nerve damage that causes Horner syndrome may result from other health problems, some of which can be life-threatening. […] The signs and symptoms of Horner syndrome can also occur during a migraine headache. When the headache is gone, the signs and symptoms of Horner syndrome usually also go away.

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