Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Taste and olfactory disorders in adults: Evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/taste-and-olfactory-disorders-in-adults-evaluation-and-management

  Taste and olfactory disorders in adults: Evaluation and management […] The 2016 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) demonstrated that 12.4 percent of United States adults aged ≥40 years had some degree of olfactory dysfunction, with 3.2 percent having anosmia (complete loss of smell) or severe hyposmia (decreased sense of smell) […] Many individuals with olfactory disorders report a decreased quality of life, particularly those with severe olfactory dysfunction […] Disruption of the experience of a pleasant sensory exposure can sometimes cause depression […] The evaluation of patients with abnormalities of taste or olfaction requires a multidisciplinary evaluation. […] Normogeusia and normosmia describe normal taste and smell functions, respectively. Definitions of abnormalities of taste and olfaction include: […] Hypogeusia – Diminished taste function to one or more specific tastants.

• #2 Assessment of olfactory loss – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/550

  Olfactory loss has been linked to a variety of causes and can profoundly influence a patient’s quality of life. […] It is estimated that olfactory dysfunction affects approximately 22% of the general population; however, estimated prevalence rates vary significantly according to assessment techniques used, definitions of impairment, and the population sampled. […] Prevalence of olfactory impairment increases with age and male sex; some degree of olfactory dysfunction may be present in more than 50% of adults aged over 65 years. […] In one cross-sectional sample of American adults with mean age 68 years, approximately 22% were unable to identify four or more odours using a validated odour identification task. […] Olfactory dysfunction prevalence estimates are generally higher when psychophysical (objective) tools, rather than subjective assessment techniques, are used to assess olfactory dysfunction.

• #3 An approach to olfactory impairments in the general practice setting

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/september/an-approach-to-olfactory-impairments

  Olfactory impairment is a common condition, particularly in the geriatric population, which can be underrecognised as a result of clinician and patient unfamiliarity. […] The aim of this article is to bring awareness to olfactory impairment, describe the common aetiologies and provide a framework for its diagnosis and management in the general practice setting, including advice about when to refer. […] A thorough history and examination can often elucidate the common causes, which include rhinosinusitis, upper respiratory tract viral illnesses and head trauma. […] Olfactory impairment is a common disorder that is underrecognised and underdiagnosed because of general unfamiliarity among clinicians and patients. […] Olfactory testing is usually not included in routine health examinations in general practice, with self-reported olfactory impairment being the usual presentation.

• #4 Loss of Smell – A Hallmark of Parkinson’s Disease and Lewy Body Dementia – Lewy Body Dementia Association

  https://www.lbda.org/blog/loss-of-smell-a-hallmark-of-parkinsons-disease-and-lewy-body-dementia/

  Loss of the sense of smell, called hyposmia, can be caused by any number of medical conditions. It can precede other symptoms Lewy body dementia. But because it is also a symptom of Parkinsons disease (PD) and Alzheimers disease (AD), by itself it is not a warning sign of LBD. […] However, most people who have Parkinsons disease have at least partially lost their sense of smell. Many people come to the realization that they began to lose their sense of smell many years before receiving a diagnosis of PD. […] Therefore, hyposmia often goes undetected and thus is under-recognized as a symptom of Parkinsons disease and LBD. If you are having changes in thinking or movement, and notice that you have trouble smelling foods like bananas, pickles, or licorice, or if you notice this symptom in a person, you know who also has changes in thinking or movement, it is wise to ask a healthcare provider about LBD and Parkinsons.

• #5 Hyposmia: Causes, treatment, and related conditions

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318461

  Hyposmia is when a person loses part or all of their sense of smell. […] Hyposmia can also be a sign of other health issues, including the following neurological conditions: […] A reduced sense of smell does not necessarily mean that a person will develop one of these conditions, but some experts have suggested that a smell screening test could aid early diagnosis. […] If a person starts to lose their ability to smell for no apparent reason, they should seek medical help, especially if the change is sudden and severe. […] A doctor will carry out a physical examination. […] If these tests do not reveal a cause, the doctor may recommend an MRI scan to assess the areas in the brain that detect smells. […] A scratch-and-sniff test or tests with Sniffin Sticks can help a doctor determine whether someone has anosmia or hyposmia. In cases of hyposmia, these tests will measure the extent of the loss of smell.

• #6 Ask the MD: Sense of Smell Is a Window into Brain Health | Parkinson’s Disease

  https://www.michaeljfox.org/news/ask-md-sense-smell-window-brain-health

  Smell loss became a popular topic of conversation during the COVID pandemic. Many now are personally aware of the importance of sense of smell and the significant role it plays in how we move through life. […] If you lose your sense of smell, take it seriously. This can be an early indicator of allergies or, in the time we’re living in, COVID or another viral disease. It could even be a sign of brain disease, like Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. It’s important to seek the advice of a medical professional, have your sense of smell evaluated, and get the proper diagnosis and treatment. […] In some people, smell loss can be one of the earliest indicators of brain disease, like Parkinson’s. I’ve had a few patients with smell loss as their first sign of PD. […] The smell loss in Parkinson’s happens in the brain, not in the nose, as it does with allergies or some viral infections. In Parkinson’s, there are changes in how the brain receives or interprets smell signals.

• #7 Lost or changed sense of smell

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lost-or-changed-sense-smell/

  A change in your sense of smell can be unpleasant and affect how things taste. But it’s not usually serious and may get better in a few weeks or months. […] Changes in sense of smell are most often caused by: illnesses such as a cold, flu or COVID-19, sinusitis (sinus infection), an allergy, like hay fever, growths in your nose (nasal polyps). […] These problems can cause: loss of smell (anosmia), smelling things that are not there (phantosmia), like smoke or burnt toast, reduced sense of smell (hyposmia), changes to how things smell (parosmia). […] It’s also common to lose some of your sense of smell as you get older. […] See a GP if: your sense of smell does not go back to normal in a few weeks. […] The GP will check for any obvious causes, such as sinusitis or nasal polyps. […] They may refer you to a specialist for tests if they’re not sure what the problem is.

• #8 Anosmia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmia

  Anosmia, also known as smell blindness, is the lack of ability to detect one or more smells. Anosmia may be temporary or permanent. It differs from hyposmia, which is a decreased sensitivity to some or all smells. […] Anosmia can be categorized into acquired anosmia and congenital anosmia. Acquired anosmia develops later in life due to various causes, such as upper respiratory infections, head trauma, or neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast, congenital anosmia is present from birth and is typically caused by genetic factors or developmental abnormalities of the olfactory system. While acquired anosmia may have potential treatments depending on the underlying cause, such as medications or surgery, congenital anosmia currently has no known cure, and management focuses on safety precautions and coping strategies.

• #9 Loss of Taste and Smell: Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/smell-and-taste-disorders

  Smell and taste disorders are conditions that result in a decrease, distortion, or a loss of taste and smell. 5 out of 100 people have a problem with taste or smell. Some of these are a result of problems with development of the smell or taste system, and others are due to their loss later in life. […] A loss of taste or smell may also be a feature of infection with COVID-19, and can often last for weeks or months after other symptoms have cleared. […] Complete lack of sense of smell is termed anosmia. Reduced sense of smell is termed hyposmia. Other changes in the sense of smell include smells being different than expected (parosmia) and the perception of smells that are not there (phantosmia). […] If you are worried about a persistent change in your sense of smell or taste, you should make an appointment with your GP.

• #10 How your sense of smell predicts your overall health

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210302-how-your-sense-of-smell-predicts-your-overall-health

  Barrie Smith was diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease in his 50s, but 18 years before he was given his diagnosis, he developed a very strange and permanent symptom. One day he detected „a strong smoky smell, like burning wires”, he says. Since then, he has never smelt anything again. […] In today’s world, most would automatically attribute the loss of smell to Covid-19, but it is also a common symptom of neurodegenerative diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Research has found that up to 38% of those suffering from Multiple Sclerosis while almost half of older adults diagnosed with dementia showed signs of smell loss five years earlier. In Parkinson’s disease 45-96% of patients show smell impairment. […] For years, smell loss or anosmia as it is also known has been largely ignored as a marker for diseases such as Parkinson’s, but now some scientists believe using it as a tool of diagnosis could come with big advantages.

• #11 Taste and smell changes after stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/effects/physical/taste-and-smell

  After a stroke, your ability to taste and smell may change. These pages can help you understand why this happens and how to get help if you need it. There are also practical tips for stroke survivors, family and friends. […] Finding out the cause of taste and smell changes is the first step […] There are different types of smell problems, including: […] Anosmia: being unable to smell anything. […] Dysosmia a distorted sense of smell. […] Hyperosmia: being oversensitive to smell. […] Hyposmia: a reduced ability to smell. […] Our Stroke Support Helpline is for anyone affected by a stroke, including family, friends and carers. The Helpline can give you information and support on any aspect of stroke.

• #12 Anosmia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmia

  Anosmia, also known as smell blindness, is the lack of ability to detect one or more smells. Anosmia may be temporary or permanent. It differs from hyposmia, which is a decreased sensitivity to some or all smells. […] Anosmia can be categorized into acquired anosmia and congenital anosmia. Acquired anosmia develops later in life due to various causes, such as upper respiratory infections, head trauma, or neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast, congenital anosmia is present from birth and is typically caused by genetic factors or developmental abnormalities of the olfactory system. While acquired anosmia may have potential treatments depending on the underlying cause, such as medications or surgery, congenital anosmia currently has no known cure, and management focuses on safety precautions and coping strategies.

• #13 Clinical assessment of patients with smell and taste disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7118991/

  Disorders of sense of smell and taste can present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for the otolaryngologist. […] Knowledge of the etiology of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction is fundamental for establishing the diagnosis and directing the work-up. […] Although the patient who has olfactory dysfunction typically complains of loss of taste, true gustatory disorders are rare. […] For most patients who complain of chemosensory loss, however, the sense of taste biologically the sensation of salt, bitter, sweet, sour, and umami (monosodium glutamate) is intact. […] This article outlines a systematic approach to the clinical evaluation of patients who have smell and taste disorders and discusses the etiology of smell and taste dysfunction. […] The first and most important step in evaluating a patient who has a smell disorder is to obtain a detailed history and clearly define the symptoms.

• #14 Clinical assessment of patients with smell and taste disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7118991/

  Most patients with chemosensory deficits complain of taste alteration, but upon closer inquiry, patients state that they can taste sweet, bitter, sour, and salt. […] The examiner should document with examples the status of the patient’s chemosensory ability before present loss. […] Mandatory tests for the work-up of the patient with chemosensory complaints include testing of the gustatory and olfactory ability. […] Assessment of olfactory function is essential to establish the degree of chemosensory loss and confirm the patient’s complaint of olfactory loss. […] Clinical assessment of the patient who has smell and taste disorders requires understanding of the etiology of the olfactory and gustatory disorders. […] A clinician evaluating a patient who has smell and taste loss must understand that taste complaints usually are symptoms of an olfactory dysfunction. […] The distinction between true gustatory loss (bitter, sweet, salty, sour, or umami) and olfactory loss, the inability to perceive complex flavors of food, will help clarify the patient’s diagnosis.

• #15 Loss of Smell (Anosmia) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/smell-and-taste-disorders

  A condition that causes a person to partially or completely lose his or her sense of smell. […] Treatment starts with diagnosing the underlying condition. […] Anosmia is the partial or full loss of smell. […] But if the inability to smell isn’t related to a cold or sinus infection, or it doesn’t return after congestion clears, you should see a doctor. It could be a symptom of another issue. […] The sense of smell is important to overall health and nutrition since diminished sensations can lead to poor appetite and malnutrition, especially in the elderly. […] Your physician will examine you to determine the cause of your smell disturbance. […] Because anosmia can result from any number of conditions, your doctor will first address the primary condition that seems to be causing the problem. […] However, it’s important to know that sometimes the cause of smell disorder can’t be determined for certain. And sometimes anosmia cannot be treated. […] At Yale Medicine, we take the time to identify the cause of your smell disturbances and identify appropriate treatment.

• #16 Get Smell Disorders Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/smell-disorders-treatment

  When your sense of smell stops working, you can lose a lot more than being able to enjoy the mouthwatering aroma of cookies baking in the oven. […] Our team of expert, compassionate healthcare providers can diagnose and treat your loss of smell or other smell disorders so you can get back to enjoying the sweet smells of life. […] Smell disorders can impact your life in many ways. Sometimes theyre a nuisance. Other times, they can cause bigger problems. And some smell disorders can even be an early sign of more serious health conditions. […] Your provider will also likely want to hear about what was happening in your life when you first noticed problems with your sense of smell. Did they start with an illness or an injury? Did you have surgery? […] This test helps us figure out what you can and cant smell (olfactory analysis), using a scratch-and-sniff booklet.

• #17 Smell and Taste Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1215/p852.html

  Smell and taste disorders can be challenging to diagnose because of the large number of potential etiologies. Patients are often unable to provide a clear history of symptoms, because they frequently cannot distinguish between difficulties with smell and taste. […] An estimated 95% of taste disorders are caused by impairment of smell rather than gustatory loss. The most common causes of olfactory dysfunction include allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis (with or without sinonasal polyps), and upper respiratory infection. […] Examination of the nose, mouth, and oropharynx as well as neurologic examination (focusing on cranial nerves I, VII, IX, and X) is essential. Additional assessment such as cognitive testing, nasal endoscopy, computed tomography of the sinuses or nose, or brain magnetic resonance imaging may be indicated.

• #18 Smell and Taste Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1215/p852.html

  Olfactory loss is responsible for the majority of perceived taste disturbances (95% to 99%) and should be the initial diagnostic focus in most cases. […] Given the large number of etiologies, physicians should initially evaluate for the most common causes of smell loss: chronic sinonasal disease, upper respiratory infections, head trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, and medications. […] Patients are often unable to distinguish between disorders of smell and taste. Most patients who report taste loss are found to have a loss of smell instead. […] For olfactory disorders (and for most taste problems), the history should include severity and persistence of symptoms. […] Nasal endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) of the sinuses and nose are highly diagnostic for sinonasal pathology. […] Several abbreviated tests are available for taste and smell disorders, but all have limitations.

• #19 Smell and Taste Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1215/p852.html

  Smell and taste disorders can be challenging to diagnose because of the large number of potential etiologies. Patients are often unable to provide a clear history of symptoms, because they frequently cannot distinguish between difficulties with smell and taste. […] An estimated 95% of taste disorders are caused by impairment of smell rather than gustatory loss. The most common causes of olfactory dysfunction include allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis (with or without sinonasal polyps), and upper respiratory infection. […] Examination of the nose, mouth, and oropharynx as well as neurologic examination (focusing on cranial nerves I, VII, IX, and X) is essential. Additional assessment such as cognitive testing, nasal endoscopy, computed tomography of the sinuses or nose, or brain magnetic resonance imaging may be indicated.

• #20 An approach to olfactory impairments in the general practice setting

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/september/an-approach-to-olfactory-impairments

  The most common cause of olfactory impairment at a population level is the spectrum of age-related physiological changes. […] The most common causes for presentation in the general practice setting are rhinosinusitis, postupper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and posttraumatic brain injury (TBI). […] URTI remains the most common reason for presentation with olfactory impairment. […] Olfactory impairment is present in approximately 10-30% of TBIs. […] The majority of patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease will experience varying degrees of olfactory impairment, which commonly occurs prior to the onset of other signs and symptoms. […] Chronic olfactory impairment is a disease with significant biopsychosocial consequences. […] A thorough history and examination in most cases can diagnose the common causes of olfactory impairment.

• #21 Get Smell Disorders Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/smell-disorders-treatment

  We often use a simple (and painless) in-office procedure called nasal endoscopy to look inside your nose. […] CT scans or MRIs give us a closer look inside your nose and head and let us take pictures of your brain so we can find possible causes for your smell problems. […] Because many things can cause changes in your sense of smell, its important to get the right diagnosis and effective treatment from experienced healthcare providers. […] Our specialists have a variety of ways to treat and manage smell disorders, depending on the cause. […] Depending on whats causing your smell disorder, we may recommend medications. […] Some smell disorders, like those caused by polyps or inflammation, often respond best to surgery. […] Until you have problems with your sense of smell, you probably dont realize how important it is to everyday life.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40136-022-00438-x

  A structured approach is required when assessing a patient presenting with olfactory dysfunction. A thorough history and nasal examination with endoscopy can reveal or exclude common aetiologies of olfactory dysfunction such as sinonasal inflammatory conditions, post-viral, or post-traumatic olfactory loss. […] It is well recognised that olfactory dysfunction can have an impact on a patients quality of life, and therefore, subjective assessment with validated questionnaires is important to assess this. […] The use of psychophysical testing is essential to measure olfactory function and guide prognosis and management with other investigation modalities being performed in the research setting. […] In apparent idiopathic cases, it is important to recognise other potential rare aetiologies with appropriate imaging and blood tests. […] The use of a core outcome set is essential in all future research in ODs to prevent heterogeneity between studies as well as reducing bias and ensuring clinical relevance.

• #23 Loss of Taste and Smell: Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/smell-and-taste-disorders

  Your GP will ask you about what exactly has happened and then may examine your nose, mouth and neck. They can then decide whether you should be referred to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgeon for further assessment, investigation and advice. […] A physical examination will be performed in the ENT clinic. This will often include an endoscopic examination of the nose, where a small camera is passed into the nose. More specific tests of smell may be performed. […] This very much depends on what has caused the problem in the first place but may include: Stopping or changing medicines that contribute to the problem. […] Smell training is advised after a loss of smell or taste due to COVID-19 – more information about this is in the further reading section. Most people who lose their sense of smell or taste due to COVID-19 will have got it back after six months, with only 4% still having a reduced sense of smell and 2% having a reduced sense of taste at this point.

• #24 Anosmia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/anosmia-loss-of-smell

  Most of us take our sense of smell for granted. But have you ever thought about what it would be like to not be able to smell something? The complete loss of smell is called anosmia (an-OHZ-me-uh). […] Taste and smell disorders send hundreds of thousands of Americans to the doctor each year. […] But for some people, including many elderly, the loss of a sense of smell may persist. In addition, anosmia can be a sign of a more serious medical condition. Any ongoing problems with smell should be checked out by a doctor. […] If you experience a loss of smell that you can’t attribute to a cold or allergy or which doesn’t get better after a week or two, tell your doctor. Your doctor can take a look inside your nose with a special instrument to see if a polyp or growth is impairing your ability to smell or if an infection is present. […] Further testing by a doctor who specializes in nose and sinus problems — an ear, nose, and throat doctor (ENT, or an otolaryngologist) — may be needed to determine the cause of anosmia. A CT scan may be necessary so that the doctor can get a better look of the area.

• #25 Clinical assessment of patients with smell and taste disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7118991/

  Most patients with chemosensory deficits complain of taste alteration, but upon closer inquiry, patients state that they can taste sweet, bitter, sour, and salt. […] The examiner should document with examples the status of the patient’s chemosensory ability before present loss. […] Mandatory tests for the work-up of the patient with chemosensory complaints include testing of the gustatory and olfactory ability. […] Assessment of olfactory function is essential to establish the degree of chemosensory loss and confirm the patient’s complaint of olfactory loss. […] Clinical assessment of the patient who has smell and taste disorders requires understanding of the etiology of the olfactory and gustatory disorders. […] A clinician evaluating a patient who has smell and taste loss must understand that taste complaints usually are symptoms of an olfactory dysfunction. […] The distinction between true gustatory loss (bitter, sweet, salty, sour, or umami) and olfactory loss, the inability to perceive complex flavors of food, will help clarify the patient’s diagnosis.

• #26 Smell and Taste Disorders: Diagnosis – Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna

  https://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/300_399/0390.html

  This Clinical Policy Bulletin addresses diagnosis of smell and taste disorders. […] A careful medical history of systemic illnesses and medication use as well as a thorough physical examination are essential for the diagnosis of smell and taste disorders. Work-up should not commence until a standardized test such as the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) or the University of Connecticut Test Battery has been given to establish impairment of the sense of smell. […] The recent practice parameter on diagnosis and prognosis of new onset Parkinson disease by the American Academy of Neurology (Suchowersky et al, 2006) stated that olfactory testing using either the UPSIT or Sniffin’ Sticks should be considered to differentiate progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration from Parkinson’s disease.

• #27 Impaired Smell Sense Recovery: A Brief Guide By An ENT Specialist – Houston Advanced Sinus

  https://houstonadvancedsinus.com/impaired-smell-sense-recovery-brief-guide-by-ent-specialist/

  Impaired Smell Sense Recovery: Impairment or complete loss of sense of smell, known as Hyposmia and Anosmia respectively, are serious medical conditions. […] It is, therefore, important to identify the problem at an early stage, and consult an ENT specialist before the condition gets any graver. […] Before prescribing treatment to cure smell impairment, ENT specialists recommends some medical diagnosis. A number of tests are done to examine the reasons behind smell impairment and the seriousness of the problem. […] The primary tests advised for detection of olfaction include: […] The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) is a scratch-and-sniff test that uses 40 microencapsulated odorants on cards. […] The Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) test is used to examine patients threshold to detect and identify different odor.

• #28 How Do You Treat Parosmia or Loss of Smell? | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/all/2022/09/how-do-you-treat-parosmia-or-loss-of-smell

  Parosmia can be caused by other things than COVID-19. So what is the diagnosis to ensure that that’s what somebody has as a result of COVID? […] So for us, the most important thing that we look at is the story that patients tell us. So when they come in and they tell us that they had a diagnosed episode of COVID-19 and that their change in sense of smell is temporally related to that infection, meaning that they occur in a similar time frame, that tells a pretty convincing story that their smell dysfunction is being caused by their COVID-19 infection. […] There are some things that we can do when it’s not clear if someone actually has smell disruption, or if it’s persisting. One of those things is called the UPSIT Test, which is an acronym describing a sense of smell test. […] Most patients will continue to slowly improve with time, which is great news given how common that this is. And what we’re seeing is that about 65% of patients will report a resolution in their abnormal or altered sense of smell by about 18 months.

• #29 Comprehensive Guide to Olfactory Testing for Smell Disorders – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/comprehensive-guide-to-olfactory-testing-for-smell-disorders/

  One of the primary reasons olfactory testing is so important is its ability to identify the causes of smell loss. For example, if you experience a sudden or unexplained loss of smell, this test can help determine whether the issue is due to a temporary condition, such as a sinus infection, or a more serious concern, like neurological damage. […] Additionally, olfactory testing can detect early signs of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Research has shown that changes in the sense of smell can be one of the earliest indicators of these conditions, often appearing years before other symptoms develop. […] For individuals with chronic smell disorders, olfactory testing is essential for monitoring the condition and guiding treatment. […] Olfactory testing, also known as a smell test, is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the sense of smell. This test can help identify a wide range of medical conditions, from neurological disorders to sinus-related issues.

• #30 Why your sense of smell is important to your health | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/why-your-sense-of-smell-is-important-to-your-health

  People with anosmia may feel disconnected, indifferent, anxious or depressed. […] A loss of smell also throws off your sense of taste. […] A loss of smell can leave you vulnerable to dangerous events such as fires and gas leaks. […] If you notice a diminished smell or a change in how your food tastes, make an appointment with your primary care provider, who can perform a scratch and sniff smell identification test to evaluate your symptoms. […] A proper diagnosis is vital to managing or treating the underlying cause of your loss of smell. […] If you’ve lost your sense of smell temporarily, things may smell different when the sense returns. […] Researchers are also working to find new ways of activating the sense of smell for people with anosmia.

• #31 Anosmia Diagnosis and Treatment – Monell Chemical Senses Center

  https://monell.org/anosmia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  If you have experienced a loss in your sense of smell, you should seek evaluation by a board-certified otolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat specialist), preferably at a large university medical center, to determine if the cause can be identified and if you may respond to treatment. […] Anosmia is a diverse disorder having many possible causes. Unfortunately, at the present time, there are relatively few forms of smell problems for which the underlying cause can be conclusively identified. And without knowing exactly what caused the smell loss, treatment options are limited. Finally, it often is difficult to predict who will and who won’t respond to treatment. […] Your doctor will evaluate whether you have a physical blockage that prevents odors from reaching your olfactory epithelium, the part of the nose that contains the cells that actually help the brain recognize odors.

• #32 Get Smell Disorders Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/smell-disorders-treatment

  We often use a simple (and painless) in-office procedure called nasal endoscopy to look inside your nose. […] CT scans or MRIs give us a closer look inside your nose and head and let us take pictures of your brain so we can find possible causes for your smell problems. […] Because many things can cause changes in your sense of smell, its important to get the right diagnosis and effective treatment from experienced healthcare providers. […] Our specialists have a variety of ways to treat and manage smell disorders, depending on the cause. […] Depending on whats causing your smell disorder, we may recommend medications. […] Some smell disorders, like those caused by polyps or inflammation, often respond best to surgery. […] Until you have problems with your sense of smell, you probably dont realize how important it is to everyday life.

• #33 Smell – impaired: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003052.htm

  Contact your health care provider if: The loss of smell continues or is getting worse. […] The provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history and current symptoms. […] Tests that may be performed include: CT scan, MRI scan, Nasal endoscopy, Olfactory nerve testing, Smell testing. […] If the loss of sense of smell is caused by a stuffy nose (nasal congestion), decongestants or antihistamines may be prescribed.

• #34 Impaired Smell: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/smell-impaired

  Impaired smell is the inability to smell properly. It can describe a complete inability to smell, or the partial inability to smell. Its a symptom of several medical conditions and may be temporary or permanent. […] Loss of smell can occur due to problems in the nose, brain, or nervous system. Call your doctor if you have difficulty smelling. In certain cases, its a sign of a more serious underlying issue. […] If you have an impaired sense of smell, call your doctor before using over-the-counter (OTC) treatment products. Let them know when you first noticed the changes in your ability to smell, and about other symptoms you may be experiencing. […] After reviewing your medical history, the doctor will perform a physical examination of your nose to see if there are any blockages in your nasal passages. These tests may include: CT scan, MRI scan, X-ray, nasal endoscopy (examination of the nasal passages with a thin tube that contains a camera).

• #35 Impaired Smell: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/smell-impaired

  These tests will help the doctor get a closer look at the structures within your nose. Imaging tests will reveal whether theres a polyp or other abnormal growth obstructing your nasal passages. They can also help determine if an abnormal growth or tumor in the brain is altering your sense of smell. In some cases, your doctor may need to take a sample of cells from within the nose to make a diagnosis. […] Impaired smell caused by a viral or bacterial infection is often short-lived. If you have a bacterial infection, you may be given antibiotics to speed up the healing process. This will help to restore smell. […] If a neurological disease, tumor, or other disorder causes your impaired smell, youll receive treatment for the underlying condition. Some cases of impaired smell may be permanent.

• #36 Smell and Taste Disorders: Diagnosis – Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna

  https://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/300_399/0390.html

  There is insufficient scientific evidence to support the usefulness of olfactory evoked potentials, olfactometry, rhinometry, rhinomanometry, or electrogustometry in the diagnosis of smell and taste disorders. […] The authors concluded that olfactory cleft opacification is a key radiological marker of COVID19associated OD, while other findings like OB signal abnormalities, and olfactory mucosa abnormalities, appear less related. […] The authors concluded that MRI uncommonly detects intra-cranial pathology in patients with idiopathic OD. Among patients with mixed OD etiologies, reduced OB and gray matter volume were the most common abnormal findings on MRI.

• #37 Anosmia (Loss of Smell) | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/ear-nose-and-throat/anosmia-loss-of-smell.html

  Anosmia (total loss of smell) and hyposmia (partial loss of smell) can result from many conditions, medications, and infections. […] Our team determines the cause of smell disorders so we can provide effective treatments. […] Usually, anosmia and hyposmia improve once doctors have treated the cause. In some cases, loss of smell can be permanent. If you notice symptoms of anosmia, it is important to seek treatment right away. Delaying treatment may result in permanent smell loss. […] Treatments may include changing medications, treating an infection (such as COVID-19), smell retraining therapy, or surgery to remove a blockage. […] Anosmia is a common symptom of COVID-19 and long COVID. Many other viral infections can also cause this condition. […] Your doctor will review your medical history and ask about medications you’re taking. They will ask about your symptoms, including when they began, whether your taste is affected, and what type of symptoms you’re having, such as nasal congestion from allergies or an upper respiratory infection. […] Your doctor will examine you and look in your nose and throat. They may also recommend tests to confirm an anosmia diagnosis or rule out other conditions.

• #38

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40136-022-00438-x

  A structured approach is required when assessing a patient presenting with olfactory dysfunction. A thorough history and nasal examination with endoscopy can reveal or exclude common aetiologies of olfactory dysfunction such as sinonasal inflammatory conditions, post-viral, or post-traumatic olfactory loss. […] It is well recognised that olfactory dysfunction can have an impact on a patients quality of life, and therefore, subjective assessment with validated questionnaires is important to assess this. […] The use of psychophysical testing is essential to measure olfactory function and guide prognosis and management with other investigation modalities being performed in the research setting. […] In apparent idiopathic cases, it is important to recognise other potential rare aetiologies with appropriate imaging and blood tests. […] The use of a core outcome set is essential in all future research in ODs to prevent heterogeneity between studies as well as reducing bias and ensuring clinical relevance.

• #39 Impaired Smell: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/smell-impaired

  These tests will help the doctor get a closer look at the structures within your nose. Imaging tests will reveal whether theres a polyp or other abnormal growth obstructing your nasal passages. They can also help determine if an abnormal growth or tumor in the brain is altering your sense of smell. In some cases, your doctor may need to take a sample of cells from within the nose to make a diagnosis. […] Impaired smell caused by a viral or bacterial infection is often short-lived. If you have a bacterial infection, you may be given antibiotics to speed up the healing process. This will help to restore smell. […] If a neurological disease, tumor, or other disorder causes your impaired smell, youll receive treatment for the underlying condition. Some cases of impaired smell may be permanent.

• #40 Lost or changed sense of smell

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lost-or-changed-sense-smell/

  A change in your sense of smell can be unpleasant and affect how things taste. But it’s not usually serious and may get better in a few weeks or months. […] Changes in sense of smell are most often caused by: illnesses such as a cold, flu or COVID-19, sinusitis (sinus infection), an allergy, like hay fever, growths in your nose (nasal polyps). […] These problems can cause: loss of smell (anosmia), smelling things that are not there (phantosmia), like smoke or burnt toast, reduced sense of smell (hyposmia), changes to how things smell (parosmia). […] It’s also common to lose some of your sense of smell as you get older. […] See a GP if: your sense of smell does not go back to normal in a few weeks. […] The GP will check for any obvious causes, such as sinusitis or nasal polyps. […] They may refer you to a specialist for tests if they’re not sure what the problem is.

• #41 Assessment of olfactory loss – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/550

  Severe olfactory dysfunction or complete olfactory loss (anosmia) is relatively uncommon in the general population. Prevalence estimates generally range from approximately 1% to 5% of the general population. […] The global COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted prevalence rates of olfactory dysfunction, creating an additional cohort of people affected by both acute and post-infectious impairment or loss of olfactory function. […] Systematic reviews and cohort studies have reported olfactory dysfunction prevalence of between 48% and 86% in COVID-19 patients. […] In patients presenting primarily for loss of smell, the most commonly identified aetiologies include a prior viral upper respiratory infection, head trauma, and underlying chronic sinus inflammation. […] These 3 causes account for over 50% of patients.

• #42 Anosmia Diagnosis and Treatment – Monell Chemical Senses Center

  https://monell.org/anosmia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Many times, your doctor will not be able to determine an exact cause for your loss of smell but your medical history may reveal that the loss was preceded by a cold or other upper respiratory infection (URI). Viruses are believed to be the most common causes of smell loss. […] If the smell loss is treated with oral corticosteroids very soon after the initial URI, some patients with such losses can regain their sense of smell. […] Even if patients do not receive immediate treatment following a URI-related smell loss, there is hope for recovery. […] In some circumstances, your evaluation may uncover a head injury that preceded your smell loss. […] Finally, losses in the ability to distinguish odors can signal the onset of Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease or other neurological disorders.

• #43 An approach to olfactory impairments in the general practice setting

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/september/an-approach-to-olfactory-impairments

  The most common cause of olfactory impairment at a population level is the spectrum of age-related physiological changes. […] The most common causes for presentation in the general practice setting are rhinosinusitis, postupper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and posttraumatic brain injury (TBI). […] URTI remains the most common reason for presentation with olfactory impairment. […] Olfactory impairment is present in approximately 10-30% of TBIs. […] The majority of patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease will experience varying degrees of olfactory impairment, which commonly occurs prior to the onset of other signs and symptoms. […] Chronic olfactory impairment is a disease with significant biopsychosocial consequences. […] A thorough history and examination in most cases can diagnose the common causes of olfactory impairment.

• #44 How your sense of smell predicts your overall health

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210302-how-your-sense-of-smell-predicts-your-overall-health

  An accurate smell test might have identified his disease almost two decades before his official diagnosis, and that could potentially have given him much more time to slow the diseases progression. […] Several initiatives are now developing tests which could use smell to help diagnose neurodegenerative diseases. […] The hope is the data they collect could be used to predict who is going to develop Parkinson’s, which might lead to new early treatments that could prevent the disease from progressing or slow it down. […] Around 19% of the population have some sort of olfactory dysfunction, with 0.3% losing their sense of smell entirely (anosmia) and 19.1% suffering from reduced ability to detect odours (hyposomia). […] Recent studies have found that smell loss may be linked to mental health conditions such as depression, schizophrenia and dystonia, a movement disorder in which a person’s muscles contract uncontrollably.

• #45 Loss of Smell – A Hallmark of Parkinson’s Disease and Lewy Body Dementia – Lewy Body Dementia Association

  https://www.lbda.org/blog/loss-of-smell-a-hallmark-of-parkinsons-disease-and-lewy-body-dementia/

  Loss of the sense of smell, called hyposmia, can be caused by any number of medical conditions. It can precede other symptoms Lewy body dementia. But because it is also a symptom of Parkinsons disease (PD) and Alzheimers disease (AD), by itself it is not a warning sign of LBD. […] However, most people who have Parkinsons disease have at least partially lost their sense of smell. Many people come to the realization that they began to lose their sense of smell many years before receiving a diagnosis of PD. […] Therefore, hyposmia often goes undetected and thus is under-recognized as a symptom of Parkinsons disease and LBD. If you are having changes in thinking or movement, and notice that you have trouble smelling foods like bananas, pickles, or licorice, or if you notice this symptom in a person, you know who also has changes in thinking or movement, it is wise to ask a healthcare provider about LBD and Parkinsons.

• #46 Comprehensive Guide to Olfactory Testing for Smell Disorders – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/comprehensive-guide-to-olfactory-testing-for-smell-disorders/

  Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. One of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer’s is a diminished sense of smell, which can be detected through olfactory testing. […] Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and slowed movement (bradykinesia). However, non-motor symptoms, including olfactory dysfunction, often appear years before motor symptoms develop. […] Smell tests can detect subtle changes in olfactory function, which may correlate with disease progression. […] Once the test is complete, your healthcare provider will review your responses and discuss the preliminary findings with you. If necessary, they may recommend additional tests or imaging studies to investigate the underlying causes of your smell loss.

• #47 Smell – impaired: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003052.htm

  Impaired smell is the partial or total loss or abnormal perception of the sense of smell. […] The loss of smell can occur with conditions that prevent air from reaching smell receptors located high in the nose, or loss of or injury to the smell receptors. Loss of smell is not serious, but can sometimes be a sign of a nervous system condition. […] Temporary loss of the sense of smell is common with colds and nasal allergies, such as hay fever (allergic rhinitis). It may occur after a viral illness. […] Loss of smell can be caused by: Medicines that change or decrease the ability to detect odors, such as amphetamines, estrogen, naphazoline, trifluoperazine, long-term use of nasal decongestants, reserpine, and possibly zinc-based products. […] Treating the cause of the problem may correct the lost sense of smell.

• #48 Loss of Smell – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/symptoms-of-nose-and-throat-disorders/loss-of-smell

  Anosmia is complete loss of smell. Hyposmia is partial loss of smell. […] A loss of smell receptors due to aging causes a decreased ability to smell in older adults. […] Anosmia that is not the result of aging occurs when swelling or another blockage of the nasal passages prevents odors from reaching the olfactory area or when parts of the olfactory area or its connections to the brain are destroyed. […] A common cause of permanent loss of smell is a head injury, as may occur in a car accident. […] Another common cause is an upper respiratory infection, especially influenza (flu). […] Anosmia or hyposmia may be an early symptom of COVID-19, an acute respiratory illness that can be severe. […] Doctors first ask questions about the person’s symptoms and medical history and then do a physical examination. […] If there is no clear cause of anosmia, imaging such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head may be done to look for structural abnormalities. […] Doctors treat the cause of the anosmia. […] There are no treatments for anosmia itself.

• #49 Healthy aging

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/healthy-aging/expert-answers/loss-of-taste-and-smell/faq-20058455

  Some loss of taste and smell is natural with aging, especially after age 60. […] Loss of taste and smell can have a significant impact on quality of life. It often leads to decreased appetite and poor nutrition. It can sometimes contribute to depression. […] If you’re experiencing loss of taste and smell, see your health care provider. Some causes of impaired taste and smell are treatable. […] Most people who have loss of taste and smell associated with COVID-19 disease report seeing improvements in their symptoms in a few weeks. However, for some, loss of taste and smell may linger for months. […] If your symptoms don’t improve after treating the cause of your loss of taste and smell, your health care provider may recommend smell training therapy. […] If necessary, your health care provider might recommend consulting an allergist, an ear, nose and throat specialist (otolaryngologist), a neurologist, or other specialist.

• #50 Overview of Smell and Taste Disorders – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/symptoms-of-nose-and-throat-disorders/overview-of-smell-and-taste-disorders

  Disorders of smell and taste are rarely life threatening; therefore, they may not receive close medical attention. […] A partial loss of smell (hyposmia) and complete loss of smell (anosmia) are the most common disorders of smell and taste. […] The ability to smell can be affected by changes in the nose, in the nerves leading from the nose to the brain, or in the brain. […] Smell receptors can be temporarily damaged by the influenza (flu) virus. […] Sudden loss of smell may also be an early symptom of COVID-19, an acute respiratory illness that can be severe. […] Occasionally, smell and taste disorders are due to a serious disorder, such as a tumor. […] A reduction in the ability to taste (hypogeusia) or loss of taste (ageusia) usually results from conditions that affect the tongue, usually by causing a very dry mouth. […] Sudden loss of taste may be an early symptom of COVID-19. […] A distortion of taste (dysgeusia) may be caused by inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) or by many of the same conditions that result in loss of taste or smell, including depression and seizures.

• #51 Comprehensive Guide to Olfactory Testing for Smell Disorders – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/comprehensive-guide-to-olfactory-testing-for-smell-disorders/

  One of the primary reasons olfactory testing is so important is its ability to identify the causes of smell loss. For example, if you experience a sudden or unexplained loss of smell, this test can help determine whether the issue is due to a temporary condition, such as a sinus infection, or a more serious concern, like neurological damage. […] Additionally, olfactory testing can detect early signs of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Research has shown that changes in the sense of smell can be one of the earliest indicators of these conditions, often appearing years before other symptoms develop. […] For individuals with chronic smell disorders, olfactory testing is essential for monitoring the condition and guiding treatment. […] Olfactory testing, also known as a smell test, is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the sense of smell. This test can help identify a wide range of medical conditions, from neurological disorders to sinus-related issues.

• #52 How we lose our sense of smell, and how it’s treated

  https://stanmed.stanford.edu/sense-smell-health/

  Among the human senses, smell — or more formally, olfaction — is often considered the most dispensable. But for people who’ve found themselves suddenly unable to smell — a more common predicament since the COVID-19 pandemic — the loss can be surprisingly, profoundly devastating. More than 1 in 5 Americans has experienced smell loss since the start of the pandemic. The surge has led to a closer look at the underdog sense and its intimate ties to brain health. Smell dysfunction is linked with depression and anxiety. A sudden loss of smell might be the earliest sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Parkinson’s, detectable long before any cognitive deficits appear. […] The standard treatments for the loss of smell often take months to work — if they do at all. […] By the time patients with long-term smell loss find their way to Patel’s clinic, they’ve tried the conventional therapies: steroid rinses to calm inflammation and months of tedious smell training, in which they practice smelling specific scents while concentrating on their memories of these scents. Yet they still cannot smell.

• #53 Comprehensive Guide to Olfactory Testing for Smell Disorders – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/comprehensive-guide-to-olfactory-testing-for-smell-disorders/

  Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. One of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer’s is a diminished sense of smell, which can be detected through olfactory testing. […] Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and slowed movement (bradykinesia). However, non-motor symptoms, including olfactory dysfunction, often appear years before motor symptoms develop. […] Smell tests can detect subtle changes in olfactory function, which may correlate with disease progression. […] Once the test is complete, your healthcare provider will review your responses and discuss the preliminary findings with you. If necessary, they may recommend additional tests or imaging studies to investigate the underlying causes of your smell loss.

• #54 Loss of Smell May Be an Early Sign of Alzheimer’s Disease – Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Research Foundation

  https://www.alzinfo.org/articles/diagnosis/loss-of-smell-may-be-an-early-sign-of-alzheimers-disease/

  A declining sense of smell may be an early sign of Alzheimers disease, a new report confirms. […] The researchers found that those who showed declines in the odor tests were more likely to develop MCI. […] A decline in the sense of smell was independently linked to an increased risk of developing memory problems. […] PET scans revealed that people who were losing their sense of smell also had brain changes typical of Alzheimers disease. […] The findings confirm earlier research in people and animals showing that a declining sense of smell may be a sign of impending memory problems and an increased risk of developing Alzheimers disease. […] An impaired sense of smell may lead to more extensive follow-up tests to look for signs of Alzheimers. […] Changes in the sense of smell may help to detect Alzheimers at its earliest stages, when potential treatments may be most effective.

• #55 Loss of Smell | Parkinson’s Foundation

  https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/non-movement-symptoms/loss-of-smell

  Not all people with reduced sense of smell will go on to develop Parkinsons disease (PD), but most people with PD have some loss of their sense of smell. […] In fact, reduced sense of smell, called hyposmia, is often an early sign of Parkinsons. Looking back, you may realize you were losing your sense of smell several years, or even decades, before you received a Parkinsons diagnosis. […] Hyposmia is an under-recognized symptom, as it is not a common concern for doctors to ask about or for people with PD to report. Hyposmia can impact quality of life: our sense of taste is enhanced by our ability to smell, so hyposmia can lead to a reduced enjoyment of food and reduced appetite. If you or someone you know has trouble smelling foods like bananas, dill pickles or licorice, ask your doctor about Parkinsons. […] There are not any treatments for lost sense of smell. However, if reduced ability to smell is affecting your appetite and you find yourself gaining or losing weight, you may want to learn more about diet and nutrition.

• #56 Loss of sense of smell – Parkinson’s Australia

  https://www.parkinsons.org.au/information-hub/loss-of-sense-of-smell/

  Most people with Parkinson’s report losing their sense of smell years or even decades prior to diagnosis. […] Diminished and loss of sense of smell can impact quality of life affecting taste and, in some cases, leading to weight loss. […] Many conditions can cause reduced ability to detect odours or complete loss of your sense of smell. This loss could be temporary or lasting. Lasting can be an indicator for brain disease, including a very early symptom of Parkinson’s. […] Most people don’t realise they have a reduced or lost sense of smell (hyposmia and anosmia respectively) until they are tested. All major brain disorders (e.g. MS, PD, ALS, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s) are associated with smell loss. […] Hyposmia is one of the most common and best-characterised conditions that is also one of the first non-motor features of Parkinson’s.

• #57 Loss of sense of smell – Parkinson’s Australia

  https://www.parkinsons.org.au/information-hub/loss-of-sense-of-smell/

  An ear, nose, and throat specialist (ENT) can do some tests to see how well you can smell. You may need additional tests to rule out other causes of your symptoms. […] If you or someone you know has trouble smelling foods like bananas, dill pickles or liquorice, ask your GP about being assessed for other early Parkinson’s symptoms. […] Early detection of changes in the brain is important as this can help scientists understand the causes of Parkinson’s and develop better treatments, including neuroprotective strategies which aim to slow or prevent the development of the condition. […] To maximise the potential of such strategies they need to begin as early as possible in the course of the disease, so a reliable smell test could be invaluable in contributing to early diagnosis and prompt neuroprotective treatment.

• #58 Taste and olfactory disorders in adults: Evaluation and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/taste-and-olfactory-disorders-in-adults-evaluation-and-management

  Taste and olfactory disorders in adults: Evaluation and management […] The 2016 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) demonstrated that 12.4 percent of United States adults aged ≥40 years had some degree of olfactory dysfunction, with 3.2 percent having anosmia (complete loss of smell) or severe hyposmia (decreased sense of smell) […] Many individuals with olfactory disorders report a decreased quality of life, particularly those with severe olfactory dysfunction […] Disruption of the experience of a pleasant sensory exposure can sometimes cause depression […] The evaluation of patients with abnormalities of taste or olfaction requires a multidisciplinary evaluation. […] Normogeusia and normosmia describe normal taste and smell functions, respectively. Definitions of abnormalities of taste and olfaction include: […] Hypogeusia – Diminished taste function to one or more specific tastants.

• #59

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40136-022-00438-x

  Olfactory disorders can have a detrimental impact to the quality of life of patients. […] It is well recognised that olfactory loss can have a significant detrimental impact to the wellbeing of patients including the negative effects on emotional states, relationships, and physical health. […] A systematic approach with history taking and examination particularly with nasal endoscopy can determine the cause of the olfactory disorder in most cases. […] Specific olfactory disorder questionnaires can demonstrate the impact on quality of life, while psychophysical testing can objectively assess and monitor olfaction over time. […] Given the range of underlying causes and their impact, it is important to undertake a thorough clinical assessment for olfactory dysfunction to help guide management and improve the quality of life of these patients.

• #60 How we lose our sense of smell, and how it’s treated

  https://stanmed.stanford.edu/sense-smell-health/

  According to one study, 40% to 76% of patients with smell loss also have depression. The more significant the smell impairment, the more severe the depression. […] Post-mortem studies of brains have found the plaques and tangles tied to dementia appear first in the olfactory system. Numerous studies now suggest that olfactory impairment may be the earliest detectable marker of neurodegenerative diseases. […] For smell loss to be a truly useful biomarker, however, we first need a better way to test for smell. […] Patel thinks there should be. With the help of a Stanford Biodesign Faculty Fellowship, she is developing a device that could measure and record the activity of olfactory neurons. The handheld instrument with a malleable probe would be inserted (with local anesthesia) into the nose to reach the olfactory epithelium. The measured electrical activity indicates the severity of smell loss.

• #61 Q&A: When Smell & Taste Loss Could Mean Something Serious 

  https://blog.uvahealth.com/2025/01/29/loss-of-smell-taste/

  During the height of the COVID pandemic, the oddest symptom began to hit headlines. People in the flush of infection and for months after lost their sense of smell. Others stopped wanting to eat, as their sense of taste disappeared. […] But it turns out that losing your sense of smell and taste can lead to serious problems. Changes in these senses can also point to underlying disease. […] Yes. These are very common disorders. Probably about 20% of adults are affected by a smell or taste disorder. […] There are many different types of causes. One that got a lot of attention over the last few years was viruses that affect the oral and nasal cavities. […] The primary impacts are around quality of life and enjoyment of daily activities. Eating and drinking are very social events. If food doesn’t taste right, and people don’t want to engage in those activities, it can be socially isolating.

• #62 How we lose our sense of smell, and how it’s treated

  https://stanmed.stanford.edu/sense-smell-health/

  According to one study, 40% to 76% of patients with smell loss also have depression. The more significant the smell impairment, the more severe the depression. […] Post-mortem studies of brains have found the plaques and tangles tied to dementia appear first in the olfactory system. Numerous studies now suggest that olfactory impairment may be the earliest detectable marker of neurodegenerative diseases. […] For smell loss to be a truly useful biomarker, however, we first need a better way to test for smell. […] Patel thinks there should be. With the help of a Stanford Biodesign Faculty Fellowship, she is developing a device that could measure and record the activity of olfactory neurons. The handheld instrument with a malleable probe would be inserted (with local anesthesia) into the nose to reach the olfactory epithelium. The measured electrical activity indicates the severity of smell loss.

• #63 Lost or changed sense of smell

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lost-or-changed-sense-smell/

  Your sense of smell may go back to normal in a few weeks or months. […] Treating the cause might help. For example, steroid nasal sprays or drops might help if you have sinusitis or nasal polyps. […] Sometimes changes in sense of smell cannot be treated and may be permanent. […] A treatment called smell training can help some people. […] If you have lost your sense of smell, you may not be able to smell things like gas leaks, fires and food that’s gone off.

• #64 Lost or changed sense of smell | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/lost-or-changed-sense-smell

  A change in your sense of smell can be unpleasant and affect how things taste. But it isn’t usually serious and may get better in a few weeks or months. See your GP if your sense of smell doesn’t go back to normal in a few weeks. […] You should see your GP if your sense of smell doesn’t go back to normal in a few weeks. […] They’ll check for any obvious causes, such as sinusitis or nasal polyps. […] They may refer you to a specialist for tests if they’re not sure what the problem is. […] Your sense of smell may go back to normal in a few weeks or months. […] Treating the cause might help. For example, steroid nasal sprays or drops might help if you have sinusitis or nasal polyps. […] A treatment called „smell training” can also help some people. […] Sometimes changes in sense of smell can’t be treated and may be permanent. […] If you’ve lost your sense of smell, you may not be able to smell things like gas leaks, fires and food that has gone off.

• #65 Lost or changed sense of smell

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/lost-or-changed-sense-of-smell/

  A change in your sense of smell can be unpleasant and affect how things taste. But it is not usually serious and may get better in a few weeks or months. […] Changes in sense of smell are most often caused by: a cold or flu, sinusitis (sinus infection), an allergy, such as hay fever, growths in your nose (nasal polyps), COVID-19 (coronavirus). […] These can cause: loss of smell (anosmia), smelling things that are not there (phantosmia), like smoke or burnt toast, reduced sense of smell (hyposmia), your sense of smell to change (parosmia). […] Your sense of smell may go back to normal in a few weeks or months. […] Treating the cause might help. For example, steroid nasal sprays or drops might help if you have sinusitis or nasal polyps. […] Sometimes changes in sense of smell cannot be treated and may be permanent. […] If you have lost your sense of smell, you may not be able to smell things like gas leaks, fires and food that has gone off.

• #66 Hyposmia and Anosmia – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/hyposmia-anosmia/

  After looking for the cause, your ENT specialist may decide to treat a nasal inflammation or obstruction. […] Treatment for permanent loss of smell includes environmental safety recommendations and proper chemical detectors (gas and carbon monoxide) in the home. […] Why did my sense of smell change? […] What lab or radiology tests do you recommend? […] What medications can I take to try to improve or recover my sense of smell? […] Could I have chronic sinusitis? […] Is my hyposmia or anosmia related to other possible conditions?

• #67 Assessment of olfactory loss – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/550

  Olfactory loss may occur as a sensorineural loss, following degenerative changes in the olfactory neuronal receptors or neuroepithelium in the olfactory cleft. […] Patients may present complaining of both smell and taste loss, or isolated taste loss, but on investigation their taste function is intact. […] For patients with olfactory loss due to an inflammatory process, reducing inflammation and obstruction in the nasal vault can effectively restore the ability to smell. […] Unfortunately, in most cases of olfactory loss, no specific therapy is available. […] Studies suggest prognosis relates more to the severity of the initial loss (as confirmed on objective olfactory testing), the age and sex of the patient, smoking, and the presence of dysosmia, than to the aetiology of sensorineural loss.

• #68 Smell and Taste Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1215/p852.html

  Improvement in ability to smell occurs in one-third to one-half of patients over time, often over many months or years. Factors that make improvement less likely include more severe loss of smell, longer duration of symptoms, advanced age at onset (especially patients older than 75 years), and smoking. […] Physicians should refer patients to a smell and taste disorder center or to an otolaryngologist if the patient’s quality of life is significantly impaired by a persistent olfactory or gustatory disorder that has no easily treatable cause, such as sinonasal, oral, or dental disease or removal of an implicated medication or toxin.

• #69 Assessment of olfactory loss – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/550

  Olfactory loss may occur as a sensorineural loss, following degenerative changes in the olfactory neuronal receptors or neuroepithelium in the olfactory cleft. […] Patients may present complaining of both smell and taste loss, or isolated taste loss, but on investigation their taste function is intact. […] For patients with olfactory loss due to an inflammatory process, reducing inflammation and obstruction in the nasal vault can effectively restore the ability to smell. […] Unfortunately, in most cases of olfactory loss, no specific therapy is available. […] Studies suggest prognosis relates more to the severity of the initial loss (as confirmed on objective olfactory testing), the age and sex of the patient, smoking, and the presence of dysosmia, than to the aetiology of sensorineural loss.

• #70 Smell and Taste Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1215/p852.html

  Improvement in ability to smell occurs in one-third to one-half of patients over time, often over many months or years. Factors that make improvement less likely include more severe loss of smell, longer duration of symptoms, advanced age at onset (especially patients older than 75 years), and smoking. […] Physicians should refer patients to a smell and taste disorder center or to an otolaryngologist if the patient’s quality of life is significantly impaired by a persistent olfactory or gustatory disorder that has no easily treatable cause, such as sinonasal, oral, or dental disease or removal of an implicated medication or toxin.

• #71 Smell and Taste Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1215/p852.html

  Improvement in ability to smell occurs in one-third to one-half of patients over time, often over many months or years. Factors that make improvement less likely include more severe loss of smell, longer duration of symptoms, advanced age at onset (especially patients older than 75 years), and smoking. […] Physicians should refer patients to a smell and taste disorder center or to an otolaryngologist if the patient’s quality of life is significantly impaired by a persistent olfactory or gustatory disorder that has no easily treatable cause, such as sinonasal, oral, or dental disease or removal of an implicated medication or toxin.

• #72 Lost or changed sense of smell

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lost-or-changed-sense-smell/

  Your sense of smell may go back to normal in a few weeks or months. […] Treating the cause might help. For example, steroid nasal sprays or drops might help if you have sinusitis or nasal polyps. […] Sometimes changes in sense of smell cannot be treated and may be permanent. […] A treatment called smell training can help some people. […] If you have lost your sense of smell, you may not be able to smell things like gas leaks, fires and food that’s gone off.

• #73 Smell (Olfactory) Disorders—Anosmia, Phantosmia & Others | NIDCD

  https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/smell-disorders

  People who have a smell disorder either have a decrease in their ability to smell or changes in the way they perceive odors. […] An accurate assessment of a smell disorder will include, among other things, a physical examination of the ears, nose, and throat; a review of your health history, such as exposure to toxic chemicals or injury; and a smell test supervised by a health care professional. […] Diagnosis by a doctor is important to identify and treat the underlying cause of a potential smell disorder. […] If your problem is caused by medications, talk to your doctor to see if lowering the dosage or changing the medicine could reduce its effect on your sense of smell. […] If nasal obstructions such as polyps are restricting the airflow in your nose, you might need surgery to remove them and restore your sense of smell.

• #74 Smell and Taste Loss | Mass Eye and Ear

  https://masseyeandear.org/conditions/smell-taste-loss

  Smell loss happens when there is a blockage of airflow getting to the nerves responsible for detecting odors, direct damage to the nerves, or direct damage to the areas of the brain where the sense of smell is processed. […] In many cases, the cause of taste loss is unknown. The ability to treat taste loss depends on the ability to identify the cause. Your physician will evaluate the smell/taste loss through an extensive discussion of your history and by an endoscopic examination of your nasal cavity. A smell test may also be performed. If smell loss is ruled out, we administer a taste test. Depending on the results, further testing such as an MRI or CT scan may be needed. […] Unfortunately, there are not many therapies available to patients with smell loss. If infection is the underlying cause, it can be treated with antibiotic or antifungal medications. In cases where the smell loss is caused by sinus disease, medication or surgery may be helpful. Oral steroids might also help in treating certain forms of smell loss, but they may only provide a short-term benefit.

• #75 Smell and Taste Loss | Mass Eye and Ear

  https://masseyeandear.org/conditions/smell-taste-loss

  A recently described therapy has shown some benefit in people with smell loss that does not involve medication. This technique, known as olfactory training, involves repetitive smelling of four odors, twice-a-day for at least three months and has provided improvement in some patients with diminished ability to smell.

• #76 Anosmia Diagnosis and Treatment – Monell Chemical Senses Center

  https://monell.org/anosmia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  According to the US National Institutes of Health, there currently are no evidence-based preventive measures, interventions, or treatments available for anosmia. However, there now are a number of lines of evidence suggesting that regular, intermittent exposure to odors, with efforts to identify smells, can lead to improvements in olfaction. […] Those who have lost their smell can put together a set of four or five non-irritating odors (e.g., perfumes, coffee grounds, flavor extracts) and try to smell, discriminate and identify them a couple of times each day.

• #77 Loss of Smell | Parkinson’s Foundation

  https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/non-movement-symptoms/loss-of-smell

  Not all people with reduced sense of smell will go on to develop Parkinsons disease (PD), but most people with PD have some loss of their sense of smell. […] In fact, reduced sense of smell, called hyposmia, is often an early sign of Parkinsons. Looking back, you may realize you were losing your sense of smell several years, or even decades, before you received a Parkinsons diagnosis. […] Hyposmia is an under-recognized symptom, as it is not a common concern for doctors to ask about or for people with PD to report. Hyposmia can impact quality of life: our sense of taste is enhanced by our ability to smell, so hyposmia can lead to a reduced enjoyment of food and reduced appetite. If you or someone you know has trouble smelling foods like bananas, dill pickles or licorice, ask your doctor about Parkinsons. […] There are not any treatments for lost sense of smell. However, if reduced ability to smell is affecting your appetite and you find yourself gaining or losing weight, you may want to learn more about diet and nutrition.

• #78 When Do You Lose Your Sense of Smell and Taste With COVID-19?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/loss_of_sense_of_smell_and_taste_with_covid-19/article.htm

  COVID-19 symptoms of loss of smell and taste typically begin 4-5 days after other symptoms have appeared and may last 7-14 days. […] A study conducted on the evolution of symptoms of COVID-19 provided evidence that loss of smell or taste was one of the most frequent and persistent symptoms, with more than 1 out of 10 people reporting altered senses that persist even after all other symptoms have subsided. […] The exact cause of the loss of olfactory senses due to COVID-19 is unclear. However, it is believed that it may be caused by damage to the cells that send signals to the brain regarding smell and taste. […] Internationally recognized clinical tests are done to examine and diagnose any issues with olfactory senses. […] Most people recover their sense of smell and taste within a few weeks. According to one study, 72% of people who experienced this symptom following COVID-19 regained their sense of smell and taste after a month.

• #79 Why your returning sense of smell after COVID may feel strange

  https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/6/8/why-your-returning-sense-of-smell-after-covid-may-feel-strange

  The loss or change in ones sense of smell and taste has proven to be a more accurate indicator of a COVID-19 infection than even a fever and cough. […] COVID-19 is known to cause a number of smell disorders: Anosmia: the complete inability to detect odours. […] Parosmia: a change in the normal perception of odours, such as when the smell of something familiar is distorted, or when something that normally smells pleasant now smells foul, like faeces or sewage, for example. […] For most, smell returns to normal within two to four weeks after loss, but for some, it can take longer. Less than five percent of smell disorders resulting from COVID can last beyond six months. […] Inflammation caused by a COVID-19 infection is now thought to be responsible for the loss of smell rather than the virus itself.

• #80 Why your returning sense of smell after COVID may feel strange

  https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/6/8/why-your-returning-sense-of-smell-after-covid-may-feel-strange

  For those whose sense of smell does not return straight away, improvement can be slow, often involving a period of odours coming back as unrecognisable from previous experiences and even being described as rancid. […] The cause behind these changes is thought to be due to the unique regenerating capability of olfactory neurons, whereby new cells sprout and reconnect to the brain in a trial-and-error process. […] A recent study investigating the length of time it took for smell changes to correct themselves after participants had a COVID-19 infection varied from 10 days to three months. […] The findings of this study could help scientists better understand what chemical compounds trigger parosmia and, in turn, be used to develop diagnostics and therapies for this condition in the future.

• #81 Why your returning sense of smell after COVID may feel strange

  https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/6/8/why-your-returning-sense-of-smell-after-covid-may-feel-strange

  Experts now recommend smell retraining over corticosteroid use for olfactory recovery as it is inexpensive and not associated with any side effects. […] Olfactory retraining therapy involves sniffing different odours over a period of months to retrain the brain to recognise different smells. […] Previous studies have shown that smell retraining can help recover a persons sense of smell after other viral infections, such as the human parainfluenza virus, which commonly causes respiratory illness in children, or the cold-causing rhinovirus, which is why experts are recommending it with COVID-19 olfactory changes. […] As the world continues to learn how to adapt to the coronavirus pandemic, more research is needed to better understand the exact mechanism by which COVID-19 impacts our sense of smell and the routes by which it is best recovered.

• #82 How Do You Treat Parosmia or Loss of Smell? | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/all/2022/09/how-do-you-treat-parosmia-or-loss-of-smell

  So you’re right. There are not a lot of great evidence-based therapies to treat parosmia or olfactory dysfunction. One of the ones that we do have that actually has the most amount of evidence is something called olfactory retraining. […] There are a whole bunch, and we’re trying to figure out the best ones right now. […] I think that they’re a great thing to try. So salt-water irrigations, and intranasal corticosteroids sprays, things like fluticasone or mometasone, are very safe therapies in the nose. […] Yes. So there are a few things that I recommend to my patients when we see these types of problems. The most effective thing that you can do right now, if you’re struggling from parosmia, is actually lifestyle modifications. […] I mean, I’m biased because I’m a rhinologist. I’m a nose doctor. All I do and treat is the nose. […] When we’re thinking about why viral illnesses can cause an alteration in your sense of smell, the analogy that I like to use is that your sense of smell is like a piano.

• #83 Smell and Taste Disorders in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1215/p852.html

  Improvement in ability to smell occurs in one-third to one-half of patients over time, often over many months or years. Factors that make improvement less likely include more severe loss of smell, longer duration of symptoms, advanced age at onset (especially patients older than 75 years), and smoking. […] Physicians should refer patients to a smell and taste disorder center or to an otolaryngologist if the patient’s quality of life is significantly impaired by a persistent olfactory or gustatory disorder that has no easily treatable cause, such as sinonasal, oral, or dental disease or removal of an implicated medication or toxin.

• #84 An approach to olfactory impairments in the general practice setting

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/september/an-approach-to-olfactory-impairments

  If initial treatments are ineffective or the diagnosis is unclear, referral to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist would be appropriate as they can perform a nasoendoscopy and guide further investigation and management. […] Chronic olfactory impairment can be a disabling disease, and patients may require adaptive lifestyle counselling and psychosocial support.

• #85 Smell (Olfactory) Disorders—Anosmia, Phantosmia & Others | NIDCD

  https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/smell-disorders

  Some people recover their ability to smell when they recover from the illness causing their loss of smell. […] Some people recover their sense of smell spontaneously, for no obvious reason. […] A smell disorder can be an early sign of Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, or multiple sclerosis. […] If you are experiencing a smell disorder, talk with your doctor.

• #86

  https://www.boystownhospital.org/knowledge-center/loss-of-taste-and-smell-disorders

  The loss of taste or smell can result from a variety of conditions. COVID-19 certainly brought the conditions to light as it can be a symptom of the virus. However, there are other disorders that can cause those symptoms as well. […] When you visit an ear, nose and throat (ENT) doctor (also known as an otolaryngologist) to discuss a taste and smell disorder, they will first conduct a physical exam to make sure the loss is not simply caused by conditions in the nasal passageway. […] There are two categories of tests used to diagnose a taste and smell disorder. […] Diagnosis is dependent on successfully (or unsuccessfully) identifying the smells. […] If you have reduced or complete loss of taste and smell, please contact your primary care doctor. You may be referred to an ENT specialist for a more comprehensive evaluation.

• #87 Smell and Taste Disorders | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/smell-and-taste-disorders.html

  Losing your sense of smell or taste can significantly impact your quality of life. […] At Stanford Health Care, our smell disorder specialist uses advanced diagnostics and unmatched expertise to determine whats affecting your sense of smell. […] Numerous medical conditions, diseases, and other factors can lead to smell and taste disorders. […] Loss of smell can also be an early sign of some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons. […] Our experienced team works with experts across Stanford Health Care to deliver an accurate diagnosis and comprehensive care. […] We specialize in helping people with taste disorders that result from an impaired sense of smell. […] Our specialists use a comprehensive approach to determine the cause of smell disorders so we can make treatments more effective.

• #88 Smell and Taste Disorders | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/smell-and-taste-disorders.html

  We deliver the highest-quality care and personalized treatments while focusing on you as a whole person. […] We work closely with other Stanford Health Care specialists as needed to ensure you receive the most comprehensive care. […] If your doctor recommends surgery, our team is skilled at minimally invasive techniques using the latest technology. […] Our team pioneered a treatment that combines OT with steroid nasal rinses. […] We are committed to bringing you clinical trials that test new and better ways to diagnose, treat, and manage ENT conditions. […] Our health care providers work together to advance our approach to diagnosing and treating smell and taste disorders. […] Smell disorder specialists have extensive experience treating patients with smell disorders. […] Smell disorder specialists often work with neurologists to provide comprehensive care to patients who have smell disorders resulting from neurologic issues. […] Doctors at Stanford Health Care Ear, Nose, and Throat participate in research efforts to advance the understanding of smell disorders and their treatment.

• #89 Healthy aging

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/healthy-aging/expert-answers/loss-of-taste-and-smell/faq-20058455

  Some loss of taste and smell is natural with aging, especially after age 60. […] Loss of taste and smell can have a significant impact on quality of life. It often leads to decreased appetite and poor nutrition. It can sometimes contribute to depression. […] If you’re experiencing loss of taste and smell, see your health care provider. Some causes of impaired taste and smell are treatable. […] Most people who have loss of taste and smell associated with COVID-19 disease report seeing improvements in their symptoms in a few weeks. However, for some, loss of taste and smell may linger for months. […] If your symptoms don’t improve after treating the cause of your loss of taste and smell, your health care provider may recommend smell training therapy. […] If necessary, your health care provider might recommend consulting an allergist, an ear, nose and throat specialist (otolaryngologist), a neurologist, or other specialist.

• #90

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40136-022-00438-x

  A structured approach is required when assessing a patient presenting with olfactory dysfunction. A thorough history and nasal examination with endoscopy can reveal or exclude common aetiologies of olfactory dysfunction such as sinonasal inflammatory conditions, post-viral, or post-traumatic olfactory loss. […] It is well recognised that olfactory dysfunction can have an impact on a patients quality of life, and therefore, subjective assessment with validated questionnaires is important to assess this. […] The use of psychophysical testing is essential to measure olfactory function and guide prognosis and management with other investigation modalities being performed in the research setting. […] In apparent idiopathic cases, it is important to recognise other potential rare aetiologies with appropriate imaging and blood tests. […] The use of a core outcome set is essential in all future research in ODs to prevent heterogeneity between studies as well as reducing bias and ensuring clinical relevance.

• #91 An approach to olfactory impairments in the general practice setting

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/september/an-approach-to-olfactory-impairments

  Olfactory impairment is a common condition, particularly in the geriatric population, which can be underrecognised as a result of clinician and patient unfamiliarity. […] The aim of this article is to bring awareness to olfactory impairment, describe the common aetiologies and provide a framework for its diagnosis and management in the general practice setting, including advice about when to refer. […] A thorough history and examination can often elucidate the common causes, which include rhinosinusitis, upper respiratory tract viral illnesses and head trauma. […] Olfactory impairment is a common disorder that is underrecognised and underdiagnosed because of general unfamiliarity among clinicians and patients. […] Olfactory testing is usually not included in routine health examinations in general practice, with self-reported olfactory impairment being the usual presentation.

• #92 Comprehensive Guide to Olfactory Testing for Smell Disorders – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/comprehensive-guide-to-olfactory-testing-for-smell-disorders/

  Partial loss of smell, or hyposmia, is often associated with conditions like sinus infections, allergies, or the early stages of neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. Complete loss of smell, or anosmia, may result from more serious issues, including head injuries, advanced neurological conditions, or complications from viral infections like COVID-19. […] If your results suggest a more complex issue, your provider may refer you to a specialist, such as an otolaryngologist (ENT) or neurologist, for further evaluation. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for effectively managing smell disorders and improving your overall quality of life. […] Olfactory testing plays a crucial role in diagnosing and managing smell disorders, ranging from temporary conditions like sinus infections to more serious issues such as neurological diseases. This diagnostic approach helps pinpoint the underlying causes of smell loss, paving the way for timely and effective treatment.

• #93 Loss of Taste and Smell: Causes and Coping

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/loss-of-taste-and-smell-5213347

  Loss of taste and smell has come into the spotlight because it can be a symptom of COVID-19. […] If you experience loss of taste or smell, its important to get to the root cause of your olfactory or taste disorder. […] If you have lost your sense of taste and smell, you should visit an otolaryngologist, or ENT. […] An ENT will use tests to determine how severe your loss of smell or taste is, and whether particular odors or tastes are impacted more than others. […] Losing smell or taste might sound minor until you experience it. Smell and taste are both important for overall health. […] If you experience a loss of taste or smell, its important to talk with your healthcare professional. They can help you treat what is causing it and determine if you need further care.

• #94 Anosmia: Definition, symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-anosmia

  Improving health questionnaires may help doctors diagnose anosmia better. […] Diagnostic questionnaires may help identify more people with anosmia by asking both younger people and older adults about any changes they have experienced in their smelling ability and the presence of phantom scent sensations. […] The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) self-reported olfactory function index offers a reliable method to screen for anosmia. […] When deciding on the most appropriate treatment for a person living with anosmia, doctors must choose a therapy that matches the cause. […] Anyone who recognizes a loss of or change in their sense of smell should contact a doctor. Depending on the cause of anosmia, doctors may select different treatments. […] Doctors have identified several causes of anosmia. Some causes can lead to permanent or temporary loss of smell. Choosing the most appropriate treatment requires an accurate diagnosis of the cause of anosmia.

Zobacz więcej