Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with covid-19: meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2021-069503

  Objective To clarify in patients with covid-19 the recovery rate of smell and taste, proportion with persistent dysfunction of smell and taste, and prognostic factors associated with recovery of smell and taste. […] Based on parametric cure modelling, persistent self-reported smell and taste dysfunction could develop in an estimated 5.6% (95% confidence interval 2.7% to 11.0%) and 4.4% (1.2% to 14.6%) of patients, respectively. […] A substantial proportion of patients with covid-19 might develop long lasting change in their sense of smell or taste. This could contribute to the growing burden of long covid. […] Based on meta-analysis of logit transformed Weibull non-mixture cure fractions, about 5.6% (95% confidence interval 2.7% to 11.0%) of patients might develop persistent dysfunction of smell.

• #2 Anosmia (Loss of Smell): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21859-anosmia-loss-of-sense-of-smell

  Anosmia is when you cant detect odors. Its usually a temporary side effect from a cold or sinus infection that goes away when your cold or sinus infection clears. But sometimes anosmia may be symptom of other, more serious medical issues like diabetes or traumatic brain injury. […] Often, anosmia is a side effect of many common medical issues. Youll be able to smell again once the underlying issue goes away. Rarely, people have congenital anosmia, for which theres no known cure. […] Anosmia means youve lost your sense of smell. Often, its a side effect of common medical issues like colds, seasonal allergies or polyps in your nose. Your sense of smell usually comes back once the underlying issue goes away or you receive treatment. Sometimes anosmia doesn’t go away. That’s when you should talk to a healthcare provider because it may be a symptom of serious medical conditions like diabetes or a brain injury.

• #3 Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with covid-19: meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9326326/

  To clarify in patients with covid-19 the recovery rate of smell and taste, proportion with persistent dysfunction of smell and taste, and prognostic factors associated with recovery of smell and taste. […] Based on parametric cure modelling, persistent self-reported smell and taste dysfunction could develop in an estimated 5.6% and 4.4% of patients, respectively. […] A substantial proportion of patients with covid-19 might develop long lasting change in their sense of smell or taste. […] Female sex was strongly associated with lower likelihood of recovery of smell and taste, and patients with greater initial severity of dysfunction and those with nasal congestion were less likely to recover their sense of smell. […] In this meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of time-to-event data from 3699 patients in 18 studies, we identified a major burden of long term self-reported smell and taste abnormalities, with about 5% of patients developing persistent dysfunction.

• #4 Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with covid-19: meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2021-069503

  Objective To clarify in patients with covid-19 the recovery rate of smell and taste, proportion with persistent dysfunction of smell and taste, and prognostic factors associated with recovery of smell and taste. […] Based on parametric cure modelling, persistent self-reported smell and taste dysfunction could develop in an estimated 5.6% (95% confidence interval 2.7% to 11.0%) and 4.4% (1.2% to 14.6%) of patients, respectively. […] A substantial proportion of patients with covid-19 might develop long lasting change in their sense of smell or taste. This could contribute to the growing burden of long covid. […] Based on meta-analysis of logit transformed Weibull non-mixture cure fractions, about 5.6% (95% confidence interval 2.7% to 11.0%) of patients might develop persistent dysfunction of smell.

• #5 Unlocking the Secrets: Predictive Risk Factors for Lon…

  https://otorhinolaryngologypl.com/seo/article/01.3001.0054.7523/en

  The following risk factors show significant differences in the prognosis of olfactory loss: older age, long duration of loss, smoking, presence of comorbidities, low socioeconomic status, and increased severity of COVID-19. These factors may be important predictors of the persistence of olfactory loss. […] A substantial proportion of patients suffer from prolonged or even permanent loss of smell, with about one-third of patients suffering for more than 6 months. […] The ability to predict this health problem can significantly impact clinical decision-making, as early identification of symptoms can facilitate timely intervention, improve patient outcomes and contribute to more precise and efficient COVID-19 management strategies. […] Patients with a shorter duration of olfactory loss (≤3 months) are more likely to show improvement compared to those with a longer duration (≥4 months). This highlights the importance of the duration of olfactory loss as a prognostic factor, with shorter durations associated with better recovery outcomes.

• #6 Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with covid-19: meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2021-069503

  Objective To clarify in patients with covid-19 the recovery rate of smell and taste, proportion with persistent dysfunction of smell and taste, and prognostic factors associated with recovery of smell and taste. […] Based on parametric cure modelling, persistent self-reported smell and taste dysfunction could develop in an estimated 5.6% (95% confidence interval 2.7% to 11.0%) and 4.4% (1.2% to 14.6%) of patients, respectively. […] A substantial proportion of patients with covid-19 might develop long lasting change in their sense of smell or taste. This could contribute to the growing burden of long covid. […] Based on meta-analysis of logit transformed Weibull non-mixture cure fractions, about 5.6% (95% confidence interval 2.7% to 11.0%) of patients might develop persistent dysfunction of smell.

• #7 Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with covid-19: meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2021-069503

  Objective To clarify in patients with covid-19 the recovery rate of smell and taste, proportion with persistent dysfunction of smell and taste, and prognostic factors associated with recovery of smell and taste. […] Based on parametric cure modelling, persistent self-reported smell and taste dysfunction could develop in an estimated 5.6% (95% confidence interval 2.7% to 11.0%) and 4.4% (1.2% to 14.6%) of patients, respectively. […] A substantial proportion of patients with covid-19 might develop long lasting change in their sense of smell or taste. This could contribute to the growing burden of long covid. […] Based on meta-analysis of logit transformed Weibull non-mixture cure fractions, about 5.6% (95% confidence interval 2.7% to 11.0%) of patients might develop persistent dysfunction of smell.

• #8 Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with covid-19: meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2021-069503

  Based on random effects meta-analysis of logit transformed Weibull non-mixture cure fractions, about 4.4% (95% confidence interval 1.2% to 14.6%) of patients might develop persistent taste dysfunction. […] Female sex was strongly associated with lower likelihood of recovery of smell (odds ratio 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.37 to 0.72) and taste (0.31, 0.13 to 0.72). […] Greater severity of smell dysfunction was associated with lower likelihood of smell recovery (0.48, 0.31 to 0.73) but not of taste recovery. […] Nasal congestion was associated with lower likelihood of smell recovery (0.42, 0.18 to 0.97).

• #9 Unlocking the Secrets: Predictive Risk Factors for Lon…

  https://otorhinolaryngologypl.com/seo/article/01.3001.0054.7523/en

  The following risk factors show significant differences in the prognosis of olfactory loss: older age, long duration of loss, smoking, presence of comorbidities, low socioeconomic status, and increased severity of COVID-19. These factors may be important predictors of the persistence of olfactory loss. […] A substantial proportion of patients suffer from prolonged or even permanent loss of smell, with about one-third of patients suffering for more than 6 months. […] The ability to predict this health problem can significantly impact clinical decision-making, as early identification of symptoms can facilitate timely intervention, improve patient outcomes and contribute to more precise and efficient COVID-19 management strategies. […] Patients with a shorter duration of olfactory loss (≤3 months) are more likely to show improvement compared to those with a longer duration (≥4 months). This highlights the importance of the duration of olfactory loss as a prognostic factor, with shorter durations associated with better recovery outcomes.

• #10 Unlocking the Secrets: Predictive Risk Factors for Lon…

  https://otorhinolaryngologypl.com/seo/article/01.3001.0054.7523/en

  The following risk factors show significant differences in the prognosis of olfactory loss: older age, long duration of loss, smoking, presence of comorbidities, low socioeconomic status, and increased severity of COVID-19. These factors may be important predictors of the persistence of olfactory loss. […] A substantial proportion of patients suffer from prolonged or even permanent loss of smell, with about one-third of patients suffering for more than 6 months. […] The ability to predict this health problem can significantly impact clinical decision-making, as early identification of symptoms can facilitate timely intervention, improve patient outcomes and contribute to more precise and efficient COVID-19 management strategies. […] Patients with a shorter duration of olfactory loss (≤3 months) are more likely to show improvement compared to those with a longer duration (≥4 months). This highlights the importance of the duration of olfactory loss as a prognostic factor, with shorter durations associated with better recovery outcomes.

• #11 Unlocking the Secrets: Predictive Risk Factors for Lon…

  https://otorhinolaryngologypl.com/seo/article/01.3001.0054.7523/en

  The association of comorbidities worsens the recovery rate of olfactory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 and may lead to a prolonged course. […] A significant difference is observed, suggesting that patients with middle-high socioeconomic status were more likely to see improvement compared to those with low socioeconomic status. […] Despite the aforementioned findings, there are several limitations to the study. The study’s findings may be limited by the sample size and the specific characteristics of the population studied. Larger studies with diverse populations are needed to ensure the generalizability of the results.

• #12 The loss of the sense of smell predicts a good prognosis in COVID-19 | Office for the Transfer of Research Results

  https://www.ucm.es/otrien/the-loss-of-the-sense-of-smell-predicts-a-good-prognosis-in-covid-19

  The loss of the sense of smell predicts a good prognosis in COVID-19. […] Patients who lose the sense of smell during COVID-19 have a better disease prognosis, according to an international study led by the University Complutense of Madrid (UCM). […] Through a multicenter study of the largest sample so far (5868 hospitalized patients), the researchers confirmed their suspicions in the journal Infection: anosmia can act as a factor for a good prognosis in COVID-19. […] In addition to concluding that anosmia is a factor for a good prognosis, the researchers also determined that olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was more common in women (12.41% vs. 8.67%), in individuals younger than 65 years and in patients with kidney, lung, heart, neurological or oncologic conditions. […] The results on one of the earliest symptoms of the coronavirus can serve as a criterion when classifying patients or making therapeutic decisions. […] We could develop complication risk indices, which is of interest when observing, treating or assessing the discharge of these patients.

• #13

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12272-021-01344-4

  Anecdotal evidence suggests that the severity of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is likely to be distinguished by variations in loss of smell (LOS). […] Severely ill or hospitalized COVID-19 patients have a lesser chance of experiencing LOS than non-severely ill or non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients (odds ratio=0.527 [95% CI 0.3730.744; p0.001] and 0.283 [95% CI 0.1730.462; p0.001], respectively). […] Since severely ill patients have a lower rate of anosmia, patients without anosmia should be monitored more closely in the early stages of COVID-19, for early diagnosis of severity of illness. […] Our objective was to examine the association between COVID-19 severity and loss of smell (LOS) in patients with COVID-19.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12272-021-01344-4

  Anecdotal evidence suggests that the severity of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is likely to be distinguished by variations in loss of smell (LOS). […] Severely ill or hospitalized COVID-19 patients have a lesser chance of experiencing LOS than non-severely ill or non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients (odds ratio=0.527 [95% CI 0.3730.744; p0.001] and 0.283 [95% CI 0.1730.462; p0.001], respectively). […] Since severely ill patients have a lower rate of anosmia, patients without anosmia should be monitored more closely in the early stages of COVID-19, for early diagnosis of severity of illness. […] Our objective was to examine the association between COVID-19 severity and loss of smell (LOS) in patients with COVID-19.

• #15

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12272-021-01344-4

  The association between COVID-19 severity and smell disorder was statistically significant with an OR of 0.527 (95% CI 0.3730.744; p0.001), suggesting that loss of smell was less frequent in severely ill patients. […] Our study shows that severely ill or hospitalized COVID-19 patients are less likely to develop anosmia than non-severely ill or non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241101/Can-olfactory-loss-predict-disease-Study-ties-loss-of-smell-to-139-health-conditions.aspx

  Olfactory dysfunction is linked with 139 medical conditions, including genetic or hereditary, physical, and neurological conditions. […] In many cases, olfactory loss may appear before symptoms of the conditions are experienced. This indicates that loss of smell could predict future cognitive declines and even mortality. […] Longitudinal studies show COVID-19-related olfactory loss predicts damage in memory-related brain regions, linked COVID-19 to cognitive decline and increased risk of Alzheimers disease. […] Olfactory dysfunction is linked to at least 139 medical conditions. Often, olfactory loss appears before the medical conditions symptoms, suggesting it may increase vulnerability to these conditions and can predict memory decline and increased risk of mortality.

• #17 Decreased ability to identify odors can predict death – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/news/2014/october/decreased-ability-to-identify-odors-can-predict-death

  Decreased ability to identify odors can predict death […] For older adults, being unable to identify scents is a strong predictor of death within five years, according to a study published October 1, 2014, in the journal PLOS ONE. […] The hazards of smell loss were „strikingly robust,” the researchers note, above and beyond most chronic diseases. Olfactory dysfunction was better at predicting mortality than a diagnosis of heart failure, cancer or lung disease. […] For those already at high risk, lacking a sense of smell more than doubled the probability of death. […] „We think loss of the sense of smell is like the canary in the coal mine,” said the study’s lead author Jayant M. Pinto, MD, an associate professor of surgery at the University of Chicago who specializes in the genetics and treatment of olfactory and sinus disease.

• #18

  https://www.bbc.com/news/health-29441323

  Measuring people’s sense of smell in later life could help doctors predict how likely they are to be alive in five years’ time, a PLOS One study suggests. […] Scientists say the loss of smell sense does not cause death directly, but may be an early warning sign. […] Five years later some 39% of adults who had the lowest scores (4-5 errors) had passed away, compared with 19% with moderate smell loss and just 10% with a healthy sense of smell (0-1 errors). […] And despite taking issues such as age, nutrition, smoking habits, poverty and overall health into account, researchers found those with the poorest sense of smell were still at greatest risk. […] Lead scientist, Prof Jayant Pinto, said: „We think loss of the sense of smell is like the canary in the coal mine. […] „It doesn’t directly cause death, but it is a harbinger, an early warning system that shows damage may have been done.

• #19

  https://www.bbc.com/news/health-29441323

  Exactly how smell loss contributes to lifespan remains unclear, but the researchers put forward a number of possible reasons behind the link. […] They say a reduced ability to sniff out odours could signal less regeneration or repair of cells in the body overall, as a healthy sense of smell depends partly on a continual turnover of cells that line the nose. […] Prof Pinto added: „The sense of smell is a little underappreciated – it plays a very important part in everyday life. […] „But we don’t want people to panic. A bad cold, allergies, and sinus problems, can all affect your sense of smell. […] „People shouldn’t be too worried, but if problems persist they should speak to their physicians. […] „This well-conducted study suggests the sense of smell is intimately linked to health and wellbeing.

• #20 Decreased ability to identify odors can predict death – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/news/2014/october/decreased-ability-to-identify-odors-can-predict-death

  When the researchers adjusted for demographic variables such as age, gender, socioeconomic status (as measured by education or assets), overall health, and race, those with greater smell loss when first tested were substantially more likely to have died five years later. Even mild smell loss was associated with greater risk. […] „This evolutionarily ancient special sense may signal a key mechanism that affects human longevity,” noted McClintock, the David Lee Shillinglaw Distinguished Service Professor of Psychology, who has studied olfactory and pheromonal communication throughout her career. […] Precisely how smell loss contributes to mortality is unclear. „Obviously, people don’t die just because their olfactory system is damaged,” McClintock said. […] McClintock noted that the olfactory system also has stem cells which self-regenerate, so „a decrease in the ability to smell may signal a decrease in the body’s ability to rebuild key components that are declining with age and lead to all-cause mortality.”

• #21 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241101/Can-olfactory-loss-predict-disease-Study-ties-loss-of-smell-to-139-health-conditions.aspx

  Olfactory dysfunction is linked with 139 medical conditions, including genetic or hereditary, physical, and neurological conditions. […] In many cases, olfactory loss may appear before symptoms of the conditions are experienced. This indicates that loss of smell could predict future cognitive declines and even mortality. […] Longitudinal studies show COVID-19-related olfactory loss predicts damage in memory-related brain regions, linked COVID-19 to cognitive decline and increased risk of Alzheimers disease. […] Olfactory dysfunction is linked to at least 139 medical conditions. Often, olfactory loss appears before the medical conditions symptoms, suggesting it may increase vulnerability to these conditions and can predict memory decline and increased risk of mortality.

• #22 The loss of the sense of smell predicts a good prognosis in COVID-19 | Office for the Transfer of Research Results

  https://www.ucm.es/otrien/the-loss-of-the-sense-of-smell-predicts-a-good-prognosis-in-covid-19

  The loss of the sense of smell predicts a good prognosis in COVID-19. […] Patients who lose the sense of smell during COVID-19 have a better disease prognosis, according to an international study led by the University Complutense of Madrid (UCM). […] Through a multicenter study of the largest sample so far (5868 hospitalized patients), the researchers confirmed their suspicions in the journal Infection: anosmia can act as a factor for a good prognosis in COVID-19. […] In addition to concluding that anosmia is a factor for a good prognosis, the researchers also determined that olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was more common in women (12.41% vs. 8.67%), in individuals younger than 65 years and in patients with kidney, lung, heart, neurological or oncologic conditions. […] The results on one of the earliest symptoms of the coronavirus can serve as a criterion when classifying patients or making therapeutic decisions. […] We could develop complication risk indices, which is of interest when observing, treating or assessing the discharge of these patients.

• #23 Unlocking the Secrets: Predictive Risk Factors for Lon…

  https://otorhinolaryngologypl.com/seo/article/01.3001.0054.7523/en

  The following risk factors show significant differences in the prognosis of olfactory loss: older age, long duration of loss, smoking, presence of comorbidities, low socioeconomic status, and increased severity of COVID-19. These factors may be important predictors of the persistence of olfactory loss. […] A substantial proportion of patients suffer from prolonged or even permanent loss of smell, with about one-third of patients suffering for more than 6 months. […] The ability to predict this health problem can significantly impact clinical decision-making, as early identification of symptoms can facilitate timely intervention, improve patient outcomes and contribute to more precise and efficient COVID-19 management strategies. […] Patients with a shorter duration of olfactory loss (≤3 months) are more likely to show improvement compared to those with a longer duration (≥4 months). This highlights the importance of the duration of olfactory loss as a prognostic factor, with shorter durations associated with better recovery outcomes.

• #24

  https://www.bbc.com/news/health-29441323

  Exactly how smell loss contributes to lifespan remains unclear, but the researchers put forward a number of possible reasons behind the link. […] They say a reduced ability to sniff out odours could signal less regeneration or repair of cells in the body overall, as a healthy sense of smell depends partly on a continual turnover of cells that line the nose. […] Prof Pinto added: „The sense of smell is a little underappreciated – it plays a very important part in everyday life. […] „But we don’t want people to panic. A bad cold, allergies, and sinus problems, can all affect your sense of smell. […] „People shouldn’t be too worried, but if problems persist they should speak to their physicians. […] „This well-conducted study suggests the sense of smell is intimately linked to health and wellbeing.

• #25

  https://www.bbc.com/news/health-29441323

  Exactly how smell loss contributes to lifespan remains unclear, but the researchers put forward a number of possible reasons behind the link. […] They say a reduced ability to sniff out odours could signal less regeneration or repair of cells in the body overall, as a healthy sense of smell depends partly on a continual turnover of cells that line the nose. […] Prof Pinto added: „The sense of smell is a little underappreciated – it plays a very important part in everyday life. […] „But we don’t want people to panic. A bad cold, allergies, and sinus problems, can all affect your sense of smell. […] „People shouldn’t be too worried, but if problems persist they should speak to their physicians. […] „This well-conducted study suggests the sense of smell is intimately linked to health and wellbeing.

• #26 Anosmia (Loss of Smell): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21859-anosmia-loss-of-sense-of-smell

  Anosmia is when you cant detect odors. Its usually a temporary side effect from a cold or sinus infection that goes away when your cold or sinus infection clears. But sometimes anosmia may be symptom of other, more serious medical issues like diabetes or traumatic brain injury. […] Often, anosmia is a side effect of many common medical issues. Youll be able to smell again once the underlying issue goes away. Rarely, people have congenital anosmia, for which theres no known cure. […] Anosmia means youve lost your sense of smell. Often, its a side effect of common medical issues like colds, seasonal allergies or polyps in your nose. Your sense of smell usually comes back once the underlying issue goes away or you receive treatment. Sometimes anosmia doesn’t go away. That’s when you should talk to a healthcare provider because it may be a symptom of serious medical conditions like diabetes or a brain injury.

• #27 Unlocking the Secrets: Predictive Risk Factors for Lon…

  https://otorhinolaryngologypl.com/seo/article/01.3001.0054.7523/en

  The association of comorbidities worsens the recovery rate of olfactory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 and may lead to a prolonged course. […] A significant difference is observed, suggesting that patients with middle-high socioeconomic status were more likely to see improvement compared to those with low socioeconomic status. […] Despite the aforementioned findings, there are several limitations to the study. The study’s findings may be limited by the sample size and the specific characteristics of the population studied. Larger studies with diverse populations are needed to ensure the generalizability of the results.

• #28 Decreased ability to identify odors can predict death – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/news/2014/october/decreased-ability-to-identify-odors-can-predict-death

  When the researchers adjusted for demographic variables such as age, gender, socioeconomic status (as measured by education or assets), overall health, and race, those with greater smell loss when first tested were substantially more likely to have died five years later. Even mild smell loss was associated with greater risk. […] „This evolutionarily ancient special sense may signal a key mechanism that affects human longevity,” noted McClintock, the David Lee Shillinglaw Distinguished Service Professor of Psychology, who has studied olfactory and pheromonal communication throughout her career. […] Precisely how smell loss contributes to mortality is unclear. „Obviously, people don’t die just because their olfactory system is damaged,” McClintock said. […] McClintock noted that the olfactory system also has stem cells which self-regenerate, so „a decrease in the ability to smell may signal a decrease in the body’s ability to rebuild key components that are declining with age and lead to all-cause mortality.”

• #29

  https://www.bbc.com/news/health-29441323

  Exactly how smell loss contributes to lifespan remains unclear, but the researchers put forward a number of possible reasons behind the link. […] They say a reduced ability to sniff out odours could signal less regeneration or repair of cells in the body overall, as a healthy sense of smell depends partly on a continual turnover of cells that line the nose. […] Prof Pinto added: „The sense of smell is a little underappreciated – it plays a very important part in everyday life. […] „But we don’t want people to panic. A bad cold, allergies, and sinus problems, can all affect your sense of smell. […] „People shouldn’t be too worried, but if problems persist they should speak to their physicians. […] „This well-conducted study suggests the sense of smell is intimately linked to health and wellbeing.

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