Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Quick Statistics About Taste and Smell | NIDCD

  https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/statistics/quick-statistics-taste-smell

  Nearly 1 in 4 Americans (or 23%) over the age of 40 reports some alteration in their sense of smell. Rates increase in older populations and are highest for those over 80 years old, at 32%. Risk factors include sinonasal symptoms (of the nose and sinuses), heavy drinking, previous loss of consciousness from head injury, poverty, and dry mouth. […] Approximately 1 in 8 Americans over age 40 (up to 13.3 million people, or 12.4% of the population) has measurable smell dysfunction. Approximately 3% of Americans have anosmia (no sense of smell) or severe hyposmia (minimal sense of smell). The prevalence of any type of smell impairment increases with age: 4% in Americans ages 40-49, 11% in Americans ages 50-59, 13% in Americans ages 60-69, 25% in Americans 70-79, and 39% in Americans ages 80 and above. The prevalence of smell impairment is higher in men, ethnic minorities (non-Hispanic Black and Mexican American), and in those with lower educational attainment and/or family income.

• #2 The Epidemiology of Olfactory Disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6317880/

  The prevalence of olfactory disorders has been measured in several studies. The prevalence of self-reported smell loss varies between 1.4% and 15.3% across these studies. Based on objective olfactory assessment, population-based studies of olfactory loss indicate that the prevalence of smell dysfunction varies between 2.7 and 24.5% (depending on age range and other study differences). These data suggest that there is a relatively high prevalence of olfactory impairment. […] Essentially all studies show that the prevalence of decreased olfactory function increases very significantly with age. […] Like age, gender is a commonly identified risk factor for olfactory loss. Men are more likely to suffer from smell loss. […] Small-scale studies have shown that African-Americans had lower UPSIT scores and age- and gender-adjusted percentile rank scores compared with Caucasians.

• #3 Disorders of Taste and Smell: Introduction and Background, Anatomy and Physiology, Etiology of Smell and Taste Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/861242-overview

  A 2002 study showed that the prevalence of objective olfactory impairment in adults older than 53 years is 24.5% and grows more prevalent with age, reaching 62.5 % in those aged 80-97 years. […] Loss of smell and/or taste has been linked to inadequate nutritional intake, reduced social pleasure, and decreased psychological well-being. […] The NHANES study determined that smoking can be linked to greater risk of olfactory alteration. […] Various neuropsychiatric disorders (eg depression, seasonal affective disorder, bipolar disorder) have been linked to hyposmia. […] Degenerative processes of the central nervous system (eg, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease) and other neurologic diseases (Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease) have been associated with hyposmia.

• #4 Why your sense of smell is important to your health | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/why-your-sense-of-smell-is-important-to-your-health

  Losing the sense of smell is one of the symptoms associated with COVID-19, but many people live with a minimized or lost sense of smell from other causes too. […] According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), studies conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic found that one in eight adults (12%) older than 40 has measurable smell dysfunction. About 3% of Americans have anosmia (no sense of smell) or severe hyposmia (minimal sense of smell). […] A loss of smell can affect how you live and how you feel. No matter what level of impairment you experience, you’ll see the effects in many areas of your health, including: […] People with anosmia may feel disconnected, indifferent, anxious or depressed. Studies show that a loss of smell can negatively affect relationships and increase feelings of isolation. In people with olfactory dysfunction, symptoms of depression often worsen with the severity of smell loss.

• #5 Anosmia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmia

  Anosmia is a common symptom of COVID-19 and can persist as long COVID. […] In the United States, 3% of people aged over 40 are affected by anosmia. […] In 2012, smell was assessed in persons aged 40 years and older with rates of anosmia/severe hyposmia of 0.3% at age 40-49 rising to 14.1% at age 80+. Rates of hyposmia were much higher: 3.7% at age 40-49 and 25.9% at 80+. […] Chemosensory disturbances, including loss of smell or taste, are the predominant neurological symptom of COVID-19. […] Many countries list anosmia as an official COVID-19 symptom, and some have developed „smell tests” as potential screening tools. […] Studies have indicated that patients who presented with anosmia during the acute phase of COVID-19 are more likely to develop changes in decision-making, exhibiting more impulsive responses, which are associated with functional and structural brain changes.

• #6 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/j3t9sl/loss_of_smell_a_highly_specific_indicator_of/

  Loss of smell a highly specific indicator of Covid-19. 77.6% of 567 people with smell and/or taste loss had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; 39.8% had neither cough nor fever, and participants with loss of smell were 3 times more to have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, compared with those with loss of taste. […] Loss of smell a highly specific indicator of Covid-19. 77.6% of 567 people with smell and/or taste loss had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; 39.8% had neither cough nor fever, and participants with loss of smell were 3 times more to have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, compared with those with loss of taste.

• #7 Prevalence and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in COVID-19; how should dental practices apply diagnostic criteria? | BDJ In Practice

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41404-021-0652-4

  There is now abundant evidence that loss of sense of smell is one of the most common symptoms of COVID-19 infection and in some cases the only symptom. It is the best predictor of COVID-19 status of all the associated symptoms. A meta-analysis reveals that the overall prevalence of alteration of the sense of smell or taste following COVID-19 infection is 47%, ranging between 31% and 67% in severe and mild-to-moderate symptomatic patients, respectively. Patients typically report a sudden onset of profound loss in the absence of typical symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection, such as a blocked or runny nose. […] At six months, 41% reported having regained their sense of smell fully, while only 2% reported no improvement at all. Other studies looking at recovery rates also show progressive reduction in those reporting no improvement – at four weeks Boscolo-Rizzo et al. reported that 49% had recovered completely, 41% partially while 11% had noticed no improvement. […] This summary highlights that while screening for loss or alteration of sense of smell is an important marker for COVID-19 infection, patients may have persistent deficits more than six months after onset.

• #8 A Change in Smell After COVID-19 Infection: What You Need to Know | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2022/09/change-smell-after-covid-19-infection-what-you-need-know

  Some people experience a change to their taste and smell following COVID-19 infection, also known as parosmia (abnormal sense of smell), hyposmia (decreased sense of smell), and anosmia (loss of sense of smell). […] The loss or change of taste and smell during COVID-19 infection impacts about 50-75 percent of people. About 25-75 percent go on to develop parosmia in the recovery phase of COVID-19. […] The number of people reporting parosmia seems to be changing with COVID-19 variants over time. More cases of parosmia were reported at the beginning of the pandemic with the original SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] Patients usually improve slowly with time. About 65 percent of people with COVID-19-induced parosmia or hyposmia regain these senses by about 18 months, while 80-90 percent regain these senses by two years.

• #9 COVID-19 and loss of smell, taste – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/featured-topic/q-and-a-covid-19-and-loss-of-smell-taste

  Smell dysfunction is common and often the first symptom of a COVID-19 infection. Therefore, you should self-isolate and get tested for COVID-19 when you can. […] Smell dysfunction likely affects 50%–75% of people in the U.S. Most of the time taste also is affected since smell and taste work together to create flavor. […] The severity of symptoms is not predicted by the loss of smell. However, it is common for anosmia to be the first and only symptom. […] In most cases, smell dysfunction recovers quickly. However, it can take months. In a minority of cases, recovery can be incomplete with lasting impairment.

• #10 An alarming prevalence of smell, taste loss during COVID’s delta surge

  https://news.osu.edu/an-alarming-prevalence-of-smell-taste-loss-during-covids-delta-surge/

  The loss of smell and taste with a COVID-19 infection during the delta surge was a prevalent symptom and wasnt prevented by vaccination, new research suggests. […] Objective screenings found that 100% were experiencing a diminished or lost sense of smell but only 54.5% self-reported any problem with odor detection. […] Even if COVID doesnt cause death or hospitalization, it can have long-lasting effects on some of our sensory functions. […] This suggests the long-term impact on sensory function isnt captured by self-reporting. […] The diseases impact on smell and taste is underreported. This is a public health concern that there may potentially be some broader impacts of COVID-19 that we dont realize are there. […] Wed also like to enroll them in the surveillance component of the candy screening study to see if we can track their recovery over time as well.

• #11 What Covid-19-related smell loss reveals about how the mind works | STAT

  https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/14/covid-19-related-smell-loss-reveals-how-the-mind-works/

  Anosmia, the technical term for the once relatively unfamiliar loss of ones ability to smell, is now all too common. It has become a critical diagnostic marker of Covid-19. […] At least half or more of patients worldwide with confirmed Covid-19 were diagnosed with full-blown anosmia. Germany reported that more than 2 in 3 patients with confirmed Covid-19 had anosmia. Even more striking is that 98% of Covid-19 patients were exhibiting a variety of smell dysfunctions, including reduced olfactory abilities (hyposmia) in addition to complete anosmia. […] It is only when the sense of smell disappears that we suddenly realize weve lost an important texture of reality that is hard to describe, mainly because it is not always at the forefront of the conscious mind. What Covid-19 is making clear is the absurdity of that perspective.

• #12 Loss of smell and taste | Science for ME

  https://www.s4me.info/threads/loss-of-smell-and-taste.38741/

  Loss of smell/taste from drugs and infections often continues long after the cause has gone. My understanding too is that is often the case for Covid. […] COVID-19-associated olfactory loss is characterised by a rapid onset and improvement after a short time in about half of patients. However, in about 50% of patients, a reduction in olfaction can be measured even after three months. Olfactory function improves in most patients during the course of the disease, but in some patients limitations of the olfactory function can be measured even 6 months after the disease. […] From an epidemiological stand-point it will also be hard to separate loss of smell is quick to resolve after Covid but not in LC since all studies consider that someone that has loss of smell to be a LC patient. […] There have been some long-term follow-up papers for loss of smell and taste after Covid, for instance Long-Term Taste and Smell Outcomes After COVID-19 and in those loss of smell tends to be more persistent than loss of taste.

• #13

  https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/millions-still-sense-smell-test-covid-19-rcna40235

  Research shows 5% of people who had Covid are dealing with long-lasting loss of smell or taste, a shift one expert said could be considered „a new public health crisis.” […] About 5% of patients with confirmed cases of Covid-19 some 27 million people worldwide are estimated to have suffered a long-lasting loss of smell or taste, a new analysis suggests. […] Rates of recovery improved over time, but about 5% of people reported persistent dysfunction six months after their infection with Covid-19. […] The analysis suggests loss of smell and taste could be a prolonged concern that requires more research and health resources for patients struggling with long-term symptoms. […] Having these now millions more people worldwide with decreased ability to smell that may simply be a new public health crisis, Patel said.

• #14 Study: Long-term post-COVID altered sense of smell in healthcare workers common | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/study-long-term-post-covid-altered-sense-smell-healthcare-workers-common

  A new study based on 2,149 healthcare workers (HCWs) employed at Danderyd Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, shows that a significant proportion of those who contracted COVID-19 experienced lasting changes to taste and smell, with 45% reporting olfactory disorders 15 months after infection, and 24% still experiencing symptoms 2.5 years after infection. […] The authors found that 37% of the COVID-positive group suffered quantitative olfactory dysfunction, with 4 people exhibiting anosmia (loss of sense of smell), and 32 people exhibiting hyposmia, or decreased sense of smell. […] Overall, first-wave infections nearly doubled the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in the study population, from 20% to 36%, and increased the prevalence of any form of olfactory dysfunction by a full 41 percentage points compared to those without COVID. […] Perhaps even more striking, 24% of all tested COVID-19 survivors still experience parosmia 2.6 years after COVID-19 diagnosis. […] „Given the length of time, it is possible that these olfactory problems may not be fully reversible in a plurality of individuals.”

• #15 How an Italian Gastronomer Got Back His Sense of Smell After COVID-19

  https://www.eatingwell.com/longform/8002957/gastronomer-discovered-how-to-get-smell-loss-from-covid-back/

  „This study amazed me because it showed how smell and taste are functions we would never expect to lose, and when we do lose them, our vision of the world changes,” Parma said. […] According to Genovese, from the moment we are born, our brain registers every smell we stumble upon, and to make it stick more and codify it, our brain associates it with objects, memories and emotions: the time we fell in love, that time we took a nice trip and the memory of that much-loved relative, are all linked to smell memories. […] Crippa is openly sharing his data with researchers worldwide, hoping that others around the world will develop sensory boxes linked to their specific cultures. […] While there’s no guarantee that everyone who does olfactory training will regain their sense of smell, trying Crippa’s at-home training can be a break in the clouds for some. […] According to 2022 research published in JAMA OtolaryngologyHead Neck Surgery, almost 90% of people who reported dysfunctions in their sense of smell or taste due to COVID-19 fully regained normal function within two years.

• #16 When Do You Lose Your Sense of Smell and Taste With COVID-19?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/loss_of_sense_of_smell_and_taste_with_covid-19/article.htm

  Some people stated that their sense of smell changed and that odors were unpleasant or different from what they remembered. This condition of altered sense of smell is known as parosmia, which may persist for months. […] Several studies have reported that frequent short-term exposure to various scents can help people recover a sense of smell that was lost as a result of a viral infection. […] Loss of smell is more prominent in the Delta variant, although it may be observed in other COVID-19 strains. […] Other symptoms associated with COVID-19 include loss of taste and smell.

• #17 Loss of Taste and Smell COVID-19: Symptoms & Treatment | Ada Health

  https://ada.com/covid/covid-19-symptom-loss-of-taste-and-smell/

  A loss of smell or taste is a frequent symptom of COVID-19. […] The loss of smell or taste can persist as a symptom of long-COVID-19. […] A sudden loss of taste and smell is one of the earliest possible symptoms of an infection with the coronavirus and is estimated to be present in 53% of cases. […] The loss of taste and smell is less present in the Omicron variant. […] A loss of taste or smell caused by COVID-19 usually lasts about 8 days, although some cases last longer. […] A loss of taste and smell is not always due to COVID-19. […] In most cases, the loss of taste or smell returns on its own. […] COVID-19 can cause a loss of taste and smell at the early stage of the infection. […] Studies have shown that many people with COVID-19 experience a loss of taste and smell, often without other symptoms such as fever, cough, or difficulty breathing.

• #18 Smell and taste loss is no longer a reliable indicator of COVID 19 infection new research suggests | VCU Healthic_closeGroup

  https://www.vcuhealth.org/news/smell-and-taste-loss-is-no-longer-a-reliable-indicator-of-covid-19-infection-new-research-suggests/

  Smell and taste loss is no longer a reliable indicator of COVID-19 infection, new research suggests. […] The risk of losing your sense of smell and taste from the most recent COVID-19 omicron variants is only 6-7% of what it was during the early stages of the pandemic, according to a study led by researchers at Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of Medicine. […] Our data shows that smell and taste loss is no longer a reliable indicator of COVID-19 infection. This means that you can’t rule out COVID-19 if you are feeling sick but haven’t lost your sense of smell or taste. This also means that if you have lost your sense of smell or taste, it’s not a guarantee that it’s from a COVID-19 infection. […] While the risk of smell loss is far less prevalent than the initial waves of COVID-19, we are still seeing patients who have either completely lost or have a distorted sense of smell.

• #19 Longitudinal Association of COVID-19 Hospitalization and Death with Online Search for Loss of Smell or Taste – Volume 29, Number 8—August 2023 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/8/23-0071_article

  Surveillance of COVID-19 is challenging but critical for mitigating disease, particularly if predictive of future disease burden. We report a robust multiyear lead-lag association between internet search activity for loss of smell or taste and COVID-19associated hospitalization and deaths. These search data could help predict COVID-19 surges. […] We investigated a possible lead-lag relationship between Google searches for loss of smell and loss of taste and COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths. […] Early studies in the pandemic noted a correlation between Google Trends searches for loss of smell and taste and COVID-19 cases. This correlation occurred even before anosmia was publicly recognized as a COVID-19 symptom, underscoring the possibility that olfactory and gustatory symptoms are useful indicators for COVID-19 surveillance.

• #20 Longitudinal Association of COVID-19 Hospitalization and Death with Online Search for Loss of Smell or Taste – Volume 29, Number 8—August 2023 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/8/23-0071_article

  The analysis indicates the correlation is robust over 3 years and multiple variant waves and that loss of smell or taste might give officials a useful lead indicator of the risk for COVID-19associated hospitalizations and deaths. However, if this finding is to be used predictively, the persistence of this association would need to be closely tracked and monitored. […] Despite these caveats, this accessible metric should be considered as a public health predictor.

• #21 The Epidemiology of Olfactory Disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6317880/

  Although many small-scale studies focused on specialized patients, there are some common diseases that were analyzed in the main studies. […] Olfactory loss has been closely linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, including AD, Lewy body disease, and PD, epilepsy, stroke, phobia, and cognitive impairment, perhaps leading to central olfactory disorders. […] The study of incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for olfactory disorders in populations is important both for individuals and for the public at large. As with other sensory domains, age is a principal risk factor for smell impairment, although the precise risk factors that affect age-related loss of smell are not well characterized.

• #22 How your sense of smell predicts your overall health

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210302-how-your-sense-of-smell-predicts-your-overall-health

  Smell loss can have sinister origins beyond scuba diving, and in Smith’s case, that proved to be true. […] In today’s world, most would automatically attribute the loss of smell to Covid-19, but it is also a common symptom of neurodegenerative diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. […] Research has found that up to 38% of those suffering from Multiple Sclerosis while almost half of older adults diagnosed with dementia showed signs of smell loss five years earlier. […] In Parkinson’s disease 45-96% of patients show smell impairment. […] For years, smell loss or anosmia as it is also known has been largely ignored as a marker for diseases such as Parkinson’s, but now some scientists believe using it as a tool of diagnosis could come with big advantages.

• #23 How your sense of smell predicts your overall health

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210302-how-your-sense-of-smell-predicts-your-overall-health

  The pathology of diseases such as Parkinsons is present in the olfactory area of the brain long before other areas, and this is thought to be the reason why Smith lost his sense of smell 18 years before his first tremor. […] An accurate smell test might have identified his disease almost two decades before his official diagnosis, and that could potentially have given him much more time to slow the diseases progression. […] Several initiatives are now developing tests which could use smell to help diagnose neurodegenerative diseases. […] Around 19% of the population have some sort of olfactory dysfunction, with 0.3% losing their sense of smell entirely (anosmia) and 19.1% suffering from reduced ability to detect odours (hyposomia). […] Recent studies have found that smell loss may be linked to mental health conditions such as depression, schizophrenia and dystonia, a movement disorder in which a person’s muscles contract uncontrollably.

• #24 How we lose our sense of smell, and how it’s treated

  https://stanmed.stanford.edu/sense-smell-health/

  Among the human senses, smell — or more formally, olfaction — is often considered the most dispensable. But for people who’ve found themselves suddenly unable to smell — a more common predicament since the COVID-19 pandemic — the loss can be surprisingly, profoundly devastating. More than 1 in 5 Americans has experienced smell loss since the start of the pandemic. The surge has led to a closer look at the underdog sense and its intimate ties to brain health. Smell dysfunction is linked with depression and anxiety. A sudden loss of smell might be the earliest sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Parkinson’s, detectable long before any cognitive deficits appear. Nearly half of people with smell loss also experience phantosmia or parosmia. According to one study, 40% to 76% of patients with smell loss also have depression. The more significant the smell impairment, the more severe the depression. Post-mortem studies of brains have found the plaques and tangles tied to dementia appear first in the olfactory system. Numerous studies now suggest that olfactory impairment may be the earliest detectable marker of neurodegenerative diseases. For smell loss to be a truly useful biomarker, however, we first need a better way to test for smell.

• #25 Disorders of Taste and Smell: Introduction and Background, Anatomy and Physiology, Etiology of Smell and Taste Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/861242-overview

  The presence of olfactory dysfunction at the time of PD diagnosis increases the risk of developing dementia. […] A study by Singh et al of 774 TBI admissions found the overall incidence of anosmia to be 19.7%, with the rate of the condition in mild, moderate, and severe TBI being 9.55%, 20.01%, and 43.5%, respectively. […] Anosmia and dysgeusia are symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). […] A study by Speth et al of 103 patients with COVID-19 found the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction to be 61.2%, with the condition occurring on median infection day 3. […] Another study, a literature review by Aziz et al, indicated through pooled analysis that taste sensation is altered in almost 50% of patients with COVID-19, although it was suggested that, due to underreporting, the prevalence may be even higher.

• #26 Parkinson’s and smell | Parkinson’s UK

  https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/information-and-support/your-magazine/experts/parkinsons-and-smell

  Loss or reduction of smell (anosmia) is common in Parkinsons, with up to 95% of people experiencing it to some degree. […] It can be one of the earliest symptoms, and people often report experiencing loss of smell before they even have any difficulties with movement. […] There is debate about why people with Parkinsons experience it, but recent research has found that the part of the brain that processes smell the olfactory bulb was smaller in a group of people with Parkinsons. […] Loss of smell can affect people in different ways. […] In addition, loss of smell can affect your safety. For example, being unable to smell food burning. […] It does not respond to Parkinsons medication, so is unlikely to get better even with this treatment. […] Loss of smell is something of a hidden symptom, so talking to others and making them aware can help them to understand how you are affected.

• #27 Loss of Smell or Taste After Traumatic Brain Injury | MSKTC

  https://msktc.org/tbi/factsheets/loss-smell-or-taste-after-traumatic-brain-injury

  Inability to smell gas leaks, toxic fumes or chemicals, which can be harmful if undetected. […] The parts of the brain involved in smell and taste are close to parts of the brain that deal with other functions. If the areas of the brain that deal with taste and smell are injured, other nearby parts of the brain may also be injured. […] Recovery can happen. Research shows that 30% of affected people get better naturally over time. […] The chance of getting better over time is more likely if you have mild loss of sense of smell.

• #28 Disorders of Taste and Smell: Introduction and Background, Anatomy and Physiology, Etiology of Smell and Taste Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/861242-overview

  A 2002 study showed that the prevalence of objective olfactory impairment in adults older than 53 years is 24.5% and grows more prevalent with age, reaching 62.5 % in those aged 80-97 years. […] Loss of smell and/or taste has been linked to inadequate nutritional intake, reduced social pleasure, and decreased psychological well-being. […] The NHANES study determined that smoking can be linked to greater risk of olfactory alteration. […] Various neuropsychiatric disorders (eg depression, seasonal affective disorder, bipolar disorder) have been linked to hyposmia. […] Degenerative processes of the central nervous system (eg, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease) and other neurologic diseases (Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease) have been associated with hyposmia.

• #29 Anosmia (Loss of Smell): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21859-anosmia-loss-of-sense-of-smell

  Anosmia is when you cant detect odors. Its usually a temporary side effect from a cold or sinus infection that goes away when your cold or sinus infection clears. But sometimes anosmia may be symptom of other, more serious medical issues like diabetes or traumatic brain injury. […] In some cases, anosmia may be a symptom of other, more serious medical issues like a traumatic brain injury (TBI). […] Anosmia may be a side effect of many common medical issues, including conditions that block your nose or interfere with signals sent from your special scent cells to your brain. […] Rarely, people are born with anosmia, or congenital anosmia. That means theyll never be able to detect odors. About 1,000 people in the United States have congenital anosmia. […] Anosmia means youve lost your sense of smell. Often, its a side effect of common medical issues like colds, seasonal allergies or polyps in your nose. Your sense of smell usually comes back once the underlying issue goes away or you receive treatment. Sometimes anosmia doesn’t go away. That’s when you should talk to a healthcare provider because it may be a symptom of serious medical conditions like diabetes or a brain injury.

• #30 43% of respondents report feeling depressed after losing sense of smell or taste related to COVID-19 – VCU News – Virginia Commonwealth University

  https://news.vcu.edu/article/43_of_respondents_report_feeling_depressed_after_losing_sense

  A patient uses an inhaler. Loss of smell and taste, a common symptom of COVID-19, can take a toll on quality of life and safety for COVID-19 survivors, a new study researchers at VCU Health’s Smell and Tastes Disorders Center. […] The loss of smell or taste for COVID-19 survivors who experience those symptoms frequently leads to depression, a loss of appetite and a decreased enjoyment of life, according to an ongoing Virginia Commonwealth University study. […] In the study of quality of life and safety for those with loss of smell or taste related to COVID-19, 43% of participants reported feeling depressed. […] A VCU survey of 322 respondents shows the prevalence of quality of life issues for COVID-19 survivors with loss of smell or taste, with respondents reporting less enjoyment of food (87%), reduced enjoyment of life (56%) and weight loss (37%).

• #31 How an Italian Gastronomer Got Back His Sense of Smell After COVID-19

  https://www.eatingwell.com/longform/8002957/gastronomer-discovered-how-to-get-smell-loss-from-covid-back/

  According to Federica Genovese, a neuroscientist at Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia who’s studying the chemosensory effects of COVID-19, olfactory neurons are some of the few groups of neurons capable of cyclically regenerating throughout our lives. […] Those who have problems with their sense of smell because of long COVID-19 suffered from inflammation that caused neuronal damage to the cells that maintain the health of olfactory neurons. […] According to Valentina Parma, a psychologist at the Monell Chemical Senses Center, and chair of the Global Consortium for Chemosensory Research, having problems with the sense of smell can increase the risk of depression. A 2021 study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders Reports spotlighted how Reddit users affected by COVID-19-related smell and/or taste loss experienced a higher rate of suicidal thoughts than other people who had COVID-19 but didn’t experience sensory loss.

• #32 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Giving a Voice to Patients With Smell Disorders Associated With COVID-19: Cross-Sectional Longitudinal Analysis Using Natural Language Processing of Self-Reports

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e47064/

  The sentiment analysis revealed that long-haulers are more negative in tone, underscoring the socioemotional impact of smell disorders on the individual. […] Our work shows consistent findings with those of previous studies, which indicate that self-reports, which can easily be extracted online, may offer valuable information to health care and understanding of smell disorders.

• #33 Why your sense of smell is important to your health | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/why-your-sense-of-smell-is-important-to-your-health

  A loss of smell can leave you vulnerable to dangerous events such as fires and gas leaks. Typically, an odor of smoke or toxic fumes is the first warning of danger. Without that warning, the chance of safe escape and minimal exposure decreases. A 2014 study found people with anosmia to be twice as likely to suffer from hazardous situations as people without smell loss. […] If you notice a diminished smell or a change in how your food tastes, make an appointment with your primary care provider, who can perform a scratch and sniff smell identification test to evaluate your symptoms. […] Researchers are also working to find new ways of activating the sense of smell for people with anosmia. Treatments including electrical stimulation and olfactory implants may one day be used to trigger the brain’s response to smell.

• #34 Lost or changed sense of smell

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lost-or-changed-sense-smell/

  A change in your sense of smell can be unpleasant and affect how things taste. But it’s not usually serious and may get better in a few weeks or months. […] Changes in sense of smell are most often caused by: illnesses such as a cold, flu or COVID-19, sinusitis (sinus infection), an allergy, like hay fever, growths in your nose (nasal polyps). […] These problems can cause: loss of smell (anosmia), smelling things that are not there (phantosmia), like smoke or burnt toast, reduced sense of smell (hyposmia), changes to how things smell (parosmia). […] It’s also common to lose some of your sense of smell as you get older. […] Your sense of smell may go back to normal in a few weeks or months. […] Treating the cause might help. For example, steroid nasal sprays or drops might help if you have sinusitis or nasal polyps. […] Sometimes changes in sense of smell cannot be treated and may be permanent. […] If you have lost your sense of smell, you may not be able to smell things like gas leaks, fires and food that’s gone off.

• #35 Lost or changed sense of smell | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/lost-or-changed-sense-smell

  A change in your sense of smell can be unpleasant and affect how things taste. But it isn’t usually serious and may get better in a few weeks or months. See your GP if your sense of smell doesn’t go back to normal in a few weeks. […] Changes in sense of smell are most often due to: a cold or flu, sinusitis (sinus infection), an allergy, like hay fever, growths in your nose (nasal polyps). […] It’s also common to lose some of your sense of smell as you get older. […] You should see your GP if your sense of smell doesn’t go back to normal in a few weeks. […] Your sense of smell may go back to normal in a few weeks or months. […] Sometimes changes in sense of smell can’t be treated and may be permanent. […] If you’ve lost your sense of smell, you may not be able to smell things like gas leaks, fires and food that has gone off.

• #36 43% of respondents report feeling depressed after losing sense of smell or taste related to COVID-19 – VCU News – Virginia Commonwealth University

  https://news.vcu.edu/article/43_of_respondents_report_feeling_depressed_after_losing_sense

  A VCU survey of 322 respondents shows the prevalence of safety issues for COVID-19 survivors with loss of smell or taste. The most pressing concern respondents reported was inability to smell smoke (45%). […] Respondents also reported loss of appetite (55%) and weight loss (37%) as a result of loss of taste or smell. […] Over the past year, weve played witness to the catastrophic consequences the pandemic has wrought on our nation, and the specter of mental health problems related to COVID-19 is significant. […] COVID-19 has brought attention to the field of smell loss and its lasting impacts on patients, Costanzo said.

• #37 Heart failure: Can loss of smell predict risk?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/weakening-sense-of-smell-is-linked-to-heart-failure-risk-in-a-new-study

  Researchers from Michigan State University say losing the sense of smell may help predict a persons risk of developing heart failure. […] Smell loss may also be related to cardiovascular health, added Keran Chamberlin, a doctoral researcher in epidemiology at Michigan State University, and first author of this study. […] At the studys conclusion, researchers found participants with olfactory loss had about a 30% increased risk of developing congestive heart failure compared to those who did not lose their sense of smell. […] The study authors also reported finding no link between olfactory loss and heart disease or stroke. […] We need to further evaluate the potential role of smell function as a marker for heart failure, as well as for stroke and coronary heart diseases. […] This association found in the research may simply be due to an aging body developing both conditions concurrently.

• #38 Loss of Smell May Predict Heart Failure Risk

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/loss-of-smell-may-predict-heart-failure-risk

  Adults aged 70 and older were significantly more likely to develop congestive heart failure if they also experienced olfactory impairment. […] Older adults who have partially or completely lost their sense of smell have a 30% higher risk of developing congestive heart failure compared with adults with a good sense of smell, according to findings published in the Journal of the American Heart Association. […] A poor sense of smell has also been linked to cognitive decline, including lower performance in memory and language, and is an early indicator of Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. […] The study included 2537 individuals aged 70 to 79 years from the National Institute on Aging’s Health ABC Study, which explored the connections between aging-related conditions, social and behavioral factors, and functional changes in older adults.

• #39 How your sense of smell predicts your overall health

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210302-how-your-sense-of-smell-predicts-your-overall-health

  Other research has linked a defective sense of smell to increased mortality, suggesting it could be a „bellweather” for aging or illness. […] One study of more than 2,200 people aged 71-82 years old finding that those with a poor sense of smell had a 46% higher risk of dying within a ten year period than those with an ordinary sense of smell. […] Honglei Chen, a professor of epidemiology and biostatistics at Michigan State University, has identified another reason why smell may lead to increased mortality, that smell impairments are linked to an increased exposure to adverse environments. […] On a neurological level, impairments in a person’s sense of smell can lead to long-lasting changes in the make-up of the brain. […] The good news is that the areas of the brain which shrink due to smell loss can regrow, should the person regain their sense of smell.

• #40 COVID-related loss of smell tied to changes in the brain | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/covid-related-loss-smell-tied-changes-brain

  A new study of 73 adults recovering from COVID-19 finds that those who lost their sense of smell showed behavioral, functional, and structural brain changes. […] The team used loss of smell and need for hospitalization as proxies for potential markers of neurologic involvement and disease severity, respectively. […] Given the significant global incidence of COVID-19, identifying factors that can distinguish individuals at risk of developing brain alterations is crucial for prioritizing follow-up care. […] In addition to self-reported changes in smell, 6 of 43 patients who lost their sense of smell during the acute infection could identify at most four of six odors on olfactory testing, suggesting persistent dysfunction. […] On MRI conducted during the game, loss of smell was associated with decreased functional activity during decision-making, loss of white-matter integrity, and thinning of the outer layer of the cerebrum in the parietal regions (responsible for processing sensory input, understanding spatial relationships, and how to navigate).

• #41 COVID-related loss of smell tied to changes in the brain | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/covid-related-loss-smell-tied-changes-brain

  Hence, anosmia could serve as both a potential marker of virus-induced damage to neuronal tissues and a marker for individuals susceptible to brain damage. […] Research is needed into the extent that loss of smell reflects COVID-related brain damage, whether it is a marker of patient susceptibility to different neuropathologic mechanisms, the mechanism of the link between loss of smell and brain changes, and treatment targets, the researchers concluded.

• #42 Long Covid smell loss linked to changes in the brain | UCL News – UCL – University College London

  https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2023/apr/long-covid-smell-loss-linked-changes-brain

  People living with long Covid who suffer from loss of smell show different patterns of activity in certain regions of the brain, a new study led by UCL researchers has found. […] The research used MRI scanning to compare the brain activity of people with long Covid who lost their sense of smell, those whose smell had returned to normal after Covid infection, and people who had never tested positive for Covid-19. […] Published in eClinicalMedicine, the observational study found that the people with long Covid smell loss had reduced brain activity and impaired communication between two parts of the brain which process important smell information: the orbitofrontal cortex and the pre-frontal cortex. […] The findings suggest smell loss, known as anosmia, caused by long Covid is linked to a change in the brain that stops smells from being processed properly.

• #43 Long Covid smell loss linked to changes in the brain | UCL News – UCL – University College London

  https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2023/apr/long-covid-smell-loss-linked-changes-brain

  Our study gives reassurance that, for the majority of people whose sense of smell comes back, there are no permanent changes to brain activity. […] Our findings highlight the impact Covid-19 is having on brain function. […] Researchers say their findings also suggest that the brains of people with long Covid smell loss might be compensating for this lost sense by boosting connections with other sensory regions: their brains had increased activity between the parts of the brain that process smell and areas that process sight (the visual cortex). […] This is the first study to our knowledge that looks at how brain activity changes in people with long Covid smell loss.

• #44 Scientists Find Key Reason Why Loss of Smell Occurs in Long COVID-19 | Duke Health

  https://corporate.dukehealth.org/news/scientists-find-key-reason-why-loss-smell-occurs-long-covid-19

  Scientists Find Key Reason Why Loss of Smell Occurs in Long COVID-19. The reason some people fail to recover their sense of smell after COVID-19 is linked to an ongoing immune assault on olfactory nerve cells and an associated decline in the number of those cells, a team of scientists led by Duke Health report. The finding, publishing online Dec. 21 in the journal Science Translational Medicine, provides an important insight into a vexing problem that has plagued millions who have not fully recovered their sense of smell after COVID-19. One of the first symptoms that has typically been associated with COVID-19 infection is loss of smell, said senior author Bradley Goldstein, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor in Dukes Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences and the Department of Neurobiology. Fortunately, many people who have an altered sense of smell during the acute phase of viral infection will recover smell within the next one to two weeks, but some do not, Goldstein said. We need to better understand why this subset of people will go on to have persistent smell loss for months to years after being infected with SARS-CoV2.

• #45 Scientists Find Key Reason Why Loss of Smell Occurs in Long COVID-19 | Duke Health

  https://corporate.dukehealth.org/news/scientists-find-key-reason-why-loss-smell-occurs-long-covid-19

  This biopsy-based approach — using sophisticated single-cell analyses in collaboration with Sandeep Datta, M.D., Ph.D., at Harvard University — revealed widespread infiltration of T-cells engaged in an inflammatory response in the olfactory epithelium, the tissue in the nose where smell nerve cells are located. This unique inflammation process persisted despite the absence of detectable SARS-CoV-2 levels. Additionally, the number of olfactory sensory neurons were diminished, possibly due to damage of the delicate tissue from the ongoing inflammation. The findings are striking, Goldstein said. Its almost resembling a sort of autoimmune-like process in the nose. […] We are hopeful that modulating the abnormal immune response or repair processes within the nose of these patients could help to at least partially restore a sense of smell, Goldstein said, noting this work is currently underway in his lab. He said the findings from this study could also inform additional research into other long-COVID-19 symptoms that might be undergoing similar inflammatory processes.

• #46 Mechanism Revealed Behind Loss of Smell with COVID-19 | NYU Langone News

  https://nyulangone.org/news/mechanism-revealed-behind-loss-smell-covid-19

  Researchers have discovered a mechanism that may explain why people with COVID-19 lose their sense of smell. […] One unique symptom of COVID-19 infection is loss of smell without the stuffy nose seen with other infections like the common cold, researchers say. In most cases, the smell loss lasts only a few weeks, but for more than 12 percent of people with COVID-19, olfactory dysfunction persists in the form of ongoing reduction in the ability to smell (hyposmia) or changes in how a person perceives the same smell (parosmia). […] Our findings provide the first mechanistic explanation of smell loss in COVID-19 and how this may underlie long COVID-19 biology, says co-corresponding author Benjamin tenOever, PhD, professor in the Departments of Medicine and Microbiology at NYU Langone Health.

• #47 Mechanism Revealed Behind Loss of Smell with COVID-19 | NYU Langone News

  https://nyulangone.org/news/mechanism-revealed-behind-loss-smell-covid-19

  The realization that the sense of smell relies on fragile genomic interactions between chromosomes has important implications, says Dr. tenOever. If olfactory gene expression ceases every time the immune system responds in certain ways that disrupts inter-chromosomal contacts, then the lost sense of smell may act as the canary in the coal mine, providing early signals that the COVID-19 virus is damaging brain tissue before other symptoms present, and suggesting new ways to treat it.

• #48 Disorders of Taste and Smell: Introduction and Background, Anatomy and Physiology, Etiology of Smell and Taste Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/861242-overview

  Historically, disorders of taste and smell have been difficult to diagnose and treat, often because of a lack of knowledge and understanding of these senses and their disease states. An alteration in taste or smell may be a secondary process in various disease states, or it may be the primary symptom. […] The prevalence of disorders of taste and smell in the US general population has been estimated from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014 protocol. A total of 3519 men and women aged 40 and older were tested with a scratch-and-sniff olfactory test; smell, taste, and combined smell and taste impairment had estimated prevalences of 13.5%, 17.3%, and 2.2%, respectively. […] Given the aging of the US population, therefore, it stands to reason that a significant and increasing number of individuals will experience age-related sensory loss.

• #49 COVID-19 – Monell Chemical Senses Center

  https://monell.org/covid-19-resources/

  Sense of Smell and COVID-19: Join this Monell Center study about the sense of smell and how the flu/COVID affects it. See here to register or to [email protected]. […] Read about how smell tests using direct measures versus self-report show 75% of people with COVID-19 lose their sense of smell. […] Sudden loss of smell is a sensitive indicator of COVID infection. […] Taking all these features into consideration, a smell test was recently developed by the Monell-Temple team. […] Loss of smell more common in COVID-19 than thought (October, 27, 2020). […] Loss of smell is an earlier COVID-19 symptom than fever; Philly’s Monell Center has sniff test for screening in the works (October 26, 2020). […] New research confirms taste and smell losses are COVID-19 indicators (October 5th, 2020).

• #50 COVID-19 Smell Check — Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences

  https://agsci.psu.edu/smellcheck

  Sudden loss of the sense of smell is one of the earliest signs and best predictors of COVID-19. […] More than 25,000 participants responded to a survey on behalf of the Global Consortium for Chemosensory Research. The results determined that 50 to 75 percent of those infected with COVID-19 experienced smell and/or taste disturbances, establishing smell loss as a more accurate predictor of infection than cough or fever. […] Anosmia is the inability to smell, and can occur with viral illness or head trauma. Sudden and unexplained loss of the sense of smell has emerged as a critical diagnostic marker of COVID-19. […] As many as 75 percent of those infected with COVID report smell loss. Anosmia is one of the earliest signs and accurate predictors of COVID-19. In fact, its a better diagnostic symptom than fever and cough. […] Unlike other viruses, many people with COVID-19 can experience smell loss without a runny nose or any congestion.

• #51

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/loss-smell-changes-breathing-patterns-depression-research-rcna176503

  Losing the ability to detect odors can lead to impaired memory of events linked to specific smells, Gorodisky said. […] As for shortened lifespans, that could be due at least in part to people not smelling odors that could indicate danger, such as smoke, Gorodisky said. […] The number of people with smell dysfunction are „vastly underestimated, said Valentina Parma, assistant director at the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. […] Currently, health care providers often dont ask about or test for anosmia, Parma said. And that needs to change since its development later in life has been linked to the start of a number of serious disorders, including Alzheimers and Parkinsons, she said. […] The findings underscore the importance of testing for anosmia and finding treatments, said otolaryngologist Dr. Jonathan Overdevest at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center in New York City. […] Researchers also need to work out the details of how losing ones sense of smell might affect other aspects of health, Overdevest said.

• #52 Loss of Taste and Smell: Anosmia, Loss of Smell & COVID-19

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16708-loss-of-taste-and-smell

  Close to a quarter-million Americans see their doctor every year for smell or taste problems. Experts estimate that more than 1 in 10 Americans may have a smell or taste disorder, but few seek help. […] Some viruses damage olfactory sensory neurons, nerves that help you smell. It may take months to recover from this damage. And being sick can make it hard to smell if your nose is stuffed up. With COVID-19, more than 8 in 10 people may briefly lose their sense of smell. Along with it, they lose their ability to taste. Researchers are still trying to determine how and why the COVID-19 virus affects smell and taste. One study suggests the virus doesnt directly damage olfactory sensory neurons. Instead, it may affect cells that support these neurons. Once the infection goes away, the olfactory nerve starts working properly again. Most people regain these senses within 60 days of recovering from COVID-19.

• #53 Restoring Smell and Taste After Covid

  https://research.jefferson.edu/2023-magazine/restoring-smell-and-taste-after-covid.html

  Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, over 96 million Americans have been infected with the coronavirus. With the earliest variants of the virus, loss of smell or anosmia, was one of the first signs. […] It is estimated that 27 million people are still experiencing long-term anosmia. […] Before COVID-19 hit, I would see one or two patients with anosmia a month. Now I see three or four patients per day. […] Anosmia patients are also at risk of developing depression and weight loss from losing the joy of tasting food, as the majority of flavor actually comes from aroma. […] In fact, before the pandemic nearly one in four Americans over the age of 40 reported some alteration in their sense of smell. […] COVID-19 changed everything, says Dr. Rosen. Suddenly, they were getting frantic calls from patients and journalists for answers how exactly is SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind COVID-19, causing the loss of smell? […] If its able to regenerate the tissue in the nose, it should have the ability to reawaken smell that has long been dormant.

• #54 How your sense of smell predicts your overall health

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210302-how-your-sense-of-smell-predicts-your-overall-health

  Therapies such as Hummel’s are for people who have a lose or weakening in their smell because of a range of conditions, whether Covid-19 or neurodegenerative diseases. […] There are also drugs available for restoring a person’s smell, but these are not commonly as drugs may have side effects and smell training doesnt. […] However, new therapies are needed for the 60% of patients who are unresponsive to smell training.

• #55 Developing New Treatments for Smell Loss | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/news/developing-new-treatments-smell-loss

  Many of us will develop some degree of smell loss during our lifetimes. Above the age of 70, nearly 30% of people have appreciable smell loss. […] An inability to smell can be present at birth, or it could develop with chronic sinonasal issues (conditions affecting the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses) or following viral infections, like COVID-19. […] The duration of smell loss and how well your sense of smell can be regained varies by person and by the underlying cause of your smell loss. […] Currently, we use medications or surgical procedures to treat sinus disorders—the most correctable and common cause of smell loss. […] Smell loss is a common issue that has been poorly understood and under-appreciated. […] Promoting a culture of awareness among the public, our research community, medical professionals, and policymakers will be the key to accelerating our understanding of smell loss and how we can go about correcting this sensory deficit.

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