Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tongue Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562324/

  Tongue cancer is one of the most common sites of head and neck malignancy. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of tongue cancer and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Imaging is necessary for characterizing, staging the disease, and assessing the tumors relationship with surrounding structures. […] The management of tongue carcinoma is primarily surgical, with radiation also having an important role mainly in advanced disease, poor surgical candidates, unresectable disease, and importantly, as an adjuvant to surgery in some cases. […] In general, early-stage tongue carcinoma (T1 or T2) can be treated successfully with single-modality therapy, namely surgery or radiation. […] Patients with pathologic confirmation of disease presence in the locoregional lymph nodes, most of the time, require additional treatment after surgery to achieve a cure. […] Immunotherapeutic agents, specifically tyrosine kinase inhibitors and PD-1 inhibitors, are now being used more frequently in combination with cisplatin-based chemotherapy or alone, and there is ongoing clinical research regarding their potential benefits in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

• #1

• #1 Diagnosis of oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/diagnosis

  Diagnosis is the process of finding out the cause of a health problem. Diagnosing oral cancer usually begins with a visit to your dentist or family doctor. Your dentist or doctor will ask you about any symptoms you have and do a dental or oral exam. Based on this information, your dentist or doctor will refer you to a specialist, such as a head and neck surgeon. A head and neck surgeon is also called an ENT (ear, nose and throat) doctor or an otolaryngologist. The head and neck surgeon or ENT doctor will do other exams and tests. […] The following tests are usually used to rule out or diagnose oral cancer. Many of the same tests used to diagnose cancer are used to find out the stage (how far the cancer has progressed). Your doctor may also order other tests to check your general health and to help plan your treatment.

• #1 Mouth cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351002

  Mouth cancer diagnosis might start with an exam of the lips and mouth. A healthcare professional might remove a sample of tissue for testing to see if you have mouth cancer. […] In a physical exam for mouth cancer, a healthcare professional looks at and feels your lips and mouth. That person checks for any lumps and areas of irritation. White patches in the mouth, called leukoplakia, and sores may be early signs of cancer. […] If something concerning is found in an exam, the next step might be a mouth cancer biopsy. A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. For a mouth cancer biopsy, a healthcare professional may use a cutting tool to cut away some concerning tissue from the mouth. […] In the lab, tests can check the tissue for signs of cancer. Other tests might look for changes in the DNA inside the cancer cells. Results from these tests may help your healthcare team make a treatment plan.

• #1 Tests for Oral Cavity (Mouth) and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  The advantage of this test is that it’s easy to do and causes very little pain. This can lead to an earlier diagnosis and a greater chance of treatment being successful if cancer is found. […] For an incisional biopsy, a small piece of tissue is cut from the area that looks abnormal. This is the most common type of biopsy used to check changes in the mouth or throat. […] For a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, a very thin, hollow needle attached to a syringe pulls out (aspirates) some cells from a tumor or lump. […] All biopsy samples are sent to a lab to be checked closely by a pathologist, a doctor who is specially trained to diagnose cancer from a biopsy. […] For cancers of the throat, the biopsy samples are often tested (for the p16 protein) to see if HPV infection is present. This is a key part of staging (finding out if and how much the cancer has spread) and is considered when making treatment decisions for oropharyngeal cancer.

• #1 Early Detection, Diagnosis and Staging – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/early-detection-diagnosis-staging/

  Currently, the most effective way to control oral cancer is to combine early diagnosis and timely and appropriate treatment. Because more than 90% of all oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, the vast majority of oral cancers will be diagnosed from lesions on the mucosal surfaces. […] A definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy of the tissue. Biopsies may be obtained using surgical scalpels or biopsy punches and typically can be performed under local anesthesia. Incisional biopsy is the removal of a representative sample of the lesion; excisional biopsy is the complete removal of the lesion, with a border of normal tissue. […] Diagnostic imaging often detects subsurface masses and intraosseous lesions. Although imaging of pathologic lesions does not produce a definite diagnosis, it frequently helps to define the extent of the tumor.

• #1 Oral Cancers: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/oral-cancer

  How is oral cancer diagnosed? […] If your doctor finds any tumors, growths, or suspicious lesions, theyll perform a brush biopsy or a tissue biopsy. […] A brush biopsy is a painless test that collects cells from the tumor by brushing them onto a slide. A tissue biopsy involves removing a piece of the tissue so it can be examined under a microscope for cancerous cells. […] In addition, your doctor may perform one or more of the following tests: X-rays to see if cancer cells have spread to the jaw, chest, or lungs; a CT scan to reveal any tumors in your mouth, throat, neck, lungs, or elsewhere in your body; a PET scan to determine if the cancer has traveled to lymph nodes or other organs; a MRI scan to show a more accurate image of the head and neck, and determine the extent or stage of the cancer; an endoscopy to examine the nasal passages, sinuses, inner throat, windpipe, and trachea.

• #1 Tongue cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tongue-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20549478

  Removing a tissue sample for testing. Called a biopsy, this test involves taking a sample of cells from the tongue. There are different types of biopsy procedures. A sample may be collected by cutting out a piece of the suspicious tissue or the entire area. Another type of biopsy uses a thin needle that’s inserted directly into the suspicious area to collect a sample of cells. The samples are sent to a lab for testing. In the lab, tests can show whether the cells are cancerous. Other tests give more information about the cancer cells, such as if they show signs of HPV. […] Imaging tests. Imaging tests capture pictures of the body. The pictures can show the size and location of the cancer. Imaging tests used for tongue cancer may include X-rays and CT, MRI and positron emission tomography, also called PET, scans.

• #1 Diagnosis of oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/diagnosis

  An MRI is used to provide information about the size, shape and location of a tumour. It is often used after a CT scan to get additional information. It can be used to assess the soft tissues of the head and neck. It can also be used to measure how deep a tumour has grown into a structure in the mouth or see if the tumour is spreading along a nerve. MRI can be used to see if cancer might have spread to the lymph nodes in the neck. […] A PET scan is used to see if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body. It may be combined with a CT scan (called a PET-CT scan).

• #1 Diagnosing Oral Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/oral-cancer/diagnosis

  If you’ve received a diagnosis of oral cancer, your doctor may recommend a CT scan, in which two- or three-dimensional, cross-sectional images of the body are created using X-rays and a computer. This helps the doctor determine whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes in the neck or to structures like the hard palate or the upper or lower jawbone. […] An MRI scan uses a magnetic field to create images of the body. It can detect whether oral cancer has spread to the soft tissue of the head and neck, including brain tissue. […] To determine whether oral cancer has spread throughout the body, your doctor may order a PET/CT scan, which combines CT scan technology and PET imaging. […] NYU Langone doctors are investigating a new way to diagnose early oral cancer. As part of a clinical trial, researchers are evaluating whether a special microchip sensor can identify oral cancer in cell samples removed from the surface of the mouth.

• #1 Tongue cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tongue-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20549478

  Sometimes an X-ray involves a barium swallow. In this type of X-ray, a liquid called barium helps to check for signs of cancer in the throat. Barium coats the throat and makes it easier to see on X-rays. An ultrasound may be used to look for cancer in the lymph nodes. Ultrasound creates pictures using sound waves. It might show whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the neck.

• #1 Tongue Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/mouth/types-mouth/tongue

  Tongue cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that begins when the cells that make up the tongue grow out of control and form lesions or tumors. […] A biopsy is the first step in the diagnosis of tongue cancer. During a biopsy, a small amount of tissue is taken from the part of the tongue where cancer is suspected. The tissue is sent to a pathologist, who examines it under a microscope and helps to make the diagnosis. […] Special x-rays, such as CT scans, MRIs, or Panorex, may be done. (A Panorex is an x-ray that shows the full upper and lower jaw, plus the sinuses.) These imaging tests provide more details about the cancer. If cancer is found in your tongue, these images can show how deep the cancer is and if it has spread. […] At some point, your doctor will tell you the stage of your cancer. The stage measures how widespread or advanced the cancer is.

• #1 Tongue cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tongue-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20549478

  Tongue cancer is usually found first by a doctor, dentist or other member of your health care team during a routine checkup. A number of tests and procedures are used to help diagnose tongue cancer. Which ones are best for you depends on your medical history and symptoms. […] Testing for tongue cancer may include: […] Examining the mouth and throat. In a physical exam, a member of your health care team looks at your mouth, throat and neck. That person checks for any lumps on the tongue and for swollen lymph nodes in the neck. […] Using a tiny camera to look at the mouth and throat. Called an endoscopy, this test uses a thin tube with a light and camera. The tube is inserted into the nose and passed down to the throat. It looks for signs of tongue cancer in the mouth and throat. It also may be used to see if the cancer has spread by looking at other parts of the throat, such as the voice box.

• #1 What Is Tongue Cancer? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/stages-types-grades/tongue-cancer/about

  How is tongue cancer diagnosed? […] The only way to confirm a diagnosis of cancer is to take a small amount of tissue (biopsy) from the abnormal area. A specialist doctor examines it under a microscope. They might test your cancer cells to check for HPV infection. […] You might have an examination and biopsy under a general anaesthetic. The doctor uses a tube and camera called a panendoscope to look into your throat. […] You might also have a nasoendoscopy (sometimes spelt nasendoscopy). You have this in the outpatient department of the hospital. During this procedure the doctor looks: inside your mouth, at the back of the tongue and throat, at the voice box (larynx). […] If the specialist sees an abnormal area, they will take a biopsy from that area. This is usually arranged for another time. […] You will also have one or more of the following tests: MRI scan, CT scan, PET-CT scan, blood tests, dental check, ultrasound scan.

• #1 Oral Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/oral-cancer/oral-cancer-diagnosis.html

  Since early diagnosis dramatically improves your chances for successful treatment, its important for oral cancers and precancerous oral lesions to be found as soon as possible. […] MD Anderson uses the most advanced techniques and technology to determine if a tumor is benign (not cancer), pre-cancer or cancer. […] If your doctor suspects you may have oral cancer, one or more of the following tests may be used to find out if you have cancer and if it has spread. […] A biopsy is the only way to definitively diagnose oral cancer. […] There are different biopsy procedures for oral cancer. […] These tests include: Autofluorescence imaging: A special device emitting a blue light is shined in the mouth. […] Mucosal staining: A blue dye called toluidine blue is applied to the area where cancer is suspected. […] Chemiluminescent light: Patients rinse their mouth with a mild acid solution.

• #1

  https://www.americanoncology.com/cancer-we-treat/diagnosis/tongue-cancer

  Diagnosis of tongue cancer can be made through the following techniques: […] Physical examination plays an important role in the diagnosis of tongue cancer and in ruling out the presence of other diseases. […] A persistent white or red patch with pain and a burning sensation on the tongue warrants further investigation. […] No blood tests are available to independently diagnose tongue cancer. […] Certain biomarkers, such as VEGF, PTEN, cytokines, and TGF-1, are also used in diagnosis of cancer. […] Evaluating saliva may help obtain important information about the lesion. […] This test detects tongue cancer at an early stage. […] It is another test to screen the oral cavity for cancer and diagnose oral cancer at its early stages. […] Preliminary radiographic examination is performed to determine if the tongue cancer has spread to the jaw.

• #1 Current advances in noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-022-00916-4

  The term chemiluminescence describes the blue/white light produced by the chemical reaction of acetylsalicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide inside a capsule light rod. […] A chemiluminescence-based detection tool called ViziLite is intended to help in the early detection of oral potentially malignant lesions (OPMLs) and OSCC. […] Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is another light-based method for the detection and assessment of OPMLs and OSCC, providing cross-sectional images of biological tissues through optical reflection measurements. […] Nano detection technologies are regarded as novel noninvasive approaches. […] The manipulation of materials with a length scale of 1-100 nm in at least one dimension is referred to as nanotechnology. […] The use of artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to enhance image-based diagnosis is becoming more popular.

• #1 Deep learning model for tongue cancer diagnosis using endoscopic images | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10287-9

  In this study, we developed a deep learning model to identify patients with tongue cancer based on a validated dataset comprising oral endoscopic images. […] The deep learning model developed based on the verified endoscopic image dataset showed acceptable performance in tongue cancer diagnosis. […] The early detection of tongue cancer is essential. […] Endoscopy is a simple, effective, and non-invasive method for diagnosing tongue cancer. […] The developed deep learning model had superior performance in diagnosing cancer than a general physician, but inferior than an oncologist. […] The AI model developed in our study could derive the visual patterns of cancer in cluttered oral endoscopic images. […] Therefore, the developed algorithm could be used as an assistant tool for general physicians to increase the diagnosis and screening of cancer in clinical settings.

• #1 Mouth Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/mouth/mouth-cancer-diagnosis

  As part of making a diagnosis, a radiologist will take special x-rays of your mouth, such as CT scans, MRIs, or Panorex. […] These imaging tests provide more details about the tissue. If cancer is found, the scans can show how deep the cancer is and if it has spread. […] Genomic testing is also called tumor sequencing or molecular profiling. It involves looking at the cells obtained from a biopsy to see if there are any genetic mutations that could be linked to the type of cancer you have.

• #1 Tongue Cancer Facts: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/tongue-cancer-facts

  Your doctor will examine your mouth and ask questions about your symptoms. Then, they may suggest testing to diagnose tongue cancer, including: […] Diagnosis also helps your doctor figure out the stage of your tongue cancer, meaning how large the tumor is and whether it has spread. Understanding your cancer stage also offers details about: […] Doctors use different staging systems, but TNM is the one they use the most for cancer reporting. In this system: […] The TNM system also uses a series of numbers after each letter to provide even more information about the cancer, like the size of the main tumor.

• #1 Diagnosis and Stages of Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/cancer/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/diagnosis-and-stages?TRILIBIS_EMULATOR_UA=…%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%2C…%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%2Cgm

  Once the T, N, and M categories are determined, they are combined in a process called stage grouping to assign an overall stage to the cancer. […] The staging may vary depending on whether the oropharyngeal cancer is associated with HPV. Other factors in staging include the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant parts of the body.

• #1 Tongue Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/tongue.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 20,040 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 3,270 […] The rate of new cases of tongue cancer was 3.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 0.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] Approximately 0.4 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with tongue cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 20182021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] The earlier tongue cancer is caught, the better chance a person has of surviving five years after being diagnosed. […] For tongue cancer, 28.4% are diagnosed at the local stage. The 5-year relative survival for localized tongue cancer is 87.6%. […] Tongue cancer represents 1.0% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 20,040 new cases of tongue cancer and an estimated 3,270 people will die of this disease.

• #1 Diagnosis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/discovery-diagnosis/diagnosis/

  The entire point of course, is that no treatment decisions should be made before there is confirmation of malignancy. […] The best indicator of tumor involvement is still the clinical assessment, relying on both direct examination of the area as well as biopsy. […] If the pathologist examining the cells from a patient finds oral cancer, the patient’s doctor needs to know the stage, or extent, of the disease in order to plan the best treatment. […] These staging tests and examinations almost always include incisional biopsy, and often one or more of the types of scans listed above. […] Following biopsy confirmation of the presence of an oral cancer, a patient undergoes a thorough assessment of their overall health, and the state of their disease. […] In many ways, the diagnostic stage of treatment affects everything that follows, and so care should be taken to both accurately and effectively determine the malignancy and stage of the cancer.

• #1 Oral Cancer – Facts, Diagnosis & Treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/oral-cancer.html

  Tim underwent single-port robotic surgery, a minimally invasive approach through the mouth that helps patients recover faster. […] At MD Anderson, your care for oral cancer is personalized. Your care team in the Head and Neck Center will include a surgeon, medical oncologist and radiation oncologist. They will work together, and with you, to develop a care plan customized to your specific needs and wishes. […] Treatments may include advanced surgical and reconstructive surgery techniques; cutting-edge cancer drugs like immunotherapy and targeted therapy; and highly targeted radiation treatments including proton therapy. […] MD Anderson also has dentists who specialize in caring for cancer patients. They evaluate patients with oral cancer and conduct any pre-treatment procedures necessary for their long-term oral health.

• #2 Tongue cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tongue-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20549478

  Tongue cancer is usually found first by a doctor, dentist or other member of your health care team during a routine checkup. A number of tests and procedures are used to help diagnose tongue cancer. Which ones are best for you depends on your medical history and symptoms. […] Testing for tongue cancer may include: […] Examining the mouth and throat. In a physical exam, a member of your health care team looks at your mouth, throat and neck. That person checks for any lumps on the tongue and for swollen lymph nodes in the neck. […] Using a tiny camera to look at the mouth and throat. Called an endoscopy, this test uses a thin tube with a light and camera. The tube is inserted into the nose and passed down to the throat. It looks for signs of tongue cancer in the mouth and throat. It also may be used to see if the cancer has spread by looking at other parts of the throat, such as the voice box.

• #2 Oral Cancer Screening: What To Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/21056-oral-cancer-screening

  Oral cancer screenings help healthcare providers look for signs of cancer in your mouth. Theyll examine the lining of your cheeks, gums, lips, tongue, and floor and roof of your mouth to check for lesions and abnormalities. If they find anything suspicious, theyll refer you to an oncologist for further testing. […] An oral cancer screening is an exam to look for signs of cancer in your mouth. Oral cancers include mouth cancer, jaw cancer and tongue cancer. […] Oral cancer screenings can help detect early signs of oral cancer. But the only surefire way to find out if you have oral cancer is to collect suspicious cells and test them in a laboratory. If your healthcare provider suspects oral cancer, then theyll refer you to another specialist for evaluation. […] During an oral cancer screening, your healthcare provider will look at many structures, including your gums, tongue, lips, cheek lining, tonsils and the roof of your mouth.

• #2 Diagnosis of oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/diagnosis

  A physical exam allows your doctor to look for any signs of oral cancer. During a physical exam, your doctor may: assess facial symmetry, speech, swallowing, breathing and hearing; carefully look at the mouth; feel for lumps or swelling on the inside of the mouth, including the cheeks and lips; feel the floor of the mouth, tongue and roof of the mouth; check tongue movements; feel the neck for any lumps or swelling; check the salivary glands; look at the throat using an endoscope. […] Exfoliative cytology is a test used to look for abnormal or cancerous cells. The doctor or dentist uses a cotton swab, brush or small wooden stick to scrape a small sample of cells from an area and places them on a glass slide. They stain the sample with dye and examine it under a microscope. This test can detect cell changes and may show that further tests are needed. If an abnormality is found, doctors may do a biopsy.

• #2 Tongue Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/mouth/types-mouth/tongue

  Tongue cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that begins when the cells that make up the tongue grow out of control and form lesions or tumors. […] A biopsy is the first step in the diagnosis of tongue cancer. During a biopsy, a small amount of tissue is taken from the part of the tongue where cancer is suspected. The tissue is sent to a pathologist, who examines it under a microscope and helps to make the diagnosis. […] Special x-rays, such as CT scans, MRIs, or Panorex, may be done. (A Panorex is an x-ray that shows the full upper and lower jaw, plus the sinuses.) These imaging tests provide more details about the cancer. If cancer is found in your tongue, these images can show how deep the cancer is and if it has spread. […] At some point, your doctor will tell you the stage of your cancer. The stage measures how widespread or advanced the cancer is.

• #2 Early Detection, Diagnosis and Staging – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/early-detection-diagnosis-staging/

  Currently, the most effective way to control oral cancer is to combine early diagnosis and timely and appropriate treatment. Because more than 90% of all oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, the vast majority of oral cancers will be diagnosed from lesions on the mucosal surfaces. […] A definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy of the tissue. Biopsies may be obtained using surgical scalpels or biopsy punches and typically can be performed under local anesthesia. Incisional biopsy is the removal of a representative sample of the lesion; excisional biopsy is the complete removal of the lesion, with a border of normal tissue. […] Diagnostic imaging often detects subsurface masses and intraosseous lesions. Although imaging of pathologic lesions does not produce a definite diagnosis, it frequently helps to define the extent of the tumor.

• #2 Diagnosing Oropharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/oropharyngeal-cancer/diagnosis

  Oropharyngeal cancer can spread to nearby lymph nodes, causing swelling and one or more neck masses. Doctors may perform fine needle aspiration, in which they insert a small needle into the mass to withdraw a sample of cells for examination under a microscope. Molecular testing for HPV can be performed on this tissue. […] If you receive a diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer, your doctor may perform a CT scan, which creates two- or three-dimensional images of the body using X-rays and a computer. […] To help determine whether oropharyngeal cancer has spread throughout the body, your doctor may order a PET/CT scan, which combines CT scan technology with PET imaging. The PET portion of the scan requires an intravenous (IV) infusion of radioactive glucose, or sugar, into a vein. This substance collects in cancer cells, which are detected during the scan.

• #2 Tongue Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562324/

  Tongue cancer is one of the most common sites of head and neck malignancy. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of tongue cancer and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Imaging is necessary for characterizing, staging the disease, and assessing the tumors relationship with surrounding structures. […] The management of tongue carcinoma is primarily surgical, with radiation also having an important role mainly in advanced disease, poor surgical candidates, unresectable disease, and importantly, as an adjuvant to surgery in some cases. […] In general, early-stage tongue carcinoma (T1 or T2) can be treated successfully with single-modality therapy, namely surgery or radiation. […] Patients with pathologic confirmation of disease presence in the locoregional lymph nodes, most of the time, require additional treatment after surgery to achieve a cure. […] Immunotherapeutic agents, specifically tyrosine kinase inhibitors and PD-1 inhibitors, are now being used more frequently in combination with cisplatin-based chemotherapy or alone, and there is ongoing clinical research regarding their potential benefits in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

• #2 Diagnosing Oral Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/oral-cancer/diagnosis

  If you’ve received a diagnosis of oral cancer, your doctor may recommend a CT scan, in which two- or three-dimensional, cross-sectional images of the body are created using X-rays and a computer. This helps the doctor determine whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes in the neck or to structures like the hard palate or the upper or lower jawbone. […] An MRI scan uses a magnetic field to create images of the body. It can detect whether oral cancer has spread to the soft tissue of the head and neck, including brain tissue. […] To determine whether oral cancer has spread throughout the body, your doctor may order a PET/CT scan, which combines CT scan technology and PET imaging. […] NYU Langone doctors are investigating a new way to diagnose early oral cancer. As part of a clinical trial, researchers are evaluating whether a special microchip sensor can identify oral cancer in cell samples removed from the surface of the mouth.

• #2

  https://www.americanoncology.com/cancer-we-treat/diagnosis/tongue-cancer

  MRI has excellent discrimination of the soft tissues, allowing better revealing of the tumor invasion and its spread to nearby structures. […] CT scan provides detailed images of the cancer site in patients suspected to have tongue squamous cell carcinoma. […] If the patient is diagnosed with tongue cancer and is strongly suspected of its spread to other body organs, they are advised to undergo a PET scan. […] Nasoendoscopy is performed to evaluate the oral cavity, back of the tongue, throat, and larynx for the spread of tongue cancer. […] Biopsy is the confirmatory test for tongue cancer.

• #2 Diagnosis of oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/diagnosis

  An MRI is used to provide information about the size, shape and location of a tumour. It is often used after a CT scan to get additional information. It can be used to assess the soft tissues of the head and neck. It can also be used to measure how deep a tumour has grown into a structure in the mouth or see if the tumour is spreading along a nerve. MRI can be used to see if cancer might have spread to the lymph nodes in the neck. […] A PET scan is used to see if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body. It may be combined with a CT scan (called a PET-CT scan).

• #2 Tests for Oral Cavity (Mouth) and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Imaging tests are not used to diagnose oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancers, but they may be done for a number of reasons before and after a cancer diagnosis. […] A CT scan uses x-rays to make detailed, cross-sectional images of your body. It can help your doctor see the size and location of a tumor, if it’s growing into nearby tissues, if it has spread to lymph nodes in the neck, or to the lungs or other distant organs. […] A barium swallow can be used to see the lining of the upper part of the digestive system, especially the esophagus. […] It is very important to quit smoking before any treatment for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. […] Other tests might be done as part of a work-up if a patient has been diagnosed with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] No blood test can diagnose cancer in the oral cavity or oropharynx. Still, your doctor may order routine blood tests to get an idea of your overall health, especially before treatment.

• #2 Mouth cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351002

  Your healthcare team may do other tests to see if the cancer has spread beyond the mouth. Your healthcare team may use the results of these tests to give your cancer a stage. The stage tells your healthcare team about the extent of the cancer and about the prognosis. It also helps guide the treatment plan. […] Mouth cancer staging tests may include: Using a small camera to look at the throat. During a procedure called endoscopy, a healthcare professional passes a thin, flexible tube equipped with a camera down the throat. The procedure helps the health professional look for signs that cancer has spread beyond the mouth. […] Imaging tests. A variety of imaging tests may help check whether cancer has spread beyond the mouth. Imaging tests may include X-ray, CT, MRI and positron emission tomography scans, also called PET scans. Not everyone needs each test. Your healthcare team decides which tests are needed based on your condition.

• #2 Tests for Oral Cavity (Mouth) and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  The specialist will pay special attention to the head and neck area, being sure to look and feel for any abnormal areas. This exam will include the lymph nodes in your neck, which will be felt carefully for any swelling. […] The doctor may use mirrors or special fiber-optic scopes to look at these areas. […] During a panendoscopy, the doctor uses different types of endoscopes passed down the mouth or nose to do a laryngoscopy/pharyngoscopy, esophagoscopy, and (at times) bronchoscopy. […] A biopsy is the only way to know for sure that oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer is present. A sample of tissue or cells is always needed to confirm a cancer diagnosis before treatment is started. […] For exfoliative cytology, the doctor scrapes the changed area and smears the collected tissue onto a glass slide.

• #2 Oral cancer diagnostics: An overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8820315/

  The STOP has four items-white lesion, white lesion with ulcer, mucosal change and persistent ulcer with scores ranging from 0 to 3 and color coding of risk from green being low risk, blue as general risk to be guarded with caution while yellow, orange, and red signify significant high and severe risk for progression to cancer. […] The sensitivity of toluidine blue stain to be 92.5% and specificity to be 63.2%, with a PPV of 0.841 and a NPV to be 0.800. […] The sensitivity of this investigation is reported to be 87.5% and specificity to be 84.2% by Epstein et al. […] The sensitivity of detecting epithelial hyperplasia was 18.8%, for moderate dysplasia 50% and for oral squamous cell carcinoma 46.7% and a specificity of 81.3%. […] The technique is highly sensitive in itself but has the major drawback of minor contaminations causing difficulties in interpretation of results.

• #2 Salivary Diagnostics in Oral Cancer | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1124466

  In order to reduce the unnecessary biopsy cases and to implement a strategy for the early diagnosis of oral cancer, it is important to understand the complex molecular pathways of carcinogenesis that occur at an early stage and are based on the identification of multiple genetic, epigenetic, proteomic and metabolomic biomarkers. […] Recently, the use of saliva as an oral cancer diagnosis tool revealed promising results. […] Research showed that specific biomarkers signatures present in the saliva of oral cancer patients could be identified through a non-invasive approach, having a high sensitivity and specificity, opening a new path toward the personalized medicine concept. […] Salivary diagnostic is a current challenge for the research field, with a continuous development in the technology area introducing the screening techniques, next-generation sequencing, mass spectroscopy, proteomic and genomic analysis that can target even small quantities of potential oral cancer biomarkers.

• #2

• #2 New method to test for oral cancer | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/03/240304135753.htm

  A team of researchers has discovered a noninvasive, low-cost test to detect oral cancer, monitor precancerous lesions and determine when a biopsy is warranted. […] Oral cancers and precancerous mouth lesions are considered especially difficult to diagnose early and accurately. […] The study’s lab-based approach, which is now patented, can reduce biopsies in primary care clinics by 95% because it can tell clinicians who actually needs a biopsy. […] The test can also be used in developing countries where oral cancer is rampant and pathology services are questionable or lacking. […] The positive data from the lab-based approach has inspired the development of a point-of-care (POC) device in collaboration with Umut Gurkan, the Wilbert J. Austin Professor of Engineering at the Case School of Engineering. […] The POC diagnostic approach measures the protein ratio and could be used directly in a clinic, providing results within half-hour.

• #2 Overview of the diagnosis and staging of head and neck cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-diagnosis-and-staging-of-head-and-neck-cancer

  A diagnosis of head and neck cancer is commonly made by either a fine needle aspiration (FNA) of a suspected neck lymph node or a biopsy of the primary lesion. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) tumor status should be determined for all cases of newly diagnosed oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. HPV tumor status is not appropriate for the routine evaluation of nonsquamous carcinoma of the oropharynx, or nonoropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. It may be useful in select cases of oropharyngeal cancer with uncertain histology. […] The staging of head and neck cancer is based on a combination of physical exam, imaging, and pathologic findings.

• #2 Tongue Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/tongue-cancer-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options

  During the consultation, your healthcare provider will inquire about your symptoms and medical history, including lifestyle factors like tobacco and alcohol use. […] They will examine your mouth, tongue, and throat for signs of abnormal growth. Depending on the findings, additional tests may be recommended. […] If further evaluation is necessary, imaging tests such as CT, MRI, or PET scans may be recommended. […] A biopsy is usually performed to confirm the presence of cancer. A small tissue sample is taken from the suspicious area (e.g., the tongue or throat) and examined under a microscope. […] Once cancer is confirmed, the next step is staging. Staging determines how far the cancer has spread, which is critical for deciding the most appropriate treatment. […] The TNM classification system is used to describe the cancer stage based on three factors: T (Tumor), N (Nodes), and M (Metastasis).

• #2 Diagnosis and Stages of Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/cancer/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/diagnosis-and-stages?TRILIBIS_EMULATOR_UA=…%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%2C…%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%2Cgm

  Uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs. […] Uses radioactive dyes to detect cancer in the body. […] Produces detailed images of soft tissues, like the tonsils and tongue base, and helps determine tumor size. […] This test checks for swallowing abnormalities as these may result from oral or oropharyngeal cancers. […] After a diagnosis, the cancer is staged to determine its extent, which helps in planning treatment. […] After being diagnosed with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer, doctors will determine if and how far the cancer has spread. […] This process, called staging, assesses the severity of the cancer and guides treatment decisions. […] The most commonly used staging system for these cancers is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system, which evaluates three key factors: Tumor Size (T), Lymph Node Involvement (N), Metastasis (M).

• #2 Mouth cancer: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatmentMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/oral-cancer-screening

  Having any of these symptoms does not mean that a person has mouth cancer, but it is worth checking with a doctor. […] If mouth cancer is a possibility, they may also recommend a biopsy, the doctor takes a small sample of tissue to check for cancerous cells. […] If the biopsy reveals mouth cancer, the next task is to determine the stage. […] The outlook for a person with oral or oropharyngeal cancer will depend on the stage of cancer, where it occurs in the mouth, and other factors. […] The following statistics from the ACS show the average likelihood a person has of surviving at least 5 years with mouth cancer. […] To reduce the risk of mouth cancer, people should: avoid using any form of tobacco product; avoid excessive alcohol consumption; avoid chewing betel nut; have a regular dental check; monitor for changes in the mouth and see a doctor or dentist if any occur; have the vaccination to protect against HPV. […] If you have questions about your risk for oral cancer, then you should speak with your doctor.

• #2

• #2 Tongue cancer | Diagnosis | UK Healthcare

  https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/markey-cancer-center/cancer-types/tongue-cancer/diagnosis

  A second opinion can help to ensure that you will be getting the latest and most effective therapy for treating tongue cancer. […] Are there additional tests I should take before moving forward with treatment? […] Is there a chance that my medical problem could have a different diagnosis? […] Markey Cancer Center is designated by the National Cancer Institute as a Comprehensive Cancer Center a distinction that recognizes our commitment to accelerating precision cancer research and care to patients.

• #2 Tongue Cancer: Symptoms, Pictures, Prognosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/oral-cancer/tongue-cancer

  Tongue cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the tongue, and can cause lesions or tumors on your tongue. Its a type of head and neck cancer. […] Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of tongue cancer. […] Tongue cancer is classified using stages and grades. The stage indicates how far the cancer has spread. […] The grade of the cancer refers to how aggressive it is and how likely it is to spread. […] To diagnose tongue cancer, your doctor will first take a medical history. […] If your doctor sees any signs of tongue cancer, theyll do a biopsy of the area of suspected cancer. […] Cells from either type of biopsy will be sent to a lab for analysis. If you have tongue cancer, your doctor might do a CT scan or MRI to see how deep it goes and how far its spread. […] If you have a lump, ulcer, or sore on your tongue that doesnt go away after a long period of time, you should see your doctor. Early diagnosis of tongue cancer allows for more treatment options, with fewer side effects, and a good five-year survival rate.

• #3 Tongue Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/mouth/types-mouth/tongue

  Tongue cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that begins when the cells that make up the tongue grow out of control and form lesions or tumors. […] A biopsy is the first step in the diagnosis of tongue cancer. During a biopsy, a small amount of tissue is taken from the part of the tongue where cancer is suspected. The tissue is sent to a pathologist, who examines it under a microscope and helps to make the diagnosis. […] Special x-rays, such as CT scans, MRIs, or Panorex, may be done. (A Panorex is an x-ray that shows the full upper and lower jaw, plus the sinuses.) These imaging tests provide more details about the cancer. If cancer is found in your tongue, these images can show how deep the cancer is and if it has spread. […] At some point, your doctor will tell you the stage of your cancer. The stage measures how widespread or advanced the cancer is.

• #3 Tongue cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tongue-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20549478

  Tongue cancer is usually found first by a doctor, dentist or other member of your health care team during a routine checkup. A number of tests and procedures are used to help diagnose tongue cancer. Which ones are best for you depends on your medical history and symptoms. […] Testing for tongue cancer may include: […] Examining the mouth and throat. In a physical exam, a member of your health care team looks at your mouth, throat and neck. That person checks for any lumps on the tongue and for swollen lymph nodes in the neck. […] Using a tiny camera to look at the mouth and throat. Called an endoscopy, this test uses a thin tube with a light and camera. The tube is inserted into the nose and passed down to the throat. It looks for signs of tongue cancer in the mouth and throat. It also may be used to see if the cancer has spread by looking at other parts of the throat, such as the voice box.

• #3 Diagnosing Oral Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/oral-cancer/diagnosis

  NYU Langone doctors use biopsy to diagnose oral cancer in adults and imaging tests to determine how far it has spread. […] To detect oral cancer and precancerous changes as early as possible, NYU Langone doctors encourage screening during regular visits to a dentist or primary care doctor. […] If specialists suspect you have oral cancer or a precancerous growth, they may ask about your symptoms and medical history, including whether you smoke or drink alcohol. Then they may perform a biopsy and additional tests. […] Using a local anesthetic, your NYU Langone doctor may perform an in-office biopsy, in which he or she removes a small amount of tissue from a suspicious growth in the oral cavity. A pathologist examines the tissue sample under a microscope for signs of cancer or dysplasia.

• #3 Diagnosis of oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/diagnosis

  During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. Doctors sometimes apply dye to an abnormal area in the mouth (such as an area of leukoplakia or erythroplakia) to help them see the biopsy site more clearly. A report from the pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] An endoscopy is done when diagnosing and staging oral cancer. It allows a doctor to look inside the body using a flexible tube with a light and lens on the end. This tool is called an endoscope. […] A CT scan is used to provide information about the size, shape and location of a tumour. It can also be used to see if cancer has spread to the lower jawbone or lymph nodes in the neck. A CT scan of the chest can also be used to see if cancer has spread to the lungs.

• #3 Oral cancer diagnostics: An overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8820315/

  The study group further noted an additional 3000 human mRNAs in cell free saliva of normal subjects. Out of these four mRNAs in combination-ornithine decarboxylase antizyme-1, spermidine acetyltransferase, IL-8 and IL-1 can identify oral cancer with an ROC of 0.95, sensitivity and specificity of 91%. […] The flurry of technological advances should not detract us from our end goal of providing affordable, equitable and noninvasive means of cancer diagnosis which compromises neither on quality nor on ease of access.

• #3 Diagnosing Oropharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/oropharyngeal-cancer/diagnosis

  To diagnose oropharyngeal cancer, doctors perform a biopsy. After administering a local anesthetic, a doctor uses small surgical tools to take a tissue sample from a suspicious lesion. This procedure can usually be performed in the doctors office. A pathologist then examines the sample under a microscope for signs of cancer or precancerous growths. […] If a mass in one of the tonsils cannot be easily sampled, the doctor may need to perform a tonsillectomy. During this procedure, the doctor removes the entire tonsil, so it can be examined under a microscope. This usually requires general anesthesia and is an outpatient procedure. […] At NYU Langone, pathologists examine cancerous oropharyngeal tissue to determine whether it contains HPV. If the tissue tests positive, it may respond better to radiation therapy than a type of cancer that doesnt involve HPV.

• #3 Diagnosis of Oral Cancer

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/oral-cancer-diagnosis-1059442

  The AJCC system uses three main parameters: Tumor (T): Describes the size of the cancer and which tissues (if any) it has spread to; Lymph nodes (N): Describes whether the cancer has spread to any nearby lymph nodes; Metastasis (M): Describes whether the cancer has spread to distant organs in the body, like the lungs. […] Infection with certain strains of HPV is an important risk factor for oral cancer. […] It’s important to note that the AJCC system uses two staging systems, the pathologic (also called the surgical stage) and the clinical stage. […] Some tongue abnormalities can be diagnosed based on history and appearance alone. […] Other tongue conditions may require more testing, like blood tests or a biopsy, to confirm the diagnosis.

• #4 Mouth cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351002

  Mouth cancer diagnosis might start with an exam of the lips and mouth. A healthcare professional might remove a sample of tissue for testing to see if you have mouth cancer. […] In a physical exam for mouth cancer, a healthcare professional looks at and feels your lips and mouth. That person checks for any lumps and areas of irritation. White patches in the mouth, called leukoplakia, and sores may be early signs of cancer. […] If something concerning is found in an exam, the next step might be a mouth cancer biopsy. A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. For a mouth cancer biopsy, a healthcare professional may use a cutting tool to cut away some concerning tissue from the mouth. […] In the lab, tests can check the tissue for signs of cancer. Other tests might look for changes in the DNA inside the cancer cells. Results from these tests may help your healthcare team make a treatment plan.

• #5 Tests for Oral Cavity (Mouth) and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  A doctor or dentist may find some oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers or pre-cancers during a routine exam, but many of these cancers are found because the person has noticed a sign or symptom and brought it to their attention. Then, if cancer is suspected, other tests will be needed. […] The doctor will look for possible signs of mouth or throat cancer or pre-cancer. These could be bumps or other changed areas on your head, face or neck, or problems with the nerves of the face and mouth. The doctor will look at the entire inside of your mouth, and might feel around in it with a gloved finger. Other tests might be used to look for abnormal areas in your mouth or throat. […] If there is a reason to think you might have cancer, your doctor will refer you to a specialist. These specialists are oral and maxillofacial surgeons or head and neck surgeons.

Zobacz więcej