Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tongue Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562324/

  Tongue cancer is one of the most common sites of head and neck malignancy. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of tongue cancer and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Describe the etiology and epidemiology of tongue cancer. […] Classically, tongue carcinoma is a condition of older males with a history of smoking and/or drinking alcohol. It has a slight male predominance, and the estimated frequency of disease varies widely with geographic location. […] However, studies suggest an alarming increasing incidence of both oral and base of the tongue squamous cell carcinoma during the last decades, specifically in women and younger patients without the traditional risk factors of alcohol or tobacco use.

• #2

  https://acta.tums.ac.ir/index.php/acta/article/view/3690

  Oral cancer is considered a great threat to public health. Tongue cancer accounts for nearly 30% of all oral cancers and usually seen in 50 to 60 year old men. The present study was designed to assess the epidemiologic and clinicopathologic characteristics of tongue cancer patients in two Tehran’s referral university hospital between the years 2003 and 2008. In a retrospective study 87 files of patients, diagnosed with tongue cancer who were referred to Imam Khomeini and Loghman Hospitals and Iranian Cancer Institute in Tehran-Iran from 2003 to 2008 were reviewed. […] Tongue cancer was the most common cancer of oral cavity among Iranian patients and similar epidemiologic and clinicopathological characteristics of the disease were found in our patients. Assessing variables such as socioeconomic levels and religious believe require further studies with large sample sizes.

• #3 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx account for 3% of all cancers in the United States. Oral cancer usually includes cancer of the lip, tongue, salivary glands, and other sites in the mouth; while pharyngeal cancer includes cancers of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. More than 90% of oral or pharyngeal cancers are squamous cell in origin. […] Data for describing the patterns of oral cancer come from two main sources, mortality data derived from death certificates and cancer registries. […] The National Cancer Institute (NCI) collects data from nine cancer registries (5 states and 4 metropolitan areas) as part of its Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. […] Based on 1991 SEER data, the overall incidence and mortality rates for oral and pharyngeal cancer combined are 10.4 per 100,000 population and 2.9 per 100,000 population, respectively.

• #4 Shifting Epidemiology Trends in Tongue Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10705286/

  Tongue cancer typically has male predominance. However, several studies have documented an increasing number of incidences among the younger population, with female predominance, which is unusual. Current trends in tongue cancer and possible risk factors require more investigation. The global epidemiological trends in tongue cancer have shifted toward more incidences in younger and female groups. Our study confirms the same findings regarding the younger age group. However, in our locality, no significant changes have been noted regarding gender. More multi-institutional studies are recommended to explain such changes and highlight the possible risk factors so that appropriate corrective actions can be taken into consideration. […] Although tongue cancer is commonly seen in males over 50 years old, some researchers have claimed that there is an increasing incidence in the younger population.

• #5 Shifting Epidemiology Trends in Tongue Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5680

  Tongue cancer typically has male predominance. However, several studies have documented an increasing number of incidences among the younger population, with female predominance, which is unusual. Current trends in tongue cancer and possible risk factors require more investigation. The global epidemiological trends in tongue cancer have shifted toward more incidences in younger and female groups. Our study confirms the same findings regarding the younger age group. However, in our locality, no significant changes have been noted regarding gender. More multi-institutional studies are recommended to explain such changes and highlight the possible risk factors so that appropriate corrective actions can be taken into consideration. […] Although tongue cancer is commonly seen in males over 50 years old, some researchers have claimed that there is an increasing incidence in the younger population.

• #6 Epidemiological landscape of tongue cancer in younger patients in a National Cancer Center in Brazil | Scientific ReportsClose bannerClose banner

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83470-9

  Epidemiological landscape of tongue cancer in younger patients in a National Cancer Center in Brazil […] This study investigates the changing epidemiological profile of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to young patients, highlighting its rising incidence among non-traditional risk groups. […] Although anti-smoking and awareness campaigns have contributed to the reduction in cases of oral SCC, the incidence of tongue SCC is increasing in groups not traditionally associated with risk factors, such as female gender, and young people, with no apparent relationship with harmful habits. […] The presence of these factors, combined with environmental exposures, poor nutrition, and chronic inflammation, significantly increases the likelihood of developing this disease. […] The complexity of this scenario reinforces the need for additional investigations to understand the causes underlying this change in the profile of head and neck cancer, especially in the context of demographic groups previously considered at low risk for this disease.

• #7

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  The effect of cancer on the population can be effectively evaluated by considering key indicators such as the incidence rate, survival rate, and mortality rate within the specific population. Analyzing these metrics provides healthcare professionals and researchers with valuable insights into the prevalence and impact of cancer, enabling better resource allocation and implementation of targeted prevention and treatment strategies. […] […] Based on the aforementioned classifications, recent data from GLOBOCAN 2020 revealed approximately 377,713 new cases of oral cancer detected in both sexes, resulting in approximately 177,757 deaths worldwide. Most oral cancer cases were reported in Asia, accounting for about 248,360 cases, representing 65.8% of the total cases in 2020, followed by Europe (17.3%), North America (7.3%), the Caribbean (4.7%), and Africa (3.8%). However, the distribution of mortality statistics showed some variations, with the highest number of deaths occurring in Asia (74%), followed by Europe (13.8%), Africa (4.6%), the Caribbean (4.2%), and North America (2.8%).10 These regional differences in incidence and mortality rates highlight the importance of understanding unique challenges and factors contributing to oral cancer in different parts of the world. […]

• #8

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  The effect of cancer on the population can be effectively evaluated by considering key indicators such as the incidence rate, survival rate, and mortality rate within the specific population. Analyzing these metrics provides healthcare professionals and researchers with valuable insights into the prevalence and impact of cancer, enabling better resource allocation and implementation of targeted prevention and treatment strategies. […] Based on the aforementioned classifications, recent data from GLOBOCAN 2020 revealed approximately 377,713 new cases of oral cancer detected in both sexes, resulting in approximately 177,757 deaths worldwide. Most oral cancer cases were reported in Asia, accounting for about 248,360 cases, representing 65.8% of the total cases in 2020, followed by Europe (17.3%), North America (7.3%), the Caribbean (4.7%), and Africa (3.8%). However, the distribution of mortality statistics showed some variations, with the highest number of deaths occurring in Asia (74%), followed by Europe (13.8%), Africa (4.6%), the Caribbean (4.2%), and North America (2.8%).10 These regional differences in incidence and mortality rates highlight the importance of understanding unique challenges and factors contributing to oral cancer in different parts of the world.

• #9

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  The effect of cancer on the population can be effectively evaluated by considering key indicators such as the incidence rate, survival rate, and mortality rate within the specific population. Analyzing these metrics provides healthcare professionals and researchers with valuable insights into the prevalence and impact of cancer, enabling better resource allocation and implementation of targeted prevention and treatment strategies. […] Based on the aforementioned classifications, recent data from GLOBOCAN 2020 revealed approximately 377,713 new cases of oral cancer detected in both sexes, resulting in approximately 177,757 deaths worldwide. Most oral cancer cases were reported in Asia, accounting for about 248,360 cases, representing 65.8% of the total cases in 2020, followed by Europe (17.3%), North America (7.3%), the Caribbean (4.7%), and Africa (3.8%). However, the distribution of mortality statistics showed some variations, with the highest number of deaths occurring in Asia (74%), followed by Europe (13.8%), Africa (4.6%), the Caribbean (4.2%), and North America (2.8%).10 These regional differences in incidence and mortality rates highlight the importance of understanding unique challenges and factors contributing to oral cancer in different parts of the world.

• #10 Tongue Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/tongue.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 20,040. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 3,270. […] Tongue cancer represents 1.0% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 20,040 new cases of tongue cancer and an estimated 3,270 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of tongue cancer was 3.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] For tongue cancer, death rates increase with age. […] The death rate was 0.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new tongue cancer cases have been rising on average 2.1% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 1.5% each year over 20142023.

• #11 Epidemiology of Oral Cancer in Asia in the Past Decade- An Update (2000-2012)

  https://journal.waocp.org/article_28157.html

  The prevalence of oral cancers (OC) is high in Asian countries, especially in South and Southeast Asia. […] High incidence rates were reported from developing nations like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Taiwan and Sri Lanka. […] The tongue is the leading site among oral cancers in India. […] It is also necessary to have cancer surveillance at the national-level to collect and utilise data for cancer prevention and control programs.

• #12

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  India has a high incidence of oral cancer, attributed to cultural, ethnic, and geographical factors, along with prevalent addictive habits. Among men, oral cancer ranks as the most diagnosed cancer and has the highest incidence. Among women, it ranks as the third most prevalent cancer in the country.11 In India, there are approximately 77,000 new cases of oral cancer reported each year, resulting in around 52,000 deaths, indicating the substantial burden of this disease.12 These figures represent approximately one-fourth of global oral cancer cases. According to the report Cancer Incidence in Five Continents – Volume VIII, Bhopal, one district in India, has the highest Age-Adjusted Rate (AAR) for both tongue cancer (10.9 per 100,000) and mouth cancer (9.6 per 100,000) globally. Additionally, the urban registry of Ahmedabad exhibits a high AAR of 9.3 per 100,000 for tongue cancer, with other urban cancer registries in India reporting AARs ranging from 3.4 to 6.0.13 In a similar study conducted in the Manipuri district of India, the annual incidence rate of oral cancer was reported as 21.4 cases per 100,000 individuals.11 […]

• #13

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  India has a high incidence of oral cancer, attributed to cultural, ethnic, and geographical factors, along with prevalent addictive habits. Among men, oral cancer ranks as the most diagnosed cancer and has the highest incidence. Among women, it ranks as the third most prevalent cancer in the country.11 In India, there are approximately 77,000 new cases of oral cancer reported each year, resulting in around 52,000 deaths, indicating the substantial burden of this disease.12 These figures represent approximately one-fourth of global oral cancer cases. According to the report Cancer Incidence in Five Continents – Volume VIII, Bhopal, one district in India, has the highest Age-Adjusted Rate (AAR) for both tongue cancer (10.9 per 100,000) and mouth cancer (9.6 per 100,000) globally. Additionally, the urban registry of Ahmedabad exhibits a high AAR of 9.3 per 100,000 for tongue cancer, with other urban cancer registries in India reporting AARs ranging from 3.4 to 6.0.13 In a similar study conducted in the Manipuri district of India, the annual incidence rate of oral cancer was reported as 21.4 cases per 100,000 individuals.11 […]

• #14

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  India has a high incidence of oral cancer, attributed to cultural, ethnic, and geographical factors, along with prevalent addictive habits. Among men, oral cancer ranks as the most diagnosed cancer and has the highest incidence. Among women, it ranks as the third most prevalent cancer in the country.11 In India, there are approximately 77,000 new cases of oral cancer reported each year, resulting in around 52,000 deaths, indicating the substantial burden of this disease.12 These figures represent approximately one-fourth of global oral cancer cases. According to the report Cancer Incidence in Five Continents – Volume VIII, Bhopal, one district in India, has the highest Age-Adjusted Rate (AAR) for both tongue cancer (10.9 per 100,000) and mouth cancer (9.6 per 100,000) globally. Additionally, the urban registry of Ahmedabad exhibits a high AAR of 9.3 per 100,000 for tongue cancer, with other urban cancer registries in India reporting AARs ranging from 3.4 to 6.0.13 In a similar study conducted in the Manipuri district of India, the annual incidence rate of oral cancer was reported as 21.4 cases per 100,000 individuals.11 […]

• #15 Oral cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer

  Oral cancer is the sixteenth most-common cancer in the United Kingdom (around 6,800 people were diagnosed with oral cancer in the United Kingdom in 2011), and it is the 19th most-common cause of cancer death (around 2,100 people died from the disease in 2012). […] The highest incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancer was recorded in Denmark, with age-standardised rates per 100,000 of 13.0, followed by Lithuania (9.9) and the United Kingdom (9.8). […] Hungary also recorded the highest incidence in both genders as well as the highest mortality rates in Europe. […] The incidence rates of oral cancer in western Europe found France, Germany and Belgium to be highest. […] The incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancers were recorded, finding Portugal, Croatia and Serbia to have highest rates.

• #16 Shifting Epidemiology Trends in Tongue Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10705286/

  The increasing number of incidences of tongue cancer in the younger population has been well documented in several studies. […] Based on our results, age groups of 20-39 and over 60 years old demonstrated a significant increase in tongue cancer cases in the period of 2014-2021 compared to 2006-2013. […] The global epidemiological trends in tongue cancer have shifted toward more incidences in younger and female groups.

• #17 Shifting Epidemiology Trends in Tongue Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5680

  According to our results, age groups of 20–39 and over 60 years old demonstrated a significant increase in tongue cancer cases in the period of 2014–2021 compared to 2006–2013. […] The increasing number of incidences of tongue cancer in the younger population has been well documented in several studies.

• #18 Shifting Epidemiology Trends in Tongue Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10705286/

  The increasing number of incidences of tongue cancer in the younger population has been well documented in several studies. […] Based on our results, age groups of 20-39 and over 60 years old demonstrated a significant increase in tongue cancer cases in the period of 2014-2021 compared to 2006-2013. […] The global epidemiological trends in tongue cancer have shifted toward more incidences in younger and female groups.

• #19 Shifting Epidemiology Trends in Tongue Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5680

  According to our results, age groups of 20–39 and over 60 years old demonstrated a significant increase in tongue cancer cases in the period of 2014–2021 compared to 2006–2013. […] The increasing number of incidences of tongue cancer in the younger population has been well documented in several studies.

• #20 Epidemiological landscape of tongue cancer in younger patients in a National Cancer Center in Brazil | Scientific ReportsClose bannerClose banner

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83470-9

  Most young patients with squamous cell carcinoma were not exposed to traditional risk factors such as smoking. Furthermore, these patients frequently have undergone surgery and, for the most part, had disease-free margins. However, the five- and ten-year survival rates did not show significant differences in relation to the age group. […] The most affected topography was the lateral border of the tongue, and the predominance of diagnoses in the advanced stage highlights the complexity of this neoplasm regardless of age. Thus, these results highlight the importance of developing public policies aimed at early diagnosis, not only for groups known to be at risk for tongue SCC.

• #21 Biological and epidemiologic updates on lip and oral cavity cancers – Nocini – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/5366/html

  The impact of the four well-recognized risk factors on worldwide mortality for lip and oral cavity malignancies according to the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study is shown in Figure 4. Alcohol use and smoking are both responsible for the highest number of lip and oral cavity cancer deaths in the male sex (i.e., over 80%), whilst chewing tobacco causes the highest number of lip and oral cavity cancer deaths in the female sex (i.e., over 50%). […] The cumulative 5-year relative survival rates for lip, tongue and mouth floor cancers are 88%, 66% and 53%, respectively. More specifically, the survival rate is as high as 78-92% in patients with localized cancers, decreasing to 39-67% in those with regionally disseminated cancers, becoming as low as 19-39% in those with distant localizations.

• #22 Biological and epidemiologic updates on lip and oral cavity cancers – Nocini – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/5366/html

  The impact of the four well-recognized risk factors on worldwide mortality for lip and oral cavity malignancies according to the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study is shown in Figure 4. Alcohol use and smoking are both responsible for the highest number of lip and oral cavity cancer deaths in the male sex (i.e., over 80%), whilst chewing tobacco causes the highest number of lip and oral cavity cancer deaths in the female sex (i.e., over 50%). […] The cumulative 5-year relative survival rates for lip, tongue and mouth floor cancers are 88%, 66% and 53%, respectively. More specifically, the survival rate is as high as 78-92% in patients with localized cancers, decreasing to 39-67% in those with regionally disseminated cancers, becoming as low as 19-39% in those with distant localizations.

• #23 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Black males in the United States have an incidence rate of oral cancers about one-third higher than their white counterparts (20.7 versus 15.3 per 100,000 annually) but more than twice the mortality rate (8.9) deaths versus 4.1 deaths per 100,000). […] Differences exist by anatomical site as well. Within the oral cavity and pharynx, 29% of cancers involve the tongue and another 17% the lip. […] Five-Year Relative Survival Rates Based on data from 1983-1990, the overall 5-year survival rate for oral cancer was 52.5%. […] In a review of SEER data from 1973 to 1985, Silverman and Gorsky found that more than 95% of oral cancers occurred in persons older than 40, with a median age at diagnosis of 63 years. […] SEER data show substantial increases in incidence and mortality rates for tongue cancer in young males since 1973.

• #24 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  It is cancer that occurs twice as often in the black population as in whites, and survival statistics for blacks over five years are also poorer at 33%, versus 55% for whites. […] Understanding the causative factors of cancer will contribute to the prevention of the disease. […] The age of diagnosed patients may indicate a time component in the biochemical or biophysical processes of aging cells that allows malignant transformation. […] Very recent data (late 2008-2011) lead us to believe that the fastest-growing segment of the oral cancer population is non-smokers under the age of fifty, which would indicate a paradigm shift in the cause of the disease and in the locations where it most frequently occurs in the oral environment. […] Tobacco use in all its forms is number one on the list of risk factors for true oral cavity cancers in individuals over 50.

• #25 Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-022-5166-x

  Major risk factors that are associated with the risk of head and neck cancer are tobacco smoking and tobacco used in combination with alcohol consumption. […] HPV is an additional major risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. […] Both globally and in the UK, HNC incidence has increased over recent decades and is projected to continue to rise, largely driven by increases in oropharyngeal cancer. […] Mortality rates in the UK have started to increase within the last decade, reflecting rising incidence and static survival rates.

• #26 Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-022-5166-x

  Major risk factors that are associated with the risk of head and neck cancer are tobacco smoking and tobacco used in combination with alcohol consumption. […] HPV is an additional major risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. […] Both globally and in the UK, HNC incidence has increased over recent decades and is projected to continue to rise, largely driven by increases in oropharyngeal cancer. […] Mortality rates in the UK have started to increase within the last decade, reflecting rising incidence and static survival rates.

• #27 Epidemiology of oral cancer | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/epidemiology-of-oral-cancer-83982007/83982007

  The high incidence of oral cancer in India has long been linked with the habit of betel quid chewing, tobacco consumption, smoking and indigenous methods of oral habits. […] A synergistic effect of tobacco and alcohol has been observed. Account for 75% of all oral and pharyngeal cancers and have been implicated in the formation of multiple primary cancer sites found in oropharyngeal patients. […] India accounts for one third of the worlds oral cancer and has a high rate of pre-malignant lesions. The World Health Organization classifies oral precancerous/ potentially malignant disorders into 2 general groups, as follows. […] Oral cancer is an important public health issue.

• #28 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  58,500 Americans will be diagnosed with oral or oropharyngeal cancer this year. […] The death rate for oral cancer is higher than that of cancers that we hear about routinely, such as cervical cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, laryngeal cancer, cancer of the testes, and many others. […] Worldwide, the problem is much greater, with over 450,000 new cases being found each year. […] The demographics of those who develop this cancer have been consistent for some time. […] The exact causes of those affected at a younger age are becoming more apparent in peer-reviewed research, revealing a viral etiology (cause), the human papillomavirus version 16. […] The human papillomavirus, particularly version 16, has now been shown to be sexually transmitted between partners and is conclusively implicated in the increasing incidence of young, non-smoking oropharyngeal cancer patients.

• #29 Tongue Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562324/

  This is, in part, believed to be related to the dramatic spike in HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. […] A recent study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database looked at the incidence and survival of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. They report that although the incidence is increasing for both oral tongue SCCA and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, survival has also significantly improved.

• #30 Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-022-5166-x

  Head and neck cancer appears to be increasing in incidence, with potential changes in aetiology proposed. […] Globally, incidence rates have increased in recent decades, largely driven by oropharyngeal cancer. […] Mortality rates over the last decade have also started to rise, reflecting the disease incidence and static survival rates. […] Major risk factors include tobacco smoking alone and in combination with alcohol consumption, betel chewing (particularly in Southeast Asian populations) and the human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer. […] Head and neck cancer incidence is increasing and is projected to continue to rise, largely driven by increases in oropharyngeal cancer. […] Mortality rates have started to increase within the last decade, reflecting a rising incidence and static survival rates.

• #31

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health

  Oral cancer includes cancers of the lip, other parts of the mouth and the oropharynx and combined rank as the 13th most common cancer worldwide. The global incidence of cancers of the lip and oral cavity is estimated to be 389 846 new cases and 188 438 deaths in 2022. Oral cancer is more common in men and in older people, more deadly in men compared to women and it varies strongly by socio-economic circumstances. […] Tobacco, alcohol and areca nut (betel quid) use are among the leading causes of oral cancer. In North America and Europe, human papillomavirus infections are responsible for a growing percentage of oral cancers among young people.

• #32 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  HPV16 represents a unique and independent disease process in the oropharynx. […] The human papillomavirus, particularly HPV16, has been definitively implicated in oropharyngeal cancers. […] Studies indicate that a diet low in fruits and vegetables could be a risk factor and that, conversely, one high in these foods may have a protective value against many types of cancer.

• #33 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatment

  https://www.scirp.org/html/8-8901296_21591.htm

  Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. More than 90% of all oral cancers are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The most important risk factors for oral SCC are use of tobacco or betel quid and the regular drinking of alcoholic beverages. However, infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, and a diet low in fresh fruits and vegetables have also recently been implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of oral SCC. The highest incidence and prevalence of oral SCC is found in the Indian subcontinent where the risk of developing oral SCC is increased by the very prevalent habits of chewing tobacco, betel quid and areca-nut. […] In Western countries oral SCC affects the tongue in 20% – 40% of cases and the floor of the mouth in 15% – 20% of the cases, and together these sites account for about 50% of all cases of oral SCC. The ventral surface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth are the sites most commonly affected by SCC because they are lined by thin non-keratinised epithelium.

• #34 The changing epidemiology of oral cancer: definitions, trends, and risk factors

  http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/174081/

  Emerging evidence of the role played by risk factors in different anatomical sites means that oral cavity cancer and oropharynx cancer should be considered distinct disease entities and a standardised attribution of anatomical subsites will be helpful in ensuring consistency in how data are presented. […] In 2016, over 3,700 people were diagnosed with oral cavity cancer and over 3,500 people were diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer in the UK. Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer is rapidly rising across the UK. Rates of oral cavity cancer are higher in Northern Ireland and higher still (and relatively stable) in Scotland, but rising in England and Wales. […] INHANCE data show that while the consumption of alcohol and tobacco are the prime risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers, they provide greater certainty in the preventive benefits of reducing these risk factors. The role played by other factors such as low socioeconomic status, genetics, oral health, and human papillomavirus (only for oropharyngeal cancer) have become clearer. […] This epidemiology provides a strong foundation for designing and managing both population and individual oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer control strategies.

• #35

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/delivering-better-oral-health-an-evidence-based-toolkit-for-prevention/chapter-6-oral-cancer

  In 2016, 3,744 people in the UK were diagnosed with mouth cancer. The risk of oral cancer increases with age. Age-standardised incidence rates of mouth cancer are higher in Scotland than the rest of the UK, and are rising in England and Wales. Mouth cancer is much more common among males than females with a ratio of approximately 2:1; more common among older age groups, with the peak age for diagnosis being 66 to 70 years. […] Data from Scotland reveal wide socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of oral cancer with those from lowest socioeconomic groups having a near 3-fold greater incidence risk ratio than those from the highest socioeconomic groups; while data from London suggests some South East Asian ethnic groups have higher incidence rate ratios of mouth cancer than their white counterparts.

• #36 The changing epidemiology of oral cancer: definitions, trends, and risk factors

  http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/174081/

  Emerging evidence of the role played by risk factors in different anatomical sites means that oral cavity cancer and oropharynx cancer should be considered distinct disease entities and a standardised attribution of anatomical subsites will be helpful in ensuring consistency in how data are presented. […] In 2016, over 3,700 people were diagnosed with oral cavity cancer and over 3,500 people were diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer in the UK. Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer is rapidly rising across the UK. Rates of oral cavity cancer are higher in Northern Ireland and higher still (and relatively stable) in Scotland, but rising in England and Wales. […] INHANCE data show that while the consumption of alcohol and tobacco are the prime risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers, they provide greater certainty in the preventive benefits of reducing these risk factors. The role played by other factors such as low socioeconomic status, genetics, oral health, and human papillomavirus (only for oropharyngeal cancer) have become clearer. […] This epidemiology provides a strong foundation for designing and managing both population and individual oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer control strategies.

• #37 Epidemiological landscape of tongue cancer in younger patients in a National Cancer Center in Brazil | Scientific ReportsClose bannerClose banner

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83470-9

  Epidemiological landscape of tongue cancer in younger patients in a National Cancer Center in Brazil […] This study investigates the changing epidemiological profile of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to young patients, highlighting its rising incidence among non-traditional risk groups. […] Although anti-smoking and awareness campaigns have contributed to the reduction in cases of oral SCC, the incidence of tongue SCC is increasing in groups not traditionally associated with risk factors, such as female gender, and young people, with no apparent relationship with harmful habits. […] The presence of these factors, combined with environmental exposures, poor nutrition, and chronic inflammation, significantly increases the likelihood of developing this disease. […] The complexity of this scenario reinforces the need for additional investigations to understand the causes underlying this change in the profile of head and neck cancer, especially in the context of demographic groups previously considered at low risk for this disease.

• #38 Tongue Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562324/

  Tongue cancer is one of the most common sites of head and neck malignancy. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of tongue cancer and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Describe the etiology and epidemiology of tongue cancer. […] Classically, tongue carcinoma is a condition of older males with a history of smoking and/or drinking alcohol. It has a slight male predominance, and the estimated frequency of disease varies widely with geographic location. […] However, studies suggest an alarming increasing incidence of both oral and base of the tongue squamous cell carcinoma during the last decades, specifically in women and younger patients without the traditional risk factors of alcohol or tobacco use.

• #39 Tongue Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562324/

  This is, in part, believed to be related to the dramatic spike in HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. […] A recent study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database looked at the incidence and survival of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. They report that although the incidence is increasing for both oral tongue SCCA and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, survival has also significantly improved.

• #40 Oral cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer

  Globally, it newly occurred in about 355,000 people and resulted in 177,000 deaths in 2018. Of these 355,000, about 246,000 are males and 108,000 are females. […] Oral cancer occurs more often in people from lower and middle income countries. […] As of 2025, it is the fastest growing cancer among young men in Western countries, and is in most cases related to HPV, the most common sexually transmitted infection globally. […] As of 2025, oropharyngeal cancers caused by the virus have more than doubled in the last 30 years, especially in males. […] British Cancer Research found 2,386 deaths due to oral cancer in 2014; while most oral cancer cases are diagnosed in older adults between 50 and 74 years old, this condition can affect the young as well; 6% of people affected by oral cancer are under 45 years of age.

• #41

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health

  Oral cancer includes cancers of the lip, other parts of the mouth and the oropharynx and combined rank as the 13th most common cancer worldwide. The global incidence of cancers of the lip and oral cavity is estimated to be 389 846 new cases and 188 438 deaths in 2022. Oral cancer is more common in men and in older people, more deadly in men compared to women and it varies strongly by socio-economic circumstances. […] Tobacco, alcohol and areca nut (betel quid) use are among the leading causes of oral cancer. In North America and Europe, human papillomavirus infections are responsible for a growing percentage of oral cancers among young people.

• #42 Epidemiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-head-and-neck-cancer

  Males are affected significantly more than females, with a ratio ranging from 2:1 to 4:1. The incidence rate in males exceeds 20 per 100,000 in regions of France, Hong Kong, the Indian subcontinent, Central and Eastern Europe, Spain, Italy, and Brazil, and among African Americans in the United States. Mouth and tongue cancers are more common in the Indian subcontinent, nasopharyngeal cancer is more common in Hong Kong, and pharyngeal and/or laryngeal cancers are more common in other populations; these factors contribute disproportionately to the overall cancer burden in these Asian countries. […] The incidence of laryngeal cancer, but not oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer, is approximately 50 percent higher in African American men. The mortality associated with both laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer is significantly higher in African American men, which may reflect the lower prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity.

• #43 Shifting Epidemiology Trends in Tongue Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10705286/

  Tongue cancer typically has male predominance. However, several studies have documented an increasing number of incidences among the younger population, with female predominance, which is unusual. Current trends in tongue cancer and possible risk factors require more investigation. The global epidemiological trends in tongue cancer have shifted toward more incidences in younger and female groups. Our study confirms the same findings regarding the younger age group. However, in our locality, no significant changes have been noted regarding gender. More multi-institutional studies are recommended to explain such changes and highlight the possible risk factors so that appropriate corrective actions can be taken into consideration. […] Although tongue cancer is commonly seen in males over 50 years old, some researchers have claimed that there is an increasing incidence in the younger population.

• #44 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. […] Overall, the lifetime risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is about 1 in 59 for men and 1 in 139 for women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline. […] This is mainly because of an increase in oropharyngeal cancer mortality of almost 2% per year during that time.

• #45 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. […] Overall, the lifetime risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is about 1 in 59 for men and 1 in 139 for women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline. […] This is mainly because of an increase in oropharyngeal cancer mortality of almost 2% per year during that time.

• #46 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Black males in the United States have an incidence rate of oral cancers about one-third higher than their white counterparts (20.7 versus 15.3 per 100,000 annually) but more than twice the mortality rate (8.9) deaths versus 4.1 deaths per 100,000). […] Differences exist by anatomical site as well. Within the oral cavity and pharynx, 29% of cancers involve the tongue and another 17% the lip. […] Five-Year Relative Survival Rates Based on data from 1983-1990, the overall 5-year survival rate for oral cancer was 52.5%. […] In a review of SEER data from 1973 to 1985, Silverman and Gorsky found that more than 95% of oral cancers occurred in persons older than 40, with a median age at diagnosis of 63 years. […] SEER data show substantial increases in incidence and mortality rates for tongue cancer in young males since 1973.

• #47 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Black males in the United States have an incidence rate of oral cancers about one-third higher than their white counterparts (20.7 versus 15.3 per 100,000 annually) but more than twice the mortality rate (8.9) deaths versus 4.1 deaths per 100,000). […] Differences exist by anatomical site as well. Within the oral cavity and pharynx, 29% of cancers involve the tongue and another 17% the lip. […] Five-Year Relative Survival Rates Based on data from 1983-1990, the overall 5-year survival rate for oral cancer was 52.5%. […] In a review of SEER data from 1973 to 1985, Silverman and Gorsky found that more than 95% of oral cancers occurred in persons older than 40, with a median age at diagnosis of 63 years. […] SEER data show substantial increases in incidence and mortality rates for tongue cancer in young males since 1973.

• #48 Oral cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer

  Globally, it newly occurred in about 355,000 people and resulted in 177,000 deaths in 2018. Of these 355,000, about 246,000 are males and 108,000 are females. […] Oral cancer occurs more often in people from lower and middle income countries. […] As of 2025, it is the fastest growing cancer among young men in Western countries, and is in most cases related to HPV, the most common sexually transmitted infection globally. […] As of 2025, oropharyngeal cancers caused by the virus have more than doubled in the last 30 years, especially in males. […] British Cancer Research found 2,386 deaths due to oral cancer in 2014; while most oral cancer cases are diagnosed in older adults between 50 and 74 years old, this condition can affect the young as well; 6% of people affected by oral cancer are under 45 years of age.

• #49 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  It is cancer that occurs twice as often in the black population as in whites, and survival statistics for blacks over five years are also poorer at 33%, versus 55% for whites. […] Understanding the causative factors of cancer will contribute to the prevention of the disease. […] The age of diagnosed patients may indicate a time component in the biochemical or biophysical processes of aging cells that allows malignant transformation. […] Very recent data (late 2008-2011) lead us to believe that the fastest-growing segment of the oral cancer population is non-smokers under the age of fifty, which would indicate a paradigm shift in the cause of the disease and in the locations where it most frequently occurs in the oral environment. […] Tobacco use in all its forms is number one on the list of risk factors for true oral cavity cancers in individuals over 50.

• #50 Epidemiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-head-and-neck-cancer

  Males are affected significantly more than females, with a ratio ranging from 2:1 to 4:1. The incidence rate in males exceeds 20 per 100,000 in regions of France, Hong Kong, the Indian subcontinent, Central and Eastern Europe, Spain, Italy, and Brazil, and among African Americans in the United States. Mouth and tongue cancers are more common in the Indian subcontinent, nasopharyngeal cancer is more common in Hong Kong, and pharyngeal and/or laryngeal cancers are more common in other populations; these factors contribute disproportionately to the overall cancer burden in these Asian countries. […] The incidence of laryngeal cancer, but not oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer, is approximately 50 percent higher in African American men. The mortality associated with both laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer is significantly higher in African American men, which may reflect the lower prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity.

• #51 Head and neck cancers incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/head-and-neck-cancers/incidence

  Head and neck cancer is the 8th most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 3% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] For head and neck cancer, like most cancer types, differences between countries largely reflect risk factor prevalence in years past. […] The most common specific location for head and neck cancers in the UK is the tongue (2016-2018). […] Head and neck cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are 64% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are 101% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] The number of new head and neck cancer cases on average each year in the UK is projected to rise from around 14,000 cases in 2023-2025 to around 16,300 cases in 2038-2040.

• #52 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

• #53 Epidemiology of the Oral Cancer | Pocket Dentistry

  https://pocketdentistry.com/epidemiology-of-the-oral-cancer/

  Cancer registry is increasingly becoming popular, but still inadequate. Establishment of nationwide cancer registry in consideration of the Private Information Protection Law would be required. […] The occurrence frequency of oral cancer (n=1,784) by sites was highest in the tongue and accounted for 40 % of the entire oral cancers, followed by the mandibular gingiva (20.3 %), maxillary gingiva (12.0 %), buccal mucosa (10.3 %), oral floor (9.2 %), maxillary antrum, and palate in Japan. […] A number of risk factors of oral cancer have been reported. Risk factors of oral cancer reported up to the present are summarized. […] Smoking is a luxury item, which also has the highest causal relation with carcinogenesis in oral cancer. […] Drinking is a factor, which causation with oral cancer has been demonstrated similar to smoking.

• #54 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx account for 3% of all cancers in the United States. Oral cancer usually includes cancer of the lip, tongue, salivary glands, and other sites in the mouth; while pharyngeal cancer includes cancers of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. More than 90% of oral or pharyngeal cancers are squamous cell in origin. […] Data for describing the patterns of oral cancer come from two main sources, mortality data derived from death certificates and cancer registries. […] The National Cancer Institute (NCI) collects data from nine cancer registries (5 states and 4 metropolitan areas) as part of its Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. […] Based on 1991 SEER data, the overall incidence and mortality rates for oral and pharyngeal cancer combined are 10.4 per 100,000 population and 2.9 per 100,000 population, respectively.

• #55 International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium (INHANCE) | Family & Preventive Medicine | U of U School of Medicine

  https://medicine.utah.edu/dfpm/inhance

  The International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) Consortium is a collaboration of research groups leading large molecular epidemiology studies of head and neck cancer (oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx). […] Questionnaire data on over 26,600 cases 37,900 controls, and biological samples from a majority of the study population were collected. These studies have been conducted in various regions of the world. […] We aim to improve the understanding of the causes and mechanisms of head and neck cancer. […] Risk factors for head and neck cancer in more and less developed countries: Analysis from the INHANCE Consortium. […] Occupational socioeconomic risk associations for head and neck cancer in Europe and South America: individual participant data analysis of pooled case-control studies within the INHANCE Consortium. […] Lessons learned from the INHANCE consortium: An overview of recent results on head and neck cancer.

• #56 Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 59,660 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 12,770 […] Oral cavity and pharynx cancer represents 2.9% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 59,660 new cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer and an estimated 12,770 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer was 11.6 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] For oral cancer, death rates are higher among males, particularly among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations. The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new oral cavity and pharynx cancer cases have been rising on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 0.8% each year over 20142023.

• #57 The changing epidemiology of oral cancer: definitions, trends, and risk factors

  http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/174081/

  Emerging evidence of the role played by risk factors in different anatomical sites means that oral cavity cancer and oropharynx cancer should be considered distinct disease entities and a standardised attribution of anatomical subsites will be helpful in ensuring consistency in how data are presented. […] In 2016, over 3,700 people were diagnosed with oral cavity cancer and over 3,500 people were diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer in the UK. Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer is rapidly rising across the UK. Rates of oral cavity cancer are higher in Northern Ireland and higher still (and relatively stable) in Scotland, but rising in England and Wales. […] INHANCE data show that while the consumption of alcohol and tobacco are the prime risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers, they provide greater certainty in the preventive benefits of reducing these risk factors. The role played by other factors such as low socioeconomic status, genetics, oral health, and human papillomavirus (only for oropharyngeal cancer) have become clearer. […] This epidemiology provides a strong foundation for designing and managing both population and individual oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer control strategies.

• #58 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Among these factors are stage at diagnosis, access to treatment, and the success of treatment. […] The lack of national prevalence data on premalignant lesions has been a significant barrier to understanding fully the occurrence and development of oral cancers. […] There is substantial evidence that there are racial or ethnic differences in oral cancer beyond the black/white differences noted in publications using the SEER data.

• #59 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Among these factors are stage at diagnosis, access to treatment, and the success of treatment. […] The lack of national prevalence data on premalignant lesions has been a significant barrier to understanding fully the occurrence and development of oral cancers. […] There is substantial evidence that there are racial or ethnic differences in oral cancer beyond the black/white differences noted in publications using the SEER data.

• #60 researchopenworld.com

  https://researchopenworld.com/study-of-epidemiology-and-human-papilloma-virus-prevalence-in-oral-cavity-cancers/

  In Africa in general and in Senegal in particular, data on cancers of the oral cavity are scarce and besides that the epidemiology differs from other countries. […] This epidemiological study has certain limitations, such as the large number of unspecified data for a few parameters, or the failure to take into account other parameters such as occupation. […] The existence of a register or database of oral cancers, which compiles data from all hospital services receiving patients with this pathology, would allow us to know a little more about this disease and its incidence in Senegal.

• #61 Epidemiology of the Oral Cancer | Pocket Dentistry

  https://pocketdentistry.com/epidemiology-of-the-oral-cancer/

  Cancer registry is increasingly becoming popular, but still inadequate. Establishment of nationwide cancer registry in consideration of the Private Information Protection Law would be required. […] The occurrence frequency of oral cancer (n=1,784) by sites was highest in the tongue and accounted for 40 % of the entire oral cancers, followed by the mandibular gingiva (20.3 %), maxillary gingiva (12.0 %), buccal mucosa (10.3 %), oral floor (9.2 %), maxillary antrum, and palate in Japan. […] A number of risk factors of oral cancer have been reported. Risk factors of oral cancer reported up to the present are summarized. […] Smoking is a luxury item, which also has the highest causal relation with carcinogenesis in oral cancer. […] Drinking is a factor, which causation with oral cancer has been demonstrated similar to smoking.

• #62 Trends in Incidence of Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx — United States 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915a1.htm

  Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx can be caused by exposure to risk factors that are common in the United States, including tobacco use, alcohol use, and HPV infection. Cancer control initiatives that use proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates could help reduce cancer risk.

• #63 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  https://bmrat.biomedpress.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective.

• #64 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  https://bmrat.biomedpress.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective.

• #65

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach.46 A risk prediction model has been developed for head and neck cancers, including oral cancer, which takes into account factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, and cigarette smoking/alcohol consumption.47 However, this model does not specifically consider OPMDs. To address this gap, a group in Sri Lanka has developed a risk prediction model specifically for OPMDs, utilizing field surveys to study the association between lifestyles and the development of OPMDs.48 […] […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue. Healthcare providers, dental professionals, and public health organizations play a vital role in disseminating information about oral cancer and promoting early detection. By conducting community outreach programs, organizing awareness campaigns, and integrating oral cancer education into routine dental visits, the public can be better informed about the signs and symptoms of oral cancer. Educational initiatives should focus on educating individuals about the risk factors associated with oral cancer, such as tobacco and alcohol use, HPV infection, and poor oral hygiene.

• #66

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach.46 A risk prediction model has been developed for head and neck cancers, including oral cancer, which takes into account factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, and cigarette smoking/alcohol consumption.47 However, this model does not specifically consider OPMDs. To address this gap, a group in Sri Lanka has developed a risk prediction model specifically for OPMDs, utilizing field surveys to study the association between lifestyles and the development of OPMDs.48 […] […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue. Healthcare providers, dental professionals, and public health organizations play a vital role in disseminating information about oral cancer and promoting early detection. By conducting community outreach programs, organizing awareness campaigns, and integrating oral cancer education into routine dental visits, the public can be better informed about the signs and symptoms of oral cancer. Educational initiatives should focus on educating individuals about the risk factors associated with oral cancer, such as tobacco and alcohol use, HPV infection, and poor oral hygiene.

• #67

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach.46 A risk prediction model has been developed for head and neck cancers, including oral cancer, which takes into account factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, and cigarette smoking/alcohol consumption.47 However, this model does not specifically consider OPMDs. To address this gap, a group in Sri Lanka has developed a risk prediction model specifically for OPMDs, utilizing field surveys to study the association between lifestyles and the development of OPMDs.48 […] […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue. Healthcare providers, dental professionals, and public health organizations play a vital role in disseminating information about oral cancer and promoting early detection. By conducting community outreach programs, organizing awareness campaigns, and integrating oral cancer education into routine dental visits, the public can be better informed about the signs and symptoms of oral cancer. Educational initiatives should focus on educating individuals about the risk factors associated with oral cancer, such as tobacco and alcohol use, HPV infection, and poor oral hygiene.

• #68

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  The National Cancer Institute estimates that in 2023, there will be 54,540 new cases of oral cancer globally (Fig. 1). […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach.46 A risk prediction model has been developed for head and neck cancers, including oral cancer, which takes into account factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, and cigarette smoking/alcohol consumption.47 However, this model does not specifically consider OPMDs. […] The utilization of AI techniques in advancing image-based diagnosis is gaining popularity, primarily through deep learning and machine learning. Deep learning networks utilize layers of artificial neural networks to autonomously generate categories based on their identification of differences (edges) within neural network layers exposed to extensive data points. In contrast, machine learning algorithms typically require accurately categorized data input. The efficiency of automated cancer diagnosis has notably improved, thanks to the development and refinement of convolutional neural networks.

• #69

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  The National Cancer Institute estimates that in 2023, there will be 54,540 new cases of oral cancer globally (Fig. 1). […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach.46 A risk prediction model has been developed for head and neck cancers, including oral cancer, which takes into account factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, and cigarette smoking/alcohol consumption.47 However, this model does not specifically consider OPMDs. […] The utilization of AI techniques in advancing image-based diagnosis is gaining popularity, primarily through deep learning and machine learning. Deep learning networks utilize layers of artificial neural networks to autonomously generate categories based on their identification of differences (edges) within neural network layers exposed to extensive data points. In contrast, machine learning algorithms typically require accurately categorized data input. The efficiency of automated cancer diagnosis has notably improved, thanks to the development and refinement of convolutional neural networks.

• #70 Shifting Epidemiology Trends in Tongue Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10705286/

  Tongue cancer typically has male predominance. However, several studies have documented an increasing number of incidences among the younger population, with female predominance, which is unusual. Current trends in tongue cancer and possible risk factors require more investigation. The global epidemiological trends in tongue cancer have shifted toward more incidences in younger and female groups. Our study confirms the same findings regarding the younger age group. However, in our locality, no significant changes have been noted regarding gender. More multi-institutional studies are recommended to explain such changes and highlight the possible risk factors so that appropriate corrective actions can be taken into consideration. […] Although tongue cancer is commonly seen in males over 50 years old, some researchers have claimed that there is an increasing incidence in the younger population.

• #71 Shifting Epidemiology Trends in Tongue Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5680

  Tongue cancer typically has male predominance. However, several studies have documented an increasing number of incidences among the younger population, with female predominance, which is unusual. Current trends in tongue cancer and possible risk factors require more investigation. The global epidemiological trends in tongue cancer have shifted toward more incidences in younger and female groups. Our study confirms the same findings regarding the younger age group. However, in our locality, no significant changes have been noted regarding gender. More multi-institutional studies are recommended to explain such changes and highlight the possible risk factors so that appropriate corrective actions can be taken into consideration. […] Although tongue cancer is commonly seen in males over 50 years old, some researchers have claimed that there is an increasing incidence in the younger population.

• #72 Shifting Epidemiology Trends in Tongue Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10705286/

  The increasing number of incidences of tongue cancer in the younger population has been well documented in several studies. […] Based on our results, age groups of 20-39 and over 60 years old demonstrated a significant increase in tongue cancer cases in the period of 2014-2021 compared to 2006-2013. […] The global epidemiological trends in tongue cancer have shifted toward more incidences in younger and female groups.

• #73 Shifting Epidemiology Trends in Tongue Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5680

  Tongue cancer typically has male predominance. However, several studies have documented an increasing number of incidences among the younger population, with female predominance, which is unusual. Current trends in tongue cancer and possible risk factors require more investigation. The global epidemiological trends in tongue cancer have shifted toward more incidences in younger and female groups. Our study confirms the same findings regarding the younger age group. However, in our locality, no significant changes have been noted regarding gender. More multi-institutional studies are recommended to explain such changes and highlight the possible risk factors so that appropriate corrective actions can be taken into consideration. […] Although tongue cancer is commonly seen in males over 50 years old, some researchers have claimed that there is an increasing incidence in the younger population.

• #74 Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-022-5166-x

  Head and neck cancer appears to be increasing in incidence, with potential changes in aetiology proposed. […] Globally, incidence rates have increased in recent decades, largely driven by oropharyngeal cancer. […] Mortality rates over the last decade have also started to rise, reflecting the disease incidence and static survival rates. […] Major risk factors include tobacco smoking alone and in combination with alcohol consumption, betel chewing (particularly in Southeast Asian populations) and the human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer. […] Head and neck cancer incidence is increasing and is projected to continue to rise, largely driven by increases in oropharyngeal cancer. […] Mortality rates have started to increase within the last decade, reflecting a rising incidence and static survival rates.

• #75 Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-022-5166-x

  Major risk factors that are associated with the risk of head and neck cancer are tobacco smoking and tobacco used in combination with alcohol consumption. […] HPV is an additional major risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. […] Both globally and in the UK, HNC incidence has increased over recent decades and is projected to continue to rise, largely driven by increases in oropharyngeal cancer. […] Mortality rates in the UK have started to increase within the last decade, reflecting rising incidence and static survival rates.

• #76 The changing epidemiology of oral cancer: definitions, trends, and risk factors

  http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/174081/

  Emerging evidence of the role played by risk factors in different anatomical sites means that oral cavity cancer and oropharynx cancer should be considered distinct disease entities and a standardised attribution of anatomical subsites will be helpful in ensuring consistency in how data are presented. […] In 2016, over 3,700 people were diagnosed with oral cavity cancer and over 3,500 people were diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer in the UK. Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer is rapidly rising across the UK. Rates of oral cavity cancer are higher in Northern Ireland and higher still (and relatively stable) in Scotland, but rising in England and Wales. […] INHANCE data show that while the consumption of alcohol and tobacco are the prime risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers, they provide greater certainty in the preventive benefits of reducing these risk factors. The role played by other factors such as low socioeconomic status, genetics, oral health, and human papillomavirus (only for oropharyngeal cancer) have become clearer. […] This epidemiology provides a strong foundation for designing and managing both population and individual oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer control strategies.

• #77 Epidemiological landscape of tongue cancer in younger patients in a National Cancer Center in Brazil | Scientific ReportsClose bannerClose banner

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83470-9

  Epidemiological landscape of tongue cancer in younger patients in a National Cancer Center in Brazil […] This study investigates the changing epidemiological profile of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to young patients, highlighting its rising incidence among non-traditional risk groups. […] Although anti-smoking and awareness campaigns have contributed to the reduction in cases of oral SCC, the incidence of tongue SCC is increasing in groups not traditionally associated with risk factors, such as female gender, and young people, with no apparent relationship with harmful habits. […] The presence of these factors, combined with environmental exposures, poor nutrition, and chronic inflammation, significantly increases the likelihood of developing this disease. […] The complexity of this scenario reinforces the need for additional investigations to understand the causes underlying this change in the profile of head and neck cancer, especially in the context of demographic groups previously considered at low risk for this disease.

• #78 Epidemiological landscape of tongue cancer in younger patients in a National Cancer Center in Brazil | Scientific ReportsClose bannerClose banner

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83470-9

  Most young patients with squamous cell carcinoma were not exposed to traditional risk factors such as smoking. Furthermore, these patients frequently have undergone surgery and, for the most part, had disease-free margins. However, the five- and ten-year survival rates did not show significant differences in relation to the age group. […] The most affected topography was the lateral border of the tongue, and the predominance of diagnoses in the advanced stage highlights the complexity of this neoplasm regardless of age. Thus, these results highlight the importance of developing public policies aimed at early diagnosis, not only for groups known to be at risk for tongue SCC.

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