Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tongue cancer | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tongue-cancer?content_id=CON-20378419

  Tongue cancer starts when healthy cells in the tongue develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow out of control and to continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This makes a lot of extra cells. The cells can form a growth, called a tumor. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other areas of the body. […] It’s not always clear what causes the changes that lead to tongue cancer. For some tongue cancers that happen in the throat, human papillomavirus, also called HPV, can be involved. HPV is a common virus that’s transmitted through sexual contact. Tongue cancer in the throat that’s caused by HPV tends to respond better to treatment compared with tongue cancer in the throat that’s not related to HPV.

• #2 Tongue Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/tongue-cancer

  Tongue cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow out of control. […] Many researchers believe that DNA mutations (changes) that affect your tongue can cause tongue cancer. […] Experts have identified several risk factors for tongue cancer. A risk factor is something that increases your chances of getting a certain condition. The two most significant risk factors include heavy smoking and high alcohol consumption (alcohol use disorder). Your risk goes up drastically if both pertain to you. […] Other tongue cancer risk factors include: HPV (human papillomavirus). A history of HPV is a leading cause of base of tongue cancer. Less commonly, it can cause oral tongue cancer.

• #3 Tongue Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562324/

  Tongue cancer is one of the most common sites of head and neck malignancy. Smoking, drinking alcohol, and, more recently, human papilloma virus infection are recognized as the major risk factors for the development of tongue cancer. […] The two most important independent risk factors for the development of tongue SCCA are heavy smoking and alcohol use. Cigarette smoke contains known carcinogens, mainly nitrosamines, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. Alcohol metabolizes into acetaldehyde, which affects DNA repair. […] Although less known, other important risk factors for the development of tongue cancer are betel use, radiation exposure, immunocompromised states, poor oral hygiene, and genetic factors. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is also known to play a role in tongue cancer. […] Classically, tongue carcinoma is a condition of older males with a history of smoking and/or drinking alcohol.

• #4 Tongue Cancer: Symptoms, Causes (Smoking, HPV) & Survival Rate

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/oral-cancer/types/tongue-cancer

  Tongue cancer, a type of oral cancer, originates in the long, flat, muscular organ in the mouth known as the tongue. […] What causes tongue cancer? […] Most tongue cancer develops from the flat squamous cells that line the surface of the tongue. When they begin dividing into a cluster of abnormal cells, that creates a tumor. Like many mouth and throat cancers, tongue cancer is associated with heavy tobacco and alcohol use, as well as with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV infection may cause about 70 percent of oropharyngeal cancers, including cancers of the base of the tongue and tonsils, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] The risk for developing tongue cancer is approximately five times higher among those who smoke compared to people who don’t use tobacco. People who smoke and also drink alcohol face a 30 times higher risk for developing head and neck cancers, including tongue cancer, than those in the general population. […] In addition to tobacco and alcohol use and HPV infection, other risk factors for mouth and throat cancers are listed below.

• #5 Tongue Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/oral-head-neck-cancer/tongue-cancer/guide/

  Tongue cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that begins in the tongue, the muscular organ in your mouth that helps you speak, chew, and breathe. […] Researchers don’t know exactly what causes tongue cancer, and the disease can affect anyone, according to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. However, certain risk factors may increase a person’s chance of developing tongue cancer, according to the American Cancer Society: […] Smokers are 5 times more likely to develop tongue cancer than nonsmokers. […] Heavy drinkers have a higher chance of having tongue cancer. Using alcohol and tobacco together further accelerates the risk. […] HPV is a sexually transmitted disease. HPV type 16 is the subtype of HPV that’s most commonly linked to tongue cancer. […] Most people with tongue cancer are older than age 55 at diagnosis. However, tongue cancer is on the rise among younger people.

• #6 Cancers of the Oral Mucosa: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075729-overview

  Tobacco and alcohol use are independent risk factors for mouth cancer and tongue cancer. Heavy tobacco smokers have a 20-fold greater risk; heavy alcohol drinkers a 5-fold greater risk; those who do both have a 50-fold greater risk. Betel-quid chewing and oral snuff are important risk factors in people from specific geographic areas (eg, betel chewing in Southeast Asia). Finally, a diet low in fresh vegetables and fruits has also been implicated in causing oral SCC, and HPVs have been implicated in oropharyngeal cancers. At present, there is not enough evidence to link the use of marijuana (cannabis) with oral cancer, other than the fact that patients who use marijuana tend to have higher rates of infection with HPV. The following factors are associated with the etiology of oral cancers: […] Cigarette smoking: Compared with persons who do not smoke, the risk of oral cancer in persons who smoke low/medium-tar cigarettes and high-tar cigarettes was 8.5- and 16.4-fold greater, respectively.

• #7

  https://journals.lww.com/cancerjournal/fulltext/2016/12020/oral_cancer__etiology_and_risk_factors__a_review.4.aspx

  The most important carcinogens in tobacco smoke are the aromatic hydrocarbon benz-pyrene and the tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNs) namely 4-(nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N’-nitrosonornicotine (NNN). […] Animal studies have shown that NNK and NNN in the tobacco products cause tumors of the oral cavity, lung, esophagus, and pancreas. […] Studies have shown the association of these products with oral cancer development. […] Alcohol has been implicated in the development of oral cancer. […] Alcohol consumption has been shown to act synergistically with tobacco in the increased risk of development of oral cancer. […] The role of alcohol as an independent factor in oral carcinogenesis is still unclear albeit epidemiological evidence establishes the synergistic role played by alcohol with tobacco.

• #7

  https://journals.lww.com/cancerjournal/fulltext/2016/12020/oral_cancer__etiology_and_risk_factors__a_review.4.aspx

  Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignancy in the world. […] This paper is an overview of the various etiological agents and risk factors implicated in the development of oral cancer. […] Development of oral or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and minor salivary gland carcinomas is influenced by both these factors namely tobacco, alcohol, diet and nutrition, viruses, radiation, ethnicity, familial and genetic predisposition, oral thrush, immunosuppression, use of mouthwash, syphilis, dental factors, occupational risks, and mate. […] Tobacco consumption continues to prevail as the most important cancer risk as it alone accounts for millions of cancer deaths annually. […] The relationship between smoking and oral cancer has been established firmly by epidemiological studies.

• #8 What Causes Oral Cancer? – Medical Associates of Northwest Arkansas

  https://mana.md/what-causes-oral-cancer/

  Smoking, smokeless tobacco, and alcohol all increase the risk for throat and mouth cancers. Tobacco and alcohol use account for almost 75% of all mouth and throat cancer cases in the U.S. […] However, the fastest growing causes of oral and throat cancers is the human papilloma virus. Human papilloma virus the most common sexually transmitted infection is linked with oropharyngeal cancer. Its unclear whether HPV causes oral cancer, or if HPV interacts with other risk factors to cause oral cancer. It is clear, however, that the HPV virus increases your risk for oral cancer. According to the American Association of Oral and Malliofacial Surgeons, youre 30 times more likely to develop oral cancer if you have HPV.

• #9 Oral Cancer Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Turkey

  https://bi-maristan.com/en/otorhinolaryngology/head-and-neck/oral-cancer/

  Cancer occurs when a genetic change in the body causes abnormal cell growth. Over time, these unwanted cells continue to grow and form a tumor that can migrate to other body parts. […] Studies indicate that 90% of oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer begins in these squamous cells that line the lips and inside the mouth. […] The causes of these changes are not yet known, but some risk factors appear to increase the chance of developing oral cancer. […] Studies show that the following factors increase your risk: Smoking: Cigarette, cigar, or pipe smokers are six times more likely to develop oral cancer than non-smokers. Smokeless tobacco use: People who use tobacco products such as snuff, chewing, or snorting are 50 times more likely to develop cancer of the gums, cheeks, and lining of the lips. Excessive alcohol consumption: Oral cancer is about six times more common in people who drink alcohol than in non-drinkers. Using alcohol and tobacco together increases your chances even more. Human papillomavirus (HPV): Some strains of HPV are risk factors for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

• #10 Tongue Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, & More

  https://www.health.com/tongue-cancer-8404448

  Tongue cancer accounts for about 1% of all cancer diagnoses each year. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, drinking excess amounts of alcohol, and having human papillomavirus (HPV) are common causes of tongue cancer. […] Damage to the DNA in the tongue’s cells causes tongue cancer. Damaged DNA (gene mutations) causes these cells to become abnormal. When the abnormal cells grow and multiply uncontrollably, they form a tumor. […] While the exact trigger for these mutations is not always clear, research shows strong links between oral and oropharyngeal tongue cancer and the following: Tobacco use: Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or vapes contain chemicals that damage the DNA in tongue cells. Excessive alcohol consumption: When the body metabolizes alcohol, it breaks it down into a chemical called acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is a probable carcinogen (cancer-causing agent) found in the saliva after you consume alcohol. Heavy alcohol consumption can cause DNA damage in the tongue’s cells over time and lead to cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that affects nearly everyone by the time they reach adulthood. There are over 100 strains of HPV, but certain strains (e.g., HPV16) can lead to the development of oropharyngeal tongue cancer.

• #11 Cancers of the Oral Mucosa: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075729-overview

  Alcohol: Growing evidence is associating increased alcohol consumption with the risk of developing oral SCC. Alcoholic beverages may contain carcinogens or procarcinogens, including nitrosamine and urethane contaminants and ethanol. Ethanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase and, to some extent, by cytochrome P450 to acetaldehyde, which may be carcinogenic. The combined effects of tobacco use and alcohol consumption are found to be multiplicative. Compared with persons who do not drink and do not smoke, the risk of developing oral SCC is increased 80-fold in persons with the highest levels of smoking and alcohol consumption. […] Betel and similar habits: The betel quid contains a variety of ingredients, including betel vine leaf, betel (areca) nut, catechu, and, often, slaked lime together with tobacco. Some persons chew the nut only, and others prefer paan, which includes tobacco and sometimes lime and catechu. In 1986, the International Agency for Research on Cancer deemed betel-quid chewing an important risk factor, and the areca (betel) nut habit with or without tobacco use can cause cytogenetic changes in the oral epithelium.

• #12 Tongue Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562324/

  However, studies suggest an alarming increasing incidence of both oral and base of the tongue squamous cell carcinoma during the last decades, specifically in women and younger patients without the traditional risk factors of alcohol or tobacco use. This is, in part, believed to be related to the dramatic spike in HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. […] The concept of field cancerization was introduced by Danely P. Slaughter in 1953. Briefly, he observed that the benign epithelium surrounding the oral cavity malignant tumor specimens was abnormal. […] Although old and still relatively poorly understood, this concept of field cancerization is fundamental in understanding the aggressive and recurrent nature of oral tongue SCCA.

• #13 Oral Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/oral-cancer/risk-factors

  While the exact cause of oral cancer isn’t known, several factors are known to increase risk, including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, tobacco use and alcohol consumption. […] HPV is a risk factor for oral cancer. People with oral cancers linked to HPV tend to not be smokers or drinkers, and usually have a good prognosis. […] About 85 percent of patients with oral cancers use tobacco in the form of cigarettes, chewing tobacco or snuff. The risk of developing oral cancer depends on the duration and frequency of tobacco use. […] About 70 percent of people diagnosed with oral cancer are heavy drinkers. This risk is higher for people who use both alcohol and tobacco. […] Chewing gutka, a combination of betel quid and tobacco, is also common. Both of these substances are associated with an increased oral cancer risk.

• #14 Causes of oral cancer – an appraisal of controversies | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2009.1009

  Major risk factors for oral cancer in the UK population are cigarette smoking and alcohol misuse. […] Smokeless tobacco (ST) use also significantly increases the risk of oral cancer. […] Betel quid is carcinogenic to humans (both with and without added tobacco) and is an important risk factor among people with this habit in the Asian ethnic minorities residing the UK. […] The estimated elevated risks from these different agents and exposures (among smokers, regular users of alcohol and betel quid; adjusted for each other) compared to non-users are reported consistently from many populations. […] There is also good evidence to suggest that cessation of these habits leads to reduced risk, though it may take up to ten years to reach the low risk status of never users. […] There is sufficient evidence based on recent studies (mostly conducted in the USA) that infection with HPV (subtypes 6 and 16) is a risk factor particularly for the oropharynx.

• #14 Causes of oral cancer – an appraisal of controversies | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2009.1009

  Major risk factors for oral cancer are cigarette smoking and alcohol misuse. Among Asian populations, regular use of betel quid (with or without added tobacco) increases oral cancer risks. […] The major risk factors are well known, have been reviewed recently and will not be described in detail in this paper. However, there are some emerging risk factors for oral cancer that dentists should be aware of, and some controversies related to the aetiology of this disease that need clarification. […] Several factors that have been often cited as likely to be associated with oral cancer, namely heredity and familial risk, marijuana (cannabis) smoking, khat chewing, medicinal nicotine use, HIV infection and alcohol containing mouthwashes, have not been adequately validated as having sufficient evidence to be linked with oral cancer.

• #15 Mouth cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20350997

  A weakened immune system. If the body’s germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of mouth cancer. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection with HIV, also can weaken the immune system.

• #16 Tongue Cancer Symptoms, Causes, Signs & Treatment | Wockhardt Hospitals

  https://www.wockhardthospitals.com/articles/cancer-care/tongue-cancer-signs-symptoms-causes/

  The risk of tongue cancer is higher in people over 45, often as a result of years of cigarette and alcohol consumption. […] Poor oral hygiene can also contribute to tongue cancer, especially in individuals who use cigarettes and alcohol, increasing the danger significantly. […] Using immunosuppressive medications, such as those prescribed after an organ transplant, can weaken the immune system, potentially contributing to tongue cancer. Conditions like HIV infection can also be associated with an increased risk.

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/cancerjournal/fulltext/2016/12020/oral_cancer__etiology_and_risk_factors__a_review.4.aspx

  Immunosuppressed individuals are more prone to develop oral cancers. […] Occupational risks, namely exposure to excessive solar radiation/ultraviolet (UV) light is known to cause lip cancers. […] Poor oral hygiene, poor dental status (sharp/fractured teeth due to caries/trauma), and chronic ulceration from an ill-fitting denture has been suggested to promote neoplasm in the presence of other risk factors. […] Tertiary syphilis had been known to predispose to the development of oral cancer along with other risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol. […] Substantial evidence exists for a relationship between exposure to ionizing radiation and the later development of salivary gland tumors. […] Genetic predisposition has been shown to be an important risk factor in the development of OSCC. […] It is clear from the above review that several risk factors are implicated in the development of oral cancer, of which the most common and established are tobacco smoking and betel quid chewing.

• #18 Tongue Cancer: Symptoms, Pictures, Prognosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/oral-cancer/tongue-cancer

  Tongue cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the tongue, and can cause lesions or tumors on your tongue. Its a type of head and neck cancer. […] The cause of tongue cancer is unknown. However, certain behaviors and conditions can increase your risk, including: smoking or chewing tobacco, heavy drinking, being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted disease, chewing betel, which is particularly common in south and southeast Asia, a family history of tongue or other mouth cancers, a personal history of certain cancers, such as other squamous cell cancers, a poor diet (there is some evidence that a diet low in fruits and vegetables increases the risk of all oral cancers), poor oral hygiene and poor-fitting prosthetics can trap or allow for carcinogens like alcohol and nicotine to be trapped against the gums and teeth. […] Tongue cancer is also more common in older men than in women or younger people. Oral cancers are most common in people over 65 years old, and the rates start to increase dramatically after age 50.

• #19 Causes of oral cancer – an appraisal of controversies | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2009.1009

  Lip cancer is reported to be increased following kidney transplantation and is significantly associated with current use of immunosuppressive agents. […] There is accumulating evidence that indicates a positive correlation between low intake of fresh vegetables and fruits and an increased risk of oral cancer. […] The role of mate drinking in increasing the risk of cancer of the oral cavity is supported by several epidemiological studies conducted in South America that adjusted for other risks. […] Oral cancer is seen more often in people from lower socio-economic groups and those living in deprived areas. […] It has been speculated that susceptibility to oral cancer from tobacco and alcohol use may differ by race and ethnicity. […] Although poor oral hygiene and poor dentition (faulty restorations, sharp teeth and ill-fitting dentures) have been implicated in a few epidemiological studies, it is not clear whether confounding by tobacco and alcohol have been addressed in these studies.

• #20 Oral Cancer Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/oral-cancer

  Oral cancer most often occurs in people over the age of 40 and affects more than twice as many men as women. Most cancers in the mouth are related to tobacco use, drinking alcohol, or both, and most throat cancers are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). The incidence of HPV-positive oral cancer has risen in recent years. […] Tobacco use of any kind, including cigarette, pipe and cigar, and electronic cigarette smoking, as well as chewing tobacco and snuff puts you at risk for developing oral cancers. Heavy alcohol use also increases the risk. Using both tobacco and alcohol increases the risk even further. […] Infection with the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (specifically the HPV 16 type) has been linked to oral cancers. […] Risk increases with age. Oral cancers most often occur in people over the age of 40. […] Cancer of the lip can be caused by sun exposure. […] A diet low in fruits and vegetables has been linked with increased risk of oral cancer. […] People with inherited defects in certain genes have a high risk of mouth and middle throat cancer.

• #21 Oral cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer

  Chewing betel quid (paan) and Areca nut-based products is known to be a strong risk factor for developing oral cancer even in the absence of tobacco. […] People after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are at a higher risk for oral cancer. […] A premalignant (or precancerous) lesion is defined as „a benign, morphologically altered tissue that has a greater than normal risk of malignant transformation.” […] The full causal relation between alcohol consumption and the elevated risk of cancer remains unclear, but acetaldehyde plays a major role.

• #22 Risks And Causes Of Mouth And Oropharyngeal Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/mouth-cancer/risks-causes

  The link to HPV is much stronger for oropharyngeal cancers than it is for mouth cancers. HPV causes around 50 out of every 100 (around 50%) of oropharyngeal cancers in the UK. […] Research shows an increased risk of mouth and oropharyngeal cancer in people with HIV/AIDS – there are higher rates of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in people with HIV. […] Changes can happen in the cells in the lining of the mouth. […] In some people, these conditions may develop into cancer over some years. […] Head and neck cancer risk is higher in people with a brother or sister (sibling) who had head and neck cancer. […] People who have the following cancers are also at increased risk of mouth cancer: a type of cervical cancer called squamous cell cancer, cancer of the food pipe (oesophageal squamous cell cancer), lung cancer.

• #23 Tongue Cancer | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tongue-cancer.html

  Some people develop cancer of the tongue with no risk factors. The cancer is more common in older age groups, age 40 and up, although it may be found in young people. It is twice as common in men. Other risk factors are: […] Smoking and drinking alcohol. Smokers are five times more likely to develop tongue cancer than nonsmokers. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted disease. HPV 16 and HPV 18 increase the risk of tongue cancer. […] African-American men are at greater risk than Caucasians.

• #24 Tongue Cancer Facts: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/tongue-cancer-facts

  Tongue cancer is less common than many other types. Most people who get it are older adults. It’s rare in children. […] The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cancers on the base of the tongue. HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection. There are many types of HPV. The ones that raise your odds of getting cancer are called high-risk HPVs. […] Other things that may raise your chances of getting tongue cancer include: Tobacco use, Alcohol use, Jagged teeth, Not taking care of your teeth and gums, Chewing betel, common in South and Southeast Asia, A personal history of certain cancers, A poor diet. […] Your genes also may play a role in whether you’re likely to get tongue cancer. […] Tongue cancer is more common in men and people assigned male at birth than in women and people assigned female at birth. You’re also more likely to get the illness if you’re 45 or older and have a weakened immune system.

• #25 Tongue Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/mouth/types-mouth/tongue

  Tongue cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that begins when the cells that make up the tongue grow out of control and form lesions or tumors. […] Cancer of the tongue can affect anyone. Most cases are linked to tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption. […] Other risk factors for tongue cancer include being male and being over age 40. […] The best way to prevent tongue cancer is to avoid the use of all forms of tobacco and limit your alcohol consumption.

• #26 What Causes Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Doctors and scientists cant say for sure what causes each case of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. But they do know many of the risk factors and how some of them may lead to cells becoming cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as tobacco or heavy alcohol use, may cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat. […] Many of the chemicals found in tobacco can damage DNA directly. […] Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (mainly HPV16), are important causes of most oropharyngeal (middle throat) cancers. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents that increase their risk for developing certain cancers. But inherited gene mutations are not believed to cause very many cancers of the oral cavity or oropharynx. […] Acquired gene mutations are gene changes that usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These gene mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke.

• #27 Under-Tongue Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/under-tongue-cancer

  Tongue cancer and floor of mouth cancer can both cause cancerous lesions under your tongue. […] Cancer under your tongue happens when cells in this area begin growing out of control. This happens due to DNA changes that affect cell growth and division. These changes can be present from birth or acquired during your lifetime. […] The exact cause of oral cancers like tongue and floor of mouth cancer is unknown. However, there are several factors known to increase the risk. […] Smoking or chewing tobacco products and heavy alcohol consumption are the major risk factors for tongue and floor of mouth cancer. People with both of these risk factors have a risk of cancer that’s 30 times higher than people who don’t use tobacco or drink alcohol. […] Other factors that may increase the risk of under-tongue cancer include having a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, advanced age, and being assigned male at birth.

• #28 Head and Neck Cancers – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet

  Cancers of the head and neck can form in the oral cavity, throat, voice box, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and salivary glands. […] Alcohol and tobacco use are the two most important risk factors for head and neck cancers, especially cancers of the oral cavity, hypopharynx, and voice box. […] Infection with cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV type 16, is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers that involve the tonsils or the base of the tongue. […] The use of paan (betel quid) in the mouth is strongly associated with an increased risk of mouth cancers. […] Occupational exposure to wood dust is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Radiation to the head and neck is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands. […] Some genetic disorders, such as Fanconi anemia, can increase the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancers early in life.

• #29 Tongue cancer (tumor) – symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://medtour.help/disease/cancer-tumor-of-the-tongue/

  Cancer (tumor) of the tongue is quite rare, accounting for only 1% of all newly diagnosed types of malignant neoplasms. […] Until recently, cancer tumors were more common in older men who smoke and/or drink alcohol. […] In recent decades, squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the base of the tongue has begun to be detected in women and young patients who do not have traditional risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption. […] Doctors believe that this is due to a sharp increase in the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx associated with the human papillomavirus. […] The two most important risk factors for tongue cancer are excessive smoking and alcohol consumption. […] Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens such as nitrosamines and polycyclic hydrocarbons.

• #30 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  Close to 58,500 Americans will be diagnosed with oral or oropharyngeal cancer this year. […] However, this is due to the increase of HPV16-caused cancers, which are more vulnerable to existing treatment modalities, conferring a significant survival advantage. […] The exact causes of those affected at a younger age are becoming more apparent in peer-reviewed research, revealing a viral etiology (cause), the human papillomavirus version 16. […] It is the foundation’s belief, based on recent revelations in peer-reviewed published data in the last few years, that in people under the age of 50, HPV16 may even be replacing tobacco as the primary causative agent in the initiation of the disease process in the posterior oral cavity/oropharynx, predominantly in the tonsil and on the base of the tongue.

• #31 Oral Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11184-oral-cancer

  Oral cancer starts in the squamous cells in your oral cavity. Squamous cells are flat and, when viewed under a microscope, look like a fish scale. […] Normal squamous cells become cancerous when their DNA changes and cells begin growing and multiplying. Over time, these cancerous cells can spread to other areas inside of your mouth and then to other areas of your head and neck or other areas of your body. […] About 75% of people who develop oral cancer have the following habits: Smoke cigarettes, cigars or pipes. Use smokeless tobacco products such as chewing tobacco, dip, snuff or water pipes (hookah or shush). Regularly drink excessive amounts of alcohol. Spend a lot of time in the sun without protecting their lips with sunblock. Have human papillomavirus (HPV). Have a family history of oral cancer. […] Its important to note that 25% of people who develop oral cancer dont smoke or have other known risk factors.

• #32 Oral Cancer

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/cancer/type/oral.html

  Some people with oral cancer do not have any known risk factors, and others with several risk factors never develop the disease. […] About 90% of people with oral cancer use tobacco. The risk of developing these cancers increases with the amount smoked or chewed and the duration of the habit. Smokers are six times more likely than nonsmokers to develop these cancers. Smokeless tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco) is associated with cancers of the cheek, gums, and inner surface of the lips. Smokeless tobacco increases the risk of these cancers by about 50 times. […] Drinking alcohol greatly increases a smokers risk of developing oral cancer. About 75% to 80% of all patients with oral cancer drink alcohol. People who drink alcohol but dont smoke have a higher risk of cancer if they are heavy drinkers. The combination of tobacco and alcohol is deadly.

• #33 Oral cancer: causes, detection and prevention – C3 Collaborating for Health

  https://www.c3health.org/oral-cancer/

  Oral cancer is mostly common due to delayed detection and related modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors. […] The main modifiable risk factors for oral cancer are tobacco, alcohol, diet, and betel quid, with about 72% of cases being attributed to excessive tobacco and alcohol usage. Environmental exposure to tobacco and tobacco smoke can lead to genetic changes/mutations in the DNA, which cause cancer to arise. […] Lower socioeconomic status is often associated with poor diet, poor substance use, and poor healthcare access, which all contribute to oral cancer development. However, there has also been an increase in diagnosis of oral cancer in young people and high socioeconomic status in recent years, which might be attributed to high alcohol consumption and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in youths.

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