Przemijająca globalna amnezja
Epidemiologia

Przemijająca globalna amnezja (TGA) charakteryzuje się nagłym początkiem amnezji następczej oraz łagodną amnezją wsteczną, trwającą do 24 godzin. Roczna zapadalność wynosi od 3,4 do 10,4 przypadków na 100 000 osób, z wyraźnym wzrostem u pacjentów powyżej 50. roku życia (23,5-32/100 000). Średni wiek chorych to 61-67,3 lat, z szczytem około 62. roku życia. TGA nie wykazuje istotnych różnic płciowych, choć niektóre dane wskazują na nieznaczną przewagę kobiet w wieku 40-60 lat. Nawroty występują u 2,9-26,3% pacjentów, z przeciętnym odstępem około 5 lat. Migrena, zwłaszcza z aurą, jest najsilniej powiązanym czynnikiem ryzyka (RR 2,48-5,98). Inne czynniki ryzyka to choroba niedokrwienna serca, hiperlipidemia, miażdżyca tętnic szyjnych oraz nadciśnienie tętnicze, natomiast udar mózgu i cukrzyca nie zwiększają ryzyka TGA. Epizody często poprzedzają czynniki wyzwalające, takie jak stres emocjonalny, wysiłek fizyczny, próba Valsalvy czy zmiany temperatury, z różnicami w zależności od płci.

  1. Epidemiologia przemijającej globalnej amnezji
    1. Zapadalność na TGA
    2. Rozkład wiekowy i płciowy
    3. Nawroty przemijającej globalnej amnezji
  2. Czynniki ryzyka i predysponujące
    1. Migrena jako istotny czynnik ryzyka
    2. Czynniki ryzyka naczyniowe
    3. Czynniki wyzwalające epizody TGA
    4. Inne potencjalne czynniki ryzyka
  3. Nadzór i monitorowanie TGA
    1. Diagnostyka różnicowa i ocena
    2. Dane dotyczące prognozy i powikłań
    3. Postępowanie i nadzór kliniczny
  4. Regionalne różnice w epidemiologii TGA
    1. Implikacje dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej
    2. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia przemijającej globalnej amnezji

Przemijająca globalna amnezja (ang. Transient Global Amnesia, TGA) jest zespołem klinicznym charakteryzującym się nagłym wystąpieniem amnezji następczej (niezdolności do tworzenia nowych wspomnień) oraz łagodniejszej amnezji wstecznej, trwającej zazwyczaj do 24 godzin. Epidemiologia tego zaburzenia wykazuje charakterystyczne cechy dotyczące zapadalności, czynników ryzyka oraz występowania nawrotów.123

Zapadalność na TGA

Roczna zapadalność na przemijającą globalną amnezję wynosi od 3,4 do 10,4 przypadków na 100 000 osób w populacji ogólnej. Dane te różnią się w zależności od regionu geograficznego. Dla przykładu, w Alcoi (Hiszpania) odnotowano 2,9 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców, w Rochester (USA) – 5,2 przypadków, natomiast w Belluno (Włochy) – 10 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców.1234

Co istotne, zapadalność znacząco wzrasta wśród osób w wieku powyżej 50 lat, osiągając wartości od 23,5 do 32 przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie. Wyraźnie wskazuje to na silny związek przemijającej globalnej amnezji z wiekiem.123

Rozkład wiekowy i płciowy

Przemijająca globalna amnezja najczęściej występuje u osób w wieku od 50 do 80 lat, ze szczególnym nasileniem w siódmej dekadzie życia (wiek 60-70 lat). Średni wiek pacjentów z TGA waha się między 61 a 67,3 lat, a szczyt występowania obserwuje się około 62. roku życia.1234

TGA rzadko występuje u osób poniżej 40. roku życia, a badania epidemiologiczne nie identyfikują pacjentów poniżej 30. roku życia z tym zaburzeniem.123

W odniesieniu do rozkładu płciowego, większość badań wskazuje na brak istotnych różnic w występowaniu TGA między mężczyznami a kobietami, choć niektóre opracowania sugerują nieznaczną przewagę kobiet, szczególnie w grupie wiekowej 40-60 lat.123

Nawroty przemijającej globalnej amnezji

Nawroty TGA występują stosunkowo rzadko, jednak nie są zjawiskiem wyjątkowym. Wskaźniki nawrotów znacznie się różnią w zależności od badania, wahając się od 2,9% do 26,3%. W dłuższej perspektywie czasowej (okres życia) częstość nawrotów może osiągać nawet 24%.1234

Badanie z 10-letnim okresem obserwacji wykazało wskaźnik nawrotów na poziomie 6,3%. Warto podkreślić, że większość pacjentów (około 85%) doświadcza maksymalnie 3 nawrotów w ciągu życia. Średni odstęp czasu między epizodami wynosi około 5 lat (zakres od 1 do 13 lat).123

Badanie opublikowane w JAMA Neurology w 2020 roku wykazało, że pacjenci z TGA, którzy mają w wywiadzie osobistym lub rodzinnym migreny, są bardziej narażeni na nawroty.1

Czynniki ryzyka i predysponujące

Migrena jako istotny czynnik ryzyka

Spośród wszystkich czynników ryzyka TGA, migrena jest najsilniej udokumentowanym i najbardziej znaczącym. Osoby z migreną mają znacząco podwyższone ryzyko wystąpienia przemijającej globalnej amnezji, ze współczynnikiem ryzyka wynoszącym od 2,48 do 5,98.123

Migrena jest jedynym schorzeniem jednoznacznie powiązanym z TGA, co sugeruje potencjalny wspólny mechanizm patofizjologiczny dla obu tych stanów. Warto zaznaczyć, że pacjenci z migreną z aurą mają jeszcze wyższe ryzyko rozwinięcia TGA, a epizody amnezji mogą występować u nich w nieco młodszym wieku w porównaniu do ogólnej populacji pacjentów z TGA.123

Czynniki ryzyka naczyniowe

Badania epidemiologiczne wskazują na zwiększoną częstość występowania TGA u pacjentów z niektórymi czynnikami ryzyka naczyniowego. Dotyczy to szczególnie osób z:123

  • Chorobą niedokrwienną serca
  • Hiperlipidemią
  • Miażdżycą tętnic szyjnych
  • Nadciśnieniem tętniczym (według niektórych badań)

12

Co istotne, nie stwierdzono zwiększonego ryzyka TGA u pacjentów z przebytym udarem niedokrwiennym mózgu czy cukrzycą. Wielu badaczy podkreśla, że przemijająca globalna amnezja nie jest związana ze zwiększonym ryzykiem wystąpienia udaru mózgu w przyszłości.123

W jednym z badań wykazano, że około 61,5% pacjentów z TGA miało co najmniej jeden czynnik ryzyka naczyniowo-mózgowego.1

Czynniki wyzwalające epizody TGA

Epizody przemijającej globalnej amnezji często są poprzedzone charakterystycznymi zdarzeniami wyzwalającymi. W różnych badaniach identyfikowano czynniki wyzwalające w 52-90% przypadków TGA. Do najczęściej zgłaszanych należą:123

  • Stres emocjonalny (np. trudne sytuacje życiowe, wiadomości o narodzinach/śmierci, wyczerpujący dzień pracy)
  • Wysiłek fizyczny (np. prace ogrodowe, prace domowe, cięcie drewna)
  • Próba Valsalvy (np. podczas defekacji)
  • Kontakt z wodą/nagła zmiana temperatury (np. gorąca kąpiel/prysznic, zimna kąpiel)
  • Aktywność seksualna

12

Badania wskazują na różnice w czynnikach wywołujących TGA u mężczyzn i kobiet. U mężczyzn epizody częściej występują po fizycznych zdarzeniach wyzwalających, natomiast u kobiet są bardziej związane z emocjonalnymi czynnikami wyzwalającymi, wywiadem w kierunku zaburzeń lękowych lub cechami osobowości patologicznej.1

Inne potencjalne czynniki ryzyka

W literaturze medycznej opisywano również inne potencjalne czynniki ryzyka i powiązania z TGA:12

  • Obturacyjny bezdech senny – jedno badanie kliniczno-kontrolne wykazało względne ryzyko TGA związane z OSA wynoszące 8,4
  • Kardiomiopatia takotsubo – dostrzeżono związek między TGA a tym rodzajem kardiomiopatii stresowej
  • COVID-19 – opisano przypadki TGA związane z ciężkim przebiegiem COVID-19, sugerując, że stan hiperkoagulacji w przebiegu zakażenia może przyczyniać się do udarów zakrzepowych w obszarze hipokampa

12

Nadzór i monitorowanie TGA

Diagnostyka różnicowa i ocena

Prawidłowa identyfikacja i monitorowanie przypadków TGA wymaga starannej diagnostyki różnicowej, szczególnie że objawy mogą przypominać inne pilne stany neurologiczne. Kluczowe jest wykluczenie:123

  • Ostrego niedokrwienia mózgu (udar lub TIA w obszarze tętnicy mózgowej tylnej)
  • Napadów padaczkowych, szczególnie przemijającej amnezji padaczkowej (TEA)
  • Zaburzeń metabolicznych (np. hipoglikemia)
  • Encefalopatii toksyczno-metabolicznej (intoksykacja substancjami psychoaktywnymi)
  • Działań niepożądanych leków (benzodiazepiny, trójpierścieniowe leki przeciwdepresyjne, neuroleptyki)
  • Amnezji psychogennej
  • Zespołu Wernickego-Korsakowa
  • Zaburzeń poznawczych w przebiegu neuroinfekcji (np. zapalenie mózgu spowodowane przez wirusa opryszczki)
  • Autoimmunologicznego zapalenia limbicznego

1

Diagnostyka TGA opiera się głównie na obrazie klinicznym, jednak w celu wykluczenia innych przyczyn amnezji zaleca się wykonanie rezonansu magnetycznego mózgu o wysokiej rozdzielczości z obrazowaniem dyfuzji (DWI). W badaniach tych można zaobserwować charakterystyczne, punkcikowate, hiperintensywne zmiany w obszarze hipokampa, które pojawiają się 24-72 godziny po wystąpieniu objawów.12

Dane dotyczące prognozy i powikłań

Nadzór nad pacjentami z TGA obejmuje również ocenę długoterminowej prognozy i potencjalnych powikłań. Dostępne dane wskazują, że:123

  • Rokowanie w TGA jest dobre – objawy zwykle ustępują samoistnie w ciągu 24 godzin
  • Nie stwierdzono zwiększonego ryzyka udaru mózgu u pacjentów po epizodzie TGA
  • Śmiertelność i ryzyko naczyniowe są porównywalne między pacjentami z TGA a grupą kontrolną zdrowych osób
  • Ryzyko wystąpienia zaburzeń psychologicznych nie jest podwyższone w porównaniu do populacji ogólnej

12

Istnieją sprzeczne dane dotyczące długoterminowego ryzyka rozwoju otępienia i padaczki po epizodzie TGA. Niektóre badania wskazują na podobne ryzyko jak w populacji ogólnej, podczas gdy inne sugerują nieznacznie podwyższone ryzyko. Konieczne są dalsze wysokiej jakości badania, aby uzyskać bardziej jednoznaczne wnioski w tym zakresie.12

Postępowanie i nadzór kliniczny

Ze względu na przejściowy charakter TGA i dobre rokowanie, nie ma specyficznego leczenia tego zaburzenia. Postępowanie koncentruje się na:123

  • Prawidłowej identyfikacji zespołu i wykluczeniu innych, potencjalnie zagrażających życiu przyczyn amnezji
  • Diagnostyce i leczeniu współistniejących zaburzeń, które mogą prezentować się podobnymi objawami deficytu pamięci
  • Uspokojeniu pacjenta i rodziny poprzez poinformowanie o łagodnym rokowaniu TGA

12

W przypadkach nietypowych lub gdy obraz kliniczny pozostaje niejasny, przydatne mogą być dodatkowe testy neuropsychologiczne, elektroencefalografia (EEG) oraz kontrolne badania obrazowe mózgu. U pacjentów z czynnikami ryzyka naczyniowego można rozważyć ich ocenę i odpowiednie postępowanie, chociaż bezpośredni związek przyczynowy z TGA pozostaje niejasny.12

Ostatnie badania sugerują również związek między TGA a zmianami w zmienności rytmu serca (HRV), które odzwierciedlają stan autonomicznego układu nerwowego. Zaobserwowano, że po epizodzie TGA zmienność rytmu serca zmienia się w czasie, wykazując wzrost w pierwszym tygodniu, a następnie spadek w ciągu 4 tygodni. Może to wskazywać na rolę dysregulacji autonomicznej w patofizjologii TGA.1

Regionalne różnice w epidemiologii TGA

Badania epidemiologiczne wykazują pewne różnice w zapadalności na TGA w różnych regionach geograficznych:123

  • Stany Zjednoczone (Rochester, Minnesota): 5,2 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców rocznie
  • Hiszpania (Alcoi): 2,9 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców rocznie
  • Włochy (Belluno): 10 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców rocznie
  • Skandynawia: do 32 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców powyżej 50. roku życia
  • Izrael: niższa zapadalność w porównaniu do innych krajów – 2,52 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców ogółem i 6,96 na 100 000 wśród osób powyżej 50. roku życia

123

Te geograficzne różnice mogą wynikać z wielu czynników, w tym różnic metodologicznych w badaniach, różnic genetycznych, środowiskowych, stylu życia oraz dostępności opieki zdrowotnej i dokładności diagnostyki. Warto zauważyć, że we wszystkich badaniach utrzymuje się trend wyraźnie wyższej zapadalności wśród osób starszych, co potwierdza silny związek TGA z wiekiem.12

Implikacje dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej

Dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące TGA mają istotne implikacje dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej, szczególnie w kontekście starzejących się społeczeństw. Wyższa zapadalność wśród osób starszych oznacza, że w krajach z większym odsetkiem osób w podeszłym wieku można spodziewać się większej liczby przypadków TGA.12

Pomimo łagodnego charakteru TGA, nagłe wystąpienie amnezji zawsze wymaga pilnej oceny medycznej w celu wykluczenia potencjalnie zagrażających życiu stanów. Świadomość charakterystyki epidemiologicznej TGA może pomóc klinicystom w skuteczniejszym różnicowaniu tego łagodnego zaburzenia od poważniejszych stanów neurologicznych.12

Dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej ważne jest zapewnienie odpowiednich zasobów do szybkiej diagnostyki różnicowej pacjentów z nagłą amnezją, w tym dostępu do zaawansowanych technik obrazowania mózgu, które mogą pomóc w potwierdzeniu rozpoznania TGA i wykluczeniu innych przyczyn.12

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/
    The incidence of transient global amnesia ranges from 3.4 to 10.4 per 100,000 people per year in the general population. In individuals aged 50 or older, this increases to 23.5 to 32 per 100,000 per year, with most cases occurring in those aged 50 to 80. There is no gender difference. […] Although no clear risk factors have been identified, transient global amnesia is more frequently noted in patients with a history of ischemic heart disease and hyperlipidemia but not with prior ischemic stroke, diabetes, or hypertension. Individuals with migraine have an increased risk, with an incidence risk ratio of 2.48. […] Transient global amnesia recurrence is uncommon but not rare, with rates varying from 2.9% to 26.3%.
  • #1 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia
    Transient global amnesia mainly affects people between the ages of 50 and 80 (75% of cases). It rarely affects people younger than 40. […] Transient global amnesia is rare. It affects about 5 to 10 people per 100,000 per year in the general U.S. population. […] For people aged 50 and older, it affects 23 to 32 people per 100,000 a year. […] Researchers dont know the exact cause of transient global amnesia (TGA). But they believe its due to a temporary issue in your hippocampus the part of your brain that plays a significant role in learning and memory. […] Some research suggests that TGA results from a lack of sufficient blood flow (ischemia) or oxygen flow (hypoxia) to your brain. Other research suggests that TGA may be related to seizure activity in your brain. […] One type of TGA benign transient amnesia after substance ingestion results from any of the following: Excessive alcohol consumption.
  • #1 TGA (transient global amnesia) – Primary Care Notebook
    https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/general-information/tga-transient-global-amnesia
    Epidemiological data put the annual incidence of TGA between 3.4 and 10.4/100,000 (2) […] most commonly presents in the seventh decade of life. Across studies, the mean age of an episode ranges from 61 to 67.3 years […] studies show a slight female predominance […] study evidence showed a recurrence rate of 6.3% in a 10 year period.
  • #1 Transient Global Amnesia Is an Experience You’ll Never Forget
    https://www.webmd.com/brain/features/transient-global-amnesia
    Finally, a neurologist delivered the diagnosis: transient global amnesia (TGA), an episode of sudden and short-lived forgetting that is most common in people between 50 and 70. It affects between three and eight of every 100,000 people each year. […] About 80% of patients never have a recurrence, says Steven L. Lewis, MD, chief of neurology at Lehigh Valley Health Network and editor of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. The remaining 20% may have another attack or two throughout their lives. A 2020 study published in JAMA Neurology showed that TGA patients with a higher personal and family history of migraine were more likely to have it happen again. […] Doctors emphasize that while TGA is not a symptom or a risk factor for stroke or other neurological disturbance, people who have any type of amnesia should be evaluated in a hospital. […] TGA is a source of fascination for neurologists, a syndrome that reminds both medical trainees and laypeople how much we still have to learn about the way memories form, encode, vanish, and come back.
  • #1 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] The incidence of TGA is three to eight cases per 100,000 person years but increases to 23.8 cases per 100,000 in patients older than 50 years. […] A TGA episode is often preceded by a recent stressful physical or psychological event, with reports in the literature ranging from 52% to 89%. […] A history of migraine headache is the only diagnosis definitively associated with TGA, with a relative risk of 5.98. […] Other recent data suggest a higher rate of TGA in patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. […] Reports of TGA associated with severe COVID-19 have recently appeared, suggesting that the hypercoagulable state of COVID-19 may precipitate thrombotic strokes in the hippocampus. […] One case-control study demonstrated a relative risk of 8.4 for TGA associated with obstructive sleep apnea.
  • #1
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13760-024-02703-w
    Most TGA patients (61.5%) had at least one cerebrovascular risk factor, as detailed in Table 1. […] The recurrence rate of TGA was 11.5%, with an average interval of 5.13.7 years between episodes (113 years). […] In our study, most patients did not have a precipitating or trigger event (69.2%). […] The most common precipitating factors for TGA found in this study were emotional stress, the Valsalva maneuver and sexual intercourse. […] Overall, the epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic features observed were consistent with those reported globally. […] Compared to other reports in the world, the incidence of TGA in Israel was lower. […] TGA incidence is lower in Israel than in other studies.
  • #1
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx
    Close precipitating events for TGA are considered emotional stress (i.e., triggered by gastric endoscopy, birth/death announcement, and difficult/exhausting workday), physical effort (i.e., gardening, house work, and sawing wood), physical exertion (including sexual activity), and water contact/temperature change (i.e., hot bath/shower and cold swim). […] It is worthy to note that physical or psychological precipitating factors seem to be responsible for up to 90% of TGA episodes. […] However, considering such pathophysiological variability, when facing TGA, if the clinical picture remains unclear, neuropsychological testing and/or other neurological tests, that is, electroencephalogram and brain MRI, a prompt follow-up monitoring clinical condition, together with cardiovascular, neurophysiological (electroencephalography) and neuroradiological (brain MRI) assessments can be helpful to establish a right treatment (pharmacological or psychological support). […] Fortunately, the natural course of TGA is usually benign, self-limited, and without long-term residual sequelae, but a prompt diagnosis is mandatory to properly approach such clinical entity.
  • #1 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview
    Age- and sex-related demographics […] The typical age of occurrence is older than 50 years. […] No sex predilection has been observed. However, one study found that particular triggers may be associated with men and women. For men, transient global amnesia occurs more often after a physical precipitating event. In women, episodes may be more associated with emotional precipitating events, a history of anxiety, or pathological personality.
  • #1 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia
    If you or a loved one has symptoms of sudden memory loss, you should go to the hospital as soon as possible to be sure theres not a potentially life-threatening condition causing it. […] Theres no diagnostic test for transient global amnesia. Instead, healthcare providers rule out all other possible causes of amnesia before diagnosing TGA. […] Theres no treatment for transient global amnesia. The condition resolves on its own within 24 hours your memory function will return to its normal state. […] In most cases, people experiencing TGA recover completely. When the episode is over, they can form new memories, but they wont remember what happened during the episode. Any other recent memories generally return within 24 hours. […] In rare cases, transient global results in longer-lasting memory issues. This issue generally occurs only for people who have repeated episodes. Recurring transient global amnesia episodes are rare less than 10% of people who experience TGA have another episode.
  • #1 Transient epileptic amnesia versus transient global amnesia: aspects of differential diagnosis | Lipatova | Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions
    https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1044?locale=en_US
    TGA differential diagnosis should be made with acute cerebral circulatory disorders (transient ischemic attack or stroke in the posterior cerebral artery basin), impaired glucose tolerance (hypoglycemia), toxic-metabolic encephalopathy due to intoxication with psychoactive substances (alcohol, sympathomimetics (cocaine, etc.)), undesirable side effects of pharmacotherapy with benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, neuroleptics, etc., TEA, psychogenic amnesia (a violation of personal identity in conversion disorders), post-traumatic retrograde amnesia, WernickeKorsakov syndrome, cognitive disorders in neuroinfections (herpetic encephalitis, etc.) and autoimmune limbic encephalitis. […] Neuroimaging techniques (brain MRI, PET), psychological testing, and biochemical studies of neurodegeneration markers are important to use for the differential diagnosis between TEA and TGA.
  • #1 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia
    The annual incidence of transient global amnesia is between 3.4 and 10.4/100 000. Most cases of transient global amnesia occur in people aged 50 to 70; this disorder rarely occurs in people 1). […] Diagnosis of transient global amnesia is primarily clinical. Neurologic examination typically does not detect any abnormalities other than disturbed memory. Brain ischemia must be ruled out. […] Prognosis is good. Symptoms typically last 24 hours. As the disorder resolves, the amnesia lessens, but memory for events during the episode may be lost. […] Although transient global amnesia usually does not recur, approximately 15% of patients have more than one episode. […] Transient global amnesia usually affects patients aged 50 to 70. […] Do high-resolution diffusion-weighted brain MRI to exclude an underlying condition (eg, brain ischemia) as a cause of the symptoms.
  • #1 The diagnosis and management of transient global amnesia in the emergency department | Emergency Medicine Journal
    https://emj.bmj.com/content/24/6/444
    Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is a benign and temporary loss of anterograde memory with the preservation of remote memories and immediate recall. […] There is no increased risk of TIA or CVA in patients who have had TGA and there are no increased levels of mortality amongst these patients. […] In this article we aim to help doctors working in the emergency department to diagnose and manage TGA.
  • #1 Transient Global Amnesia – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029951/
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] Most commonly seen in patients older than 50 years, TGA results from the temporary impairment of short-term memory formation. […] The lifetime recurrence rate is 2.9% to 23.8%. […] Recent evidence suggests an association between TGA and migraine headaches as well as takotsubo cardiomyopathy. […] No apparent increased risk of cerebrovascular events occurs in patients who have had an episode of TGA. […] There is conflicting evidence as to whether an episode of TGA predisposes to future seizures or dementia.
  • #1 Transient global amnesia – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/transient-global-amnesia
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the acute onset of anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories). […] A minority of patients experience a few recurrent episodes. A single, definite etiology has not been determined, although epidemiologic and imaging data support several putative pathophysiologic processes, including vascular, migraine, epileptic, and psychogenic mechanisms. […] Management is directed at identifying the syndrome, diagnosing and treating other disorders that may present similarly with memory deficits, and reassuring patients and family of the benign prognosis of TGA.
  • #1 Changes in heart rate variability over time from symptom onset of transient global amnesia | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57546-5
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) often involves precipitating events associated with changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS), and heart rate variability (HRV) reflects the ANS state. […] TGA often follows precipitating events such as the Valsalva maneuver, emotional stress, a hot bath, a cold swim, physical exertion, sexual intercourse, and defecation, most of which are closely related to changes in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), suggesting an association between TGA and ANS dysregulation. […] We found that TGA and changes in the state of ANS were related and that post-TGA HRV changed over time, showing an increase during the first week followed by a decrease within 4 weeks.
  • #1 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview
    Epidemiology […] Frequency […] United States […] Based on data from Rochester, Minnesota, Miller et al determined an incidence of 5.2 cases per 100,000 population. However, among individuals older than 50 years, the incidence was 23.5 cases per 100,000 population per year. […] International […] Estimates vary, but Matiea-Guiu et al found a lower incidence in Alcoi, Spain, of 2.9 cases per 100,000 population. On the other hand, Lauria et al found an incidence of 10 cases per 100,000 population in Belluno, Italy. […] Mortality/morbidity […] As the name implies, transient global amnesia symptoms are transient. […] The mean annual recurrence rate is thought to be low (approximately 45%). However, in the study by Miller et al, the calculated recurrence rate could be as high as 24% over a lifetime depending on inclusion criteria. These occasional recurrences usually involve no long-term morbidity or death.
  • #1
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13760-024-02703-w
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a benign neurological syndrome of unknown etiology, causing sudden anterograde amnesia that lasts up to 24 h. […] The annual incidence of TGA was 2.52 per 100,000 and 6.96 per 100,000 among those over 50, with a slight female predominance. […] The annual incidence of TGA worldwide has been reported to be 3 to 10.4 per 100,000 persons in the whole population and 23.5 to 32 per 100,000 persons among those aged 50 years or more. […] In this study, we showed that patient characteristics and clinical features of TGA patients in Israel were similar to those described in other reports worldwide. […] Interestingly, the annual incidence in Israel was lower than in other countries. […] The average age for patients with TGA was 64 years and spanned from 39 to 87 years-old.
  • #2 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] The incidence of TGA is three to eight cases per 100,000 person years but increases to 23.8 cases per 100,000 in patients older than 50 years. […] A TGA episode is often preceded by a recent stressful physical or psychological event, with reports in the literature ranging from 52% to 89%. […] A history of migraine headache is the only diagnosis definitively associated with TGA, with a relative risk of 5.98. […] Other recent data suggest a higher rate of TGA in patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. […] Reports of TGA associated with severe COVID-19 have recently appeared, suggesting that the hypercoagulable state of COVID-19 may precipitate thrombotic strokes in the hippocampus. […] One case-control study demonstrated a relative risk of 8.4 for TGA associated with obstructive sleep apnea.
  • #2 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia
    Transient global amnesia mainly affects people between the ages of 50 and 80 (75% of cases). It rarely affects people younger than 40. […] Transient global amnesia is rare. It affects about 5 to 10 people per 100,000 per year in the general U.S. population. […] For people aged 50 and older, it affects 23 to 32 people per 100,000 a year. […] Researchers dont know the exact cause of transient global amnesia (TGA). But they believe its due to a temporary issue in your hippocampus the part of your brain that plays a significant role in learning and memory. […] Some research suggests that TGA results from a lack of sufficient blood flow (ischemia) or oxygen flow (hypoxia) to your brain. Other research suggests that TGA may be related to seizure activity in your brain. […] One type of TGA benign transient amnesia after substance ingestion results from any of the following: Excessive alcohol consumption.
  • #2 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview
    Age- and sex-related demographics […] The typical age of occurrence is older than 50 years. […] No sex predilection has been observed. However, one study found that particular triggers may be associated with men and women. For men, transient global amnesia occurs more often after a physical precipitating event. In women, episodes may be more associated with emotional precipitating events, a history of anxiety, or pathological personality.
  • #2 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text
    https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of retrograde and anterograde amnesia for a period of one to a maximum of 24 h with an incidence between 3 and 8 per 100,000 population per year. […] The incidence of TGA is estimated between 3 and 8 per 100,000 population per year. Most patients (75%) are between 50 and 70 years of age at onset. TGA in patients younger than 30 years has not been described. […] The risk of recurrence during the course ranges from 12 to 27%, with most patients (85%) experiencing 3 or fewer recurrences. […] TGA occurs with approximately equal frequency in men and women.
  • #2 TGA (transient global amnesia) – Primary Care Notebook
    https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/general-information/tga-transient-global-amnesia
    Epidemiological data put the annual incidence of TGA between 3.4 and 10.4/100,000 (2) […] most commonly presents in the seventh decade of life. Across studies, the mean age of an episode ranges from 61 to 67.3 years […] studies show a slight female predominance […] study evidence showed a recurrence rate of 6.3% in a 10 year period.
  • #2 Transient Global Amnesia – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029951/
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] Most commonly seen in patients older than 50 years, TGA results from the temporary impairment of short-term memory formation. […] The lifetime recurrence rate is 2.9% to 23.8%. […] Recent evidence suggests an association between TGA and migraine headaches as well as takotsubo cardiomyopathy. […] No apparent increased risk of cerebrovascular events occurs in patients who have had an episode of TGA. […] There is conflicting evidence as to whether an episode of TGA predisposes to future seizures or dementia.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13760-024-02703-w
    Most TGA patients (61.5%) had at least one cerebrovascular risk factor, as detailed in Table 1. […] The recurrence rate of TGA was 11.5%, with an average interval of 5.13.7 years between episodes (113 years). […] In our study, most patients did not have a precipitating or trigger event (69.2%). […] The most common precipitating factors for TGA found in this study were emotional stress, the Valsalva maneuver and sexual intercourse. […] Overall, the epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic features observed were consistent with those reported globally. […] Compared to other reports in the world, the incidence of TGA in Israel was lower. […] TGA incidence is lower in Israel than in other studies.
  • #2 The diagnosis and management of transient global amnesia in the emergency department | Emergency Medicine Journal
    https://emj.bmj.com/content/24/6/444
    Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is a benign and temporary loss of anterograde memory with the preservation of remote memories and immediate recall. […] There is no increased risk of TIA or CVA in patients who have had TGA and there are no increased levels of mortality amongst these patients. […] In this article we aim to help doctors working in the emergency department to diagnose and manage TGA.
  • #2
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx
    Close precipitating events for TGA are considered emotional stress (i.e., triggered by gastric endoscopy, birth/death announcement, and difficult/exhausting workday), physical effort (i.e., gardening, house work, and sawing wood), physical exertion (including sexual activity), and water contact/temperature change (i.e., hot bath/shower and cold swim). […] It is worthy to note that physical or psychological precipitating factors seem to be responsible for up to 90% of TGA episodes. […] However, considering such pathophysiological variability, when facing TGA, if the clinical picture remains unclear, neuropsychological testing and/or other neurological tests, that is, electroencephalogram and brain MRI, a prompt follow-up monitoring clinical condition, together with cardiovascular, neurophysiological (electroencephalography) and neuroradiological (brain MRI) assessments can be helpful to establish a right treatment (pharmacological or psychological support). […] Fortunately, the natural course of TGA is usually benign, self-limited, and without long-term residual sequelae, but a prompt diagnosis is mandatory to properly approach such clinical entity.
  • #2 My Experience with Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) | Psychology Today
    https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/out-of-the-ooze/201902/my-experience-with-transient-global-amnesia-tga
    Some commonly reported triggers of a TGA episode include head trauma, severe physical exertion, acute emotional distress, sudden immersion in hot or cold water, or even sexual intercourse. […] If you experience this frightening syndrome, you will probably be left with little understanding of exactly why it happened and little memory of what it was like.
  • #2 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia
    The annual incidence of transient global amnesia is between 3.4 and 10.4/100 000. Most cases of transient global amnesia occur in people aged 50 to 70; this disorder rarely occurs in people 1). […] Diagnosis of transient global amnesia is primarily clinical. Neurologic examination typically does not detect any abnormalities other than disturbed memory. Brain ischemia must be ruled out. […] Prognosis is good. Symptoms typically last 24 hours. As the disorder resolves, the amnesia lessens, but memory for events during the episode may be lost. […] Although transient global amnesia usually does not recur, approximately 15% of patients have more than one episode. […] Transient global amnesia usually affects patients aged 50 to 70. […] Do high-resolution diffusion-weighted brain MRI to exclude an underlying condition (eg, brain ischemia) as a cause of the symptoms.
  • #2 The long-term prognosis of Transient Global Amnesia: a systematic review
    https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/revneuro-2020-0110/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOooLFWi-40XiWV2UKSq8Sra1O3N4DsIsFB24ALl9Mi3fOQQG_3tf
    Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) constitutes an enigmatic amnestic condition. […] Overall, retrieved evidence was suggestive of similar vascular and mortality risks in TGA patients and HC, while TIA individuals exhibited elevated risks. […] Moreover, psychological disturbances were comparable between TGA and healthy individuals. […] On the other hand, studies for dementia and epilepsy obtained contradictory results, indicating both a similar and an increased risk in the TGA group compared to the HC group. […] Therefore, additional high-quality studies are warranted for the acquisition of more determining conclusions regarding the long-term risk of dementia and epilepsy in TGA.
  • #2 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia
    If you or a loved one has symptoms of sudden memory loss, you should go to the hospital as soon as possible to be sure theres not a potentially life-threatening condition causing it. […] Theres no diagnostic test for transient global amnesia. Instead, healthcare providers rule out all other possible causes of amnesia before diagnosing TGA. […] Theres no treatment for transient global amnesia. The condition resolves on its own within 24 hours your memory function will return to its normal state. […] In most cases, people experiencing TGA recover completely. When the episode is over, they can form new memories, but they wont remember what happened during the episode. Any other recent memories generally return within 24 hours. […] In rare cases, transient global results in longer-lasting memory issues. This issue generally occurs only for people who have repeated episodes. Recurring transient global amnesia episodes are rare less than 10% of people who experience TGA have another episode.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11940-023-00759-2
    This review discusses a condition known as Transient Global Amnesia (TGA). We discuss the most up-to-date theories related to etiology and risk factors, as well as its correlations to other conditions such as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). […] Although TGA is thought to be a seemingly benign condition, it can mimic other neurological emergencies such as stroke and seizure. A more thorough understanding of TGA is necessary for appropriate patient counseling. […] The etiology of TGA is still unclear but initial diagnosis and management should focus on ruling out conditions, such as seizure and stroke, that require more urgent treatment and monitoring. Overall prognosis of TGA is favorable since it is associated with high likelihood of symptom resolution and a low recurrence risk.
  • #2 Transient global amnesia (TGA) | STROKE MANUAL
    https://www.stroke-manual.com/transient-global-amnesia-tga/
    transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary (lasting 24h) episode of memory loss with the absence of other neurological signs that cant be attributed to more common neurological conditions, such as epilepsy or stroke […] annual incidence ~ 511 per 100,000 people in the general population, with a higher prevalence in individuals over 50 years of age […] TGA is not associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke […] however, some studies have identified an association with vascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or a history of migraine, which may warrant evaluation and management.
  • #2 Transient global amnesia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia
    The estimated annual incidence of TGA varies from a minimum of 2.9 cases per 100,000 population (in Spain) and 5.2 per 100,000 (in the US), but among people aged over 50, the rate of TGA incidence is reported to range from approximately 23 per 100,000 (in a US population) to 32 per 100,000 (in a population in Scandinavia). […] TGA is most common in people between age 56 and 75, with the average age of a person experiencing TGA being approximately 62.
  • #2 Transient epileptic amnesia versus transient global amnesia: aspects of differential diagnosis | Lipatova | Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions
    https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1044?locale=en_US
    TGA differential diagnosis should be made with acute cerebral circulatory disorders (transient ischemic attack or stroke in the posterior cerebral artery basin), impaired glucose tolerance (hypoglycemia), toxic-metabolic encephalopathy due to intoxication with psychoactive substances (alcohol, sympathomimetics (cocaine, etc.)), undesirable side effects of pharmacotherapy with benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, neuroleptics, etc., TEA, psychogenic amnesia (a violation of personal identity in conversion disorders), post-traumatic retrograde amnesia, WernickeKorsakov syndrome, cognitive disorders in neuroinfections (herpetic encephalitis, etc.) and autoimmune limbic encephalitis. […] Neuroimaging techniques (brain MRI, PET), psychological testing, and biochemical studies of neurodegeneration markers are important to use for the differential diagnosis between TEA and TGA.
  • #3 Transient Global Amnesia – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029951/
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] Most commonly seen in patients older than 50 years, TGA results from the temporary impairment of short-term memory formation. […] The lifetime recurrence rate is 2.9% to 23.8%. […] Recent evidence suggests an association between TGA and migraine headaches as well as takotsubo cardiomyopathy. […] No apparent increased risk of cerebrovascular events occurs in patients who have had an episode of TGA. […] There is conflicting evidence as to whether an episode of TGA predisposes to future seizures or dementia.
  • #3 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview
    Epidemiology […] Frequency […] United States […] Based on data from Rochester, Minnesota, Miller et al determined an incidence of 5.2 cases per 100,000 population. However, among individuals older than 50 years, the incidence was 23.5 cases per 100,000 population per year. […] International […] Estimates vary, but Matiea-Guiu et al found a lower incidence in Alcoi, Spain, of 2.9 cases per 100,000 population. On the other hand, Lauria et al found an incidence of 10 cases per 100,000 population in Belluno, Italy. […] Mortality/morbidity […] As the name implies, transient global amnesia symptoms are transient. […] The mean annual recurrence rate is thought to be low (approximately 45%). However, in the study by Miller et al, the calculated recurrence rate could be as high as 24% over a lifetime depending on inclusion criteria. These occasional recurrences usually involve no long-term morbidity or death.
  • #3 Transient global amnesia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia
    The estimated annual incidence of TGA varies from a minimum of 2.9 cases per 100,000 population (in Spain) and 5.2 per 100,000 (in the US), but among people aged over 50, the rate of TGA incidence is reported to range from approximately 23 per 100,000 (in a US population) to 32 per 100,000 (in a population in Scandinavia). […] TGA is most common in people between age 56 and 75, with the average age of a person experiencing TGA being approximately 62.
  • #3 Transient global amnesia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transient-global-amnesia?case_id=transient-global-amnesia-5
    Transient global amnesia is most common in the 60-70 year age range 8. […] migraine, approximately 2.5-fold increased incidence, often in a slightly younger demographic 6,9.
  • #3 Neurocognitive Perspective of Transient Global Amnesia | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/69615
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neuropsychological syndrome that involves a sudden and temporary episode of memory loss that includes inability to create new memories. […] Concerning TGA epidemiology, the annual TGA incidence varies between 3 and 10 per 100,000 in different studies. […] In population older than 50 years old, the TGA rate increases until 2332/100,000, and it is very rare before 40. […] The second TGA episode recurrence rate varies between 6 and 15%; thus it is not very frequent to have another episode.
  • #3 Transient Global Amnesia
    https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Cognitive/TrnsntGlblAmns.htm
    Incidence 5-10 per 100,000 per year (23 to 32 per 100,000 per year in age over 50 years) […] Age: Over age 50 years (typical age range 50 to 80 years) […] More common in women (esp. ages 40 to 60 years old)
  • #3
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13760-024-02703-w
    Most TGA patients (61.5%) had at least one cerebrovascular risk factor, as detailed in Table 1. […] The recurrence rate of TGA was 11.5%, with an average interval of 5.13.7 years between episodes (113 years). […] In our study, most patients did not have a precipitating or trigger event (69.2%). […] The most common precipitating factors for TGA found in this study were emotional stress, the Valsalva maneuver and sexual intercourse. […] Overall, the epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic features observed were consistent with those reported globally. […] Compared to other reports in the world, the incidence of TGA in Israel was lower. […] TGA incidence is lower in Israel than in other studies.
  • #3 Transient epileptic amnesia versus transient global amnesia: aspects of differential diagnosis | Lipatova | Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions
    https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1044?locale=en_US
    The prevalence of TGA comprises 3.410.4 cases per 100 thousand population per year, reaching 23.5 cases per 100 thousand population per year in patients over 50 years of age, usually lacking gender bias in TGA incidence, but there are separate reports describing a higher prevalence in middle-aged and elderly women, with female-to-male ratio reaching 4:1. […] Most often, TGA is a single event that rarely recurs: the relapse rate with an average follow-up of at least 3 years ranges from 2.9% to 23.8%. […] TGA attacks usually have a specific trigger. The TGA development can be preceded by physical exertion, emotional stress, exposure to an excessively prominent temperature factor, pain, physical overexertion, and a Valsalva test. […] TGA prognosis is favorable and requires no specific treatment. The relapse rate is 2.923.8%, and a higher risk of TGA recurrent episodes is described in patients with migraines.
  • #3
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of anterograde and retrograde amnesia, sometimes associated with mild subclinical neuropsychological deficits and vegetative symptoms, lasting for days after the episode. Migraine history, cardiovascular risk factors, and emotional stress are considered possible risk factors. TGA usually occurs during the seventh decade of life, that is, when risk factors and concomitant pathologies have a higher incidence. […] The main risk factors for TGA are considered migraine history, cardiovascular risk factors, that is, ischemic heart disease, carotid atheromasia, and psychophysical stress. […] TGA usually occurs during the seventh decade of life (mean age: 61-67.3 years), that is, when risk factors and concomitant pathologies have a higher incidence, with a peak observed around the age of 62, and it is more frequent in females.
  • #3 Transient global amnesia (TGA) | STROKE MANUAL
    https://www.stroke-manual.com/transient-global-amnesia-tga/
    transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary (lasting 24h) episode of memory loss with the absence of other neurological signs that cant be attributed to more common neurological conditions, such as epilepsy or stroke […] annual incidence ~ 511 per 100,000 people in the general population, with a higher prevalence in individuals over 50 years of age […] TGA is not associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke […] however, some studies have identified an association with vascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or a history of migraine, which may warrant evaluation and management.
  • #3 Changes in heart rate variability over time from symptom onset of transient global amnesia | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57546-5
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) often involves precipitating events associated with changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS), and heart rate variability (HRV) reflects the ANS state. […] TGA often follows precipitating events such as the Valsalva maneuver, emotional stress, a hot bath, a cold swim, physical exertion, sexual intercourse, and defecation, most of which are closely related to changes in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), suggesting an association between TGA and ANS dysregulation. […] We found that TGA and changes in the state of ANS were related and that post-TGA HRV changed over time, showing an increase during the first week followed by a decrease within 4 weeks.
  • #3 Transient epileptic amnesia versus transient global amnesia: aspects of differential diagnosis | Lipatova | Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions
    https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/1044?locale=en_US
    TGA differential diagnosis should be made with acute cerebral circulatory disorders (transient ischemic attack or stroke in the posterior cerebral artery basin), impaired glucose tolerance (hypoglycemia), toxic-metabolic encephalopathy due to intoxication with psychoactive substances (alcohol, sympathomimetics (cocaine, etc.)), undesirable side effects of pharmacotherapy with benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, neuroleptics, etc., TEA, psychogenic amnesia (a violation of personal identity in conversion disorders), post-traumatic retrograde amnesia, WernickeKorsakov syndrome, cognitive disorders in neuroinfections (herpetic encephalitis, etc.) and autoimmune limbic encephalitis. […] Neuroimaging techniques (brain MRI, PET), psychological testing, and biochemical studies of neurodegeneration markers are important to use for the differential diagnosis between TEA and TGA.
  • #3 The long-term prognosis of Transient Global Amnesia: a systematic review
    https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/revneuro-2020-0110/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOooLFWi-40XiWV2UKSq8Sra1O3N4DsIsFB24ALl9Mi3fOQQG_3tf
    Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) constitutes an enigmatic amnestic condition. […] Overall, retrieved evidence was suggestive of similar vascular and mortality risks in TGA patients and HC, while TIA individuals exhibited elevated risks. […] Moreover, psychological disturbances were comparable between TGA and healthy individuals. […] On the other hand, studies for dementia and epilepsy obtained contradictory results, indicating both a similar and an increased risk in the TGA group compared to the HC group. […] Therefore, additional high-quality studies are warranted for the acquisition of more determining conclusions regarding the long-term risk of dementia and epilepsy in TGA.
  • #3
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11940-023-00759-2
    This review discusses a condition known as Transient Global Amnesia (TGA). We discuss the most up-to-date theories related to etiology and risk factors, as well as its correlations to other conditions such as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). […] Although TGA is thought to be a seemingly benign condition, it can mimic other neurological emergencies such as stroke and seizure. A more thorough understanding of TGA is necessary for appropriate patient counseling. […] The etiology of TGA is still unclear but initial diagnosis and management should focus on ruling out conditions, such as seizure and stroke, that require more urgent treatment and monitoring. Overall prognosis of TGA is favorable since it is associated with high likelihood of symptom resolution and a low recurrence risk.
  • #3
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13760-024-02703-w
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a benign neurological syndrome of unknown etiology, causing sudden anterograde amnesia that lasts up to 24 h. […] The annual incidence of TGA was 2.52 per 100,000 and 6.96 per 100,000 among those over 50, with a slight female predominance. […] The annual incidence of TGA worldwide has been reported to be 3 to 10.4 per 100,000 persons in the whole population and 23.5 to 32 per 100,000 persons among those aged 50 years or more. […] In this study, we showed that patient characteristics and clinical features of TGA patients in Israel were similar to those described in other reports worldwide. […] Interestingly, the annual incidence in Israel was lower than in other countries. […] The average age for patients with TGA was 64 years and spanned from 39 to 87 years-old.
  • #4 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT
    https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of an extraordinarily large reduction of anterograde and a somewhat milder reduction of retrograde episodic long-term memory. […] Recent epidemiological data put the annual incidence of TGA between 3.4 and 10.4/100,000. […] TGA most commonly presents in the seventh decade of life. […] Epidemiological studies fail to identify any subjects under the age of 55 years. […] Depending on the length of follow-up, the annual rate of TGA recurrence varies from 2.9 to 26.3%. […] A migraine history is one of the more notable risk factors associated with developing TGA. […] Cardiovascular risk factors are also well studied in TGA. […] One study compared psychiatric disease in 51 subjects who experienced a TGA to 51 subjects who experienced a TIA. […] In summary, according to community-based studies, the annual incidence of TGA is 510/100,000 and 23.532/100,000 for people aged 50 years and older.
  • #4
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx
    Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of anterograde and retrograde amnesia, sometimes associated with mild subclinical neuropsychological deficits and vegetative symptoms, lasting for days after the episode. Migraine history, cardiovascular risk factors, and emotional stress are considered possible risk factors. TGA usually occurs during the seventh decade of life, that is, when risk factors and concomitant pathologies have a higher incidence. […] The main risk factors for TGA are considered migraine history, cardiovascular risk factors, that is, ischemic heart disease, carotid atheromasia, and psychophysical stress. […] TGA usually occurs during the seventh decade of life (mean age: 61-67.3 years), that is, when risk factors and concomitant pathologies have a higher incidence, with a peak observed around the age of 62, and it is more frequent in females.

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udar niedokrwienny mózgu migrena z aurą elektroencefalografia obturacyjny bezdech senny zespół Wernickego-Korsakowa przemijająca globalna amnezja autonomiczny układ nerwowy nadciśnienie tętnicze rezonans magnetyczny mózgu obrazowanie dyfuzji hipokamp udar zakrzepowy zapadalność na TGA kardiomiopatia Takotsubo zmienność rytmu serca choroba niedokrwienna serca hiperlipidemia amnezja wsteczna autoimmunologiczne zapalenie limbiczne amnezja następcza dysregulacja autonomiczna przemijająca amnezja padaczkowa miażdżyca tętnic szyjnych próba Valsalvy hiperkoagulacja