Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] Diagnosis of transient global amnesia is primarily clinical, and neither advanced imaging nor treatment is required. […] The diagnosis of transient global amnesia is mainly clinical. […] Clinical features making transient global amnesia unlikely include evidence of toxic or metabolic disturbances, a history of trauma or epilepsy, impaired awareness or consciousness, and focal neurological signs. […] The most important study is brain imaging with MRI. […] The diagnosis of transient global amnesia is primarily clinical, based on a detailed history and a thorough neurological examination during the acute stage.

• #2 Transient global amnesia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the acute onset of anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories). […] Management is directed at identifying the syndrome, diagnosing and treating other disorders that may present similarly with memory deficits, and reassuring patients and family of the benign prognosis of TGA.

• #3 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] Diagnosis of transient global amnesia is primarily clinical, and neither advanced imaging nor treatment is required. […] The diagnosis of transient global amnesia is mainly clinical. […] Clinical features making transient global amnesia unlikely include evidence of toxic or metabolic disturbances, a history of trauma or epilepsy, impaired awareness or consciousness, and focal neurological signs. […] The most important study is brain imaging with MRI. […] The diagnosis of transient global amnesia is primarily clinical, based on a detailed history and a thorough neurological examination during the acute stage.

• #4 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  The diagnosis of TGA should be made clinically. In case of an atypical clinical presentation or suspicion of a possible differential diagnosis, further diagnostics should be performed immediately. […] The diagnosis of TGA is based on the patients history and that of others, as well as on clinical neurological and orienting neuropsychological examination, in particular the exclusion of possible differential diagnoses. The diagnosis usually can be established in the acute stage based on the criteria of Caplan and Hodges and Warlow. […] The diagnosis of TGA can be positively supported by MR imaging: The detection of typical unilateral or bilateral punctate DWI/T2 lesions in the hippocampus (especially the CA1 region) in a proportion of patients proves TGA. The sensitivity of MRI is considered higher when performed between 24 and 72 h after onset.

• #5 The diagnosis and management of transient global amnesia in the emergency department

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2658295/

  Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is a benign and temporary loss of anterograde memory with the preservation of remote memories and immediate recall. […] In order to diagnose TGA the criteria created by Hodge and Warlow in 1990 can be used. This requires the episode of memory loss to be witnessed and involve anterograde amnesia. The patient must not have any evidence of neurological signs or deficits, features of epilepsy, active epilepsy or recent head injury. Finally the episode must have resolved within 24 h. […] TGA can be diagnosed using the Hodges and Warlow criteria created in 1990. […] In order to diagnose TGA the patient must satisfy the following criteria, created by Hodge and Warlow in 1990: (1) The attack was witnessed and reported. (2) There was obvious anterograde amnesia during the attack. (3) There was an absence of clouding of consciousness. (4) There were no focal neurological signs or deficits during or after the attack. (5) There were no features of epilepsy. (6) The attack resolved within 24h. (7) The patient did not have any recent head injury or active epilepsy. […] As the prognosis of TGA is very good (it has a small recurrence rate and no increased mortality rate), the most important part of management after diagnosis is looking after the psychological needs of the patient and his or her relatives.

• #6 Transient global amnesia – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/general-information/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a temporary and isolated disorder of memory. […] Diagnosis may be made safely in the presence of a characteristic collateral history. […] Diagnostic Criteria (5): Attack must be witnessed. Acute onset of anterograde amnesia must be present. No alteration in consciousness must be present. No cognitive impairment other than amnesia must be present. No loss of personal identity must be present. No focal neurology or epileptic features must be present. No recent history of head trauma or seizures must be present. Attack must resolve within 24h. Other causes of amnesia must be excluded.

• #7 Diagnostic Criteria for Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) – MedicalCRITERIA.com

  https://medicalcriteria.com/web/neutga/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a benign, temporary loss of anterograde memory with sparing of immediate recall and remote memories. In order to diagnose TGA the patient must satisfy the following criteria, created by Hodge and Warlow in 1990: The attack was witnessed and reported. There was obvious anterograde amnesia during the attack. There was an absence of clouding of consciousness. There were no focal neurological signs or deficits during or after the attack. There were no features of epilepsy. The attack resolved within 24h. The patient did not have any recent head injury or active epilepsy. […] Attack is witnessed. Dysfunction limited to repetitive queries and amnesia. No other major neurologic signs or symptoms. Memory loss is transient, usually lasting hours to a day.

• #8 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of an extraordinarily large reduction of anterograde and a somewhat milder reduction of retrograde episodic long-term memory. […] TGA is defined as a sudden onset of an anterograde and retrograde amnesia that lasts up to 24 hours, although mild subclinical neuropsychological deficits with concomitant vegetative symptoms can last for days after the episode. […] In this review of TGA, we summarize the epidemiology, symptomatology, pathophysiology, assessment, differential diagnosis, longer-term outcome, and possible treatment recommendations associated with this condition. […] TGA is a clinical diagnosis. […] Subjects were described as becoming repetitious and asking the same questions, although mostly revolved around the memory loss itself.

• #9 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia

  Your healthcare team will likely recommend staying in the hospital until the amnesia goes away to be sure there isnt an underlying medical cause and you dont develop additional symptoms. […] Its important to take your loved one to the hospital as soon as possible if theyre suddenly unable to form new memories and are asking repeated questions about where they are and what time it is.

• #10 Transient global amnesia | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/transient-global-amnesia?content_id=CON-20378514

  Transient global amnesia has no direct complications. It’s not a risk factor for stroke or epilepsy. It’s possible to have a second episode of transient global amnesia, but it’s extremely rare to have more than two. […] To diagnose transient global amnesia, your health care provider must first rule out more-serious conditions. This can include stroke, seizure or head injury, for example. These conditions can cause the same type of memory loss. […] This begins with a neurological exam, checking reflexes, muscle tone, muscle strength, sensory function, gait, posture, coordination and balance. The doctor may also ask questions to test thinking, judgment and memory. […] The next step is testing to look for abnormalities in the brain’s electrical activity and blood flow. Your health care provider might order one or a combination of these tests:

• #11 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) causes sudden short-term memory loss that resolves on its own within 24 hours. […] Its important to seek immediate medical care if you or a loved one experience sudden memory loss to be sure theres not a more serious underlying cause. […] Theres no diagnostic test for transient global amnesia. Instead, healthcare providers rule out all other possible causes of amnesia before diagnosing TGA. […] To rule out other causes, a provider will perform a physical exam and check your vital signs. They may also perform a neurological exam. […] They may order imaging tests and certain blood tests, such as: Comprehensive metabolic panel. […] Theres no treatment for transient global amnesia. The condition resolves on its own within 24 hours your memory function will return to its normal state.

• #12 Transient global amnesia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378535

  To diagnose transient global amnesia, your health care provider must first rule out more-serious conditions. This can include stroke, seizure or head injury, for example. These conditions can cause the same type of memory loss. […] This begins with a neurological exam, checking reflexes, muscle tone, muscle strength, sensory function, gait, posture, coordination and balance. The doctor may also ask questions to test thinking, judgment and memory. […] The next step is testing to look for abnormalities in the brain’s electrical activity and blood flow. Your health care provider might order one or a combination of these tests: […] An electroencephalogram (EEG) records the brain’s electrical activity via electrodes attached to the scalp. People with epilepsy often have changes in their brain waves, even when they’re not having a seizure. This test is usually ordered if you’ve had more than one episode of transient global amnesia or if your doctor suspects that you’re having seizures.

• #13 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is characterized by sudden-onset anterograde and retrograde amnesia that typically lasts up to 24 hours. […] Diagnosis of transient global amnesia is primarily clinical. Neurologic examination typically does not detect any abnormalities other than disturbed memory. Brain ischemia must be ruled out. […] Laboratory tests should include complete blood count (CBC), coagulation tests, and evaluation for hypercoagulable states. These tests can help rule out other possible causes of the amnesia (eg, severe anemia, clotting disorders). […] MRI of the brain done during an episode of transient global amnesia is usually normal; however, MRI is useful for excluding stroke or a space-occupying lesion. […] Electroencephalography (EEG) is done to check for seizure activity. It usually shows nonspecific abnormalities and is unnecessary unless a seizure is suspected or episodes recur.

• #14 Transient Global Amnesia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-clinical

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a well-described syndrome, but one whose exact etiology is not yet completely understood. […] TGA specifically affects memory function. As mentioned previously, patients can register information, but retentive memory ability is affected dramatically. […] Neurologic examination of the patient typically fails to demonstrate any abnormalities (other than memory dysfunction). […] If any lateralizing or focal findings are noted on the examination, then the diagnosis of transient global amnesia should be questioned. […] The exact mechanism that produces transient global amnesia is unclear. […] TIA as indicative of cerebrovascular disease is unlikely. Studies have demonstrated that patients with TGA have fewer cerebrovascular risk factors than those with known cerebrovascular or coronary artery disease. The prognosis for TGA is often better than for TIAs.

• #15 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/transient-global-amnesia-tga.html

  TGA is diagnosed by eliminating other conditions, such as transient ischemic attack (TIA) or epilepsy. […] These tests may include: […] Neurological exam […] Blood tests […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) […] Computed tomography (CT) scan […] Electroencephalogram (EEG) […] Psychiatric evaluation.

• #16 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  Clinical symptoms beyond isolated memory impairment with antero- and retrograde amnesia and mild vegetative symptoms, i.e., somnolence, severe headache, vomiting, confusion, fever, etc., or incomplete recovery after more than 24 h argue against TGA and require rapid differential workup to rule out a potentially dangerous neurologic disorder. […] In case of factors that clearly point against TGA or presence of persistent symptoms, preferably inpatient monitoring should be performed to evaluate the further course as well as emergency cerebral imaging (preferably MRI). […] On MRI, typical DWI lesions are most likely to appear 24-72 h after TGA, especially in the CA1 region (about 30% of lesions) of the hippocampus, most of which are accompanied by T2 hyperintensity and are still detectable 10-14 days after TGA. Detection of these DWI lesions support the diagnosis of TGA and is found in up to of all patients. However, the absence of DWI lesions does not exclude TGA. […] The diagnosis usually can be established primarily clinically in the acute stage based on the criteria of Caplan and Hodges and Warlow.

• #17 Forgetting the Unforgettable: Transient Global Amnesia Part II: A Clinical Road Map

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3940

  The possibility of associated retrograde amnesia is not included in the criteria, but it is well recognized that patients with TGA can have some degree of retrograde amnesia during the episode. […] Furthermore, the criteria currently adopted, in our opinion, do not allow us to exclude some acute amnestic syndromes that occur in emergency situations, such as ischemic or hypoxic events, migraines, toxic amnesia, etc. […] Although the diagnosis of TGA is largely clinical and of exclusion, neuroimaging can provide an important diagnostic contribution. […] It has been demonstrated, in fact, that the detection rate of hippocampal lesions in TGA can be improved by up to 85% with optimized MRI parameters and by acknowledging the time course of the lesion. […] The following are the main MRI findings in patients with TGA: Almost all lesions can be selectively found in the area corresponding to the CA1 sector (Sommer sector) of the hippocampal cornu ammonis. […] Neuroimaging data have shown that the level of detection of hippocampal DWI lesions in patients with TGA is highly time-dependent: DWI performed at an interval between 24 and 96 h after symptom onset has a higher diagnostic yield than DWI performed within 24 h or later than 96 h.

• #18 What Is Transient Global Amnesia?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/transient-global-amnesia

  How Is Transient Global Amnesia Diagnosed? […] The diagnosis of TGA is made based on a thorough physical examination, symptoms as narrated by the witness, and neurological examination, which will check sensory function, reflexes, gait, balance, and coordination. […] Some tests will be conducted to check memory and the ability to recall. […] Some tests would be done to rule out if there are any abnormalities in the blood flow or electrical activities in the brain. […] Brain Scans for Transient Global Amnesia: […] Computerized Tomography (CT)- Using specialized X-ray equipment, the images of the brain will be taken from various angles and combined together to create cross-sectional images of the brain and skull. CT scans can detect structural abnormalities in the brain, such as constricted, overstretched, or damaged blood vessels, as well as previous strokes.

• #19 Transient global amnesia | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/transient-global-amnesia?content_id=CON-20378514

  An EEG records the brain’s electrical activity via electrodes attached to the scalp. People with epilepsy often have changes in their brain waves, even when they’re not having a seizure. This test is usually ordered if you’ve had more than one episode of transient global amnesia or if your doctor suspects that you’re having seizures.

• #20 Transient Global Amnesia – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/transient-global-amnesia.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary loss of memory. […] How is transient global amnesia diagnosed? […] Your healthcare provider will ask you or someone close to you about any medical conditions you have or medicines you take. He or she will also ask questions about your memory loss, and if you have any other symptoms. You may need any of the following: […] A neurologic exam is also called neuro signs, neuro checks, or neuro status. A neurologic exam can show providers how well your brain works. Providers will check how your pupils (black dots in the center of each eye) react to light. They will also test your memory. Your hand grasp and balance may also be tested. […] An MRI takes pictures of your brain to show if there are any signs of brain injury. You may be given contrast liquid to help the pictures show up better. Tell a provider if you have ever had an allergic reaction to contrast liquid. Do not enter the MRI room with anything metal. Metal can cause serious injury. Tell a provider if you have any metal in or on your body. […] Blood tests may be done to look for the cause of your amnesia such as infection or vitamine B1 deficiency.

• #21 Causes, symptoms and details of Transient global amnesia – Pulse Reference

  https://pulsereference.com/diagnoses/transient-global-amnesia/

  Blood tests: Routine blood tests, including full blood count, electrolytes, liver function, and thyroid function, can help exclude metabolic and systemic causes of amnesia. […] Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: Lumbar puncture may be considered in cases with atypical features or when the diagnosis remains uncertain to rule out infection or inflammation of the central nervous system.

• #22 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  The following conditions should be ruled out before diagnosing transient global amnesia: Acute ischemic stroke involving the hippocampus, Transient epileptic amnesia, Psychogenic amnesia, Toxin- or drug-related amnesia, Posttraumatic amnesia. […] A more extensive evaluation may be done if the transient amnestic episodes recur.

• #23 Transient global amnesia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transient-global-amnesia?lang=us

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by primarily anterograde amnesia. No clear etiology has been identified. The syndrome is transient and typically resolves within a few hours. […] Transient global amnesia presents with anterograde and variable partial retrograde amnesia lasting less than 24 hours without any other neurological or cognitive symptoms. Most individuals experience a complete resolution of symptoms within a few hours from the onset of symptoms. […] CT brain and conventional sequences of MRI brain may show no abnormalities, especially while the patient is symptomatic. […] Many patients with clinical features consistent with transient global amnesia have identifiable punctate regions of abnormally increased DWI signal in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. […] No treatment is required. The condition rarely recurs in ~5% of patients. […] The clinical differential diagnosis includes strategic ischemic stroke, transient epileptic amnesia, psychogenic amnesia, drug-related amnesia, and post-traumatic amnesia.

• #24 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] The diagnosis is primarily clinical, but recent studies suggest that magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful. […] Research suggests that the diagnosis is missed 90% of the time at initial presentation, often resulting in extensive and perhaps unnecessary evaluations. […] TGA should be considered in a patient with less than six hours of amnesia, no focal neurologic findings, and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with hippocampal bright lesions. […] Although TGA is diagnosed clinically, a thorough history and physical examination must be completed, and a complete blood count with differential and a complete metabolic panel, including liver function tests, C-reactive protein, ammonia level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urine toxicology, serum ethanol level, and thyroid-stimulating hormone, should be considered to exclude other etiologies.

• #25 Transient Global Amnesia in the ED: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/neurologic/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is a clinically distinct syndrome characterized by the acute inability to form new memories. It can last up to 24 hours. The diagnosis is dependent on eliminating other more serious etiologies including toxic ingestions, acute strokes, complex partial seizures, and central nervous system infections. […] In order to confidently make the diagnosis of TGA, a prehospital witness is helpful in providing a reliable history of the symptoms, including a description of the onset. By convention, patients with head trauma in the preceding 72 hours, those with known epilepsy, patients with any other neurologic abnormalities (motor deficits, aphasia, dysarthria, cognitive impairment, loss of attention span, etc), and patients with known psychiatric disorders are excluded from the diagnosis of TGA.

• #26 Transient Global Amnesia in the ED: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/neurologic/transient-global-amnesia

  The definitive diagnosis of TGA cannot be made until symptoms have resolved. Failure of symptom resolution and other worrisome signs and symptoms excludes the diagnosis. […] While diagnostic criteria are clear, disagreement as to the causes and etiology of TGA continues. […] It is the role of the emergency clinician to recognize TGA syndrome and to exclude other more dangerous conditions that present with an amnestic component among a constellation of other features that, though exceedingly rare, can mimic TGA. […] Once definitively diagnosed, patients and their families need education on the diagnosis and its benign prognosis. This issue of Emergency Medicine Practice provides a comprehensive review of the literature on TGA and its diagnostic criteria. We also suggest a simplified workflow in order to facilitate decision-making and minimize unnecessary diagnostic testing.

• #27 Transient global amnesia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378531

  More symptoms and history that may help diagnose transient global amnesia: Symptoms lasting no more than 24 hours and generally shorter; Gradual return of memory; No recent head injury; No signs of seizures during the period of amnesia; No history of active epilepsy. […] Seek immediate medical attention for anyone who quickly goes from normal awareness of present reality to confusion about what just happened. […] Transient global amnesia isn’t dangerous. But there’s no easy way to tell the difference between transient global amnesia and the life-threatening illnesses that can also cause sudden memory loss.

• #28 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia

  Your healthcare team will likely recommend staying in the hospital until the amnesia goes away to be sure there isnt an underlying medical cause and you dont develop additional symptoms. […] Its important to take your loved one to the hospital as soon as possible if theyre suddenly unable to form new memories and are asking repeated questions about where they are and what time it is.

• #29 Transient Global Amnesia – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-dysfunction/transient-global-amnesia

  Doctors diagnose this amnesia based mainly on symptoms and certain magnetic resonance imaging findings. […] Doctors usually diagnose transient global amnesia based mainly on symptoms. They also do tests to check for other causes of sudden amnesia: […] When transient global amnesia first occurs, MRI does not show specific abnormalities. However, after a few days, MRI may show tiny dots in an area of the brain that is important in forming and retrieving memories (the hippocampus). The spots may represent small areas where blood flow is decreased, suggesting a possible cause of the amnesia. […] A more extensive evaluation may be done if the transient amnestic episodes recur.

• #30 Evaluation of Patients with Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0501/p2237.html

  When diagnostic criteria are properly applied, transient global amnesia is not difficult to diagnose because it is a unique entity. […] However, several disorders may be misdiagnosed as transient global amnesia. […] Detailed work-ups are unproductive in patients who have all of the features of transient global amnesia unless other clinical indications are present. […] If the diagnosis is in doubt, early neurologic consultation is appropriate. […] The authors conclude that transient global amnesia is a benign syndrome with a low risk of subsequent neurologic or vascular disease. Evaluations should be extensive only if focal neurologic signs accompany the presenting symptoms.

• #31 Forget About It: Diagnosis and Management of Transient Global Amnesia in the Emergency Department — BROWN EMERGENCY MEDICINE BLOG

  http://brownemblog.com/blogposts/2024/3/25/forget-about-it-diagnosis-and-management-of-transient-global-amnesia-in-the-emergency-department

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a period of sudden amnesia that involves the inability to recall recent memories as well as the inability to form new memories. […] The diagnosis is clinical but advanced neuroimaging can be used to rule out alternative diagnoses. […] MRI diffusion-weighted imaging can show left hippocampal/left medial temporal lobe lesions that are associated with TGA but not related to ischemia. […] Patients must not present with other cognitive impairment, symptoms must not occur after head trauma or seizures, and symptoms should be expected to resolve within 24 hours. […] When the diagnosis is uncertain due to an unclear history or confounding symptoms, CT, MRI, and electroencephalography can all be considered to rule out additional diagnoses. […] There is no treatment for TGA, as symptoms will resolve without intervention. […] Up to 30% of patients will have a recurrent episode of TGA.

• #32 Transient Global Amnesia | American Journal of Neuroradiology

  https://www.ajnr.org/ajnr-case-collections-diagnosis/transient-global-amnesia-1

  Diagnosis is based mainly on clinical criteria. […] MRI can help to support the diagnosis; punctate hippocampal diffusion-weighted abnormalities are described in up to 80% of patients and usually appear 24 to 72 hours after TGA onset.

• #33 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Patients typically present with a sudden onset of memory loss lasting several hours, featuring retrograde and pronounced anterograde amnesia. […] Once transient global amnesia is diagnosed, physicians oversee treatment decisions and care plans. The treatment is supportive. […] The healthcare team must educate caregivers and patients about the benign nature of the disorder. […] The condition resolves spontaneously and rarely recurs.

• #34

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=bo1030

  Your doctor probably did an exam and ran some tests to rule out certain health problems that can also cause sudden memory loss, such as a stroke, brain tumour, seizure, head injury, or an infection. […] If your doctor did not find any of these things to be the cause of your memory loss, you will not need treatment and you can go back to your usual activities. […] TGA does not increase the chance that you will have a stroke or seizures in the future. […] There is no treatment for TGA. Expect your symptoms to go away with time. […] Talk to your doctor if you have questions about TGA. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: […] You suddenly lose your memory again. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #35 Transient global amnesia: Uncommon diagnosis of exclusion. – International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)

  https://www.iasp-pain.org/transient-global-amnesia-uncommon-diagnosis-of-exclusion/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is an uncommon clinical syndrome characterized by short-term memory loss and disorientation that resolves in 24h. […] After the exclusion of potential causes and the patient returned to a normal state of memory, the diagnosis of transient global amnesia was made. […] TGA is a diagnosis of exclusion and is essential to keep in mind when evaluating a patient with acute onset of short-term memory impairment, especially when etiological investigations reveal no potential cause.

• #36 ICD-10 Codes to Report Transient Global Amnesia

  https://www.outsourcestrategies.com/blog/what-icd-10-codes-medical-coding-companies-report-transient-global-amnesia/

  Transient Global Amnesia is not a life-threatening condition, but the symptoms can scare the patients and cause emotional distress. Medical practitioners analyze the symptoms and it is difficult to distinguish the symptoms of Transient Global Amnesia from other serious illnesses. […] Patients are directed to undergo various tests to confirm that the memory loss is due to Transient Global Amnesia. […] G45.4 is the ICD-10 diagnosis code used to report Transient Global Amnesia.

• #37 2025 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code G45.4: Transient global amnesia

  https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/G00-G99/G40-G47/G45-/G45.4

  G45.4 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. […] A condition characterized by sudden, temporary, usually short-lived memory loss, not associated with a neurologic disorder. Affected individuals lose memory function for recent events and have a decreased ability to retain new information. It is usually a solitary event. […] A syndrome characterized by a transient loss of the ability to form new memories. It primarily occurs in middle aged or elderly individuals, and episodes may last from minutes to hours. During the period of amnesia, immediate and recent memory abilities are impaired, but the level of consciousness and ability to perform other intellectual tasks are preserved. The condition is related to bilateral dysfunction of the medial portions of each temporal lobe. Complete recovery normally occurs, and recurrences are unusual.

• #38 Causes, symptoms and details of Transient global amnesia – Pulse Reference

  https://pulsereference.com/diagnoses/transient-global-amnesia/

  It is crucial for GPs to differentiate TGA from other memory disorders, such as transient epileptic amnesia, which may require different management approaches. […] Investigations: Diagnosing TGA primarily relies on clinical assessment and exclusion of other potential causes of amnesia. However, investigations may be useful to rule out other conditions and provide reassurance to both the patient and clinician. Commonly employed investigations include: […] Neuroimaging: Typically performed using CT or MRI, is essential to exclude structural abnormalities such as stroke or intracranial haemorrhage. In TGA, these scans typically appear normal. […] ECG: An electrocardiogram (ECG) may be performed to evaluate for any arrhythmias or cardiac abnormalities, as some cases of TGA have been associated with cardiac events.

• #39

  https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/56634

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is mainly manifested by a sudden, up to 24-hour loss of anterograde and retrograde memory, which may be accompanied by mild neuropsychological deficits. Diagnosis is based on a neurological examination and exclusion of numerous possible differential diagnoses, including laboratory and imaging tests. […] Increased awareness and prompt diagnosis are essential to provide reassurance and to rule out more serious conditions such as stroke or epilepsy.

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