Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] There is no established treatment for episodes. […] If the diagnosis of TGA is certain, only supportive treatment is indicated. […] If the presentation is clear and the diagnosis is not in question, no specific intervention is necessary other than reassurance. […] Most patients presenting with TGA will recover within six hours and do not require imaging if they fit the diagnostic criteria.

• #2 Transient global amnesia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/transient-global-amnesia/print

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the acute onset of anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories). […] Management is directed at identifying the syndrome, diagnosing and treating other disorders that may present similarly with memory deficits, and reassuring patients and family of the benign prognosis of TGA.

• #3 Transient global amnesia | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/transient-global-amnesia?content_id=CON-20378514

  No treatment is needed for transient global amnesia. It gets better without treatment and has no known lasting effects.

• #4 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia

  Theres no treatment for transient global amnesia. The condition resolves on its own within 24 hours your memory function will return to its normal state. […] Your healthcare team will likely recommend staying in the hospital until the amnesia goes away to be sure there isnt an underlying medical cause and you dont develop additional symptoms.

• #5 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Treatment for transient global amnesia primarily involves supportive care and reassurance, as no specific therapy is required or available. […] Hospital observation may be necessary until the memory deficit resolves. […] Although rare, recurrences can occur. Following the resolution of memory deficits, patients do not require restrictions on activities such as driving.

• #6 Transient global amnesia: Uncommon diagnosis of exclusion

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9684613/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neurological syndrome that was initially discovered in 1956 by Bender. It is defined as a sudden onset anterograde amnesia that lasts up to 24h. […] There is no known treatment for transient global amnesia. The condition is benign and resolves itself within 24hours. The exclusion of any potential etiologies is the primary goal of clinicians. […] There is no specific treatment for TGA. Interestingly, the condition is benign and resolves itself within 24h. Thus, the most useful management for TGA is to monitor the patient until the amnesia resolves. The condition does not usually recur; however, according to previous studies, the annual recurrence rate ranges from 2.5 to slightly over 5 percent, and individuals who experience TGA do not have a greater risk of mortality, epilepsy, or stroke.

• #7 Transient Global Amnesia: Causes, Symptoms, and Support

  https://www.healthline.com/health/amnesia/global-transient-amnesia

  Though distressing, transient global amnesia is not a dangerous condition, and its not known to be a sign of more serious ones. No treatments are needed, but triggers can be avoided. […] No treatment is needed to resolve this condition. […] Theres no treatment needed for transient global amnesia. The condition resolves on its own and has no known long-term effects or risks. […] Episodes typically last a few hours and then resolve on their own. No treatment is needed, but people with the condition can take steps to make sure they are prepared for future episodes.

• #8 Transient Global Amnesia – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-dysfunction/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia has no lasting effects and requires no treatment unless a cause of the amnesia is identified. […] There is no specific treatment for transient global amnesia. It has no lasting effects and only rarely recurs. […] If identified, the cause of transient global amnesia is treated. For example, if seizures are the cause, antiseizure drugs are used.

• #9 The frightening effects of transient global amnesia – or temporary memory loss | The Independent | The Independent

  https://www.independent.co.uk/health-and-wellbeing/transient-global-amnesia-temporary-memory-loss-health-a9117091.html

  TGA is a benign condition that leaves no lasting effects except perhaps frustration over the missing memories. […] There is also no treatment. People simply have to wait out the episode and give any residual fogginess time to clear before returning to their usual activities.

• #10 Forget About It: Diagnosis and Management of Transient Global Amnesia in the Emergency Department — BROWN EMERGENCY MEDICINE BLOG

  http://brownemblog.com/blogposts/2024/3/25/forget-about-it-diagnosis-and-management-of-transient-global-amnesia-in-the-emergency-department

  There is no treatment for TGA, as symptoms will resolve without intervention. Patients should be observed until they have completely returned to their baseline. Patients should be counseled that they will have a permanent gap in their memory equating to a period shortly before the event started until resolution of their anterograde amnesia. Up to 30% of patients will have a recurrent episode of TGA. […] The diagnosis is clinical but advanced neuroimaging can be used to rule out alternative diagnoses. […] MRI diffusion-weighted imaging can show left hippocampal/left medial temporal lobe lesions that are associated with TGA but not related to ischemia.

• #11 Transient Global Amnesia in the ED: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/neurologic/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia confers no known long-term risks; however, when abnormal signs or symptoms are present, they take precedence and guide the formulation of a differential diagnosis and investigation. […] In witnessed transient global amnesia with classic features, a minimalist approach is reasonable, avoiding overtesting, inappropriate medication, and medical interventions in favor of observation, ensuring patient safety, and reassuring patients and their families. […] Once definitively diagnosed, patients and their families need education on the diagnosis and its benign prognosis. […] Counseling patients and family so that they fully understand the expected time course of the syndrome and its expected benign outcome can reduce anxiety. […] Despite appearances, patients with acute amnesia do not have decisional capacity. […] For the patients’ own safety, they should not be discharged against medical advice or otherwise until they are consistently asymptomatic.

• #12 Transient Global Amnesia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30473

  Treatment for transient global amnesia primarily involves supportive care and reassurance, as no specific therapy is required or available. […] Hospital observation may be necessary until the memory deficit resolves. […] Intravenous thiamine should be considered. […] Although rare, recurrences can occur. Following the resolution of memory deficits, patients do not require restrictions on activities such as driving.

• #13 Transient Global Amnesia Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/transient-global-amnesia-2488851

  TGA itself requires no treatment, as the episode will usually pass within 24 hours. […] For example, while there is no specific treatment, patients might receive thiamine to exclude Wernicke’s encephalopathy, a type of memory loss due to insufficient levels of the vitamin thiamine. […] If there is a high concern for seizure, prolonged EEG may be advisable, preferably one that captures a period of sleep. […] An MRI may be used to exclude this possibility, especially if someone has serious vascular risk factors such as diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure or smoking.

• #14 Transient global amnesia (TGA) | STROKE MANUAL

  https://www.stroke-manual.com/transient-global-amnesia-tga/

  TGA is self-limiting, and no specific intervention is required once a clear diagnosis is established. […] Supportive care includes ensuring patient safety, keeping the patient calm, and monitoring their vital signs. […] Treatment of TGA syndrome depends on its etiology (antiseizure medications, antiplatelet therapy, lifestyle modifications, etc.).

• #15 Management Of Recurring Transient Global Amnesia: Treatment Options And Preventive Measures For Recurrent Episodes – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/management-of-recurring-transient-global-amnesia-treatment-options-and-preventive-measures-for-recurrent-episodes/

  There is no particular treatment for TGA. When the diagnosis is certain, symptoms usually return to normal no longer than 24 hours after an episode. […] When TGA recurs, diagnosis may not be clear; individuals with this condition and their families need to know what to do at the sight of an episode. Here is a breakdown: […] Seeing a family member in an episode can be distressing for everyone, but the most important measure at the time is to tend to the affected person’s psychological needs. These include supportive care and reassurance during an episode. You need to make them feel safe and assure them that everything will turn out okay. […] You also need to consider all of the affected persons symptoms and abnormal occurrences, if any, during a recurring episode. This will help physicians accurately diagnose and counsel the patient, hinting at the possibility of recurrence or an entirely different brain issue.

• #16

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11940-023-00759-2

  The etiology of TGA is still unclear but initial diagnosis and management should focus on ruling out conditions, such as seizure and stroke, that require more urgent treatment and monitoring. […] Overall prognosis of TGA is favorable since it is associated with high likelihood of symptom resolution and a low recurrence risk.

• #17 Management Of Recurring Transient Global Amnesia: Treatment Options And Preventive Measures For Recurrent Episodes – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/management-of-recurring-transient-global-amnesia-treatment-options-and-preventive-measures-for-recurrent-episodes/

  The next step is to seek professional evaluation at a healthcare facility prepared with all the facts about the episode. The doctor may want to conduct a series of investigations such as blood tests, neurological exams, and neuroimaging (MRI, EEG, DWI). This is to rule out a serious underlying condition or possible cause of the recurring event. […] As earlier said, no treatment options in the form of drugs are available for TGA; however, if an underlying condition is detected, managing it with medications may relieve recurrence. Underlying conditions that can be treated with drugs include migraines and emotional stress. […] Since the prognosis of TGA is positive and recurrence is less likely, there is still no particular way to prevent TGA recurrence. […] Lifestyle modifications, long-term follow-up, and treatment of any underlying condition for individuals with TGA recurrence may prevent further episodes. […] Lifestyle measures that may be effective in the prevention include: Avoidance of known triggers, Stress management therapies, e.g, meditation.

• #18 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20221122/New-MRI-machine-reveals-tiny-changes-in-the-brain-related-to-transient-global-amnesia.aspx

  In order to know how to help, doctors need to have a solid knowledge base so treatment does not become a lottery draw. […] A new MRI machine and a new study give hope that more people can find out why they suddenly forgot everything. […] With the new MRI machine, we can see the memory centre in the brain in greater detail. […] The new MRI machine detected the typical changes in the brain in twice as many patients, compared to when they were examined with normal MRI machines. […] „The study opens up new opportunities for exciting memory research,” says Thanh P. Doan, a neurologist at St. Olav’s Hospital and kidney researcher at NTNU. […] „But it certainly won’t be the last study,” says Erik Magnus Berntsen, a neuroradiologist at St. Olav’s Hospital and associate professor of radiology at NTNU.

• #19 Recurrent transient amnesia: a case of transient epileptic amnesia misdiagnosed as transient global amnesia

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=647

  Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is a rare form of temporal lobe epilepsy that is characterized by recurrent observable episodes of transient amnesia that spare cognitive functions other than memory and are corroborated by epileptiform abnormalities in electroencephalography (EEG), clinical manifestations of epilepsy, or a good response to antiseizure therapy. […] The patient was diagnosed with TEA and so she was prescribed lamotrigine at 100 mg twice daily. She has been symptom-free for more than 30 months. […] The role of EEG as a critical diagnostic tool in TEA and its clear response to antiseizure medications should be emphasized.

• #20 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  No specific treatment is indicated for transient global amnesia. However, any underlying condition (eg, brain ischemia) should be treated. […] Treatment of any underlying condition as needed.

• #21 Transient epileptic amnesia: Symptoms, long-term effects, and FAQ

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/transient-epileptic-amnesia

  Treatment of TEA aims to: […] reduce the frequency and severity of amnesic episodes […] improve memory function […] optimize the individuals overall quality of life […] Antiseizure medications can reduce the frequency of TEA episodes and may ease issues with a persons thinking ability. These drugs commonly include: […] levetiracetam […] carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine […] lamotrigine […] Regular follow-up with a neurologist is essential to monitor the effectiveness of the medication and make any necessary adjustments. […] Cognitive interventions such as memory training and strategies may also help memory function and compensate for any difficulties. Working with a neuropsychologist or cognitive rehabilitation specialist can help individuals develop personalized techniques and tools to enhance memory recall and optimize a persons ability to think. […] […] […] TEA can significantly affect daily life and may cause distress to affected individuals. However, prompt diagnosis and appropriate management with antiseizure medication can help control TEA episodes and improve overall quality of life.

• #22 American Academy of Neurology: Neurology Resources | AAN

  https://www.aan.com/PressRoom/home/PressRelease/215

  Transient global amnesia is characterized by a sudden inability to form new memories or recall the near past. […] The study results could influence treatment of individuals with transient global amnesia. Antiplatelet therapy could be considered in those with vascular risk factors such as arteriosclerosis, commented David C. Tong, MD, of Stanford University School of Medicine in Stanford, Calif., who wrote an editorial in the same issue of Neurology. […] Using this study as a stepping stone, perhaps we can further clarify the mechanism of this condition by combining these findings with perfusion weighted MRI, functional neuroimaging such as PET or SPECT, and possibly venography, said Tong. One potential area to continue study is metabolic rate, noted Sedlaczek. Emotional arousal has been suggested to lead to metabolic disturbances, said Sedlaczek. High metabolic rates leading to a relative insufficiency of blood flow in the hippocampus could be the natural history of transient global amnesia.

• #23 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  The diagnosis of TGA should be made clinically. In case of an atypical clinical presentation or suspicion of a possible differential diagnosis, further diagnostics should be performed immediately. […] Because the pathomechanism of TGA is not yet clearly known, no evidence-based therapeutic or prophylactic recommendations can be made. […] There is no evidence for chronic sequelae of TGA with respect to cerebral ischemia, chronic memory impairment, or the onset of dementia-related syndromes. […] Since the pathomechanism of TGA has not yet been definitively clarified, a multifactorial or multi-causal process seems likely, As empirical data are also lacking, no sufficiently evidence-based recommendations can be made regarding prophylaxis. […] Because the pathomechanism of TGA is not yet clearly known, no evidence-based recommendations can be made regarding prophylaxis. Possible cerebrovascular risk factors should be identified and treated according to guidelines.

• #24

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=bo1030

  There is no treatment for TGA. Expect your symptoms to go away with time. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. […] Talk to your doctor if you have questions about TGA.

• #25 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Care Instructions

  https://cerneribportal.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Bedside/216,bo1030

  There is no treatment for TGA. Expect your symptoms to go away with time. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] Talk to your doctor if you have questions about TGA.

• #26 Transient Global Amnesia Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-treatment

  Once transient global amnesia (TGA) is diagnosed, provide reassurance to the patient and schedule at least one follow-up visit with a neurologist. […] Avoid activities that could produce an unusual increase in intrathoracic pressure.

• #27 Transient global amnesia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transient-global-amnesia?lang=us

  No treatment is required. The condition rarely recurs in ~5% of patients 5,6.

• #28 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  To date, there is no evidence for the presence of chronic sequelae with respect to chronic memory impairment or the development of dementia-related syndromes. Also, there are no indications that TGA represents a risk factor for cerebral ischemia. Very subtle neuropsychological abnormalities may persist for longer periods of time but do not seem to render clinical significance in everyday life. […] Since the pathomechanism of TGA has not yet been definitively clarified, it is probably a multifactorial or multi-causal process, and empirical data are also lacking, no sufficiently evidence-based recommendations can be made regarding prophylaxis. Also, given the low rates of recurrence, prophylactic treatment may not be necessary.

• #29 My Experience with Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/out-of-the-ooze/201902/my-experience-with-transient-global-amnesia-tga

  A range of conditions have been hypothesized to predict TGA, but the only one with any degree of support in the medical community is that individuals with a history of migraines (which by the way, I do not have) may be most likely to experience it. […] Some commonly reported triggers of a TGA episode include head trauma, severe physical exertion, acute emotional distress, sudden immersion in hot or cold water, or even sexual intercourse. None of these triggers were present in my case, however, nor did I see any of them in the numerous case studies of TGA that I investigated after my experience. […] If you experience this frightening syndrome, you will probably be left with little understanding of exactly why it happened and little memory of what it was like. I am publishing this essay for the benefit of others who, like me, may not even know that such a syndrome exists. Awareness of TGA will not prevent it from coming your way, but it might give you insight into what is going on with a friend or loved one who suddenly seems confused and forgetful.

• #30 Risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with transient global amnesia: a propensity-matched cohort study | Stroke and Vascular Neurology

  https://svn.bmj.com/content/7/2/e001006

  Patients diagnosed with TGA (n=14 673) were selected from the NHIS database. […] The multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the TGA group had a higher risk of ischaemic stroke and all types of stroke (adjusted HR=1.194; 95% CI: 1.043 to 1.368; and HR=1.197; 95% CI: 1.056 to 1.357, respectively). […] Analysis of the nationwide claims database showed that TGA could be an important risk factor for stroke, especially for ischaemic stroke. […] TGA was a risk factor for stroke, particularly IS, but not haemorrhagic stroke. […] The risk of IS is increased in patients with TGA with hypertension, DM and A-Fib. […] Our study demonstrated that TGA can be an important risk factor for stroke, especially IS. Among patients with TGA, those who had specific conventional risk factors, such as hypertension, DM and A-Fib, were at a higher risk of developing IS.

• #31 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  By definition, TGA is a self-limited condition that resolves without intervention; thus, there is no specific treatment indicated. Although the mean time course of an amnestic episode in TGA is 46 hours, with most resolving by 8 hours, proposed treatments could depend on uncovering the underlying etiology. […] If the presentation in TGA was secondary to reversible ischemia, as has been suggested by some case reports using DWI, as well as other reports that noted onset of TGA episodes after Valsalva-like maneuvers that may temporarily reduce cerebral blood flow, then optimization of cardiovascular factors similar to treatments implemented for cardiac ischemia, such as antiplatelets, managing blood pressure, and heart rate, or statin therapy could be beneficial. […] Ultimately, there are no established, evidence-based treatments for TGA to date, likely due to the short duration of symptoms experienced as well as a lack of universally accepted pathophysiology.

• #32 An “Engram-Centric” Approach to Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) and Other Acute-Onset Amnesias

  https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/17/1/8

  In addition to addressing any psychological factors that might be operating in the onset and maintenance of functional amnesia, experimental therapeutic manipulations aimed at converting latent or silent engram forms to the active state might not only be feasible but also clinically useful in this condition since the symptoms may be persistent over months or years, with important consequences for clinical and social recovery. […] The proposed “engram-centric” models of three acute-onset amnesias presented here help to conceptualise these disorders in terms of distributed and dynamic neuronal ensembles that, because of their plasticity, can evolve over time, thus accounting for the clinical characteristics of these conditions. The models may also have implications for treatment in terms of reactivating latent or silent engrams should safe methods to effect such changes become available.

Zobacz więcej