Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] The etiology of transient global amnesia remains largely unknown, with multiple theories proposed but none conclusively proven. The most supported theory suggests a link to migraines, as 12% to 30% of transient global amnesia patients have a migraine history. Some researchers propose that transient global amnesia may involve cortical spreading depression similar to migraine aura. […] Other suspected causes include vascular phenomena, epilepsy, and psychogenic origins. Studies have both supported and refuted arterial ischemia as a cause. Vascular congestion is a leading hypothesis, yet questions about its association with specific age groups and absence in venous thrombosis remain unresolved. […] Ultimately, no single theory fully explains all clinical aspects of transient global amnesia.

• #2 Transient Global Amnesia – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029951/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] Recent evidence suggests an association between TGA and migraine headaches as well as takotsubo cardiomyopathy. […] There is conflicting evidence as to whether an episode of TGA predisposes to future seizures or dementia.

• #3 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  The etiology of transient global amnesia is not clear. Suggested mechanisms include those related to migraine, hypoxia and/or ischemia, venous flow abnormalities, or seizures, as well as psychologic factors. […] Recent data suggest that vulnerability of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus to metabolic stress is pivotal; the resulting damage triggers a cascade of changes that lead to impaired hippocampal function. […] A distinct benign form of transient global amnesia can follow excessive alcohol ingestion, moderately large sedative doses of barbiturates, use of several illicit drugs, or sometimes relatively small doses of benzodiazepines (especially midazolam and triazolam). […] Events that can trigger transient global amnesia include sudden immersion in cold or hot water, physical exertion, emotional or psychologic stress, pain, medical procedures, sexual intercourse, and a Valsalva maneuver. However, usually no trigger can be identified.

• #4 Transient Global Amnesia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-clinical

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a well-described syndrome, but one whose exact etiology is not yet completely understood. […] Many mechanisms have been proposed, but no single cause can explain fully all the features of TGA. These include migraine variant, temporal lobe seizure, and TIA. […] There is a demonstrated association between TGA and migraine. […] Precipitants of TGA frequently include physical exertion, overwhelming emotional stress, pain, cold-water exposure, sexual intercourse, and Valsalva maneuver. […] The exact mechanism that produces transient global amnesia is unclear. […] The most compelling evidence in favor of migraine is that patients who suffer from a TGA event have a slightly higher incidence of a previous migraine. […] Seizure (eg, temporal lobe) is unlikely.

• #5 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] The etiology of transient global amnesia remains largely unknown, with multiple theories proposed but none conclusively proven. The most supported theory suggests a link to migraines, as 12% to 30% of transient global amnesia patients have a migraine history. Some researchers propose that transient global amnesia may involve cortical spreading depression similar to migraine aura. […] Other suspected causes include vascular phenomena, epilepsy, and psychogenic origins. Studies have both supported and refuted arterial ischemia as a cause. Vascular congestion is a leading hypothesis, yet questions about its association with specific age groups and absence in venous thrombosis remain unresolved. […] Ultimately, no single theory fully explains all clinical aspects of transient global amnesia.

• #6 Transient Global Amnesia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-clinical

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a well-described syndrome, but one whose exact etiology is not yet completely understood. […] Many mechanisms have been proposed, but no single cause can explain fully all the features of TGA. These include migraine variant, temporal lobe seizure, and TIA. […] There is a demonstrated association between TGA and migraine. […] Precipitants of TGA frequently include physical exertion, overwhelming emotional stress, pain, cold-water exposure, sexual intercourse, and Valsalva maneuver. […] The exact mechanism that produces transient global amnesia is unclear. […] The most compelling evidence in favor of migraine is that patients who suffer from a TGA event have a slightly higher incidence of a previous migraine. […] Seizure (eg, temporal lobe) is unlikely.

• #7 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  The etiology of transient global amnesia is not clear. Suggested mechanisms include those related to migraine, hypoxia and/or ischemia, venous flow abnormalities, or seizures, as well as psychologic factors. […] Recent data suggest that vulnerability of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus to metabolic stress is pivotal; the resulting damage triggers a cascade of changes that lead to impaired hippocampal function. […] A distinct benign form of transient global amnesia can follow excessive alcohol ingestion, moderately large sedative doses of barbiturates, use of several illicit drugs, or sometimes relatively small doses of benzodiazepines (especially midazolam and triazolam). […] Events that can trigger transient global amnesia include sudden immersion in cold or hot water, physical exertion, emotional or psychologic stress, pain, medical procedures, sexual intercourse, and a Valsalva maneuver. However, usually no trigger can be identified.

• #8 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of an extraordinarily large reduction of anterograde and a somewhat milder reduction of retrograde episodic long-term memory. […] Although it is suggested that various factors, such as migraine, focal ischemia, venous flow abnormalities, and epileptic phenomena, are involved in the pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of TGA, the factors triggering the emergence of these lesions are still elusive. […] Recent data suggest that the vulnerability of CA1 neurons to metabolic stress plays a pivotal part in the pathophysiological cascade, leading to an impairment of hippocampal function during TGA. […] The underlying etiology of TGA remains obscure with multiple proposed mechanisms, such as arterial ischemia, venous congestion, migraine, and psychogenic disorders.

• #9 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] The etiology of transient global amnesia remains largely unknown, with multiple theories proposed but none conclusively proven. The most supported theory suggests a link to migraines, as 12% to 30% of transient global amnesia patients have a migraine history. Some researchers propose that transient global amnesia may involve cortical spreading depression similar to migraine aura. […] Other suspected causes include vascular phenomena, epilepsy, and psychogenic origins. Studies have both supported and refuted arterial ischemia as a cause. Vascular congestion is a leading hypothesis, yet questions about its association with specific age groups and absence in venous thrombosis remain unresolved. […] Ultimately, no single theory fully explains all clinical aspects of transient global amnesia.

• #10 WebMD: Transient Global Amnesia Is an Experience You’ll Never Forget

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/webmd-transient-global-amnesia-is-an-experience-youll-never-forget/

  Transient global amnesia affects the brains ability to form and store new memories as well as access old ones, said Nancy Sicotte, MD, chair of the Department of Neurology at Cedars-Sinai. […] It is most common in older and middle-aged adults and is sometimes linked to having a history of migraines. […] Sicotte, who holds the Womens Guild Distinguished Chair in Neurology, told WebMD that while the exact cause of transient global amnesia is unclear, it could be triggered by a temporary decrease in oxygen to the hippocampus—the area of the brain that plays a role in forming new memories. […] What we dont understand is exactly what is happening on a physiological level, Sicotte said. Theres a decrease in blood flow, but why? […] During an episode of transient global amnesia, Sicotte told WebMD, the machinery our brain uses to make new memories and also access old memories is offline. Its like a switch goes off. Maybe its a protective mechanism.

• #11 Transient Global Amnesia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-clinical

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a well-described syndrome, but one whose exact etiology is not yet completely understood. […] Many mechanisms have been proposed, but no single cause can explain fully all the features of TGA. These include migraine variant, temporal lobe seizure, and TIA. […] There is a demonstrated association between TGA and migraine. […] Precipitants of TGA frequently include physical exertion, overwhelming emotional stress, pain, cold-water exposure, sexual intercourse, and Valsalva maneuver. […] The exact mechanism that produces transient global amnesia is unclear. […] The most compelling evidence in favor of migraine is that patients who suffer from a TGA event have a slightly higher incidence of a previous migraine. […] Seizure (eg, temporal lobe) is unlikely.

• #12 Transient global amnesia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transient-global-amnesia?lang=us

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by primarily anterograde amnesia. No clear etiology has been identified. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed with no consensus on the exact mechanism. These include: vascular, focal arterial ischemia, changes in venous outflow flow changes, seizure activity, migraine, changes in neurotransmitter changes (GABA and/or glutamate).

• #13 Transient global amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neurological disorder whose key defining characteristic is a temporary but almost total disruption of short-term memory with a range of problems accessing older memories. […] The underlying cause of TGA remains enigmatic. The leading hypotheses are some form of epileptic event, a problem with blood circulation around, to or from the brain, or some kind of migraine-like phenomenon. […] TGA attacks are associated with some form of precipitating event in at least one-third of cases. […] The role of psychological co-factors has been addressed by some research. It is the case that people in a state of TGA exhibit measurably elevated levels of anxiety and/or depression. […] Cerebral ischemia is a frequently disputed possible cause, at least for some segment of the TGA population, and until the 1990s it was generally thought that TGA was a variant of transient ischemic attack (TIA) secondary to some form of cerebrovascular disease. […] A history of migraine is a statistically significant risk factor for the development of TGA. […] Amnesia is often a symptom in epilepsy, and for that reason people with known epilepsy are disqualified from most studies of TGA.

• #14 Transient global amnesia: Psychiatric precipitants, features, and comorbidities | MDedge

  https://blogs.the-hospitalist.org/content/transient-global-amnesia-psychiatric-precipitants-features-and-comorbidities

  The migraine theory stems from migraines being a known risk factor for TGA, particularly in middle-aged women. The stress theory is based on the known emotional precipitants and psychiatric comorbidities associated with TGA. […] Several studies have demonstrated psychiatric precipitants, features, and comorbidities associated with TGA. Of the TGA cases associated with precipitating events, 29% to 50% are associated with an emotional stressor. […] During its acute phase, TGA has been shown to present with mood and anxiety symptoms. […] Finally, patients with TGA are more likely to have psychiatric comorbidities than those without the condition.

• #15 Transient global amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neurological disorder whose key defining characteristic is a temporary but almost total disruption of short-term memory with a range of problems accessing older memories. […] The underlying cause of TGA remains enigmatic. The leading hypotheses are some form of epileptic event, a problem with blood circulation around, to or from the brain, or some kind of migraine-like phenomenon. […] TGA attacks are associated with some form of precipitating event in at least one-third of cases. […] The role of psychological co-factors has been addressed by some research. It is the case that people in a state of TGA exhibit measurably elevated levels of anxiety and/or depression. […] Cerebral ischemia is a frequently disputed possible cause, at least for some segment of the TGA population, and until the 1990s it was generally thought that TGA was a variant of transient ischemic attack (TIA) secondary to some form of cerebrovascular disease. […] A history of migraine is a statistically significant risk factor for the development of TGA. […] Amnesia is often a symptom in epilepsy, and for that reason people with known epilepsy are disqualified from most studies of TGA.

• #16 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  The association between migraine headache and TGA has not been clarified, but hippocampal migraine vascular changes have been hypothesized. […] The increased prevalence in older patients suggests that age-associated intracerebral changes, especially vascular changes, may increase the risk of TGA. […] However, individuals with a history of cerebrovascular accident, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, or smoking do not have an increased risk of TGA.

• #17 Transient Global Amnesia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-clinical

  TIA as indicative of cerebrovascular disease is unlikely. […] One theory proposed by Lewis is that venous congestion causes disrupted blood flow to the thalamic or mesial temporal structures. […] The frequently cited triggers for TGA can increase either sympathetic activity and/or intrathoracic pressure. […] Conditions predisposing to this scenario might include venous anatomy anomalies, integrity of jugular vein valves, timing of the trigger, and severity of the inciting event.

• #18 Transient Global Amnesia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-clinical

  TIA as indicative of cerebrovascular disease is unlikely. […] One theory proposed by Lewis is that venous congestion causes disrupted blood flow to the thalamic or mesial temporal structures. […] The frequently cited triggers for TGA can increase either sympathetic activity and/or intrathoracic pressure. […] Conditions predisposing to this scenario might include venous anatomy anomalies, integrity of jugular vein valves, timing of the trigger, and severity of the inciting event.

• #19 Transient global amnesia: Risk factors, features, prognosis | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-risk-factors-imaging-features-and-prognosis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Some patients with TGA have Valsalva movement before onset, which might be an inducing factor of TGA. […] In summary, Valsalva movement might induce TGA. The possible pathogenesis may involve venous hypertension in the medial temporal lobe or abnormal embolism. […] In summary, our study indicated that several of the patients with TGA had hippocampal ischemic injury and that the possible mechanisms involved microembolization and arterial spasm among other processes.

• #20 Transient Global Amnesia – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029951/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] Recent evidence suggests an association between TGA and migraine headaches as well as takotsubo cardiomyopathy. […] There is conflicting evidence as to whether an episode of TGA predisposes to future seizures or dementia.

• #21 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] A history of migraine headache is the only diagnosis definitively associated with TGA, with a relative risk of 5.98. […] Other recent data suggest a higher rate of TGA in patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. […] There have been additional reports of troponin I elevations or other concomitant cardiac events in the setting of TGA.

• #22 Transient global amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neurological disorder whose key defining characteristic is a temporary but almost total disruption of short-term memory with a range of problems accessing older memories. […] The underlying cause of TGA remains enigmatic. The leading hypotheses are some form of epileptic event, a problem with blood circulation around, to or from the brain, or some kind of migraine-like phenomenon. […] TGA attacks are associated with some form of precipitating event in at least one-third of cases. […] The role of psychological co-factors has been addressed by some research. It is the case that people in a state of TGA exhibit measurably elevated levels of anxiety and/or depression. […] Cerebral ischemia is a frequently disputed possible cause, at least for some segment of the TGA population, and until the 1990s it was generally thought that TGA was a variant of transient ischemic attack (TIA) secondary to some form of cerebrovascular disease. […] A history of migraine is a statistically significant risk factor for the development of TGA. […] Amnesia is often a symptom in epilepsy, and for that reason people with known epilepsy are disqualified from most studies of TGA.

• #23 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] The etiology of transient global amnesia remains largely unknown, with multiple theories proposed but none conclusively proven. The most supported theory suggests a link to migraines, as 12% to 30% of transient global amnesia patients have a migraine history. Some researchers propose that transient global amnesia may involve cortical spreading depression similar to migraine aura. […] Other suspected causes include vascular phenomena, epilepsy, and psychogenic origins. Studies have both supported and refuted arterial ischemia as a cause. Vascular congestion is a leading hypothesis, yet questions about its association with specific age groups and absence in venous thrombosis remain unresolved. […] Ultimately, no single theory fully explains all clinical aspects of transient global amnesia.

• #24 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] The etiology of transient global amnesia remains largely unknown, with multiple theories proposed but none conclusively proven. The most supported theory suggests a link to migraines, as 12% to 30% of transient global amnesia patients have a migraine history. Some researchers propose that transient global amnesia may involve cortical spreading depression similar to migraine aura. […] Other suspected causes include vascular phenomena, epilepsy, and psychogenic origins. Studies have both supported and refuted arterial ischemia as a cause. Vascular congestion is a leading hypothesis, yet questions about its association with specific age groups and absence in venous thrombosis remain unresolved. […] Ultimately, no single theory fully explains all clinical aspects of transient global amnesia.

• #25 An “Engram-Centric” Approach to Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) and Other Acute-Onset Amnesias

  https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/17/1/8

  The differential diagnosis of acute-onset amnesia includes transient global amnesia (TGA), transient epileptic amnesia (TEA), and functional (or psychogenic) amnesia. […] Although the clinical phenomenology of TGA is well described, its pathogenesis is not currently understood, thus preventing the development of evidence-based therapeutic recommendations. […] Aetiological speculations, including a type of epileptic seizure, a cerebrovascular event, and a form of migraine, tell us little, if anything, about the pathophysiology of TGA. […] The most widely accepted mechanistic model of TGA holds that the process of spreading depolarization (SD), sometimes known as cortical spreading depression, underpins TGA. […] This catastrophic degradation of the CA3 autoassociative network results in temporary functional ablation of the whole hippocampal neural network.

• #26 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  The association between migraine headache and TGA has not been clarified, but hippocampal migraine vascular changes have been hypothesized. […] The increased prevalence in older patients suggests that age-associated intracerebral changes, especially vascular changes, may increase the risk of TGA. […] However, individuals with a history of cerebrovascular accident, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, or smoking do not have an increased risk of TGA.

• #27 Transient Global Amnesia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-clinical

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a well-described syndrome, but one whose exact etiology is not yet completely understood. […] Many mechanisms have been proposed, but no single cause can explain fully all the features of TGA. These include migraine variant, temporal lobe seizure, and TIA. […] There is a demonstrated association between TGA and migraine. […] Precipitants of TGA frequently include physical exertion, overwhelming emotional stress, pain, cold-water exposure, sexual intercourse, and Valsalva maneuver. […] The exact mechanism that produces transient global amnesia is unclear. […] The most compelling evidence in favor of migraine is that patients who suffer from a TGA event have a slightly higher incidence of a previous migraine. […] Seizure (eg, temporal lobe) is unlikely.

• #28 Recurrent transient amnesia: a case of transient epileptic amnesia misdiagnosed as transient global amnesia

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=647

  Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is a rare form of temporal lobe epilepsy that is characterized by recurrent observable episodes of transient amnesia that spare cognitive functions other than memory and are corroborated by epileptiform abnormalities in electroencephalography (EEG), clinical manifestations of epilepsy, or a good response to antiseizure therapy. […] When clinical features of epileptic events and EEG abnormalities are absent, TEA may be misdiagnosed as transient global amnesia (TGA) due to this condition exhibiting similar clinical features. […] Although the pathophysiology of TEA is unclear, acute transient anterograde amnesia is thought to result from a combination of abnormal epileptic discharges in the temporal lobe and dysfunction in the hippocampus and other legions involved in memory formation and storage.

• #29 Recurrent transient amnesia: a case of transient epileptic amnesia misdiagnosed as transient global amnesia

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=647

  While TGA is generally considered a singular occurrence, recurrence is observed in 3-26% of patients and is more frequent in those with a history of depression or head injury or a family history of dementia. […] Notably, like TGA, TEA is often associated with normal or nonspecific findings in brain MRI. […] The possibility of TEA should be considered in cases with pure memory loss, and detailed history-taking targeting epileptic origins along with repeated EEG tests should be conducted when symptoms appear repeatedly.

• #30 Transient Global Amnesia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-clinical

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a well-described syndrome, but one whose exact etiology is not yet completely understood. […] Many mechanisms have been proposed, but no single cause can explain fully all the features of TGA. These include migraine variant, temporal lobe seizure, and TIA. […] There is a demonstrated association between TGA and migraine. […] Precipitants of TGA frequently include physical exertion, overwhelming emotional stress, pain, cold-water exposure, sexual intercourse, and Valsalva maneuver. […] The exact mechanism that produces transient global amnesia is unclear. […] The most compelling evidence in favor of migraine is that patients who suffer from a TGA event have a slightly higher incidence of a previous migraine. […] Seizure (eg, temporal lobe) is unlikely.

• #31 Transient Global Amnesia – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/neurology/transient-global-amnesia/

  Transient global amnesia is a condition that causes sudden memory loss, affecting mainly adults between the ages of 50 and 70. […] The cause of a condition called transient global amnesia, where people temporarily lose their memory, isn’t fully understood. Many theories have been suggested, but none have been proven beyond doubt. The most widely accepted theory is that it might be linked to migraines. […] Other possible causes suggested are related to blood vessels, epilepsy, or psychological reasons. […] In the end, no single theory fully accounts for all the symptoms seen in people with transient global amnesia. […] A recent study from Korea indicated that there could be a slightly increased risk of epilepsy, a neurological disorder leading to frequent seizures, after an episode of transient global amnesia. This risk is estimated to be 46% higher compared to those without the condition.

• #32

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx

  It is worthy to note that physical or psychological precipitating factors seem to be responsible for up to 90% of TGA episodes. […] However, the overall recurrence rate is very low, and our case 3 belongs to such group of uncommon causes of TGA. […] Patients with TGA are more likely to exhibit irritability or anxiety. Some authors believe that stress-induced catecholamine release may lead to hypoxia or ischemia, whereas others believe that the neurotransmitters involved may affect the formation of memory. […] Severe emotional reactions may contribute to the destabilization of the CA1 sector of the hippocampus via massive glutamate release. […] This seems the pathophysiology involved in the case report 2, in which psychogenic causes seem to play a major role.

• #33 Transient global amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neurological disorder whose key defining characteristic is a temporary but almost total disruption of short-term memory with a range of problems accessing older memories. […] The underlying cause of TGA remains enigmatic. The leading hypotheses are some form of epileptic event, a problem with blood circulation around, to or from the brain, or some kind of migraine-like phenomenon. […] TGA attacks are associated with some form of precipitating event in at least one-third of cases. […] The role of psychological co-factors has been addressed by some research. It is the case that people in a state of TGA exhibit measurably elevated levels of anxiety and/or depression. […] Cerebral ischemia is a frequently disputed possible cause, at least for some segment of the TGA population, and until the 1990s it was generally thought that TGA was a variant of transient ischemic attack (TIA) secondary to some form of cerebrovascular disease. […] A history of migraine is a statistically significant risk factor for the development of TGA. […] Amnesia is often a symptom in epilepsy, and for that reason people with known epilepsy are disqualified from most studies of TGA.

• #34 Transient global amnesia: Psychiatric precipitants, features, and comorbidities | MDedge

  https://blogs.the-hospitalist.org/content/transient-global-amnesia-psychiatric-precipitants-features-and-comorbidities

  The migraine theory stems from migraines being a known risk factor for TGA, particularly in middle-aged women. The stress theory is based on the known emotional precipitants and psychiatric comorbidities associated with TGA. […] Several studies have demonstrated psychiatric precipitants, features, and comorbidities associated with TGA. Of the TGA cases associated with precipitating events, 29% to 50% are associated with an emotional stressor. […] During its acute phase, TGA has been shown to present with mood and anxiety symptoms. […] Finally, patients with TGA are more likely to have psychiatric comorbidities than those without the condition.

• #35 Transient global amnesia: Psychiatric precipitants, features, and comorbidities | MDedge

  https://blogs.the-hospitalist.org/content/transient-global-amnesia-psychiatric-precipitants-features-and-comorbidities

  The migraine theory stems from migraines being a known risk factor for TGA, particularly in middle-aged women. The stress theory is based on the known emotional precipitants and psychiatric comorbidities associated with TGA. […] Several studies have demonstrated psychiatric precipitants, features, and comorbidities associated with TGA. Of the TGA cases associated with precipitating events, 29% to 50% are associated with an emotional stressor. […] During its acute phase, TGA has been shown to present with mood and anxiety symptoms. […] Finally, patients with TGA are more likely to have psychiatric comorbidities than those without the condition.

• #36

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx

  It is worthy to note that physical or psychological precipitating factors seem to be responsible for up to 90% of TGA episodes. […] However, the overall recurrence rate is very low, and our case 3 belongs to such group of uncommon causes of TGA. […] Patients with TGA are more likely to exhibit irritability or anxiety. Some authors believe that stress-induced catecholamine release may lead to hypoxia or ischemia, whereas others believe that the neurotransmitters involved may affect the formation of memory. […] Severe emotional reactions may contribute to the destabilization of the CA1 sector of the hippocampus via massive glutamate release. […] This seems the pathophysiology involved in the case report 2, in which psychogenic causes seem to play a major role.

• #37 Forgetting the Unforgettable: Transient Global Amnesia Part II: A Clinical Road Map

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3940

  Documented TGA attacks are preceded in 50–90% of cases by precipitating events that may be divided into the following classes: emotional stress, physical effort, acute pain, water contact/temperature change, sexual intercourse, Valsalva-associated maneuvers. […] The clinical presentation of the TGA is characterized by the sudden onset of temporary memory impairment with a prominent inability to form new memories and a variable impairment of the past memory. […] The possibility of associated retrograde amnesia is not included in the criteria, but it is well recognized that patients with TGA can have some degree of retrograde amnesia during the episode. […] The differential diagnosis of TGA includes some disease states presenting with transient anterograde amnesia and sharing structural or functional alteration of memory circuits.

• #38 Transient global amnesia | aviation.govt.nz

  https://www.aviation.govt.nz/licensing-and-certification/medical-certification/medical-manual/part-3-clinical-aviation-medicine/central-nervous-system/transient-global-amnesia/

  This condition is a transient loss of memory. Typically, the disorder occurs following a physically demanding task (28 %), coitus (6.5%), emotional stress (6.5 %), hot or cold bath / shower (5 %), driving or a medical procedure. In about 50 % (33 84%) of cases there is no precipitating factor identified. […] The major differential diagnoses for TGA includes other transient amnesic conditions such as TIA, transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) and psychogenic amnesia. Other conditions that should also be considered include alcohol and other drug intoxication (including prescription and OTC medications), hypoglycaemia, head injury, limbic encephalitis, or a severe exacerbation of depression. […] It is thought that in some people epilepsy may be the cause of the transient amnesia. Thus an accurate diagnosis is necessary. […] Family and personal history of psychiatric diseases, anxiety, depression, alcohol use, and certain phobic personality traits also have been associated with TGA.

• #39 Transient Global Amnesia – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-dysfunction/transient-global-amnesia

  What causes transient global amnesia is not known, but a similar, temporary loss of memory can result from drinking too much alcohol or taking certain drugs. […] What causes transient global amnesia is not known. Some experts wonder whether the causes could include seizures, migraines, problems with blood flow in the veins, or temporary blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the temporal lobe (for example, by a blood clot), and/or psychologic factors. However, there is no strong evidence that any of these conditions cause transient global amnesia. […] However, usually no trigger can be identified. […] The following can cause symptoms that resemble those of transient global amnesia: Drinking too much alcohol, Taking moderately large doses of certain sedatives (such as a barbiturate), Using any of several illicit drugs, Sometimes taking relatively small doses of a benzodiazepine (a sedative), especially midazolam and triazolam.

• #40 Transient global amnesia | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is an episode of confusion that comes on suddenly in a person who is otherwise alert. […] The underlying cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. There may be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraines. But experts don’t understand the factors that contribute to both conditions. Another possible cause is the overfilling of veins with blood due to some sort of blockage or other problem with the flow of blood (venous congestion). […] While the likelihood of transient global amnesia after these events is very low, some commonly reported events that may trigger it include: sudden immersion in cold or hot water, strenuous physical activity, sexual intercourse, medical procedures, such as angiography or endoscopy, mild head trauma, being emotionally upset, perhaps by bad news, conflict or overwork.

• #41 Transient global amnesia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/transient-global-amnesia/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neurological disorder resulting in acute, transient memory loss. The etiology of this form of amnesia remains unclear, but certain triggers have been identified (e.g., strenuous physical exercise, psychological stress). […] Precipitating factors include vigorous physical exercise or exhaustion due to overwork, working bent over (e.g., gardening), psychological stress, and sudden immersion in cold or hot water. […] Transient global amnesia is predominantly associated with a good prognosis and does not indicate an underlying or impending cerebroischemic condition.

• #42 Transient Global Amnesia Is an Experience You’ll Never Forget

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/features/transient-global-amnesia

  Finally, a neurologist delivered the diagnosis: transient global amnesia (TGA), an episode of sudden and short-lived forgetting that is most common in people between 50 and 70. It affects between three and eight of every 100,000 people each year. […] Neurologists dont yet know exactly how TGA happens, but research points to brief venous hypertension in the brain. This temporarily deprives the brains two memory-forming hippocampi of oxygen. What we dont understand is exactly what is happening on a physiological level, says Sicotte. Theres a decrease in blood flow, but why? […] Doctors do know that TGA episodes usually have a trigger: a sudden plunge into hot or cold water; extreme physical exertion; a severe emotional jolt; sexual intercourse. […] Sicotte describes TGA as an existential phenomenon as much as a physiological one. The hippocampi, humming along like tiny tape recorders deep in the twin temporal lobes of our brains, without our conscious will, supply the data that lets us know who we are, and where we are, from moment to moment. […] In an episode of TGA, the machinery our brain uses to make new memories and also access old memories is offline, Sicotte explains. Its like a switch goes off. Maybe its a protective mechanism.

• #43 Transient Global Amnesia – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029951/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] Recent evidence suggests an association between TGA and migraine headaches as well as takotsubo cardiomyopathy. […] There is conflicting evidence as to whether an episode of TGA predisposes to future seizures or dementia.

• #44 Transient global amnesia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378531

  Transient global amnesia is an episode of confusion that comes on suddenly in a person who is otherwise alert. […] The underlying cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. There may be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraines. But experts don’t understand the factors that contribute to both conditions. Another possible cause is the overfilling of veins with blood due to some sort of blockage or other problem with the flow of blood (venous congestion). […] While the likelihood of transient global amnesia after these events is very low, some commonly reported events that may trigger it include: Sudden immersion in cold or hot water, Strenuous physical activity, Sexual intercourse, Medical procedures, such as angiography or endoscopy, Mild head trauma, Being emotionally upset, perhaps by bad news, conflict or overwork.

• #45 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/transient-global-amnesia-tga.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary interruption of short-term memory. […] The cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. […] Research suggests there also may be a link between patients who have a history of migraines and those who experience TGA. […] In rare cases, certain events can trigger an episode, including: Hard physical activity, Sexual intercourse, Sudden exposure to very hot or very cold water, Emotional stress, Mild head trauma.

• #46 Transient global amnesia | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is an episode of confusion that comes on suddenly in a person who is otherwise alert. […] The underlying cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. There may be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraines. But experts don’t understand the factors that contribute to both conditions. Another possible cause is the overfilling of veins with blood due to some sort of blockage or other problem with the flow of blood (venous congestion). […] While the likelihood of transient global amnesia after these events is very low, some commonly reported events that may trigger it include: sudden immersion in cold or hot water, strenuous physical activity, sexual intercourse, medical procedures, such as angiography or endoscopy, mild head trauma, being emotionally upset, perhaps by bad news, conflict or overwork.

• #47 What Is Transient Global Amnesia?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is a neurological condition in which the person experiences memory loss for a short duration. […] The exact cause of TGA is not clear, and no specific causative factor has been established yet for this condition. However, some triggering factors have been recognized, which are discussed below: […] Emotional stress, such as being deeply depressed due to any sad or negative news, heavy workload, or disagreement. […] Physical stress, such as vigorous exercises, activities, or exertion. […] TGA may occur as a result of sudden immersion in hot or cold water. […] It is assumed that migraine can trigger the episode of TGA. However, this association has not been proven in studies yet. […] Certain medical procedures like angiography or endoscopy can also result in TGA, as these procedures might induce stress.

• #48 Transient global amnesia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378531

  Transient global amnesia is an episode of confusion that comes on suddenly in a person who is otherwise alert. […] The underlying cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. There may be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraines. But experts don’t understand the factors that contribute to both conditions. Another possible cause is the overfilling of veins with blood due to some sort of blockage or other problem with the flow of blood (venous congestion). […] While the likelihood of transient global amnesia after these events is very low, some commonly reported events that may trigger it include: Sudden immersion in cold or hot water, Strenuous physical activity, Sexual intercourse, Medical procedures, such as angiography or endoscopy, Mild head trauma, Being emotionally upset, perhaps by bad news, conflict or overwork.

• #49 Transient Global Amnesia – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029951/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] Recent evidence suggests an association between TGA and migraine headaches as well as takotsubo cardiomyopathy. […] There is conflicting evidence as to whether an episode of TGA predisposes to future seizures or dementia.

• #50 Transient Global Amnesia

  https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Cognitive/TrnsntGlblAmns.htm

  Transient Global Amnesia […] Increased intrathoracic pressure and Jugular Venous Pressure may decrease Hippocampus perfusion […] Dysfunction of bilateral medial Temporal Lobes, and Hippocampus […] Associations with Migraine Headache, Temporal Lobe ischemia or partial complex Seizures have been postulated […] Venous congestion and venous reflux is also postulated as cause […] May explain why some TGA episodes are preceded by straining or Valsalva Maneuver.

• #51 Transient global amnesia | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is an episode of confusion that comes on suddenly in a person who is otherwise alert. […] The underlying cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. There may be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraines. But experts don’t understand the factors that contribute to both conditions. Another possible cause is the overfilling of veins with blood due to some sort of blockage or other problem with the flow of blood (venous congestion). […] While the likelihood of transient global amnesia after these events is very low, some commonly reported events that may trigger it include: sudden immersion in cold or hot water, strenuous physical activity, sexual intercourse, medical procedures, such as angiography or endoscopy, mild head trauma, being emotionally upset, perhaps by bad news, conflict or overwork.

• #52 Transient global amnesia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378531

  Transient global amnesia is an episode of confusion that comes on suddenly in a person who is otherwise alert. […] The underlying cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. There may be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraines. But experts don’t understand the factors that contribute to both conditions. Another possible cause is the overfilling of veins with blood due to some sort of blockage or other problem with the flow of blood (venous congestion). […] While the likelihood of transient global amnesia after these events is very low, some commonly reported events that may trigger it include: Sudden immersion in cold or hot water, Strenuous physical activity, Sexual intercourse, Medical procedures, such as angiography or endoscopy, Mild head trauma, Being emotionally upset, perhaps by bad news, conflict or overwork.

• #53 TGA (transient global amnesia) – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/general-information/tga-transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a temporary and isolated disorder of memory. […] Precipitating factors include sexual intercourse and heavy physical exercise, particularly swimming in cold water. […] possible that it may result from different mechanisms such as venous congestion with valsalva-like activities before symptom onset, arterial thromboembolic ischaemia and vasoconstriction due to hyperventilation. […] close precipitating events for TGA are considered emotional stress (i.e., triggered by gastric endoscopy, birth/death announcement, and difficult/exhausting workday), physical effort (i.e., gardening, house work, and sawing wood), physical exertion (including sexual activity), and water contact/temperature change (i.e., hot bath/shower and cold swim). […] remote precipitating events, with onset reported weeks prior to TGA, are considered anxiety triggered by conflict at home or work, health problems, and financial stressors. […] There is a correlation between TGA and migraine. […] a population-based study concluded that an episode of TGA does not increase the risk of subsequent cerebrovascular events, seizures, or cognitive impairment.

• #54 TGA (transient global amnesia) – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/general-information/tga-transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a temporary and isolated disorder of memory. […] Precipitating factors include sexual intercourse and heavy physical exercise, particularly swimming in cold water. […] possible that it may result from different mechanisms such as venous congestion with valsalva-like activities before symptom onset, arterial thromboembolic ischaemia and vasoconstriction due to hyperventilation. […] close precipitating events for TGA are considered emotional stress (i.e., triggered by gastric endoscopy, birth/death announcement, and difficult/exhausting workday), physical effort (i.e., gardening, house work, and sawing wood), physical exertion (including sexual activity), and water contact/temperature change (i.e., hot bath/shower and cold swim). […] remote precipitating events, with onset reported weeks prior to TGA, are considered anxiety triggered by conflict at home or work, health problems, and financial stressors. […] There is a correlation between TGA and migraine. […] a population-based study concluded that an episode of TGA does not increase the risk of subsequent cerebrovascular events, seizures, or cognitive impairment.

• #55 TGA (transient global amnesia) – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/general-information/tga-transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a temporary and isolated disorder of memory. […] Precipitating factors include sexual intercourse and heavy physical exercise, particularly swimming in cold water. […] possible that it may result from different mechanisms such as venous congestion with valsalva-like activities before symptom onset, arterial thromboembolic ischaemia and vasoconstriction due to hyperventilation. […] close precipitating events for TGA are considered emotional stress (i.e., triggered by gastric endoscopy, birth/death announcement, and difficult/exhausting workday), physical effort (i.e., gardening, house work, and sawing wood), physical exertion (including sexual activity), and water contact/temperature change (i.e., hot bath/shower and cold swim). […] remote precipitating events, with onset reported weeks prior to TGA, are considered anxiety triggered by conflict at home or work, health problems, and financial stressors. […] There is a correlation between TGA and migraine. […] a population-based study concluded that an episode of TGA does not increase the risk of subsequent cerebrovascular events, seizures, or cognitive impairment.

• #56 Transient Global Amnesia – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-dysfunction/transient-global-amnesia

  What causes transient global amnesia is not known, but a similar, temporary loss of memory can result from drinking too much alcohol or taking certain drugs. […] What causes transient global amnesia is not known. Some experts wonder whether the causes could include seizures, migraines, problems with blood flow in the veins, or temporary blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the temporal lobe (for example, by a blood clot), and/or psychologic factors. However, there is no strong evidence that any of these conditions cause transient global amnesia. […] However, usually no trigger can be identified. […] The following can cause symptoms that resemble those of transient global amnesia: Drinking too much alcohol, Taking moderately large doses of certain sedatives (such as a barbiturate), Using any of several illicit drugs, Sometimes taking relatively small doses of a benzodiazepine (a sedative), especially midazolam and triazolam.

• #57 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  The etiology of transient global amnesia is not clear. Suggested mechanisms include those related to migraine, hypoxia and/or ischemia, venous flow abnormalities, or seizures, as well as psychologic factors. […] Recent data suggest that vulnerability of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus to metabolic stress is pivotal; the resulting damage triggers a cascade of changes that lead to impaired hippocampal function. […] A distinct benign form of transient global amnesia can follow excessive alcohol ingestion, moderately large sedative doses of barbiturates, use of several illicit drugs, or sometimes relatively small doses of benzodiazepines (especially midazolam and triazolam). […] Events that can trigger transient global amnesia include sudden immersion in cold or hot water, physical exertion, emotional or psychologic stress, pain, medical procedures, sexual intercourse, and a Valsalva maneuver. However, usually no trigger can be identified.

• #58 Transient Global Amnesia – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-dysfunction/transient-global-amnesia

  What causes transient global amnesia is not known, but a similar, temporary loss of memory can result from drinking too much alcohol or taking certain drugs. […] What causes transient global amnesia is not known. Some experts wonder whether the causes could include seizures, migraines, problems with blood flow in the veins, or temporary blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the temporal lobe (for example, by a blood clot), and/or psychologic factors. However, there is no strong evidence that any of these conditions cause transient global amnesia. […] However, usually no trigger can be identified. […] The following can cause symptoms that resemble those of transient global amnesia: Drinking too much alcohol, Taking moderately large doses of certain sedatives (such as a barbiturate), Using any of several illicit drugs, Sometimes taking relatively small doses of a benzodiazepine (a sedative), especially midazolam and triazolam.

• #59 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  The etiology of transient global amnesia is not clear. Suggested mechanisms include those related to migraine, hypoxia and/or ischemia, venous flow abnormalities, or seizures, as well as psychologic factors. […] Recent data suggest that vulnerability of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus to metabolic stress is pivotal; the resulting damage triggers a cascade of changes that lead to impaired hippocampal function. […] A distinct benign form of transient global amnesia can follow excessive alcohol ingestion, moderately large sedative doses of barbiturates, use of several illicit drugs, or sometimes relatively small doses of benzodiazepines (especially midazolam and triazolam). […] Events that can trigger transient global amnesia include sudden immersion in cold or hot water, physical exertion, emotional or psychologic stress, pain, medical procedures, sexual intercourse, and a Valsalva maneuver. However, usually no trigger can be identified.

• #60 Transient Global Amnesia – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-dysfunction/transient-global-amnesia

  What causes transient global amnesia is not known, but a similar, temporary loss of memory can result from drinking too much alcohol or taking certain drugs. […] What causes transient global amnesia is not known. Some experts wonder whether the causes could include seizures, migraines, problems with blood flow in the veins, or temporary blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the temporal lobe (for example, by a blood clot), and/or psychologic factors. However, there is no strong evidence that any of these conditions cause transient global amnesia. […] However, usually no trigger can be identified. […] The following can cause symptoms that resemble those of transient global amnesia: Drinking too much alcohol, Taking moderately large doses of certain sedatives (such as a barbiturate), Using any of several illicit drugs, Sometimes taking relatively small doses of a benzodiazepine (a sedative), especially midazolam and triazolam.

• #61 Transient Global Amnesia – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029951/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] Recent evidence suggests an association between TGA and migraine headaches as well as takotsubo cardiomyopathy. […] There is conflicting evidence as to whether an episode of TGA predisposes to future seizures or dementia.

• #62 Transient Global Amnesia – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029951/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] Recent evidence suggests an association between TGA and migraine headaches as well as takotsubo cardiomyopathy. […] There is conflicting evidence as to whether an episode of TGA predisposes to future seizures or dementia.

• #63 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  The etiology of transient global amnesia is not clear. Suggested mechanisms include those related to migraine, hypoxia and/or ischemia, venous flow abnormalities, or seizures, as well as psychologic factors. […] Recent data suggest that vulnerability of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus to metabolic stress is pivotal; the resulting damage triggers a cascade of changes that lead to impaired hippocampal function. […] A distinct benign form of transient global amnesia can follow excessive alcohol ingestion, moderately large sedative doses of barbiturates, use of several illicit drugs, or sometimes relatively small doses of benzodiazepines (especially midazolam and triazolam). […] Events that can trigger transient global amnesia include sudden immersion in cold or hot water, physical exertion, emotional or psychologic stress, pain, medical procedures, sexual intercourse, and a Valsalva maneuver. However, usually no trigger can be identified.

• #64 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of an extraordinarily large reduction of anterograde and a somewhat milder reduction of retrograde episodic long-term memory. […] Although it is suggested that various factors, such as migraine, focal ischemia, venous flow abnormalities, and epileptic phenomena, are involved in the pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of TGA, the factors triggering the emergence of these lesions are still elusive. […] Recent data suggest that the vulnerability of CA1 neurons to metabolic stress plays a pivotal part in the pathophysiological cascade, leading to an impairment of hippocampal function during TGA. […] The underlying etiology of TGA remains obscure with multiple proposed mechanisms, such as arterial ischemia, venous congestion, migraine, and psychogenic disorders.

• #65 An “Engram-Centric” Approach to Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) and Other Acute-Onset Amnesias

  https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/17/1/8

  The differential diagnosis of acute-onset amnesia includes transient global amnesia (TGA), transient epileptic amnesia (TEA), and functional (or psychogenic) amnesia. […] Although the clinical phenomenology of TGA is well described, its pathogenesis is not currently understood, thus preventing the development of evidence-based therapeutic recommendations. […] Aetiological speculations, including a type of epileptic seizure, a cerebrovascular event, and a form of migraine, tell us little, if anything, about the pathophysiology of TGA. […] The most widely accepted mechanistic model of TGA holds that the process of spreading depolarization (SD), sometimes known as cortical spreading depression, underpins TGA. […] This catastrophic degradation of the CA3 autoassociative network results in temporary functional ablation of the whole hippocampal neural network.

• #66

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2020/68030/transient_global_amnesia___risk_factors_and.20.aspx

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a temporary short-term reversible memory loss. Etiology of TGA remains unclear with various hypotheses. […] The etiology of TGA has still not been clearly established. Various pathophysiological mechanisms are contemplated primarily by cerebral arterial ischemia in CA-1 area of the hippocampus. It is a structure particularly sensitive to metabolic stress and hypoxia. Other studies suggest that potential causes of TGA may be associated with venous insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis, and impaired blood flow in the hippocampal region. […] The most often discussed possible risk factors for TGA include migraine and other cerebrovascular risk factors, epilepsy, and psychogenic origin. […] The data on relationships between TGA and cerebrovascular disease are often contradictory. In many studies, no evidence of cardiovascular risk factors was found in patients with TGA. However, Romero et al. demonstrated that the incidence of vascular risk factors was comparable in TGA and TIA.

• #67 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  The etiology of transient global amnesia is not clear. Suggested mechanisms include those related to migraine, hypoxia and/or ischemia, venous flow abnormalities, or seizures, as well as psychologic factors. […] Recent data suggest that vulnerability of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus to metabolic stress is pivotal; the resulting damage triggers a cascade of changes that lead to impaired hippocampal function. […] A distinct benign form of transient global amnesia can follow excessive alcohol ingestion, moderately large sedative doses of barbiturates, use of several illicit drugs, or sometimes relatively small doses of benzodiazepines (especially midazolam and triazolam). […] Events that can trigger transient global amnesia include sudden immersion in cold or hot water, physical exertion, emotional or psychologic stress, pain, medical procedures, sexual intercourse, and a Valsalva maneuver. However, usually no trigger can be identified.

• #68 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of an extraordinarily large reduction of anterograde and a somewhat milder reduction of retrograde episodic long-term memory. […] Although it is suggested that various factors, such as migraine, focal ischemia, venous flow abnormalities, and epileptic phenomena, are involved in the pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of TGA, the factors triggering the emergence of these lesions are still elusive. […] Recent data suggest that the vulnerability of CA1 neurons to metabolic stress plays a pivotal part in the pathophysiological cascade, leading to an impairment of hippocampal function during TGA. […] The underlying etiology of TGA remains obscure with multiple proposed mechanisms, such as arterial ischemia, venous congestion, migraine, and psychogenic disorders.

• #69 Transient global amnesia: Risk factors, features, prognosis | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-risk-factors-imaging-features-and-prognosis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Some patients with TGA have Valsalva movement before onset, which might be an inducing factor of TGA. […] In summary, Valsalva movement might induce TGA. The possible pathogenesis may involve venous hypertension in the medial temporal lobe or abnormal embolism. […] In summary, our study indicated that several of the patients with TGA had hippocampal ischemic injury and that the possible mechanisms involved microembolization and arterial spasm among other processes.

• #70 Transient global amnesia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transient-global-amnesia?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%252527%25255b0%25255d&lang=us

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by primarily anterograde amnesia. No clear etiology has been identified. The syndrome is transient and typically resolves within a few hours. […] Several hypotheses have been proposed with no consensus on the exact mechanism. These include: vascular, focal arterial ischemia, changes in venous outflow flow changes, seizure activity, migraine, changes in neurotransmitter changes (GABA and/or glutamate).

• #71 Transient global amnesia | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/older-peoples-nursing/transient-global-amnesia-06-07-2004/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a temporary and isolated disorder of the memory. […] Since then, TGA has become a well-explained syndrome but its cause is still not totally understood. […] Although many mechanisms have been proposed, no single cause can fully explain all the features of TGA. […] Some authors have stated that patients with TGA have age and risk factor profiles similar to those of patients who experience stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). […] Precipitating factors include: Sexual intercourse; Heavy physical exercise (usually swimming in cold water); There is a small correlation between TGA and patients who suffer from migraines, epileptic fits, and cerebrovascular disease; Physical or emotional stress; Driving a car. […] The precise pathophysiology of TGA is not clear. […] Blood flow to specific brain areas that involve memory including the thalamus and/or mesial temporal structures appears to be disrupted transiently during TGA.

• #72 WebMD: Transient Global Amnesia Is an Experience You’ll Never Forget

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/webmd-transient-global-amnesia-is-an-experience-youll-never-forget/

  Transient global amnesia affects the brains ability to form and store new memories as well as access old ones, said Nancy Sicotte, MD, chair of the Department of Neurology at Cedars-Sinai. […] It is most common in older and middle-aged adults and is sometimes linked to having a history of migraines. […] Sicotte, who holds the Womens Guild Distinguished Chair in Neurology, told WebMD that while the exact cause of transient global amnesia is unclear, it could be triggered by a temporary decrease in oxygen to the hippocampus—the area of the brain that plays a role in forming new memories. […] What we dont understand is exactly what is happening on a physiological level, Sicotte said. Theres a decrease in blood flow, but why? […] During an episode of transient global amnesia, Sicotte told WebMD, the machinery our brain uses to make new memories and also access old memories is offline. Its like a switch goes off. Maybe its a protective mechanism.

• #73 Transient global amnesia | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/older-peoples-nursing/transient-global-amnesia-06-07-2004/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a temporary and isolated disorder of the memory. […] Since then, TGA has become a well-explained syndrome but its cause is still not totally understood. […] Although many mechanisms have been proposed, no single cause can fully explain all the features of TGA. […] Some authors have stated that patients with TGA have age and risk factor profiles similar to those of patients who experience stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). […] Precipitating factors include: Sexual intercourse; Heavy physical exercise (usually swimming in cold water); There is a small correlation between TGA and patients who suffer from migraines, epileptic fits, and cerebrovascular disease; Physical or emotional stress; Driving a car. […] The precise pathophysiology of TGA is not clear. […] Blood flow to specific brain areas that involve memory including the thalamus and/or mesial temporal structures appears to be disrupted transiently during TGA.

• #74

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of anterograde and retrograde amnesia, sometimes associated with mild subclinical neuropsychological deficits and vegetative symptoms, lasting for days after the episode. Migraine history, cardiovascular risk factors, and emotional stress are considered possible risk factors. TGA usually occurs during the seventh decade of life, that is, when risk factors and concomitant pathologies have a higher incidence. […] The main risk factors for TGA are considered migraine history, cardiovascular risk factors, that is, ischemic heart disease, carotid atheromasia, and psychophysical stress. […] Close precipitating events for TGA are considered emotional stress (i.e., triggered by gastric endoscopy, birth/death announcement, and difficult/exhausting workday), physical effort (i.e., gardening, house work, and sawing wood), physical exertion (including sexual activity), and water contact/temperature change (i.e., hot bath/shower and cold swim).

• #75 Forgetting the Unforgettable: Transient Global Amnesia Part II: A Clinical Road Map

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3940

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of a temporary memory disorder with profound anterograde amnesia and a variable impairment of the past memory. […] The annual incidence of TGA is on average at 3.4–10.4/100,000 and increases to 23.5/100,000 in subjects over 50 years of age. […] Over the years, epidemiological studies have shown the association of TGA with some risk factors. […] In 2014 a large nationwide, population-based cohort study demonstrated that migraines are associated with an increased risk of TGA, particularly in female patients aged 40–60 years. […] Epidemiological studies suggest that some personality traits might be relevant to the etiology of the disease. […] A retrospective case–control study comparing 293 TGA patients to 632 patients with TIA showed a significantly higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease in TGA patients when compared to TIA patients or healthy controls.

• #76 Transient Global Amnesia Is an Experience You’ll Never Forget

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/features/transient-global-amnesia

  Finally, a neurologist delivered the diagnosis: transient global amnesia (TGA), an episode of sudden and short-lived forgetting that is most common in people between 50 and 70. It affects between three and eight of every 100,000 people each year. […] Neurologists dont yet know exactly how TGA happens, but research points to brief venous hypertension in the brain. This temporarily deprives the brains two memory-forming hippocampi of oxygen. What we dont understand is exactly what is happening on a physiological level, says Sicotte. Theres a decrease in blood flow, but why? […] Doctors do know that TGA episodes usually have a trigger: a sudden plunge into hot or cold water; extreme physical exertion; a severe emotional jolt; sexual intercourse. […] Sicotte describes TGA as an existential phenomenon as much as a physiological one. The hippocampi, humming along like tiny tape recorders deep in the twin temporal lobes of our brains, without our conscious will, supply the data that lets us know who we are, and where we are, from moment to moment. […] In an episode of TGA, the machinery our brain uses to make new memories and also access old memories is offline, Sicotte explains. Its like a switch goes off. Maybe its a protective mechanism.

• #77 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) has been a well-described phenomenon for more than 40 years. […] The precise pathophysiology of transient global amnesia is not clear. […] Overall, the variety of findings on functional imaging studies may support the notion that TGA is a syndrome with not only a variety of precipitating causes but also of differing mechanisms. […] The typical age of occurrence is older than 50 years. […] However, one study found that particular triggers may be associated with men and women. For men, transient global amnesia occurs more often after a physical precipitating event. In women, episodes may be more associated with emotional precipitating events, a history of anxiety, or pathological personality.

• #78 An “Engram-Centric” Approach to Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) and Other Acute-Onset Amnesias

  https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/17/1/8

  The hypothesis proposed here is that the distributed ensembles of engram neurones normally activated during the formation of new memories fail to become appropriately activated in an episode of TGA. […] Hence, no new engrams (i.e., ensembles of activated engram cells) are created, there is no pattern separation at the DG level, no new memories are encoded, and there is dense anterograde amnesia. […] The rarity of TGA in older individuals over 80 years may perhaps relate to lower exposure to the most common precipitating factors: emotional stress and physical effort.

• #79 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] A history of migraine headache is the only diagnosis definitively associated with TGA, with a relative risk of 5.98. […] Other recent data suggest a higher rate of TGA in patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. […] There have been additional reports of troponin I elevations or other concomitant cardiac events in the setting of TGA.

• #80 Transient global amnesia // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/transient-global-amnesia

  The underlying cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. There may be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraines. But experts don’t understand the factors that contribute to both conditions. Another possible cause is the overfilling of veins with blood due to some sort of blockage or other problem with the flow of blood (venous congestion). […] While the likelihood of transient global amnesia after these events is very low, some commonly reported events that may trigger it include: […] Interestingly, many studies have found that high blood pressure and high cholesterol which are closely linked to strokes are not risk factors for transient global amnesia. This is probably because transient global amnesia doesn’t represent blood vessel diseases of aging. Your sex doesn’t seem to affect your risk, either. […] The clearest risk factors are: […] If you have migraines, your risk of transient global amnesia is significantly higher than that of someone without migraines.

• #81 Forgetting the Unforgettable: Transient Global Amnesia Part II: A Clinical Road Map

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3940

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of a temporary memory disorder with profound anterograde amnesia and a variable impairment of the past memory. […] The annual incidence of TGA is on average at 3.4–10.4/100,000 and increases to 23.5/100,000 in subjects over 50 years of age. […] Over the years, epidemiological studies have shown the association of TGA with some risk factors. […] In 2014 a large nationwide, population-based cohort study demonstrated that migraines are associated with an increased risk of TGA, particularly in female patients aged 40–60 years. […] Epidemiological studies suggest that some personality traits might be relevant to the etiology of the disease. […] A retrospective case–control study comparing 293 TGA patients to 632 patients with TIA showed a significantly higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease in TGA patients when compared to TIA patients or healthy controls.

• #82 Transient global amnesia | aviation.govt.nz

  https://www.aviation.govt.nz/licensing-and-certification/medical-certification/medical-manual/part-3-clinical-aviation-medicine/central-nervous-system/transient-global-amnesia/

  This condition is a transient loss of memory. Typically, the disorder occurs following a physically demanding task (28 %), coitus (6.5%), emotional stress (6.5 %), hot or cold bath / shower (5 %), driving or a medical procedure. In about 50 % (33 84%) of cases there is no precipitating factor identified. […] The major differential diagnoses for TGA includes other transient amnesic conditions such as TIA, transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) and psychogenic amnesia. Other conditions that should also be considered include alcohol and other drug intoxication (including prescription and OTC medications), hypoglycaemia, head injury, limbic encephalitis, or a severe exacerbation of depression. […] It is thought that in some people epilepsy may be the cause of the transient amnesia. Thus an accurate diagnosis is necessary. […] Family and personal history of psychiatric diseases, anxiety, depression, alcohol use, and certain phobic personality traits also have been associated with TGA.

• #83 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] A history of migraine headache is the only diagnosis definitively associated with TGA, with a relative risk of 5.98. […] Other recent data suggest a higher rate of TGA in patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. […] There have been additional reports of troponin I elevations or other concomitant cardiac events in the setting of TGA.

• #84 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  The association between migraine headache and TGA has not been clarified, but hippocampal migraine vascular changes have been hypothesized. […] The increased prevalence in older patients suggests that age-associated intracerebral changes, especially vascular changes, may increase the risk of TGA. […] However, individuals with a history of cerebrovascular accident, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, or smoking do not have an increased risk of TGA.

• #85 Transient global amnesia // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/transient-global-amnesia

  The underlying cause of transient global amnesia is unknown. There may be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraines. But experts don’t understand the factors that contribute to both conditions. Another possible cause is the overfilling of veins with blood due to some sort of blockage or other problem with the flow of blood (venous congestion). […] While the likelihood of transient global amnesia after these events is very low, some commonly reported events that may trigger it include: […] Interestingly, many studies have found that high blood pressure and high cholesterol which are closely linked to strokes are not risk factors for transient global amnesia. This is probably because transient global amnesia doesn’t represent blood vessel diseases of aging. Your sex doesn’t seem to affect your risk, either. […] The clearest risk factors are: […] If you have migraines, your risk of transient global amnesia is significantly higher than that of someone without migraines.

• #86 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] A history of migraine headache is the only diagnosis definitively associated with TGA, with a relative risk of 5.98. […] Other recent data suggest a higher rate of TGA in patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. […] There have been additional reports of troponin I elevations or other concomitant cardiac events in the setting of TGA.

• #87 Forgetting the Unforgettable: Transient Global Amnesia Part II: A Clinical Road Map

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3940

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of a temporary memory disorder with profound anterograde amnesia and a variable impairment of the past memory. […] The annual incidence of TGA is on average at 3.4–10.4/100,000 and increases to 23.5/100,000 in subjects over 50 years of age. […] Over the years, epidemiological studies have shown the association of TGA with some risk factors. […] In 2014 a large nationwide, population-based cohort study demonstrated that migraines are associated with an increased risk of TGA, particularly in female patients aged 40–60 years. […] Epidemiological studies suggest that some personality traits might be relevant to the etiology of the disease. […] A retrospective case–control study comparing 293 TGA patients to 632 patients with TIA showed a significantly higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease in TGA patients when compared to TIA patients or healthy controls.

• #88

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of anterograde and retrograde amnesia, sometimes associated with mild subclinical neuropsychological deficits and vegetative symptoms, lasting for days after the episode. Migraine history, cardiovascular risk factors, and emotional stress are considered possible risk factors. TGA usually occurs during the seventh decade of life, that is, when risk factors and concomitant pathologies have a higher incidence. […] The main risk factors for TGA are considered migraine history, cardiovascular risk factors, that is, ischemic heart disease, carotid atheromasia, and psychophysical stress. […] Close precipitating events for TGA are considered emotional stress (i.e., triggered by gastric endoscopy, birth/death announcement, and difficult/exhausting workday), physical effort (i.e., gardening, house work, and sawing wood), physical exertion (including sexual activity), and water contact/temperature change (i.e., hot bath/shower and cold swim).

• #89 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  The association between migraine headache and TGA has not been clarified, but hippocampal migraine vascular changes have been hypothesized. […] The increased prevalence in older patients suggests that age-associated intracerebral changes, especially vascular changes, may increase the risk of TGA. […] However, individuals with a history of cerebrovascular accident, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, or smoking do not have an increased risk of TGA.

• #90 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) has been a well-described phenomenon for more than 40 years. […] The precise pathophysiology of transient global amnesia is not clear. […] Overall, the variety of findings on functional imaging studies may support the notion that TGA is a syndrome with not only a variety of precipitating causes but also of differing mechanisms. […] The typical age of occurrence is older than 50 years. […] However, one study found that particular triggers may be associated with men and women. For men, transient global amnesia occurs more often after a physical precipitating event. In women, episodes may be more associated with emotional precipitating events, a history of anxiety, or pathological personality.

• #91 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) has been a well-described phenomenon for more than 40 years. […] The precise pathophysiology of transient global amnesia is not clear. […] Overall, the variety of findings on functional imaging studies may support the notion that TGA is a syndrome with not only a variety of precipitating causes but also of differing mechanisms. […] The typical age of occurrence is older than 50 years. […] However, one study found that particular triggers may be associated with men and women. For men, transient global amnesia occurs more often after a physical precipitating event. In women, episodes may be more associated with emotional precipitating events, a history of anxiety, or pathological personality.

• #92 The frightening effects of transient global amnesia – or temporary memory loss | The Independent | The Independent

  https://www.independent.co.uk/health-and-wellbeing/transient-global-amnesia-temporary-memory-loss-health-a9117091.html

  Though TGA is relatively rare, its causes remain unknown, and the memories lost during an episode can never be recovered. […] Although TGA was well described medically more than 40 years ago, its cause or causes have yet to be established. One leading suspect is venous congestion, a slowdown of blood flow leaving the brain. There is also some evidence for a loss of neurons or a disruption in blood flow in a region of the brain’s hippocampus. […] TGA sometimes occurs after excessive alcohol consumption, large doses of barbiturates or use of illegal drugs. Neurologists have also identified a number of precipitating non-drug events: sudden immersion in cold or hot water; physical exertion; acute emotional or psychological stress; pain; medical procedures; sexual intercourse; and the Valsalva manoeuvre (a forceful attempt to exhale against a closed airway). […] For men, TGA is more likely to occur after a physical trigger; for women, it is more often associated with an emotional precipitant or a history of anxiety. Both men and women with a history of migraine are believed to be more susceptible than others to a TGA episode.

• #93 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) has been a well-described phenomenon for more than 40 years. […] The precise pathophysiology of transient global amnesia is not clear. […] Overall, the variety of findings on functional imaging studies may support the notion that TGA is a syndrome with not only a variety of precipitating causes but also of differing mechanisms. […] The typical age of occurrence is older than 50 years. […] However, one study found that particular triggers may be associated with men and women. For men, transient global amnesia occurs more often after a physical precipitating event. In women, episodes may be more associated with emotional precipitating events, a history of anxiety, or pathological personality.

• #94 The frightening effects of transient global amnesia – or temporary memory loss | The Independent | The Independent

  https://www.independent.co.uk/health-and-wellbeing/transient-global-amnesia-temporary-memory-loss-health-a9117091.html

  Though TGA is relatively rare, its causes remain unknown, and the memories lost during an episode can never be recovered. […] Although TGA was well described medically more than 40 years ago, its cause or causes have yet to be established. One leading suspect is venous congestion, a slowdown of blood flow leaving the brain. There is also some evidence for a loss of neurons or a disruption in blood flow in a region of the brain’s hippocampus. […] TGA sometimes occurs after excessive alcohol consumption, large doses of barbiturates or use of illegal drugs. Neurologists have also identified a number of precipitating non-drug events: sudden immersion in cold or hot water; physical exertion; acute emotional or psychological stress; pain; medical procedures; sexual intercourse; and the Valsalva manoeuvre (a forceful attempt to exhale against a closed airway). […] For men, TGA is more likely to occur after a physical trigger; for women, it is more often associated with an emotional precipitant or a history of anxiety. Both men and women with a history of migraine are believed to be more susceptible than others to a TGA episode.

• #95 Forgetting the Unforgettable: Transient Global Amnesia Part II: A Clinical Road Map

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3940

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of a temporary memory disorder with profound anterograde amnesia and a variable impairment of the past memory. […] The annual incidence of TGA is on average at 3.4–10.4/100,000 and increases to 23.5/100,000 in subjects over 50 years of age. […] Over the years, epidemiological studies have shown the association of TGA with some risk factors. […] In 2014 a large nationwide, population-based cohort study demonstrated that migraines are associated with an increased risk of TGA, particularly in female patients aged 40–60 years. […] Epidemiological studies suggest that some personality traits might be relevant to the etiology of the disease. […] A retrospective case–control study comparing 293 TGA patients to 632 patients with TIA showed a significantly higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease in TGA patients when compared to TIA patients or healthy controls.

• #96

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11940-023-00759-2

  This review discusses a condition known as Transient Global Amnesia (TGA). We discuss the most up-to-date theories related to etiology and risk factors, as well as its correlations to other conditions such as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). […] The etiology of TGA is still unclear but initial diagnosis and management should focus on ruling out conditions, such as seizure and stroke, that require more urgent treatment and monitoring. […] A case report of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and Transient Global Amnesia co-occurrence in a patient, suggesting overlap of neurocardiac axis and catecholamine surge. […] The link between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and transient global amnesia. […] Co-occurrence in a patient, suggesting link between brain-body connection and catecholamine surge.

• #97

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11940-023-00759-2

  This review discusses a condition known as Transient Global Amnesia (TGA). We discuss the most up-to-date theories related to etiology and risk factors, as well as its correlations to other conditions such as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). […] The etiology of TGA is still unclear but initial diagnosis and management should focus on ruling out conditions, such as seizure and stroke, that require more urgent treatment and monitoring. […] A case report of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and Transient Global Amnesia co-occurrence in a patient, suggesting overlap of neurocardiac axis and catecholamine surge. […] The link between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and transient global amnesia. […] Co-occurrence in a patient, suggesting link between brain-body connection and catecholamine surge.

• #98 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] A history of migraine headache is the only diagnosis definitively associated with TGA, with a relative risk of 5.98. […] Other recent data suggest a higher rate of TGA in patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. […] There have been additional reports of troponin I elevations or other concomitant cardiac events in the setting of TGA.

• #99 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] A history of migraine headache is the only diagnosis definitively associated with TGA, with a relative risk of 5.98. […] Other recent data suggest a higher rate of TGA in patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. […] There have been additional reports of troponin I elevations or other concomitant cardiac events in the setting of TGA.

• #100

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11940-023-00759-2

  This review discusses a condition known as Transient Global Amnesia (TGA). We discuss the most up-to-date theories related to etiology and risk factors, as well as its correlations to other conditions such as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). […] The etiology of TGA is still unclear but initial diagnosis and management should focus on ruling out conditions, such as seizure and stroke, that require more urgent treatment and monitoring. […] A case report of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and Transient Global Amnesia co-occurrence in a patient, suggesting overlap of neurocardiac axis and catecholamine surge. […] The link between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and transient global amnesia. […] Co-occurrence in a patient, suggesting link between brain-body connection and catecholamine surge.

• #101

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2020/68030/transient_global_amnesia___risk_factors_and.20.aspx

  Although the sample size of our group might have biased the significance of these findings, association between TGA and cerebrovascular dysfunction seem relevant. Thus, the background of TGA in these patients seems associated with cerebrovascular dysfunction. […] Other potential risk factors of TGA include migraine and epilepsy. […] The possible relationship between TGA and epilepsy, although often discussed, has not yet been clarified. […] Among comorbidities which might be potentially linked with TGA, autoimmune thyroiditis drew our attention (especially Hashimoto’s disease, recognized in approx. 13% of patients). […] Analysis of clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and neuroimaging findings in the patients having experienced TGA suggests a putative cerebrovascular background of this condition. No evidence has been provided for the association between TGA and epilepsy or migraine.

• #102 An “Engram-Centric” Approach to Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) and Other Acute-Onset Amnesias

  https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/17/1/8

  The hypothesis proposed here is that the distributed ensembles of engram neurones normally activated during the formation of new memories fail to become appropriately activated in an episode of TGA. […] Hence, no new engrams (i.e., ensembles of activated engram cells) are created, there is no pattern separation at the DG level, no new memories are encoded, and there is dense anterograde amnesia. […] The rarity of TGA in older individuals over 80 years may perhaps relate to lower exposure to the most common precipitating factors: emotional stress and physical effort.

• #103 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of retrograde and anterograde amnesia for a period of one to a maximum of 24 h. […] The cause of TGA is still unknown. Numerous findings in recent years point to a multifactorial genesis. […] Since the pathomechanism of TGA has not yet been definitively clarified, a multifactorial or multi-causal process seems likely. […] Cerebral ischemia as a cause of TGA is considered unlikely. […] The risk of recurrence during the course ranges from 12 to 27%. […] Based on some clinical parallels, a relationship between TGA and migraine has been suggested by several authors. […] TGA is often preceded by an emotionally stressful event or physical exertion. […] In summary, these findings most likely suggest that TGA is based on a transient dysfunction, particularly of the hippocampus, based on a multifactorial etiology, such that several of the factors described above must interact for TGA to occur.

• #104 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) has been a well-described phenomenon for more than 40 years. […] The precise pathophysiology of transient global amnesia is not clear. […] Overall, the variety of findings on functional imaging studies may support the notion that TGA is a syndrome with not only a variety of precipitating causes but also of differing mechanisms. […] The typical age of occurrence is older than 50 years. […] However, one study found that particular triggers may be associated with men and women. For men, transient global amnesia occurs more often after a physical precipitating event. In women, episodes may be more associated with emotional precipitating events, a history of anxiety, or pathological personality.

• #105 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of retrograde and anterograde amnesia for a period of one to a maximum of 24 h. […] The cause of TGA is still unknown. Numerous findings in recent years point to a multifactorial genesis. […] Since the pathomechanism of TGA has not yet been definitively clarified, a multifactorial or multi-causal process seems likely. […] Cerebral ischemia as a cause of TGA is considered unlikely. […] The risk of recurrence during the course ranges from 12 to 27%. […] Based on some clinical parallels, a relationship between TGA and migraine has been suggested by several authors. […] TGA is often preceded by an emotionally stressful event or physical exertion. […] In summary, these findings most likely suggest that TGA is based on a transient dysfunction, particularly of the hippocampus, based on a multifactorial etiology, such that several of the factors described above must interact for TGA to occur.

• #106 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Early researchers hypothesized that atherosclerotic or thromboembolic events disrupt blood flow to the hippocampus, which is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery and the hippocampal arteries. […] Venous congestion and jugular vein valve insufficiency are also hypothesized etiologies, given that many patients report Valsalva-associated maneuvers prior to a TGA event. […] Another hypothesis is that TGA may be a sequela of migraines due to sweeping depression of cerebral activity that is found throughout the cortex, extending through the hippocampus, leading to transient dysfunction and subsequently TGA. […] One of the lesser studied etiologies of TGA is of psychogenic origin. […] There are several potential etiologies that may be responsible for TGA, including arterial ischemia, venous congestion, migraine, and psychogenic disorders.

• #107 Transient Global Amnesia – NeurologyNeeds.com

  https://www.neurologyneeds.com/patient-information-folders/transient-global-amnesia/

  It happens to 5-10 people per 100.000 persons every year, and to 23.5 to 32 per 100,000 per year among those 50 years and older. […] The cause of Transient Global Amnesia remains largely unknown. In some cases (up to 50%), symptoms may be preceded by physical effort (e.g. lifting shopping bags), (emotional) stress, coughing, or pain. […] It is important to know that Transient Global Amnesia is not a form of stroke and people suffering Transient Global Amnesia do not have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases compared to other individuals.

• #108 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of retrograde and anterograde amnesia for a period of one to a maximum of 24 h. […] The cause of TGA is still unknown. Numerous findings in recent years point to a multifactorial genesis. […] Since the pathomechanism of TGA has not yet been definitively clarified, a multifactorial or multi-causal process seems likely. […] Cerebral ischemia as a cause of TGA is considered unlikely. […] The risk of recurrence during the course ranges from 12 to 27%. […] Based on some clinical parallels, a relationship between TGA and migraine has been suggested by several authors. […] TGA is often preceded by an emotionally stressful event or physical exertion. […] In summary, these findings most likely suggest that TGA is based on a transient dysfunction, particularly of the hippocampus, based on a multifactorial etiology, such that several of the factors described above must interact for TGA to occur.

• #109

  https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10145193

  Acute-onset amnesia is a dramatic neurological presentation that can cause considerable concern to both patient and clinician. […] Transient global amnesia (TGA) is most common cause of acute-onset amnesia and is characterized by a profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia that typically lasts for 24 hours. […] Regardless of cause and the dramatic presentation, the prognosis of non-ischaemic acute-onset amnesia is generally favourable.

• #110 TGA (transient global amnesia) – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/general-information/tga-transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a temporary and isolated disorder of memory. […] Precipitating factors include sexual intercourse and heavy physical exercise, particularly swimming in cold water. […] possible that it may result from different mechanisms such as venous congestion with valsalva-like activities before symptom onset, arterial thromboembolic ischaemia and vasoconstriction due to hyperventilation. […] close precipitating events for TGA are considered emotional stress (i.e., triggered by gastric endoscopy, birth/death announcement, and difficult/exhausting workday), physical effort (i.e., gardening, house work, and sawing wood), physical exertion (including sexual activity), and water contact/temperature change (i.e., hot bath/shower and cold swim). […] remote precipitating events, with onset reported weeks prior to TGA, are considered anxiety triggered by conflict at home or work, health problems, and financial stressors. […] There is a correlation between TGA and migraine. […] a population-based study concluded that an episode of TGA does not increase the risk of subsequent cerebrovascular events, seizures, or cognitive impairment.

• #111 Transient Global Amnesia: Causes, Symptoms, and Support

  https://www.healthline.com/health/amnesia/global-transient-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is a condition that experts aren’t sure what causes. […] Some research suggests there might be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraine, but the factors that lead to these conditions are not understood. […] It’s also possible that transient global amnesia is linked to blockages in the veins, but this isn’t a proven link. […] Commonly reported events that people who experience transient global amnesia think might have triggered their episodes include mild head injuries, intense physical activity, sudden immersion in very cold or very hot water, extreme stress, sexual activity, and medical testing or procedures. […] There are no direct long-term complications or effects of transient global amnesia. […] It’s not thought to be a risk factor for other conditions, including epilepsy and stroke. […] Transient global amnesia is not linked to stroke. […] It does not increase the risk of a stroke and does not have any lasting effects. […] Transient global amnesia can be frightening, but it’s not a serious medical condition. […] It resolves on its own and has no lasting effects.

• #112

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=bo1030

  What causes TGA is not fully known. But, in some cases, an intense workout, sex, or stress may cause an episode. […] Your doctor probably did an exam and ran some tests to rule out certain health problems that can also cause sudden memory loss, such as a stroke, brain tumour, seizure, head injury, or an infection. […] TGA does not increase the chance that you will have a stroke or seizures in the future.

• #113 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.transient-global-amnesia-tga-care-instructions.bo1030

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a rare type of amnesia that causes sudden memory loss. […] What causes TGA is not fully known. But, in some cases, an intense workout, sex, or stress may cause an episode. People who get migraines are more likely to have TGA. […] Your doctor probably did an exam and ran some tests to rule out certain health problems that can also cause sudden memory loss, such as a stroke, brain tumor, seizure, head injury, or an infection. […] TGA does not increase the chance that you will have a stroke or seizures in the future.

• #114

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=bo1030

  What causes TGA is not fully known. But, in some cases, an intense workout, sex, or stress may cause an episode. […] Your doctor probably did an exam and ran some tests to rule out certain health problems that can also cause sudden memory loss, such as a stroke, brain tumour, seizure, head injury, or an infection. […] TGA does not increase the chance that you will have a stroke or seizures in the future.

• #115 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.transient-global-amnesia-tga-care-instructions.bo1030

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a rare type of amnesia that causes sudden memory loss. […] What causes TGA is not fully known. But, in some cases, an intense workout, sex, or stress may cause an episode. People who get migraines are more likely to have TGA. […] Your doctor probably did an exam and ran some tests to rule out certain health problems that can also cause sudden memory loss, such as a stroke, brain tumor, seizure, head injury, or an infection. […] TGA does not increase the chance that you will have a stroke or seizures in the future.

• #116 Transient Global Amnesia – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/neurology/transient-global-amnesia/

  Transient global amnesia is a condition that causes sudden memory loss, affecting mainly adults between the ages of 50 and 70. […] The cause of a condition called transient global amnesia, where people temporarily lose their memory, isn’t fully understood. Many theories have been suggested, but none have been proven beyond doubt. The most widely accepted theory is that it might be linked to migraines. […] Other possible causes suggested are related to blood vessels, epilepsy, or psychological reasons. […] In the end, no single theory fully accounts for all the symptoms seen in people with transient global amnesia. […] A recent study from Korea indicated that there could be a slightly increased risk of epilepsy, a neurological disorder leading to frequent seizures, after an episode of transient global amnesia. This risk is estimated to be 46% higher compared to those without the condition.

• #117 Transient Global Amnesia – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029951/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] A physically or psychologically stressful precipitating event, such as emotional stress, significant physical exertion, exposure to extreme temperatures, high-altitude conditions, Valsalva maneuver, acute illness, or sexual intercourse, is often the cause. […] The pathophysiology of TGA is not well understood but may be related to impaired venous drainage of the hippocampus. […] Recent evidence suggests an association between TGA and migraine headaches as well as takotsubo cardiomyopathy. […] There is conflicting evidence as to whether an episode of TGA predisposes to future seizures or dementia.

• #118 TGA (transient global amnesia) – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/general-information/tga-transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a temporary and isolated disorder of memory. […] Precipitating factors include sexual intercourse and heavy physical exercise, particularly swimming in cold water. […] possible that it may result from different mechanisms such as venous congestion with valsalva-like activities before symptom onset, arterial thromboembolic ischaemia and vasoconstriction due to hyperventilation. […] close precipitating events for TGA are considered emotional stress (i.e., triggered by gastric endoscopy, birth/death announcement, and difficult/exhausting workday), physical effort (i.e., gardening, house work, and sawing wood), physical exertion (including sexual activity), and water contact/temperature change (i.e., hot bath/shower and cold swim). […] remote precipitating events, with onset reported weeks prior to TGA, are considered anxiety triggered by conflict at home or work, health problems, and financial stressors. […] There is a correlation between TGA and migraine. […] a population-based study concluded that an episode of TGA does not increase the risk of subsequent cerebrovascular events, seizures, or cognitive impairment.

• #119 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of retrograde and anterograde amnesia for a period of one to a maximum of 24 h. […] The cause of TGA is still unknown. Numerous findings in recent years point to a multifactorial genesis. […] Since the pathomechanism of TGA has not yet been definitively clarified, a multifactorial or multi-causal process seems likely. […] Cerebral ischemia as a cause of TGA is considered unlikely. […] The risk of recurrence during the course ranges from 12 to 27%. […] Based on some clinical parallels, a relationship between TGA and migraine has been suggested by several authors. […] TGA is often preceded by an emotionally stressful event or physical exertion. […] In summary, these findings most likely suggest that TGA is based on a transient dysfunction, particularly of the hippocampus, based on a multifactorial etiology, such that several of the factors described above must interact for TGA to occur.

• #120 Recurrent transient amnesia: a case of transient epileptic amnesia misdiagnosed as transient global amnesia

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=647

  While TGA is generally considered a singular occurrence, recurrence is observed in 3-26% of patients and is more frequent in those with a history of depression or head injury or a family history of dementia. […] Notably, like TGA, TEA is often associated with normal or nonspecific findings in brain MRI. […] The possibility of TEA should be considered in cases with pure memory loss, and detailed history-taking targeting epileptic origins along with repeated EEG tests should be conducted when symptoms appear repeatedly.

• #121 Recurrent transient amnesia: a case of transient epileptic amnesia misdiagnosed as transient global amnesia

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=647

  Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is a rare form of temporal lobe epilepsy that is characterized by recurrent observable episodes of transient amnesia that spare cognitive functions other than memory and are corroborated by epileptiform abnormalities in electroencephalography (EEG), clinical manifestations of epilepsy, or a good response to antiseizure therapy. […] When clinical features of epileptic events and EEG abnormalities are absent, TEA may be misdiagnosed as transient global amnesia (TGA) due to this condition exhibiting similar clinical features. […] Although the pathophysiology of TEA is unclear, acute transient anterograde amnesia is thought to result from a combination of abnormal epileptic discharges in the temporal lobe and dysfunction in the hippocampus and other legions involved in memory formation and storage.

• #122 Transient Global Amnesia in the ED: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/neurologic/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome marked by the acute onset of profound anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories) lasting up to 24 hours in the absence of other neurologic deficits or changes in alertness and cognition. […] While diagnostic criteria are clear, disagreement as to the causes and etiology of TGA continues. In the past 2 decades, neuroimaging and other testing modalities have suggested potential etiologies, but controversies among researchers persist amid limited and conflicting evidence. […] Several studies have attempted to link TGA to serologic markers, and the results have been marked by minimal success. Retrospective studies designed to identify risk factors for the development of TGA have been conducted and have also yielded mixed results.

• #123 Transient Global Amnesia in the ED: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/neurologic/transient-global-amnesia

  In cases of suspected TGA, an especially thorough neurologic examination is essential, as the presence of even mild neurologic deficits may be the only indication of a rare stroke syndrome presenting with amnesia as the most conspicuous feature. […] Given the poorly understood pathophysiologic pathways of TGA, using the response to any empiric treatment to rule in or rule out this syndrome should be avoided. […] Patients with a known seizure should cause the emergency clinician to maintain a broader differential diagnosis, including transient epileptic amnesia and, in cases without resolution in an appropriate timeframe, nonconvulsive status or even a rare stroke syndrome. […] Despite appearances, patients with acute amnesia do not have decisional capacity.

• #124

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11940-023-00759-2

  This review discusses a condition known as Transient Global Amnesia (TGA). We discuss the most up-to-date theories related to etiology and risk factors, as well as its correlations to other conditions such as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). […] The etiology of TGA is still unclear but initial diagnosis and management should focus on ruling out conditions, such as seizure and stroke, that require more urgent treatment and monitoring. […] A case report of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and Transient Global Amnesia co-occurrence in a patient, suggesting overlap of neurocardiac axis and catecholamine surge. […] The link between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and transient global amnesia. […] Co-occurrence in a patient, suggesting link between brain-body connection and catecholamine surge.

• #125 Transient Global Amnesia – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/transient-global-amnesia.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary loss of memory. […] The cause of TGA is unknown. TGA may be triggered by a stressful condition such as extreme heat, cold, shock, fright, or intense physical activity. […] Blood tests may be done to look for the cause of your amnesia such as infection or vitamine B1 deficiency.

• #126 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Care Instructions

  https://tghib.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/216,bo1030

  What causes TGA is not fully known. But, in some cases, an intense workout, sex, or stress may cause an episode. […] Your doctor probably did an exam and ran some tests to rule out certain health problems that can also cause sudden memory loss, such as a stroke, brain tumor, seizure, head injury, or an infection. […] TGA does not increase the chance that you will have a stroke or seizures in the future.

• #127

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx

  It is worthy to note that physical or psychological precipitating factors seem to be responsible for up to 90% of TGA episodes. […] However, the overall recurrence rate is very low, and our case 3 belongs to such group of uncommon causes of TGA. […] Patients with TGA are more likely to exhibit irritability or anxiety. Some authors believe that stress-induced catecholamine release may lead to hypoxia or ischemia, whereas others believe that the neurotransmitters involved may affect the formation of memory. […] Severe emotional reactions may contribute to the destabilization of the CA1 sector of the hippocampus via massive glutamate release. […] This seems the pathophysiology involved in the case report 2, in which psychogenic causes seem to play a major role.

• #128 Transient Global Amnesia: Causes, Symptoms, and Support

  https://www.healthline.com/health/amnesia/global-transient-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is a condition that experts aren’t sure what causes. […] Some research suggests there might be a link between transient global amnesia and a history of migraine, but the factors that lead to these conditions are not understood. […] It’s also possible that transient global amnesia is linked to blockages in the veins, but this isn’t a proven link. […] Commonly reported events that people who experience transient global amnesia think might have triggered their episodes include mild head injuries, intense physical activity, sudden immersion in very cold or very hot water, extreme stress, sexual activity, and medical testing or procedures. […] There are no direct long-term complications or effects of transient global amnesia. […] It’s not thought to be a risk factor for other conditions, including epilepsy and stroke. […] Transient global amnesia is not linked to stroke. […] It does not increase the risk of a stroke and does not have any lasting effects. […] Transient global amnesia can be frightening, but it’s not a serious medical condition. […] It resolves on its own and has no lasting effects.

• #129 TGA, though frightening, is considered benign | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/tga-though-frightening-considered-benign

  Your medical team has determined that you experienced what is known as transient global amnesia. […] Although the condition has been recognized and studied since the mid-1950s, the exact cause of TGA is not yet understood. Theories have pointed to strenuous activity, high stress, hypertension, migraine, vascular congestion, depression, exhaustion and anxiety as potential triggers for an episode. At this time, however, they remain unproven.

• #130 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of retrograde and anterograde amnesia for a period of one to a maximum of 24 h. […] The cause of TGA is still unknown. Numerous findings in recent years point to a multifactorial genesis. […] Since the pathomechanism of TGA has not yet been definitively clarified, a multifactorial or multi-causal process seems likely. […] Cerebral ischemia as a cause of TGA is considered unlikely. […] The risk of recurrence during the course ranges from 12 to 27%. […] Based on some clinical parallels, a relationship between TGA and migraine has been suggested by several authors. […] TGA is often preceded by an emotionally stressful event or physical exertion. […] In summary, these findings most likely suggest that TGA is based on a transient dysfunction, particularly of the hippocampus, based on a multifactorial etiology, such that several of the factors described above must interact for TGA to occur.

• #131 Forgetting the Unforgettable: Transient Global Amnesia Part II: A Clinical Road Map

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3940

  The etiology of hippocampal strategic stroke presenting with amnesia is generally cardioembolic or related to large-artery disease of the vertebrobasilar system. […] TGA presents some similarities with late-onset migraine accompaniments, a migraine syndrome characterized by transient neurological episodes mimicking TIAs.

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