Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/transient-global-amnesia-tga.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary interruption of short-term memory. Although patients may be disoriented, not know where they are or be confused about time, they are otherwise alert, attentive and have normal thinking abilities. […] The main identifiable symptom of transient global amnesia is the sudden, but temporary, loss of short-term memory and not being able to form new memories. Symptoms include: Anxiety and agitation, Repeatedly asking questions about what is happening, Retaining personal identity during the episode, Able to complete complex routine tasks during the episode, Absence of signs suggesting damage to the brain tissue, Episodes end in 1-8 hours, no more than 24. […] Episodes of TGA are generally brief and although the effects are temporary, the patient often does not remember anything from the episode.

• #2 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. These episodes typically last from 1 to 24 hours. […] Characterized by a combination of retrograde and anterograde amnesia, patients with transient global amnesia often repeat the same questions during the episode. They may experience disorientation regarding people and places but retain self-awareness. The condition is benign, typically resolving without recurrence and leaving no lasting neurological deficits. […] Transient global amnesia is sudden-onset anterograde amnesia with a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, typically occurring in adults aged 50 to 70. The amnesic episode typically lasts for several hours, between 1 and 24 hours.

• #3 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is characterized by sudden-onset anterograde and retrograde amnesia that typically lasts up to 24 hours. […] The classic presentation in transient global amnesia is abrupt onset of severe anterograde amnesia. […] Episodes usually last for 1 to 8 hours but may last from 30 minutes to 24 hours (rarely). Patients are often disoriented to time and place but usually not to personal identity. […] Prognosis is good. Symptoms typically last 24 hours. As the disorder resolves, the amnesia lessens, but memory for events during the episode may be lost. […] Although transient global amnesia usually does not recur, approximately 15% of patients have more than one episode.

• #4 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  The incidence of TGA is estimated between 3 and 8 per 100,000 population per year. Most patients (75%) are between 50 and 70 years of age at onset. TGA in patients younger than 30 years has not been described. […] The risk of recurrence during the course ranges from 12 to 27%, with most patients (85%) experiencing 3 or fewer recurrences. […] In general, the prognosis of a TGA is very favorable: Although the acute amnesia usually disappears within 24 h, some patients sometimes still feel subjectively impaired and irritated for several days after the attack. Population-based studies and meta-analyses also showed complete regression of symptoms over the long-term course.

• #5

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of anterograde and retrograde amnesia, sometimes associated with mild subclinical neuropsychological deficits and vegetative symptoms, lasting for days after the episode. […] The presence of mild subclinical neuropsychological deficits and vegetative symptoms may also occur, and they can last for days after the episode. […] The main risk factors for TGA are considered migraine history, cardiovascular risk factors, that is, ischemic heart disease, carotid atheromasia, and psychophysical stress. […] TGA usually occurs during the seventh decade of life (mean age: 6167.3 years), that is, when risk factors and concomitant pathologies have a higher incidence, with a peak observed around the age of 62, and it is more frequent in females.

• #6 Transient Global Amnesia | 5-Minute Emergency Consult

  https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-Minute_Emergency_Consult/307194/all/Transient_Global_Amnesia?q=Migraine

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) has the following features: Episode of amnesia with abrupt onset. No focal neurologic signs or symptoms. Temporary, severe, anterograde amnesia: Acute inability to form new memories. Permanent memory gap after the episode. Temporary short-range retrograde amnesia: More recent memories at more risk. Previously encoded memories unavailable only temporarily. Gradually improves until only remaining memory deficit is the gap induced by the anterograde amnesia. Some retrograde loss may be permanent. Mean duration of symptoms: 46 hr. Majority resolve within 8 hr. […] Incidence between 3 and 8 per 100,000 people: 75% occur in patients 50-70 yr old. 10% occur in patients 50 yr. Rare in patients 40 yr.

• #7 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Although focal neurological deficits exclude a diagnosis of TGA, there are several nonfocal symptoms, which are often observed. Headache and nausea/vomiting are the most common and were each present in 10% of TGA cases immediately after the attack. […] In summary, according to community-based studies, the annual incidence of TGA is 510/100,000 and 23.532/100,000 for people aged 50 years and older. Peak incidence is around the age of 62 years (standard deviation [SD] 10 years). A total of 54%67% of TGA patients are female. Chances of recurrence are reported variedly from 2.9 to 25%. Other than migraine headaches, there are no definitive risk factors for the development of TGA. […] The pathophysiology behind frequently cited precipitating events and comorbidities accompanying TGA (including Valsalva-like activities, anxious and phobic personality traits, emotional stressors, and immersion in hot or cold water) has supported an arterial mechanism.

• #8 Transient Global Amnesia Is an Experience You’ll Never Forget

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/features/transient-global-amnesia

  Finally, a neurologist delivered the diagnosis: transient global amnesia (TGA), an episode of sudden and short-lived forgetting that is most common in people between 50 and 70. It affects between three and eight of every 100,000 people each year. […] The chief symptom of TGA is anterograde amnesia, or not being able to form and hold new memories. [TGA patients] can only hold the world in their brain for 5 minutes or so, explains Nancy Sicotte, MD, chair of the Department of Neurology at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles. Theyre very confused. The hallmark is repeatedly asking, Where am I? Whats happening? Whats going on? Some people with TGA lose back-dated memories as well, though they retain knowledge of their own identities and are able to walk, speak, and do other tasks. […] The episodes typically last between 4 and 6 hours, though they may endure as long as 24 hours. They get better on their own, with older memories returning first. Only the actual period of the TGA remains a cipher.

• #9 Transient Global Amnesia – NeurologyNeeds.com

  https://www.neurologyneeds.com/patient-information-folders/transient-global-amnesia/

  You have visited the emergency department or neurologist in the hospital. The doctor spoke to you about your sudden loss of memory, called Transient Global Amnesia. […] It happens to 5-10 people per 100.000 persons every year, and to 23.5 to 32 per 100,000 per year among those 50 years and older. The majority of episodes occur in individuals between the ages of 50 and 80 years, with a mean age of onset between 60 and 65 years, women are affected slightly more often than men. […] For you and people around you the episode of memory loss can be very frightening. Luckily, in general symptoms only last a short while. This folder aims to explain to you what has happened. […] Global Amnesia means loss of memory. When this loss of memory happens suddenly, and gets better quickly, we refer to this as Transient Global Amnesia. Though the loss of memory may be frightening, in general memory restores in less than 24 hours without any residual symptoms. Even though your ability to store new memories will return quickly, your memories for events during the attack in general do not return.

• #10 Transient global amnesia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378531

  Transient global amnesia is an episode of confusion that comes on suddenly in a person who is otherwise alert. This confused state isn’t caused by a more common neurological condition, such as epilepsy or stroke. […] During an episode of transient global amnesia, a person is unable to create new memory, so the memory of recent events disappears. You can’t remember where you are or how you got there. You may not remember anything about what’s happening right now. You may keep repeating the same questions because you don’t remember the answers you’ve just been given. You may also draw a blank when asked to remember things that happened a day, a month or even a year ago. […] The main symptom of transient global amnesia is being unable to create new memories and remember the recent past. Once that symptom is confirmed, ruling out other possible causes of amnesia is important.

• #11 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) causes sudden short-term memory loss that resolves on its own within 24 hours. […] During a TGA episode, you cant form new memories (a condition called anterograde amnesia), and you have difficulty recalling recent memories (a condition called retrograde amnesia). […] The main sign of transient global amnesia is a sudden inability to form new memories. Some people also cant recall memories from hours or days ago or longer in the past. […] People experiencing a TGA episode may: Appear disoriented and confused. Repeatedly ask the same questions, especially about the date, time and their location. […] In most cases, TGA episodes last one to 10 hours (six hours is average). In rare cases, symptoms may persist for up to 24 hours. […] There are usually no long-term issues related to transient global amnesia. In most cases, people experiencing TGA recover completely. When the episode is over, they can form new memories, but they wont remember what happened during the episode. Any other recent memories generally return within 24 hours. […] In rare cases, transient global results in longer-lasting memory issues. This issue generally occurs only for people who have repeated episodes. Recurring transient global amnesia episodes are rare less than 10% of people who experience TGA have another episode.

• #12 Transient Global Amnesia: Causes, Symptoms, and Support

  https://www.healthline.com/health/amnesia/global-transient-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is a temporary loss of some memory. These episodes come on suddenly and typically last for a few hours before resolving on their own. […] People experiencing transient global amnesia aren’t able to make new memories. They’re not able to remember where they are, how they got there, or what’s happening. They might keep repeating the same questions or be unable to answer questions about events that happened in recent months. […] Being unable to create new memories or remember your recent past is the biggest symptom of transient global amnesia. Other symptoms include sudden onset of confusion and memory loss, memory loss that lasts no more than 34 hours (typically much shorter), repeating the same questions, knowing who you are, despite memory loss, recognizing familiar people, places, and objects, being awake and alert throughout the episode, normal thinking ability, no sign of brain damage, memory that returns gradually, and no epilepsy or seizure activity. […] People recover slowly over the course of a few hours and typically begin to remember events. […] Episodes typically last a few hours and then resolve on their own. No treatment is needed, but people with the condition can take steps to make sure they are prepared for future episodes.

• #13 Transient global amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neurological disorder whose key defining characteristic is a temporary but almost total disruption of short-term memory with a range of problems accessing older memories. A person in a state of TGA exhibits no other signs of impaired cognitive functioning but recalls only the last few moments of consciousness, as well as possibly a few deeply encoded facts of the individual’s past, such as their childhood, family, or home perhaps. […] A person having an attack of TGA has almost no capacity to establish new memories, but generally appears otherwise mentally alert and lucid, possessing full knowledge of self-identity and identity of close family, and maintaining intact perceptual skills and a wide repertoire of complex learned behavior. The degree of amnesia is profound, and, in the interval during which the individual is aware of his or her condition is often accompanied by anxiety.

• #14 Transient global amnesia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378531

  You must have these signs and symptoms to be diagnosed with transient global amnesia: Sudden onset of confusion that includes memory loss, seen by a witness; Being awake and alert and knowing who you are, despite memory loss; Normal cognition, such as the ability to recognize and name familiar objects and follow simple directions; No signs of damage to a particular area of the brain, such as being unable to move an arm or leg, movements you can’t control, or problems understanding words. […] Another common sign of transient global amnesia due to the inability to create new memories includes repetitive questioning, usually of the same question for example, „What am I doing here?” or „How did we get here?” […] Symptoms lasting no more than 24 hours and generally shorter; Gradual return of memory; No recent head injury; No signs of seizures during the period of amnesia; No history of active epilepsy. […] Episodes of transient global amnesia always get better slowly over a few hours. During recovery, you may begin to remember events and circumstances. Transient global amnesia isn’t serious, but it can still be frightening.

• #15 Transient global amnesia | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is an episode of confusion that comes on suddenly in a person who is otherwise alert. […] During an episode of transient global amnesia, a person is unable to create new memory, so the memory of recent events disappears. You can’t remember where you are or how you got there. You may not remember anything about what’s happening right now. You may keep repeating the same questions because you don’t remember the answers you’ve just been given. […] The main symptom of transient global amnesia is being unable to create new memories and remember the recent past. Once that symptom is confirmed, ruling out other possible causes of amnesia is important. […] You must have these signs and symptoms to be diagnosed with transient global amnesia: Sudden onset of confusion that includes memory loss, seen by a witness; Being awake and alert and knowing who you are, despite memory loss; Normal cognition, such as the ability to recognize and name familiar objects and follow simple directions; No signs of damage to a particular area of the brain, such as being unable to move an arm or leg, movements you can’t control, or problems understanding words.

• #16 Transient Global Amnesia: Causes, Symptoms, and Support

  https://www.healthline.com/health/amnesia/global-transient-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is a temporary loss of some memory. These episodes come on suddenly and typically last for a few hours before resolving on their own. […] People experiencing transient global amnesia aren’t able to make new memories. They’re not able to remember where they are, how they got there, or what’s happening. They might keep repeating the same questions or be unable to answer questions about events that happened in recent months. […] Being unable to create new memories or remember your recent past is the biggest symptom of transient global amnesia. Other symptoms include sudden onset of confusion and memory loss, memory loss that lasts no more than 34 hours (typically much shorter), repeating the same questions, knowing who you are, despite memory loss, recognizing familiar people, places, and objects, being awake and alert throughout the episode, normal thinking ability, no sign of brain damage, memory that returns gradually, and no epilepsy or seizure activity. […] People recover slowly over the course of a few hours and typically begin to remember events. […] Episodes typically last a few hours and then resolve on their own. No treatment is needed, but people with the condition can take steps to make sure they are prepared for future episodes.

• #17 Transient global amnesia

  https://ask-ahd.ahdubai.com/con-20378514

  Transient global amnesia is identified by its main symptom, which is the inability to form new memories and to recall the recent past. Once that symptom is confirmed, ruling out other possible causes of amnesia is important. […] These signs and symptoms must be present to diagnose transient global amnesia: Sudden onset of memory loss, verified by a witness; Retention of personal identity despite memory loss; Normal cognition, such as the ability to recognize and name familiar objects and follow simple directions; Absence of signs indicating damage to a particular area of the brain, such as limb paralysis, involuntary movement or impaired word recognition. […] Additional symptoms and history that may help diagnose transient global amnesia: Duration of no more than 24 hours and generally shorter; Gradual return of memory; No recent head injury; No evidence of seizures during the period of amnesia; No history of active epilepsy. […] Along with these signs and symptoms, a common feature of transient global amnesia includes repetitive questioning, usually of the same question for example, „What am I doing here?” or „How did we get here?”

• #18 Transient Global Amnesia – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/neurology/transient-global-amnesia/

  Transient global amnesia is a condition that causes sudden memory loss, affecting mainly adults between the ages of 50 and 70. This episode of memory loss can last from 1 to 24 hours. Its quite a common condition, especially seen in emergencies. […] A person with transient global amnesia will experience two types of memory loss retrograde (losing past memories) and anterograde (difficulty forming new memories). During an episode, a repeated behavior might be asking the same question over and over. The patient might be unsure about other people and places, but they do not lose awareness of who they are. […] Patients with transient global amnesia often suddenly cant remember things for several hours. This may include their memories before and during the event. They may frequently repeat questions because they cant remember recent happenings.

• #19 What Is Transient Global Amnesia?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden occurrence of memory loss that lasts for a very short duration of time. Memory loss that occurs during this period is temporary. The individual who experiences this is otherwise alert but can not recall recent events because temporary global amnesia prevents a person from making new memories, which causes current memories to disappear. […] The symptoms of TGA are discussed below: […] The individual, all of a sudden, forgets the time, day, and location they were at, prior to the TGA episode. […] The characteristic feature of TGA is that the person keeps on asking the same questions again and again despite continuously receiving the right answers. […] This happens because TGA restricts them from storing the answers they are told. For example, the person will repetitively ask questions like „why am I here,” „how did I come here” and „What is the date today” even after getting the answer.

• #20 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] Vomiting, headache, blurry vision, dizziness, and nausea may be present. […] Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by the sudden onset of transient, anterograde amnesia without further focal neurologic deficits. Mental status is overall normal but may include mild confusion. […] Patients may have nausea, vomiting, headache, mild dizziness, or subjective visual blurring. […] Patients with TGA report feeling disoriented to time and believe that something is wrong with them. […] This disorientation and sensation occur because of the patient’s inability to encode new information with their episodic (short-term) memory. […] TGA may last less than an hour, usually resolves within six hours, and always resolves within 24 hours. […] The prognosis of TGA is uniformly good. […] The published TGA recurrence rate ranges from 2.9% to 23.8%.

• #21 Transient Global Amnesia

  https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Cognitive/TrnsntGlblAmns.htm

  Previously well person becomes confused and amnestic. […] Transient inability to form new memories (esp. immediate and recent). […] Episode lasts for minutes to hours. […] Typically resolves within 6 hours, and always within 24 hours. […] Patient asks orientation questions repeatedly (e.g. „Where am I?” ). […] Maintains procedural memory (e.g. driving, eating). […] No associated neurologic deficits. […] No Seizure activity or Head Trauma. […] Associated Symptoms (variably present): Nausea, Vomiting, Headache, Mild Dizziness, Blurred Vision. […] Spontaneous onset is typical, however is associated with triggers in some cases: Valsalva Maneuver, Emotional stress (e.g. learning of the death of a loved one), Significant physical exertion, Sexual intercourse, Water immersion, High Altitude environment, Extreme Temperature exposure, Acute medical illness. […] Complete recovery is typical by 6-24 hours. […] Recurrs in 2 to 23% of patients.

• #22 Forgetting the Unforgettable: Transient Global Amnesia Part II: A Clinical Road Map

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3940

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of a temporary memory disorder with profound anterograde amnesia and a variable impairment of the past memory. Usually, the attacks are preceded by a precipitating event, last up to 24 h and are not associated with other neurological deficits. […] Headache, dizziness, and nausea are the most common accompanying complaints. […] The clinical presentation of the TGA is characterized by the sudden onset of temporary memory impairment with a prominent inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) and a variable impairment of the past memory (retrograde amnesia). Typically, patients do not fix any novel information, e.g., the treating physician or why they were brought to the hospital, so they repeatedly ask questions, such as, “Why are we here?”, “What time is it?”, or “How did I get here?”.

• #23 Amnesia – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/symptoms/amnesia/

  An alarming but non-serious form of amnesia is known as transient global amnesia (TGA). TGA is a sudden, temporary episode of memory loss that usually affects people aged 50 to 70 years. […] People with TGA have an episode where they are unable to form new memories and may sometimes also lose recent memories extending as far back as weeks or months. The episode of amnesia comes on suddenly (over minutes or hours). It may last for a period of 4 to 6 hours, but sometimes up to 24 hours. […] People with transient global amnesia will usually keep repeating questions, such as Why am I here?, How did I get here? or What time is it?, as they cannot remember the answers. They often appear anxious, agitated and perplexed. […] Sometimes symptoms such as nausea, dizziness and headache occur with TGA. […] People with TGA usually don’t remember the episode afterwards. Understandably, this is a very frightening experience for both for the affected person and those around them.

• #24 Transient Global Amnesia | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688186/all/Transient_Global_Amnesia?q=Headache+and+nausea

  Transient global amnesia (TGA), first described in 1956, is a clinical syndrome characterized by sudden onset of marked reduction of anterograde and milder reduction of retrograde episodic long-term memory that lasts up to 24 hours (1). […] Patient may have persistent vegetative symptoms (such as headaches, nausea, dizziness) and subclinical neuropsychological deficit lasting for days. Patient presents along with reduced executive functions. […] TGA is not a rare entity as its incidence ranges from 10 to 32/100,000 per year among the age group 50 to 70 years (3). […] Presents in the 7th decade of life most commonly, with mean age between 61 and 67 years. […] In an observational study, it occurred more in men than in women with a potential precipitating cause found in 50% of the cases. […] Recurrence rate of 2.926.3% (1,4).

• #25 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of an extraordinarily large reduction of anterograde and a somewhat milder reduction of retrograde episodic long-term memory. Additionally, executive functions are described as diminished. […] TGA is defined as a sudden onset of an anterograde and retrograde amnesia that lasts up to 24 hours, although mild subclinical neuropsychological deficits with concomitant vegetative symptoms can last for days after the episode. The memory impairment of patients with acute TGA shows a profound reduction of anterograde and a milder reduction of retrograde episodic memory, including executive functions and recognition. […] In summary, while multiple exclusionary criteria exist, heteroanamnestic confirmed anterograde amnesia in a clear sensorium and cognitive impairment limited to amnesia is the main rule-in criteria for TGA. Additionally, the amnesia must last 24 hours. Headache, dizziness, and nausea are the most common accompanying complaints. Finally, in 89% of cases, some provoking activity can be pointed out immediately before the attack occurred. Physical exertion (including sexual activity) is the most common precipitating event, followed by emotional stress and sudden change of temperature.

• #26 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) causes sudden short-term memory loss that resolves on its own within 24 hours. […] During a TGA episode, you cant form new memories (a condition called anterograde amnesia), and you have difficulty recalling recent memories (a condition called retrograde amnesia). […] The main sign of transient global amnesia is a sudden inability to form new memories. Some people also cant recall memories from hours or days ago or longer in the past. […] People experiencing a TGA episode may: Appear disoriented and confused. Repeatedly ask the same questions, especially about the date, time and their location. […] In most cases, TGA episodes last one to 10 hours (six hours is average). In rare cases, symptoms may persist for up to 24 hours. […] There are usually no long-term issues related to transient global amnesia. In most cases, people experiencing TGA recover completely. When the episode is over, they can form new memories, but they wont remember what happened during the episode. Any other recent memories generally return within 24 hours. […] In rare cases, transient global results in longer-lasting memory issues. This issue generally occurs only for people who have repeated episodes. Recurring transient global amnesia episodes are rare less than 10% of people who experience TGA have another episode.

• #27 Transient Global Amnesia – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-dysfunction/transient-global-amnesia

  People with transient global amnesia suddenly but temporarily lose the ability to recall events that happened after or before the amnesia occurred and to store new memories. […] Memory loss usually lasts 1 to 8 hours but may last 30 minutes up to 24 hours (rarely). […] Most people with transient global amnesia have only one episode in a lifetime, unless the cause is seizures or migraines. About 5 to 25% have repeated episodes. […] After an episode, the confusion usually clears quickly, and total recovery is the rule, although people may not remember what happened during the episode.

• #28 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/transient-global-amnesia-tga.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary interruption of short-term memory. Although patients may be disoriented, not know where they are or be confused about time, they are otherwise alert, attentive and have normal thinking abilities. […] The main identifiable symptom of transient global amnesia is the sudden, but temporary, loss of short-term memory and not being able to form new memories. Symptoms include: Anxiety and agitation, Repeatedly asking questions about what is happening, Retaining personal identity during the episode, Able to complete complex routine tasks during the episode, Absence of signs suggesting damage to the brain tissue, Episodes end in 1-8 hours, no more than 24. […] Episodes of TGA are generally brief and although the effects are temporary, the patient often does not remember anything from the episode.

• #29 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. These episodes typically last from 1 to 24 hours. […] Characterized by a combination of retrograde and anterograde amnesia, patients with transient global amnesia often repeat the same questions during the episode. They may experience disorientation regarding people and places but retain self-awareness. The condition is benign, typically resolving without recurrence and leaving no lasting neurological deficits. […] Transient global amnesia is sudden-onset anterograde amnesia with a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, typically occurring in adults aged 50 to 70. The amnesic episode typically lasts for several hours, between 1 and 24 hours.

• #30 Transient Global Amnesia in the ED: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/neurologic/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is a clinically distinct syndrome characterized by the acute inability to form new memories. It can last up to 24 hours. […] The mean duration of symptoms in TGA events is approximately 4 to 6 hours and, in a majority of cases, symptoms resolve within 8 hours of initial onset. In TGA, symptoms resolve gradually and spontaneously within 24 hours without the need for medical intervention. […] The classic TGA patient exhibits the broken-record phenomenon (asking the same questions repeatedly) in the absence of other signs or symptoms. Typical questions include How did I get to the hospital? and asking medical staff, Have we met? despite several introductions. […] In uncomplicated cases (ie, in which TGA is not coincidentally presenting with another unrelated process), TGA patients maintain hemodynamic stability and are otherwise cognitively intact, retaining the ability to perform complex tasks.

• #31 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of retrograde and anterograde amnesia for a period of one to a maximum of 24 h (with an average of 6 to 8 h). […] During the episode, the retention span for new information is reduced to 30-180 s (anterograde amnesia). Affected individuals are therefore often not oriented with respect to time and situation but always oriented to person. There is no altered vigilance. Patients are awake and able to make contact. They appear perplexed and troubled and repeatedly ask questions about time and situational circumstances. In parallel, access to old memory acquired before TGA is often impaired (retrograde amnesia). Retrograde amnesia also leads to perplexity, as affected individuals cannot reconstruct the events of the preceding hours or days at all or only incompletely. […] After the TGA has subsided, a permanent amnestic gap of usually several hours, which covers the period of the acute interval, remains.

• #32 Forgetting the Unforgettable: Transient Global Amnesia Part II: A Clinical Road Map

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3940

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of a temporary memory disorder with profound anterograde amnesia and a variable impairment of the past memory. Usually, the attacks are preceded by a precipitating event, last up to 24 h and are not associated with other neurological deficits. […] Headache, dizziness, and nausea are the most common accompanying complaints. […] The clinical presentation of the TGA is characterized by the sudden onset of temporary memory impairment with a prominent inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) and a variable impairment of the past memory (retrograde amnesia). Typically, patients do not fix any novel information, e.g., the treating physician or why they were brought to the hospital, so they repeatedly ask questions, such as, “Why are we here?”, “What time is it?”, or “How did I get here?”.

• #33 Transient Global Amnesia in the ED: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/neurologic/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is a clinically distinct syndrome characterized by the acute inability to form new memories. It can last up to 24 hours. […] The mean duration of symptoms in TGA events is approximately 4 to 6 hours and, in a majority of cases, symptoms resolve within 8 hours of initial onset. In TGA, symptoms resolve gradually and spontaneously within 24 hours without the need for medical intervention. […] The classic TGA patient exhibits the broken-record phenomenon (asking the same questions repeatedly) in the absence of other signs or symptoms. Typical questions include How did I get to the hospital? and asking medical staff, Have we met? despite several introductions. […] In uncomplicated cases (ie, in which TGA is not coincidentally presenting with another unrelated process), TGA patients maintain hemodynamic stability and are otherwise cognitively intact, retaining the ability to perform complex tasks.

• #34 Transient Global Amnesia – NeurologyNeeds.com

  https://www.neurologyneeds.com/patient-information-folders/transient-global-amnesia/

  During the attack, the loss of memory may be anterograde, describing the inability to form new memories, as well as retrograde meaning a loss of memory for a period of time before the attack. You may not, for instance, remember speaking to people or other events several days or weeks before the attack. Because of the anterograde amnesia, no new memories are formed for the duration of the attack, causing a gap in your memory once the attack subsides. Usually, the retrograde amnesia restores itself and memories from before the attack will return with time. […] During the attack, patients may be frightened, agitated, and confused. Patients tend to ask the same questions over and over, often in an identical manner. The answers to these questions are forgotten within seconds to minutes. Often heard questions are Where are we? or How did I get here?. Patients often wonder about the time when seeing a clock Is it three Oclock already? since they do not remember time passing. During the attack, the ability to recognise family or loved ones is not impaired, and older memories are still intact. People know who they are, and where they live for instance. The ability to move or speak also remains intact. After symptoms subside, patients may suffer a slight headache and experience problems concentrating for up to several weeks.

• #35 Transient global amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia

  This onset of TGA is generally fairly rapid, and its duration varies but generally lasts between 2 and 8 hours. A person experiencing TGA has memory impairment with an inability to remember events or people from the past few minutes, hours or days (retrograde amnesia), and has working memory of only the past few minutes or less, and thus cannot retain new information or form new memories beyond that period of time (anterograde amnesia). […] The attack lessens over a period of hours, with older memories returning first, and the repetitive fugue slowly lengthening so that the victim retains short-term memory for longer periods. This characteristic of TGA, where the length of time affected by retrograde amnesia shortens (i.e. older memories return first, followed by more recent memories) is commonly seen.

• #36 Transient global amnesia is scary, usually not dangerous | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/transient-global-amnesia-is-scary-usually-not-dangerous

  Transient global amnesia refers to a sudden episode of temporary memory loss that is sometimes accompanied by confusion. […] Someone who is experiencing transient global amnesia, or TGA, is suddenly unable to recall recent events. […] Although an episode of TGA can last up to 24 hours, it is usually much shorter. The average episode lasts about six hours. During the course of an episode of TGA, the individual is unable to either make or store new memories. […] While the onset of an episode of TGA is sudden, the recovery is usually gradual. As time passes, the individual will have increasing recall of places and events, until they feel completely oriented again. […] Although alarming, an episode of TGA is not considered to be dangerous. For most people, its a unique event and is not repeated.

• #37 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Once resolved, the symptoms of transient global amnesia rarely recur. When the patient recovers from the transient global amnesia episode, the retrograde amnesia recovers in a telescopic manner, with the most remote memory recovering before more recent events. The events occurring during the amnesic episode are typically permanently lost. No other neurological deficits are present with this condition. […] Most cases of transient global amnesia occur as isolated events with favorable outcomes and negligible morbidity or mortality reported. Although recurrences are possible, their incidence varies from 2.9% to 26.3% over different follow-up periods, with a 10-year study showing a recurrence rate of 6.3%. […] Complications directly attributable to transient global amnesia are rare, given its typically benign and self-limiting nature. However, the episodic nature of transient global amnesia can lead to significant anxiety and distress for patients and their families during the acute episode.

• #38 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) causes sudden short-term memory loss that resolves on its own within 24 hours. […] During a TGA episode, you cant form new memories (a condition called anterograde amnesia), and you have difficulty recalling recent memories (a condition called retrograde amnesia). […] The main sign of transient global amnesia is a sudden inability to form new memories. Some people also cant recall memories from hours or days ago or longer in the past. […] People experiencing a TGA episode may: Appear disoriented and confused. Repeatedly ask the same questions, especially about the date, time and their location. […] In most cases, TGA episodes last one to 10 hours (six hours is average). In rare cases, symptoms may persist for up to 24 hours. […] There are usually no long-term issues related to transient global amnesia. In most cases, people experiencing TGA recover completely. When the episode is over, they can form new memories, but they wont remember what happened during the episode. Any other recent memories generally return within 24 hours. […] In rare cases, transient global results in longer-lasting memory issues. This issue generally occurs only for people who have repeated episodes. Recurring transient global amnesia episodes are rare less than 10% of people who experience TGA have another episode.

• #39 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/transient-global-amnesia-tga.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary interruption of short-term memory. Although patients may be disoriented, not know where they are or be confused about time, they are otherwise alert, attentive and have normal thinking abilities. […] The main identifiable symptom of transient global amnesia is the sudden, but temporary, loss of short-term memory and not being able to form new memories. Symptoms include: Anxiety and agitation, Repeatedly asking questions about what is happening, Retaining personal identity during the episode, Able to complete complex routine tasks during the episode, Absence of signs suggesting damage to the brain tissue, Episodes end in 1-8 hours, no more than 24. […] Episodes of TGA are generally brief and although the effects are temporary, the patient often does not remember anything from the episode.

• #40 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.transient-global-amnesia-tga-care-instructions.bo1030

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a rare type of amnesia that causes sudden memory loss. When this happens you cannot remember events from your recent past or make new memories. You may also not know where you are, why you are there, or what the date is. You may ask the same question many times. Unlike other types of amnesia, you do know who you are and you can recognize people that you know. An episode usually does not last more than 6 hours and it rarely happens again. […] TGA does not increase the chance that you will have a stroke or seizures in the future. […] There is no treatment for TGA. Expect your symptoms to go away with time. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You suddenly lose your memory again. You have a seizure. You are dizzy. You are more confused, forgetful, or upset than usual. You notice changes in your behavior or personality. You begin to have trouble with familiar things, such as how to read or how to tell time.

• #41 We Beg to Differ – Rare Disease Day 2026

  https://www.rarediseaseday.org/heroes/we-beg-to-differ/

  However, dramatic loss of memory for hours with no explanation of why leaves sufferers with anxiety nonetheless. […] Many of us live with the anxiety of waiting for the other shoe to drop. Indeed, despite assurances otherwise, a significant number of our members have had more than one sudden amnestic event, sometimes months apart, sometimes years apart. […] Our medical providers, after checking us out thoroughly and finding no cause for our transient global amnesia, smilingly tell us that no harm has been done: we will feel back to normal in a day or two, our memories will return, and we will almost assuredly never have another spell in our lifetime. Over and done with! Our families are relieved and we certainly wish to be, but as time goes on we realize that physical and mental changes remain. For instance, it has been over four years since my TGA, but I still experience continuing short-term memory issues, mild cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, odd little quirks, sleep problems, and concerns about developing Parkinson’s and/or Alzheimer’s.

• #42

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx

  The occurrence of different precipitating events and accurate questioning (in the absence of head trauma) seem to be key features in making the diagnosis of TGA, besides a complete neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular assessment. […] Close precipitating events for TGA are considered emotional stress (i.e., triggered by gastric endoscopy, birth/death announcement, and difficult/exhausting workday), physical effort (i.e., gardening, house work, and sawing wood), physical exertion (including sexual activity), and water contact/temperature change (i.e., hot bath/shower and cold swim). […] It is worthy to note that physical or psychological precipitating factors seem to be responsible for up to 90% of TGA episodes. […] Fortunately, the natural course of TGA is usually benign, self-limited, and without long-term residual sequelae, but a prompt diagnosis is mandatory to properly approach such clinical entity.

• #43 Transient Global Amnesia Is an Experience You’ll Never Forget

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/features/transient-global-amnesia

  While an episode of TGA is deeply unsettling to patients — and to their loved ones, who may fear a stroke or a brain tumor as the cause — neurologists consider it a benevolent syndrome with no long-term effects. […] About 80% of patients never have a recurrence, says Steven L. Lewis, MD, chief of neurology at Lehigh Valley Health Network and editor of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. The remaining 20% may have another attack or two throughout their lives. […] Doctors do know that TGA episodes usually have a trigger: a sudden plunge into hot or cold water; extreme physical exertion; a severe emotional jolt; sexual intercourse. […] In an episode of TGA, the machinery our brain uses to make new memories and also access old memories is offline, Sicotte explains. Its like a switch goes off. Maybe its a protective mechanism.

• #44 Transient global amnesia | aviation.govt.nz

  https://www.aviation.govt.nz/licensing-and-certification/medical-certification/medical-manual/part-3-clinical-aviation-medicine/central-nervous-system/transient-global-amnesia/

  This condition is a transient loss of memory. Typically, the disorder occurs following a physically demanding task (28 %), coitus (6.5%), emotional stress (6.5 %), hot or cold bath / shower (5 %), driving or a medical procedure. The mean amnesia duration is ~ 6 hours although complete recovery of subtle functions may take months. Most episodes do not exceed 10 hours although up to 24 hours has been reported. There is no peripheral neurological deficit. The memory defect is recognised by the individual. There is complete or partial anterograde amnesia. The patient may not recognise acquaintances but does remember close relatives. There is preservation of ideas and motor skills. Some complex tasks are preserved, such as the ability to drive, but there is cognitive impairment with impaired ability to copy complex figures or to name objects. Associated symptoms (headache, nausea, dizziness) and some grade of retrograde amnesia may occur, although these are not required for diagnosis. TGA has a significant recurrence rate but there are no predictors for this. The aggregated data suggest an annual rate of recurrence in the vicinity of 2.5 6 % per annum.

• #45 We Beg to Differ – Rare Disease Day 2026

  https://www.rarediseaseday.org/heroes/we-beg-to-differ/

  Members also report migraines, a strong sense of unease, malaise, inability to multitask as before, being easily overstimulated in crowds or busy situations, sensitivity to strong sunlight or halogen lights at night, panic attacks, mental fogginess (quirks), and memory issues for months to years afterwards. […] There seems to be a variety of triggers for TGA: strong physical exertion, immersion in cold water, extreme stress, the Valsalva maneuver, migraines, and sexual intercourse/coital headache, to name a few. […] We are trying to find answers—we have SO many questions!

• #46 Transient Global Amnesia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-clinical

  The frequently cited triggers for TGA can increase either sympathetic activity and/or intrathoracic pressure. This, in turn, could cause back-pressure in the jugular venous system, disrupting intracranial arterial flow with secondary venous congestion/ischemia to memory areas in the brain. […] Prognostically, patients with TGA are less likely to experience a cardiovascular or cerebrovascular event compared with patients who have had a TIA.

• #47 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Although focal neurological deficits exclude a diagnosis of TGA, there are several nonfocal symptoms, which are often observed. Headache and nausea/vomiting are the most common and were each present in 10% of TGA cases immediately after the attack. […] In summary, according to community-based studies, the annual incidence of TGA is 510/100,000 and 23.532/100,000 for people aged 50 years and older. Peak incidence is around the age of 62 years (standard deviation [SD] 10 years). A total of 54%67% of TGA patients are female. Chances of recurrence are reported variedly from 2.9 to 25%. Other than migraine headaches, there are no definitive risk factors for the development of TGA. […] The pathophysiology behind frequently cited precipitating events and comorbidities accompanying TGA (including Valsalva-like activities, anxious and phobic personality traits, emotional stressors, and immersion in hot or cold water) has supported an arterial mechanism.

• #48 Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/transient-global-amnesia-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  There are several potential etiologies that may be responsible for TGA, including arterial ischemia, venous congestion, migraine, and psychogenic disorders. It is possible that the mechanisms described earlier are associated with TGA by which they are involved in a common pathway that ultimately destabilizes the CA1 region of the hippocampus.

• #49 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview

  Generally, TGA is a solitary event, however, patients can experience more than one event with very similar symptoms and recovery. […] As the name implies, transient global amnesia symptoms are transient. […] The mean annual recurrence rate is thought to be low (approximately 45%). However, in the study by Miller et al, the calculated recurrence rate could be as high as 24% over a lifetime depending on inclusion criteria. […] These occasional recurrences usually involve no long-term morbidity or death. […] The typical age of occurrence is older than 50 years. […] No sex predilection has been observed. However, one study found that particular triggers may be associated with men and women. For men, transient global amnesia occurs more often after a physical precipitating event. In women, episodes may be more associated with emotional precipitating events, a history of anxiety, or pathological personality.

• #50 Transient Global Amnesia – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-dysfunction/transient-global-amnesia

  People with transient global amnesia suddenly but temporarily lose the ability to recall events that happened after or before the amnesia occurred and to store new memories. […] Memory loss usually lasts 1 to 8 hours but may last 30 minutes up to 24 hours (rarely). […] Most people with transient global amnesia have only one episode in a lifetime, unless the cause is seizures or migraines. About 5 to 25% have repeated episodes. […] After an episode, the confusion usually clears quickly, and total recovery is the rule, although people may not remember what happened during the episode.

• #51 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Once resolved, the symptoms of transient global amnesia rarely recur. When the patient recovers from the transient global amnesia episode, the retrograde amnesia recovers in a telescopic manner, with the most remote memory recovering before more recent events. The events occurring during the amnesic episode are typically permanently lost. No other neurological deficits are present with this condition. […] Most cases of transient global amnesia occur as isolated events with favorable outcomes and negligible morbidity or mortality reported. Although recurrences are possible, their incidence varies from 2.9% to 26.3% over different follow-up periods, with a 10-year study showing a recurrence rate of 6.3%. […] Complications directly attributable to transient global amnesia are rare, given its typically benign and self-limiting nature. However, the episodic nature of transient global amnesia can lead to significant anxiety and distress for patients and their families during the acute episode.

• #52 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  The incidence of TGA is estimated between 3 and 8 per 100,000 population per year. Most patients (75%) are between 50 and 70 years of age at onset. TGA in patients younger than 30 years has not been described. […] The risk of recurrence during the course ranges from 12 to 27%, with most patients (85%) experiencing 3 or fewer recurrences. […] In general, the prognosis of a TGA is very favorable: Although the acute amnesia usually disappears within 24 h, some patients sometimes still feel subjectively impaired and irritated for several days after the attack. Population-based studies and meta-analyses also showed complete regression of symptoms over the long-term course.

• #53 Transient global amnesia | aviation.govt.nz

  https://www.aviation.govt.nz/licensing-and-certification/medical-certification/medical-manual/part-3-clinical-aviation-medicine/central-nervous-system/transient-global-amnesia/

  This condition is a transient loss of memory. Typically, the disorder occurs following a physically demanding task (28 %), coitus (6.5%), emotional stress (6.5 %), hot or cold bath / shower (5 %), driving or a medical procedure. The mean amnesia duration is ~ 6 hours although complete recovery of subtle functions may take months. Most episodes do not exceed 10 hours although up to 24 hours has been reported. There is no peripheral neurological deficit. The memory defect is recognised by the individual. There is complete or partial anterograde amnesia. The patient may not recognise acquaintances but does remember close relatives. There is preservation of ideas and motor skills. Some complex tasks are preserved, such as the ability to drive, but there is cognitive impairment with impaired ability to copy complex figures or to name objects. Associated symptoms (headache, nausea, dizziness) and some grade of retrograde amnesia may occur, although these are not required for diagnosis. TGA has a significant recurrence rate but there are no predictors for this. The aggregated data suggest an annual rate of recurrence in the vicinity of 2.5 6 % per annum.

• #54 Forgetting the Unforgettable: Transient Global Amnesia Part II: A Clinical Road Map

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3940

  TGA typically lasts a few hours, often 4 to 6 h, and always less than 24 h. […] Many studies have shown complete recovery of memory functioning several months after an episode of TGA. However, some authors have reported the persistence of a subclinical impairment of memory functions for months after the acute episode. […] The annual rate of TGA recurrence reported in different studies varies from 2.9 to 26.3%, depending on the length of follow-up and the sensitivity of the definition used to identify cases of TGA. […] In a recent study of 340 German TGA patients with a follow-up of at least five years, patients with TGA recurrence were significantly younger and had less extent of cerebral microangiopathy than patients with isolated TGA episodes.

• #55 Transient Global Amnesia Is an Experience You’ll Never Forget

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/features/transient-global-amnesia

  While an episode of TGA is deeply unsettling to patients — and to their loved ones, who may fear a stroke or a brain tumor as the cause — neurologists consider it a benevolent syndrome with no long-term effects. […] About 80% of patients never have a recurrence, says Steven L. Lewis, MD, chief of neurology at Lehigh Valley Health Network and editor of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. The remaining 20% may have another attack or two throughout their lives. […] Doctors do know that TGA episodes usually have a trigger: a sudden plunge into hot or cold water; extreme physical exertion; a severe emotional jolt; sexual intercourse. […] In an episode of TGA, the machinery our brain uses to make new memories and also access old memories is offline, Sicotte explains. Its like a switch goes off. Maybe its a protective mechanism.

• #56 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21028-transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) causes sudden short-term memory loss that resolves on its own within 24 hours. […] During a TGA episode, you cant form new memories (a condition called anterograde amnesia), and you have difficulty recalling recent memories (a condition called retrograde amnesia). […] The main sign of transient global amnesia is a sudden inability to form new memories. Some people also cant recall memories from hours or days ago or longer in the past. […] People experiencing a TGA episode may: Appear disoriented and confused. Repeatedly ask the same questions, especially about the date, time and their location. […] In most cases, TGA episodes last one to 10 hours (six hours is average). In rare cases, symptoms may persist for up to 24 hours. […] There are usually no long-term issues related to transient global amnesia. In most cases, people experiencing TGA recover completely. When the episode is over, they can form new memories, but they wont remember what happened during the episode. Any other recent memories generally return within 24 hours. […] In rare cases, transient global results in longer-lasting memory issues. This issue generally occurs only for people who have repeated episodes. Recurring transient global amnesia episodes are rare less than 10% of people who experience TGA have another episode.

• #57 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] Vomiting, headache, blurry vision, dizziness, and nausea may be present. […] Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by the sudden onset of transient, anterograde amnesia without further focal neurologic deficits. Mental status is overall normal but may include mild confusion. […] Patients may have nausea, vomiting, headache, mild dizziness, or subjective visual blurring. […] Patients with TGA report feeling disoriented to time and believe that something is wrong with them. […] This disorientation and sensation occur because of the patient’s inability to encode new information with their episodic (short-term) memory. […] TGA may last less than an hour, usually resolves within six hours, and always resolves within 24 hours. […] The prognosis of TGA is uniformly good. […] The published TGA recurrence rate ranges from 2.9% to 23.8%.

• #58 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is characterized by sudden-onset anterograde and retrograde amnesia that typically lasts up to 24 hours. […] The classic presentation in transient global amnesia is abrupt onset of severe anterograde amnesia. […] Episodes usually last for 1 to 8 hours but may last from 30 minutes to 24 hours (rarely). Patients are often disoriented to time and place but usually not to personal identity. […] Prognosis is good. Symptoms typically last 24 hours. As the disorder resolves, the amnesia lessens, but memory for events during the episode may be lost. […] Although transient global amnesia usually does not recur, approximately 15% of patients have more than one episode.

• #59 Transient Global Amnesia: Causes, Symptoms, and Support

  https://www.healthline.com/health/amnesia/global-transient-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is a temporary loss of some memory. These episodes come on suddenly and typically last for a few hours before resolving on their own. […] People experiencing transient global amnesia aren’t able to make new memories. They’re not able to remember where they are, how they got there, or what’s happening. They might keep repeating the same questions or be unable to answer questions about events that happened in recent months. […] Being unable to create new memories or remember your recent past is the biggest symptom of transient global amnesia. Other symptoms include sudden onset of confusion and memory loss, memory loss that lasts no more than 34 hours (typically much shorter), repeating the same questions, knowing who you are, despite memory loss, recognizing familiar people, places, and objects, being awake and alert throughout the episode, normal thinking ability, no sign of brain damage, memory that returns gradually, and no epilepsy or seizure activity. […] People recover slowly over the course of a few hours and typically begin to remember events. […] Episodes typically last a few hours and then resolve on their own. No treatment is needed, but people with the condition can take steps to make sure they are prepared for future episodes.

• #60 Transient Global Amnesia – NeurologyNeeds.com

  https://www.neurologyneeds.com/patient-information-folders/transient-global-amnesia/

  During the attack, the loss of memory may be anterograde, describing the inability to form new memories, as well as retrograde meaning a loss of memory for a period of time before the attack. You may not, for instance, remember speaking to people or other events several days or weeks before the attack. Because of the anterograde amnesia, no new memories are formed for the duration of the attack, causing a gap in your memory once the attack subsides. Usually, the retrograde amnesia restores itself and memories from before the attack will return with time. […] During the attack, patients may be frightened, agitated, and confused. Patients tend to ask the same questions over and over, often in an identical manner. The answers to these questions are forgotten within seconds to minutes. Often heard questions are Where are we? or How did I get here?. Patients often wonder about the time when seeing a clock Is it three Oclock already? since they do not remember time passing. During the attack, the ability to recognise family or loved ones is not impaired, and older memories are still intact. People know who they are, and where they live for instance. The ability to move or speak also remains intact. After symptoms subside, patients may suffer a slight headache and experience problems concentrating for up to several weeks.

• #61 TGA, though frightening, is considered benign | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/tga-though-frightening-considered-benign

  Transient global amnesia is a type of memory disturbance that occurs suddenly, and, as the word transient describes, is temporary. Episodes last less than 24 hours and are typically far shorter than that. TGA is marked by a lapse in anterograde memory, the term for the brain’s ability to learn new information and to retain it. While this all sounds quite alarming and can be frightening to go through, TGA is considered a benign event. Episodes of transient global retrograde amnesia typically occur in middle-aged and older individuals. The primary symptoms are appearing disoriented or confused. Because TGA includes a loss of understanding of time and place, the person often repeatedly asks where they are and what time it is. Physical symptoms can include the dizziness that you experienced, which in some cases can lead to feeling nauseated and vomiting. Anxiety or headache can also occur. The focus is on supportive care for the duration of the episode. This includes keeping the person safe and comfortable and managing their anxiety. Physical symptoms commonly begin to improve within hours of the onset of TGA, and anterograde memory gradually returns. Once an episode ends, it is uncommon for symptoms to recur.

• #62 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Once resolved, the symptoms of transient global amnesia rarely recur. When the patient recovers from the transient global amnesia episode, the retrograde amnesia recovers in a telescopic manner, with the most remote memory recovering before more recent events. The events occurring during the amnesic episode are typically permanently lost. No other neurological deficits are present with this condition. […] Most cases of transient global amnesia occur as isolated events with favorable outcomes and negligible morbidity or mortality reported. Although recurrences are possible, their incidence varies from 2.9% to 26.3% over different follow-up periods, with a 10-year study showing a recurrence rate of 6.3%. […] Complications directly attributable to transient global amnesia are rare, given its typically benign and self-limiting nature. However, the episodic nature of transient global amnesia can lead to significant anxiety and distress for patients and their families during the acute episode.

• #63 Transient Global Amnesia – NeurologyNeeds.com

  https://www.neurologyneeds.com/patient-information-folders/transient-global-amnesia/

  In general, patients will only suffer Transient Global Amnesia once and recurrence is rare. The average recurrence rate is estimated to be 3-5% per year. Transient global amnesia has no direct complications, but it can cause emotional distress. If you have an episode, the gap in your memory can be unsettling, and you’re likely to worry about a recurrence. Also, a symptom as dramatic as memory loss often indicates a serious underlying disease. Transient global amnesia is an exception, but it can be hard to let go of the fear that you have a tumor or had a stroke.

• #64 Transient Global Amnesia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1160964-overview

  Generally, TGA is a solitary event, however, patients can experience more than one event with very similar symptoms and recovery. […] As the name implies, transient global amnesia symptoms are transient. […] The mean annual recurrence rate is thought to be low (approximately 45%). However, in the study by Miller et al, the calculated recurrence rate could be as high as 24% over a lifetime depending on inclusion criteria. […] These occasional recurrences usually involve no long-term morbidity or death. […] The typical age of occurrence is older than 50 years. […] No sex predilection has been observed. However, one study found that particular triggers may be associated with men and women. For men, transient global amnesia occurs more often after a physical precipitating event. In women, episodes may be more associated with emotional precipitating events, a history of anxiety, or pathological personality.

• #65 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.transient-global-amnesia-tga-care-instructions.bo1030

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a rare type of amnesia that causes sudden memory loss. When this happens you cannot remember events from your recent past or make new memories. You may also not know where you are, why you are there, or what the date is. You may ask the same question many times. Unlike other types of amnesia, you do know who you are and you can recognize people that you know. An episode usually does not last more than 6 hours and it rarely happens again. […] TGA does not increase the chance that you will have a stroke or seizures in the future. […] There is no treatment for TGA. Expect your symptoms to go away with time. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You suddenly lose your memory again. You have a seizure. You are dizzy. You are more confused, forgetful, or upset than usual. You notice changes in your behavior or personality. You begin to have trouble with familiar things, such as how to read or how to tell time.

• #66 Transient global amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia

  In the majority of cases there are no long-term effects other than a complete lack of recall for this period of the attack and an hour or two before its onset. However, while seemingly back to normal within 24 hours, there are subtle effects on memory that may persist longer. There is emerging evidence for observable impairments in a minority of cases weeks or even years following a TGA attack.

• #67 We Beg to Differ – Rare Disease Day 2026

  https://www.rarediseaseday.org/heroes/we-beg-to-differ/

  However, dramatic loss of memory for hours with no explanation of why leaves sufferers with anxiety nonetheless. […] Many of us live with the anxiety of waiting for the other shoe to drop. Indeed, despite assurances otherwise, a significant number of our members have had more than one sudden amnestic event, sometimes months apart, sometimes years apart. […] Our medical providers, after checking us out thoroughly and finding no cause for our transient global amnesia, smilingly tell us that no harm has been done: we will feel back to normal in a day or two, our memories will return, and we will almost assuredly never have another spell in our lifetime. Over and done with! Our families are relieved and we certainly wish to be, but as time goes on we realize that physical and mental changes remain. For instance, it has been over four years since my TGA, but I still experience continuing short-term memory issues, mild cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, odd little quirks, sleep problems, and concerns about developing Parkinson’s and/or Alzheimer’s.

• #68 Forgetting the Unforgettable: Transient Global Amnesia Part II: A Clinical Road Map

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3940

  TGA typically lasts a few hours, often 4 to 6 h, and always less than 24 h. […] Many studies have shown complete recovery of memory functioning several months after an episode of TGA. However, some authors have reported the persistence of a subclinical impairment of memory functions for months after the acute episode. […] The annual rate of TGA recurrence reported in different studies varies from 2.9 to 26.3%, depending on the length of follow-up and the sensitivity of the definition used to identify cases of TGA. […] In a recent study of 340 German TGA patients with a follow-up of at least five years, patients with TGA recurrence were significantly younger and had less extent of cerebral microangiopathy than patients with isolated TGA episodes.

• #69 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Once resolved, the symptoms of transient global amnesia rarely recur. When the patient recovers from the transient global amnesia episode, the retrograde amnesia recovers in a telescopic manner, with the most remote memory recovering before more recent events. The events occurring during the amnesic episode are typically permanently lost. No other neurological deficits are present with this condition. […] Most cases of transient global amnesia occur as isolated events with favorable outcomes and negligible morbidity or mortality reported. Although recurrences are possible, their incidence varies from 2.9% to 26.3% over different follow-up periods, with a 10-year study showing a recurrence rate of 6.3%. […] Complications directly attributable to transient global amnesia are rare, given its typically benign and self-limiting nature. However, the episodic nature of transient global amnesia can lead to significant anxiety and distress for patients and their families during the acute episode.

• #70 Transient Global Amnesia – NeurologyNeeds.com

  https://www.neurologyneeds.com/patient-information-folders/transient-global-amnesia/

  In general, patients will only suffer Transient Global Amnesia once and recurrence is rare. The average recurrence rate is estimated to be 3-5% per year. Transient global amnesia has no direct complications, but it can cause emotional distress. If you have an episode, the gap in your memory can be unsettling, and you’re likely to worry about a recurrence. Also, a symptom as dramatic as memory loss often indicates a serious underlying disease. Transient global amnesia is an exception, but it can be hard to let go of the fear that you have a tumor or had a stroke.

• #71 We Beg to Differ – Rare Disease Day 2026

  https://www.rarediseaseday.org/heroes/we-beg-to-differ/

  However, dramatic loss of memory for hours with no explanation of why leaves sufferers with anxiety nonetheless. […] Many of us live with the anxiety of waiting for the other shoe to drop. Indeed, despite assurances otherwise, a significant number of our members have had more than one sudden amnestic event, sometimes months apart, sometimes years apart. […] Our medical providers, after checking us out thoroughly and finding no cause for our transient global amnesia, smilingly tell us that no harm has been done: we will feel back to normal in a day or two, our memories will return, and we will almost assuredly never have another spell in our lifetime. Over and done with! Our families are relieved and we certainly wish to be, but as time goes on we realize that physical and mental changes remain. For instance, it has been over four years since my TGA, but I still experience continuing short-term memory issues, mild cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, odd little quirks, sleep problems, and concerns about developing Parkinson’s and/or Alzheimer’s.

• #72 We Beg to Differ – Rare Disease Day 2026

  https://www.rarediseaseday.org/heroes/we-beg-to-differ/

  Members also report migraines, a strong sense of unease, malaise, inability to multitask as before, being easily overstimulated in crowds or busy situations, sensitivity to strong sunlight or halogen lights at night, panic attacks, mental fogginess (quirks), and memory issues for months to years afterwards. […] There seems to be a variety of triggers for TGA: strong physical exertion, immersion in cold water, extreme stress, the Valsalva maneuver, migraines, and sexual intercourse/coital headache, to name a few. […] We are trying to find answers—we have SO many questions!

• #73 TGA – Transient Global Amnesia (temporary memory loss) | Neurological Disorders | Forums

  https://patient.info/forums/discuss/tga-transient-global-amnesia-temporary-memory-loss–508220

  I had a TGA two days ago, spent the night in a hospital and am now working through the after effects. […] I have no memory of anything after dropping them off (except for a couple small snippets either at the gym or when I came back to pick them up). […] I told her we should go to the ER. […] I don’t remember anything after that until a nurse was removing the EEG electrodes from my head. […] I hope it never happens again but having anything to help during it can be huge. […] I have not had a recurrence, but thinking maybe it was my blood pressure. […] I have been told that if you have 2 TGAs the likelihood of having another is 90%. […] I have identified mine as happening after a stressful CONFLICT situation involving people close to me e.g. family issues where I feel I have to take a stand but then it would have a major impact on family relationships. […] I’m convinced my TGAs are related to stress/anxiety.

• #74 The frightening effects of transient global amnesia – or temporary memory loss | The Independent | The Independent

  https://www.independent.co.uk/health-and-wellbeing/transient-global-amnesia-temporary-memory-loss-health-a9117091.html

  Though TGA is relatively rare, its causes remain unknown, and the memories lost during an episode can never be recovered. […] A diagnosis of exclusion: transient global amnesia, often called TGA. It is a temporary lapse in memory that can never be retrieved. […] Those with TGA do not experience any alteration in consciousness or abnormal movements. Only the ability to lay down memories is affected. All other parts of the brain appear to be working normally. […] TGA is a benign condition that leaves no lasting effects except perhaps frustration over the missing memories. An episode typically lasts for one to eight hours, most often resolves within a day, and happens again in only 4 or 5 per cent of patients. […] There is also no treatment. People simply have to wait out the episode and give any residual fogginess time to clear before returning to their usual activities.

• #75 Transient Global Amnesia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/transient-global-amnesia

  Transient global amnesia is characterized by sudden-onset anterograde and retrograde amnesia that typically lasts up to 24 hours. […] The classic presentation in transient global amnesia is abrupt onset of severe anterograde amnesia. […] Episodes usually last for 1 to 8 hours but may last from 30 minutes to 24 hours (rarely). Patients are often disoriented to time and place but usually not to personal identity. […] Prognosis is good. Symptoms typically last 24 hours. As the disorder resolves, the amnesia lessens, but memory for events during the episode may be lost. […] Although transient global amnesia usually does not recur, approximately 15% of patients have more than one episode.

• #76 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] Vomiting, headache, blurry vision, dizziness, and nausea may be present. […] Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by the sudden onset of transient, anterograde amnesia without further focal neurologic deficits. Mental status is overall normal but may include mild confusion. […] Patients may have nausea, vomiting, headache, mild dizziness, or subjective visual blurring. […] Patients with TGA report feeling disoriented to time and believe that something is wrong with them. […] This disorientation and sensation occur because of the patient’s inability to encode new information with their episodic (short-term) memory. […] TGA may last less than an hour, usually resolves within six hours, and always resolves within 24 hours. […] The prognosis of TGA is uniformly good. […] The published TGA recurrence rate ranges from 2.9% to 23.8%.

• #77

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10120/risk_factors_of_transient_global_amnesia__three.53.aspx

  The occurrence of different precipitating events and accurate questioning (in the absence of head trauma) seem to be key features in making the diagnosis of TGA, besides a complete neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular assessment. […] Close precipitating events for TGA are considered emotional stress (i.e., triggered by gastric endoscopy, birth/death announcement, and difficult/exhausting workday), physical effort (i.e., gardening, house work, and sawing wood), physical exertion (including sexual activity), and water contact/temperature change (i.e., hot bath/shower and cold swim). […] It is worthy to note that physical or psychological precipitating factors seem to be responsible for up to 90% of TGA episodes. […] Fortunately, the natural course of TGA is usually benign, self-limited, and without long-term residual sequelae, but a prompt diagnosis is mandatory to properly approach such clinical entity.

• #78 Guideline “Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): S1-guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-023-00240-0

  The incidence of TGA is estimated between 3 and 8 per 100,000 population per year. Most patients (75%) are between 50 and 70 years of age at onset. TGA in patients younger than 30 years has not been described. […] The risk of recurrence during the course ranges from 12 to 27%, with most patients (85%) experiencing 3 or fewer recurrences. […] In general, the prognosis of a TGA is very favorable: Although the acute amnesia usually disappears within 24 h, some patients sometimes still feel subjectively impaired and irritated for several days after the attack. Population-based studies and meta-analyses also showed complete regression of symptoms over the long-term course.

• #79 We Beg to Differ – Rare Disease Day 2026

  https://www.rarediseaseday.org/heroes/we-beg-to-differ/

  However, dramatic loss of memory for hours with no explanation of why leaves sufferers with anxiety nonetheless. […] Many of us live with the anxiety of waiting for the other shoe to drop. Indeed, despite assurances otherwise, a significant number of our members have had more than one sudden amnestic event, sometimes months apart, sometimes years apart. […] Our medical providers, after checking us out thoroughly and finding no cause for our transient global amnesia, smilingly tell us that no harm has been done: we will feel back to normal in a day or two, our memories will return, and we will almost assuredly never have another spell in our lifetime. Over and done with! Our families are relieved and we certainly wish to be, but as time goes on we realize that physical and mental changes remain. For instance, it has been over four years since my TGA, but I still experience continuing short-term memory issues, mild cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, odd little quirks, sleep problems, and concerns about developing Parkinson’s and/or Alzheimer’s.

• #80 Transient Global Amnesia – NeurologyNeeds.com

  https://www.neurologyneeds.com/patient-information-folders/transient-global-amnesia/

  In general, patients will only suffer Transient Global Amnesia once and recurrence is rare. The average recurrence rate is estimated to be 3-5% per year. Transient global amnesia has no direct complications, but it can cause emotional distress. If you have an episode, the gap in your memory can be unsettling, and you’re likely to worry about a recurrence. Also, a symptom as dramatic as memory loss often indicates a serious underlying disease. Transient global amnesia is an exception, but it can be hard to let go of the fear that you have a tumor or had a stroke.

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