Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/

  Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] However, early diagnosis is crucial to prevent worsening and further transmission, ultimately preserving productivity and reducing associated morbidity. […] Orf passes through 6 clinical stages and is usually diagnosed with a clinical history of handling sheep, goats, or other associated animals during one of the 6 clinical stages in a classic area. […] Testing through a skin biopsy or a polymerase chain reaction test may be used to aid in the diagnosis of suspicious lesions for which there is no specific clinical history of vague clinical symptoms. […] A positive exposure history and a suggestive physical exam are often enough to diagnose orf virus infection in most affected individuals. However, a punch/shave biopsy is diagnostic and the gold standard.

• #1 Orf Workup: Laboratory Studies, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-workup

  The diagnosis of orf is usually made based on the history of contact with infected animal and the presence of a typical clinical lesion, but there are laboratory studies that can aid in the diagnosis. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can definitively identify the virus and is available from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (telephone 404-639-4129). […] Clinicians should contact their state health department to coordinate PCR testing. […] Conventional histopathology of an orf skin biopsy may be of significant diagnostic value. […] No serologic tests are routinely performed for orf, but a detectable antibody response may be present. […] Serology cannot distinguish orf virus from other parapoxviruses such as paravaccinia (pseudocowpox) virus. […] Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of orf can be made by electron microscopy with negative staining of the crust or a small biopsy specimen.

• #1

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/orf-characteristics-and-diagnosis

  Orf is a skin disease caused by a parapox virus that affects sheep and goats. Orf is characterised by pustular or scabby lesions around the mouth and nostrils of lambs. […] Orf is transmissible to humans through direct close contact with an infected animal. The disease appears as single or multiple lesions, usually on the fingers, hands or forearms.

• #1 What Is Orf Virus?

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-orf-virus

  Orf Virus Diagnosis […] Its important to see your doctor if you suspect you have contracted orf. Some infectious diseases that are passed between livestock and humans may be mistaken for orf but will come with more serious complications that must be treated. For example, anthrax can be mistaken for orf and then prove fatal. For this reason, its important that a proper diagnosis is received. […] A viral swab, electron microscopy, or a skin biopsy can confirm if orf is present.

• #1 Contagious Ecthyma in Sheep and Goats – Integumentary System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/pox-diseases/contagious-ecthyma-in-sheep-and-goats

  Contagious ecthyma is an infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats that primarily affects the lips of young animals. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by PCR assay. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by PCR assay. […] The ecthyma lesion is characteristic. […] Electron microscopic direct demonstration of virus in scab material has now been replaced by PCR assay as the diagnostic method of choice for ecthyma. […] PCR analysis of the DNA extracted from orf lesion scabs provides molecular confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. […] This PCR assay has been used to detect ORFV and to conduct phylogenetic analysis of ORFV in different outbreaks. […] Another pan-parapoxvirus diagnostic PCR assay is based on the amplification of an internal region of the orf045 gene (coding for very late transcription factor 1 [VLTF-1]). This PCR test has high specificity and sensitivity.

• #1 Review on Pathological Changes and Diagnosis Techniques of Contagious Ecthyma in Small Ruminant

  https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/review-on-pathological-changes-and-diagnosis-techniques-of-contagious-ecthyma-in-small-ruminant-90856.html

  A definitive diagnosis is based on viral isolation and an immunologic test. […] Molecular identification and investigation several molecular diagnostic methods including Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Quantitative PCR (qPCR) have been developed to detect orf virus. […] The classical roles for diagnosis, which might depend on histopathological examinations and clinical manifestations were less accurate, since the isolation of the virus is thought to be the golden standard method, but its need time. […] Nevertheless, with the development of molecular biology, as the polymerase chain reaction technique is widely used to amplify genomic fragments from the specimens of diseased sheep and it has a strong tool in molecular diagnosis. […] The diagnosis is generally based on clinical signs, which are typical.

• #1 Orf Workup: Laboratory Studies, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-workup

  Electron microscopy has also been performed on fluid obtained from the orf lesion. […] It demonstrates classic ovoid cross-hatched virions but cannot be used to distinguish orf virus from other parapoxviruses. […] Tissue culture with passage of the orf virus to sheep cell cultures is an option; however, the growth of the virus is slow and inconstant.

• #1 Orf (ecthyma contagiosum, scabby mouth [in animals]) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/orf-ecthyma-contagiosum-scabby-mouth-in-animals/

  Orf lesions (and other parapoxvirus lesions) begin as a small papule, and then enlarge into a pustulovesicular lesion, which will range from erythematous to violaceous in color and from 5mm to up to several centimeters in diameter, until they involute and scab. […] A clinical diagnosis may be made with a classic lesion and good exposure history; often patients will not present for health care and definitive diagnosis because they (or their vet) recognize the infection and know it is self-limited. […] Serology for parapoxviruses is also challenging, but has been developed by the California State Department of Health Services Laboratory and may be performed at special request. […] The infectious agent is orf virus (genus Parapoxvirus, species orf), a common infection of sheep and goats. Infection of an immunocompetent human leads to a localized, self-limited infection.

• #1 Orf – MSD Animal Health Republic of Ireland

  https://www.msd-animal-health.ie/species/sheep/orf/

  Orf is a contagious disease of sheep caused by a pox virus. […] The clinical consequences of infection are determined by the strain of virus, the immune resistance of the animal infected and other factors. […] Clinical signs of orf are highly indicative of infection but laboratory tests are required for a definitive diagnosis. […] Samples (that can be submitted for culture and identification of the virus as the causal agent in disease) include scabs from affected areas. […] Orf is rarely fatal. However in young lambs, disease may be confirmed on post mortem examination with microscopic findings of classical lesions.

• #1 Vet Times: Latest Veterinary News, Jobs & Clinical Resources

  https://www.vettimes.com/news/vets/livestock/diagnosis-andtreatment-of-orf

  The immunity obtained by the actual disease is very protective animals infected naturally are highly resistant to further infection. […] There has been work on a parenteral vaccine, which seems to be highly effective. […] It is possible for an orf infection to be mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), though I think this is unlikely, as the scabby lesions of orf do not look like the vesicles of FMD. […] Orf is a nasty complaint in humans and should not be treated lightly cleanliness and hygiene are important. […] It is particularly a problem at lambing time in heavily pregnant ewes, which are struggling with their nutrition, and in lactating ewes, which are at risk from mastitis. […] Therefore, it is up to us, as veterinarians, to warn farmers of these dangers and dispel any complacency.

• #1 Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1138

  Orf is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by Orf virus (ORFV), which is endemic in sheep and goats worldwide. Human Orf is usually a self-limiting disease, but potential complications, including immune-mediated reactions, may occur. […] The prevailing immunological reaction was erythema multiforme (26, 59.1%), followed by bullous pemphigoid (7, 15.9%). […] The main highlight of our work is the presentation of complicated Orf from an infectious diseases specialist’s point of view. A better understanding of the disease and its complications is essential to achieve the correct management of cases. […] The diagnosis in humans is usually based on the anamnesis and the clinical features. However, because of the extensive clinical differential diagnosis of primary lesions and secondary immunological reactions, as well as the unfamiliarity of many physicians with this disease, especially in areas where it is uncommon, currently Orf is under-recognized, often leading to delayed diagnosis and inappropriate treatments. […] Erythema multiforme and bullous pemphigoid are the most frequently reported Orf-induced immunological diseases, and the diagnosis is usually based on clinical and epidemiological features; however, histopathological examination and direct immunofluorescence may help in achieving a prompt diagnosis.

• #1 Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of Orf virus from goats in China: a case report | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-7-78

  Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious pustular dermatitis and is the prototype of the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV). It causes a severe exanthematous dermatitis that afflicts domestic and wild small ruminants. […] The presence of ORFV in tissue scrapings from the lips was confirmed by B2L gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The molecular characterization of the ORFV was performed using PCR amplification, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the B2L gene. […] The results of this investigation indicated that the outbreak was caused by infection with an ORFV that was closely related genetically to Nantou (DQ934351), which was isolated from the Tai wan province of China and Hoping (EU935106), which originated from South Korea in 2008. This is the first report of the phylogenetic analysis of ORFV from goats in China.

• #1

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/orf

  Orf is a zoonotic viral skin infection that is contracted from sheep and goats. […] Orf is generally diagnosed clinically, in a person that has been handling sheep or goats. […] The infection can be confirmed on a viral swab, skin biopsy or vesicular fluid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). […] No specific treatment is necessary in most cases, as orf usually clears up by itself in about 6 weeks. […] Secondary bacterial infection should be treated with antibiotics. […] Sheep and goat farmers should be aware of the possibility of orf and wear non-porous rubber gloves when handling the animals, particularly lambs and kids.

• #1 Vet Times: Latest Veterinary News, Jobs & Clinical Resources

  https://www.vettimes.com/news/vets/livestock/diagnosis-andtreatment-of-orf

  Graham Duncanson reveals the signs that could mean orf is present in a flock and warns of its zoonotic potential. […] When I used to do a meat inspection for an hour each week, I came across a case of orf in one of the slaughtermen. […] The Veterinary Investigation Centre in Norwich confirmed the case as orf and it took weeks to heal. […] I have always taken the zoonotic aspects of this disease very seriously ever since. […] Orf, which should be called contagious pustular dermatitis, is not a pox virus but a Parapoxvirus. […] Orf in sheep is normally self-limiting, like pseudocowpox and bovine papular stomatitis are in cattle, but orf seems to cause more problems. […] Philip Scott, reader in division of veterinary clinical sciences at the University of Edinburgh, has done some excellent evidence based medicine that shows the beneficial effects of intramuscular injections of procaine penicillin in severe cases of orf.

• #1 Finger nodules with a papulovesicular hands and feet eruption: a complicated human Orf virus infection | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-08998-7

  Orf virus (ORFV) is the pathogen responsible for Orf, a zoonotic viral infection that can be spread to humans from sheep and goats. […] A biopsy of the lesions was performed and a diagnosis of Orf complicated by widespread erythema multiforme was made based on the clinical and histopathological features. […] Orf is not very prevalent in our region, so we performed a biopsy of the lesion to guide us toward a diagnosis. […] Current studies suggest that ORFV can cause a variety of hypersensitivity reactions being erythema multiforme (EM) the most common immunological consequence recorded, which typically appears before the primary lesions have completely healed and generally 3 weeks following the onset of Orf. […] According to the literature, only a limited number of patients undergo a biopsy.

• #1 Orf (ecthyma contagiosum, scabby mouth [in animals]) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/orf-ecthyma-contagiosum-scabby-mouth-in-animals/

  Parapoxviruses such as orf virus do not disseminate through the bloodstream. They may become superinfected with bacteria, and patients may become septic from this complication. […] In otherwise healthy patients, orf infection is self-limiting. No treatment is required; however, recent reports indicate that use of topical imiquimod will reduce the time of healing in relatively immunocompetent patients. […] When patients with poor immune function become infected with orf virus, medical intervention will be necessary. […] Topical imiquimod cured a woman with progressive orf lesions (giant orf), even after failure of intralesional cidofovir injections. […] No special management is required in patients with normal immune systems. They should be counseled about using gloves and proper hand hygiene when handling infected animals in the future (patients can get reinfected).

• #1 Orf Virus in Humans: Case Series and Clinical Review | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/cutis/article/256132/infectious-diseases/orf-virus-humans-case-series-and-clinical-review

  Ecthyma contagiosum (orf), a worldwide cause of the hand pustule, is caused by orf virus, a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, which causes an epitheliotropic zoonotic infection that spreads from ruminants (even-toed ungulate mammals such as sheep or goats) to humans. […] Although its 1-cm solitary hand pustule often is easily diagnosed by the experienced dermatologist, the goal of this review is to expand the understanding of the presentation, differential diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. […] Early and rapid diagnosis of this classic condition are critical to prevent unnecessary biopsies or extensive testing, and determination of etiology can be important to prevent reinfection or spread to other humans by the same infected animal. […] Ecthyma contagiosum is caused by orf virus, an epitheliotropic zoonotic infection that spreads from ruminants to humans.

• #1 Human Orf Virus Infection from Household Exposures — United States, 2009–2011

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6114a3.htm

  Clinicians should be knowledgeable about household risks and should be able to recognize signs of orf infection. […] Orf virus infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with clinically compatible skin lesions and a history of household meat processing or animal slaughter. Persons and communities with these exposure risks also should receive counseling regarding the use of nonpermeable gloves and hand hygiene to prevent infection.

• #2 Orf virus infection – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/orf-virus-infection/print

  Orf is a highly contagious, zoonotic, self-limited viral infection that threatens individuals who handle sheep and goats. The cause of orf is the orf virus. Other terms for orf include „ecthyma contagiosum,” „infectious pustular dermatitis,” and „contagious pustular dermatitis.” […] In humans, orf usually presents as an evolving, erythematous nodule on the hand. The infection typically resolves spontaneously within six to eight weeks. […] The risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of orf virus infection will be reviewed here. […] Orf virus is highly contagious. Loss of epithelial barrier integrity (ie, abrasion or other skin break) is the most important predisposing factor for infection.

• #2

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/orf

  Orf is a zoonotic viral skin infection that is contracted from sheep and goats. […] Orf is generally diagnosed clinically, in a person that has been handling sheep or goats. […] The infection can be confirmed on a viral swab, skin biopsy or vesicular fluid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). […] No specific treatment is necessary in most cases, as orf usually clears up by itself in about 6 weeks. […] Secondary bacterial infection should be treated with antibiotics. […] Sheep and goat farmers should be aware of the possibility of orf and wear non-porous rubber gloves when handling the animals, particularly lambs and kids.

• #2 Orf (ecthyma contagiosum, scabby mouth [in animals]) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/orf-ecthyma-contagiosum-scabby-mouth-in-animals/

  Orf lesions (and other parapoxvirus lesions) begin as a small papule, and then enlarge into a pustulovesicular lesion, which will range from erythematous to violaceous in color and from 5mm to up to several centimeters in diameter, until they involute and scab. […] A clinical diagnosis may be made with a classic lesion and good exposure history; often patients will not present for health care and definitive diagnosis because they (or their vet) recognize the infection and know it is self-limited. […] Serology for parapoxviruses is also challenging, but has been developed by the California State Department of Health Services Laboratory and may be performed at special request. […] The infectious agent is orf virus (genus Parapoxvirus, species orf), a common infection of sheep and goats. Infection of an immunocompetent human leads to a localized, self-limited infection.

• #2 Vet Times: Latest Veterinary News, Jobs & Clinical Resources

  https://www.vettimes.com/news/vets/livestock/diagnosis-andtreatment-of-orf

  The immunity obtained by the actual disease is very protective animals infected naturally are highly resistant to further infection. […] There has been work on a parenteral vaccine, which seems to be highly effective. […] It is possible for an orf infection to be mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), though I think this is unlikely, as the scabby lesions of orf do not look like the vesicles of FMD. […] Orf is a nasty complaint in humans and should not be treated lightly cleanliness and hygiene are important. […] It is particularly a problem at lambing time in heavily pregnant ewes, which are struggling with their nutrition, and in lactating ewes, which are at risk from mastitis. […] Therefore, it is up to us, as veterinarians, to warn farmers of these dangers and dispel any complacency.

• #2 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/

  Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] However, early diagnosis is crucial to prevent worsening and further transmission, ultimately preserving productivity and reducing associated morbidity. […] Orf passes through 6 clinical stages and is usually diagnosed with a clinical history of handling sheep, goats, or other associated animals during one of the 6 clinical stages in a classic area. […] Testing through a skin biopsy or a polymerase chain reaction test may be used to aid in the diagnosis of suspicious lesions for which there is no specific clinical history of vague clinical symptoms. […] A positive exposure history and a suggestive physical exam are often enough to diagnose orf virus infection in most affected individuals. However, a punch/shave biopsy is diagnostic and the gold standard.

• #2 Contagious Ecthyma in Sheep and Goats – Integumentary System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/pox-diseases/contagious-ecthyma-in-sheep-and-goats

  Contagious ecthyma is an infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats that primarily affects the lips of young animals. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by PCR assay. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by PCR assay. […] The ecthyma lesion is characteristic. […] Electron microscopic direct demonstration of virus in scab material has now been replaced by PCR assay as the diagnostic method of choice for ecthyma. […] PCR analysis of the DNA extracted from orf lesion scabs provides molecular confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. […] This PCR assay has been used to detect ORFV and to conduct phylogenetic analysis of ORFV in different outbreaks. […] Another pan-parapoxvirus diagnostic PCR assay is based on the amplification of an internal region of the orf045 gene (coding for very late transcription factor 1 [VLTF-1]). This PCR test has high specificity and sensitivity.

• #2 Molecular Diagnosis and Application of Combined Alternative Treatment in Lesions Developing in the Oral Region due to Orf Virus in Sheep and Goats

  https://arccjournals.com/journal/indian-journal-of-animal-research/BF-1665

  Molecular Diagnosis and Application of Combined Alternative Treatment in Lesions Developing in the Oral Region due to Orf Virus in Sheep and Goats […] Orf virus (ORFV) is a zoonotic pathogen that infects sheep and goats, causing significant economic losses. The infection results in proliferative and self-limiting crustal lesions, commonly seen on the skin of the lips and around the nostrils of sheep and goats and occasionally on their feet and teats. ORFV infection is prevalent worldwide and endemic in regions where sheep and goats are raised. Vaccines are widely used to protect against ORFV-induced ecthyma in these animals. However, the disease has become increasingly prevalent throughout the year in small ruminants, necessitating the development of new approaches to treat it. […] PCR tests provide rapid and reliable results in the diagnosis of ORFV. The use of triple combined alternative treatments, in addition to ORFV preventive vaccinations in sheep and goats, was found to be successful in treating ORFV infections. The animals showed recovery or regression within a range of 5 to 21 days. […] In conclusion, different ORFV primers and PCR test applications that are commonly used for detection can be appropriate and it is recommended to work with other different ORFV primers. Tests such as histopathology and immunohistochemistry can also be used for confirmation. In addition to ORFV preventive vaccinations in sheep and goats, our study has shown that the use of triple combined alternative applications was successful for treating affected animals effectively.

• #2 Orf Workup: Laboratory Studies, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-workup

  Electron microscopy has also been performed on fluid obtained from the orf lesion. […] It demonstrates classic ovoid cross-hatched virions but cannot be used to distinguish orf virus from other parapoxviruses. […] Tissue culture with passage of the orf virus to sheep cell cultures is an option; however, the growth of the virus is slow and inconstant.

• #2 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf)

  https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/sheep/contagious-pustular-dermatitis-orf/

  Contagious pustular dermatitis virus (Also referred to as, CPD, Orf, Scabby Mouth, Contagious Ecthyma) most commonly results in proliferative lesions following trauma of the coronary band and lips/gums being particularly severe in artificially-reared lambs. […] Contagious pustular dermatitis is a zoonosis (can affect man) and precautions are necessary when handling suspected cases. […] The diagnosis of CPD is based upon the finding of large proliferative lesions around the lips and nostrils of growing lambs. Virus can be demonstrated at veterinary laboratories by direct electron microscopy of fresh lesions. […] Early lesions of CPD are readily distinguished from foot and mouth disease and Bluetongue but farmers must always consult their veterinary surgeon if they are in any doubt.

• #2 Read-Only Case Details Reviewed: Oct 2010

  https://www.askjpc.org/vspo/show_page.php?id=ZHdSeTlPYkk2MVpxTDNnbFp5WjZ5dz09

  TYPICAL MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS: Marked epidermal hyperplasia with accentuated rete ridge formation; intraepidermal microabscesses; stratum spinosum keratinocytes are swollen (hydropic change, ballooning degeneration) and vacuolated (multiloculated intraepidermal vesicles, reticular degeneration); thick crust composed of orthokeratotic and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, proteinaceous fluid, degenerate neutrophils, and bacteria […] Orf virus encodes for several factors that help it evade the host immune response […] Orf virus (described above) […] Humans – orf virus is zoonotic; solitary lesions develop from macular to papular lesions to large nodules that, in some cases, become papillomatous; called milker’s nodules (if acquired from cows) or orf (if acquired from sheep or wild artiodactyls).

• #2 Orf Virus in Humans: Case Series and Clinical Review | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/cutis/article/256132/infectious-diseases/orf-virus-humans-case-series-and-clinical-review

  Early and rapid diagnosis of this classic condition is critical to prevent unnecessary biopsies or extensive testing, and determination of etiology can be important in preventing reinfection or spread to other humans by the same infected animal. […] Recognizing orf virus as the etiology of a cutaneous hand pustule in patients is important, as misdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary invasive testing and/or treatments with suboptimal clinical outcomes. […] A punch biopsy revealed evidence of parapoxvirus infection consistent with a diagnosis of orf. […] A punch biopsy was obtained and was consistent with orf virus infection. […] A shave biopsy of the lesion was consistent with orf virus.

• #2 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf Disease) – Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns

  https://researcherslinks.com/table_contents_detail/Advances-in-Animal-and-Veterinary-Sciences/33/578/html

  The transmission of disease into susceptible sheep and goats leading to exanthema followed by development of antibodies to CPD virus have been widely used as a diagnostic tool. […] Agar gel precipitation, agglutination, haemagglutination and indirect haemagglutination, complement fixation and immunofluorescence tests and ELISA have been used for detecting orf virus antigen and antibodies. […] Diagnosis between capripox virus (CPV) and CPD virus infections have been made possible by western-blot analysis as CPV hyperimmune sera did not react with any CPDV protein which corresponds to 26Kd protein of CPV and significantly CPDV hyperimmune serum did not recognize the 32Kd protein of CPV. […] The naturally recovered or vaccinated animals were protected against reinfection or repeated challenge irrespective of the inhibition of growth of virus by immune serum. […] The prophylactic vaccination controls CPD. […] Although, current vaccines can control the disease but continuous presence of virus in the environment is increasing the risk of disease to other species of animals.

• #2 Contagious Ecthyma and its Public Health Significance

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jdvs/JDVS.MS.ID.555711.php

  Since PCR technique was used for diagnosis of contagious ecthyma there by samples were found positive by PCR showing the predicted PCR amplicon size of 408 bp. […] Orf is differentially diagnosed from sheep pox, foot and mouth disease (FMD), staphylococcal dermatitis, Dermatophilosis, Bluetongue, facial eczema and ulcerative dermatosis. […] The infection in human beings is still known as human orf. […] The infections occur most frequently during lambing, shearing, docking, drenching or slaughtering of affected animals and resulted in localized lesions which can heal spontaneously. […] Contagious ecthyma, caused by parapox virus, is one of the most common skin diseases of sheep, goats and other domesticated as well as wild ruminants. […] Since the CE is a viral disease, there is no definitive treatment for infection in humans or animals.

• #2 Diagnosis – IPPF

  https://www.pemphigus.org/diagnosis/

  Please note that immunofluorescent testing (testing for circulating antibodies) for MMP is highly unreliable and is negative in the majority of cases. It is important to obtain positive direct immunofluorescence results (biopsies), even if it requires repeat biopsies because it can mimic other diseases such as lichen planus. […] P/P patients are often misdiagnosed as having a more common illness that is seen more frequently by medical and dental professionals. Clinically, P/P can mimic other oral inflammatory conditions, such as lichen planus, candidiasis, and periodontal disease. The most common misdiagnoses of P/P are erythema multiforme, herpes simplex virus, and candida. Many oral diseases can have similar appearances. A biopsy and immunofluorescent studies are needed to achieve a correct diagnosis.

• #2 Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of Orf virus from goats in China: a case report | Virology Journal | Full Text

  https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-7-78

  A conventional PCR method that is based on the amplification of the B2L gene has been used for the detection of ORFV by PCR. […] To confirm whether the causative agent was present in skin scrapings, PCR of the complete B2L gene was used in this study. […] We conclude that the Chinese ORFV involved in this outbreak was closely related phylogenetically to Nantou (DQ934351) and Hoping (EU935106). This is the first report to provide phylogenetic information about an ORFV strain in China, which will be of use for prospective studies in public health.

• #2 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/

  Orf viral infection, as a zoonotic host-switch illness, generally has a favorable prognosis. The lesions are self-limiting, and in immunocompetent patients, symptoms typically resolve spontaneously within a 4- to 6-week period. […] Secondary bacterial infections are possible complications of orf infection.

• #2 Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/5/1138

  Orf is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by Orf virus (ORFV), which is endemic in sheep and goats worldwide. Human Orf is usually a self-limiting disease, but potential complications, including immune-mediated reactions, may occur. […] The prevailing immunological reaction was erythema multiforme (26, 59.1%), followed by bullous pemphigoid (7, 15.9%). […] The main highlight of our work is the presentation of complicated Orf from an infectious diseases specialist’s point of view. A better understanding of the disease and its complications is essential to achieve the correct management of cases. […] The diagnosis in humans is usually based on the anamnesis and the clinical features. However, because of the extensive clinical differential diagnosis of primary lesions and secondary immunological reactions, as well as the unfamiliarity of many physicians with this disease, especially in areas where it is uncommon, currently Orf is under-recognized, often leading to delayed diagnosis and inappropriate treatments. […] Erythema multiforme and bullous pemphigoid are the most frequently reported Orf-induced immunological diseases, and the diagnosis is usually based on clinical and epidemiological features; however, histopathological examination and direct immunofluorescence may help in achieving a prompt diagnosis.

• #2 Human Orf Virus Infection from Household Exposures — United States, 2009–2011

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6114a3.htm

  Orf, also known as contagious ecthyma, is a zoonotic infection caused by a dermatotropic parapoxvirus that commonly infects sheep and goats; it is transmitted to humans through contact with an infected animal or fomites. […] Human infection typically is associated with occupational animal contact and has been reported in children after visiting petting zoos and livestock fairs. […] This report describes four cases of human orf associated with household meat processing or animal slaughter, highlighting the importance of nontraditional risk factors. Orf should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with clinically compatible skin lesions and a history of household meat processing or animal slaughter. […] Although human orf cases most commonly are reported as a result of occupational exposure to infected sheep and goats, household meat preparation and animal slaughter also pose risks for orf infection.

• #2 Human Orf Virus Infection from Household Exposures — United States, 2009–2011

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6114a3.htm

  Clinicians should be knowledgeable about household risks and should be able to recognize signs of orf infection. […] Orf virus infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with clinically compatible skin lesions and a history of household meat processing or animal slaughter. Persons and communities with these exposure risks also should receive counseling regarding the use of nonpermeable gloves and hand hygiene to prevent infection.

• #2 Orf (ecthyma contagiosum, scabby mouth [in animals]) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/orf-ecthyma-contagiosum-scabby-mouth-in-animals/

  Parapoxviruses such as orf virus do not disseminate through the bloodstream. They may become superinfected with bacteria, and patients may become septic from this complication. […] In otherwise healthy patients, orf infection is self-limiting. No treatment is required; however, recent reports indicate that use of topical imiquimod will reduce the time of healing in relatively immunocompetent patients. […] When patients with poor immune function become infected with orf virus, medical intervention will be necessary. […] Topical imiquimod cured a woman with progressive orf lesions (giant orf), even after failure of intralesional cidofovir injections. […] No special management is required in patients with normal immune systems. They should be counseled about using gloves and proper hand hygiene when handling infected animals in the future (patients can get reinfected).

• #2 Orf Virus in Humans: Case Series and Clinical Review | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/cutis/article/256132/infectious-diseases/orf-virus-humans-case-series-and-clinical-review

  Ecthyma contagiosum (orf), a worldwide cause of the hand pustule, is caused by orf virus, a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, which causes an epitheliotropic zoonotic infection that spreads from ruminants (even-toed ungulate mammals such as sheep or goats) to humans. […] Although its 1-cm solitary hand pustule often is easily diagnosed by the experienced dermatologist, the goal of this review is to expand the understanding of the presentation, differential diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. […] Early and rapid diagnosis of this classic condition are critical to prevent unnecessary biopsies or extensive testing, and determination of etiology can be important to prevent reinfection or spread to other humans by the same infected animal. […] Ecthyma contagiosum is caused by orf virus, an epitheliotropic zoonotic infection that spreads from ruminants to humans.

• #3 Review on Pathological Changes and Diagnosis Techniques of Contagious Ecthyma in Small Ruminant

  https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/review-on-pathological-changes-and-diagnosis-techniques-of-contagious-ecthyma-in-small-ruminant-90856.html

  Contagious ecthyma or alternatively called contagious pustular dermatitis is a viral disease of sheep and goat caused by contagious ecthyma virus. […] The objective of this review is to give emphasis about pathological features (lesions) and diagnosis techniques of contagious ecthyma in sheep and goat. […] A definitive diagnosis is based on viral isolation and an immunologic test. Histopathology is also helpful. […] Molecular identification and investigation several molecular diagnostic methods including polymerase chain reaction, serological tests such as agar gel precipitation test, agglutination test, complement fixation test. […] Diagnosis is based on presence of symptoms and a history of contact with infected sheep, goats, or wild ungulates, the characteristics and location of the lesions, as well as herd history of previous outbreaks.

• #3 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/

  Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] However, early diagnosis is crucial to prevent worsening and further transmission, ultimately preserving productivity and reducing associated morbidity. […] Orf passes through 6 clinical stages and is usually diagnosed with a clinical history of handling sheep, goats, or other associated animals during one of the 6 clinical stages in a classic area. […] Testing through a skin biopsy or a polymerase chain reaction test may be used to aid in the diagnosis of suspicious lesions for which there is no specific clinical history of vague clinical symptoms. […] A positive exposure history and a suggestive physical exam are often enough to diagnose orf virus infection in most affected individuals. However, a punch/shave biopsy is diagnostic and the gold standard.

• #3 Orf Virus in Humans: Case Series and Clinical Review | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/cutis/article/256132/infectious-diseases/orf-virus-humans-case-series-and-clinical-review

  Ecthyma contagiosum (orf), a worldwide cause of the hand pustule, is caused by orf virus, a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, which causes an epitheliotropic zoonotic infection that spreads from ruminants (even-toed ungulate mammals such as sheep or goats) to humans. […] Although its 1-cm solitary hand pustule often is easily diagnosed by the experienced dermatologist, the goal of this review is to expand the understanding of the presentation, differential diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. […] Early and rapid diagnosis of this classic condition are critical to prevent unnecessary biopsies or extensive testing, and determination of etiology can be important to prevent reinfection or spread to other humans by the same infected animal. […] Ecthyma contagiosum is caused by orf virus, an epitheliotropic zoonotic infection that spreads from ruminants to humans.

• #3 Contagious Ecthyma and its Public Health Significance

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jdvs/JDVS.MS.ID.555711.php

  Since PCR technique was used for diagnosis of contagious ecthyma there by samples were found positive by PCR showing the predicted PCR amplicon size of 408 bp. […] Orf is differentially diagnosed from sheep pox, foot and mouth disease (FMD), staphylococcal dermatitis, Dermatophilosis, Bluetongue, facial eczema and ulcerative dermatosis. […] The infection in human beings is still known as human orf. […] The infections occur most frequently during lambing, shearing, docking, drenching or slaughtering of affected animals and resulted in localized lesions which can heal spontaneously. […] Contagious ecthyma, caused by parapox virus, is one of the most common skin diseases of sheep, goats and other domesticated as well as wild ruminants. […] Since the CE is a viral disease, there is no definitive treatment for infection in humans or animals.

• #3 Polymerase chain reaction for laboratory diagnosis of orf virus infections – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11744431/

  The orf virus of sheep and goats is one of several zoonotic parapoxviruses. […] Clinical diagnosis is often possible, but laboratory diagnosis is sometimes necessary. […] A robust PCR was developed, with very small inter-run variation. […] This PCR seems to be suitable as a diagnostic test for orf in humans, but asymptomatic virus shedding in sheep or goats may complicate veterinary applications of the assay.

• #3 WADDL | College of Veterinary Medicine | Washington State University

  https://tests.waddl.vetmed.wsu.edu/Tests/Details/8196

  Detection of Orf virus (causative agent of contagious ecthyma) by real-time PCR. […] Specimens Required: 1 g fresh, frozen, or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) scab or vesicular skin lesion. […] Cell cultures or supernatants from cell cultures suspected as being infected with Orf virus.

• #3 Review on Pathological Changes and Diagnosis Techniques of Contagious Ecthyma in Small Ruminant

  https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/review-on-pathological-changes-and-diagnosis-techniques-of-contagious-ecthyma-in-small-ruminant-90856.html

  Orf lesions are differentiated from oral lesions of FMD and Bluetongue by the clinical signs of crusty scabs as opposed to erosions and ulcerative lesions. […] The primary lesion develops at the mucocutaneous junction of the lips and around erupting incisor teeth and may extend to the mucosa of the buccal cavity. […] Diagnosis of Orf based on traditional method is not accurate to identify the level of infection and as a result, we established a molecular diagnostic approach using PCR for confirmation of the virus and discriminating from other bacterial and viral pathogens.

• #3 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf Disease) – Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns

  https://researcherslinks.com/table_contents_detail/Advances-in-Animal-and-Veterinary-Sciences/33/578/html

  Contagious pustular dermatitis (CPD), also known as Orf or contagious ecthyma is an important viral disease of sheep and goats. […] The causative agent of disease is Orf virus, type species of the genus Parapoxvirus belonging to family Poxviridae. […] The disease can be diagnosed by electron microscopy, serological tests and PCR/ quantitative real-time PCR. […] Virus specific antibody response to structural proteins of capripox and orf viruses in western-blot analysis readily differentiates these two infections. […] Although, the role of humoral immunity is well established but probably cell mediated immunity plays a major role in recovery from natural infections. […] The disease is also of public health significance as it causes infection in human beings. […] As per World Organization for Animal Health, Orf is a notifiable disease and also a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans.

• #3 Orf (ecthyma contagiosum, scabby mouth [in animals]) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/orf-ecthyma-contagiosum-scabby-mouth-in-animals/

  Parapoxviruses such as orf virus do not disseminate through the bloodstream. They may become superinfected with bacteria, and patients may become septic from this complication. […] In otherwise healthy patients, orf infection is self-limiting. No treatment is required; however, recent reports indicate that use of topical imiquimod will reduce the time of healing in relatively immunocompetent patients. […] When patients with poor immune function become infected with orf virus, medical intervention will be necessary. […] Topical imiquimod cured a woman with progressive orf lesions (giant orf), even after failure of intralesional cidofovir injections. […] No special management is required in patients with normal immune systems. They should be counseled about using gloves and proper hand hygiene when handling infected animals in the future (patients can get reinfected).

• #3 Vet Times: Latest Veterinary News, Jobs & Clinical Resources

  https://www.vettimes.com/news/vets/livestock/diagnosis-andtreatment-of-orf

  Orf is not supposed to affect other species other than the sheep and man, but I am sure I have seen the condition in goats and llamas. […] The main concern would be in mixed sheep flocks and goat herds. […] If orf is seen in small mixed groups on hobby farms, aggressive antibiotic therapy should be implemented. […] The term for the human condition is farmyard pox. […] Where orf does not cause pruritis in sheep, it certainly does in humans and I am sure secondary infection makes the condition considerably worse. […] I treat these cases very aggressively I give five days of intramuscular injections of procaine penicillin and streptomycin combination with a topical treatment of Battles Summer Fly Cream for the prepuce. […] I always advise procaine penicillin in severe cases of orf.

• #3 Contagious Ecthyma in Sheep and Goats – Integumentary System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/pox-diseases/contagious-ecthyma-in-sheep-and-goats

  Contagious ecthyma is an infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats that primarily affects the lips of young animals. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by PCR assay. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by PCR assay. […] The ecthyma lesion is characteristic. […] Electron microscopic direct demonstration of virus in scab material has now been replaced by PCR assay as the diagnostic method of choice for ecthyma. […] PCR analysis of the DNA extracted from orf lesion scabs provides molecular confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. […] This PCR assay has been used to detect ORFV and to conduct phylogenetic analysis of ORFV in different outbreaks. […] Another pan-parapoxvirus diagnostic PCR assay is based on the amplification of an internal region of the orf045 gene (coding for very late transcription factor 1 [VLTF-1]). This PCR test has high specificity and sensitivity.

• #3 Orf Virus in Humans: Case Series and Clinical Review | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/cutis/article/256132/infectious-diseases/orf-virus-humans-case-series-and-clinical-review

  Early and rapid diagnosis of this classic condition is critical to prevent unnecessary biopsies or extensive testing, and determination of etiology can be important in preventing reinfection or spread to other humans by the same infected animal. […] Recognizing orf virus as the etiology of a cutaneous hand pustule in patients is important, as misdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary invasive testing and/or treatments with suboptimal clinical outcomes. […] A punch biopsy revealed evidence of parapoxvirus infection consistent with a diagnosis of orf. […] A punch biopsy was obtained and was consistent with orf virus infection. […] A shave biopsy of the lesion was consistent with orf virus.

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