Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf

  https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/

  Orf is a contagious virus that usually causes scabs and lesions in the mouth and gums of the infected animal. It mainly affects animals in the first year of their life, however, infected lambs can transmit the virus to the ewes udders while suckling. […] Lower stocking rates and outdoor lambing may help to prevent serious outbreaks of orf because it is highly contagious and is transmitted readily from animal to animal. Disease can be introduced into a flock by carrier sheep with no obvious clinical signs, therefore a closed flock policy reduces the risk of the disease. […] High stocking rates, and indoor lambing are considered to be risk factors for the spread of the orf virus. The virus can survive in dry cool areas for years so thorough cleaning and disinfection between batches is essential.

• #1 Orf Virus in Animals | Orf | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/orf-virus/about/orf-virus-in-animals.html

  There are commercially available preparations of live orf virus marketed for use as vaccines. Vaccination practices vary depending on breed and geographic location. […] Producers considering using an orf vaccine product in their flock should first consult a veterinarian to discuss benefits or negatives. […] It can be difficult to prevent infection since orf virus survives in the environment, in soil and water. You can lessen the chance of your animals getting sick by: […] Disinfecting feed troughs used by more than one animal. […] Disinfecting buildings where animal husbandry occurs. […] Washing/disinfecting hands between touching sick and healthy animals. […] Isolating new animals until sore mouth is ruled out.

• #1

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/orf

  Sheep and goat farmers should be aware of the possibility of orf and wear non-porous rubber gloves when handling the animals, particularly lambs and kids. Wash hands thoroughly or use an antiseptic gel to reduce the chance of infection. […] The disease can be minimised in sheep and goats by lower stocking rates and outdoor lambing. Vaccination of the herd using a live virus is recommended if there is a significant outbreak of orf. The vaccine causes a mild orf scab to develop at the vaccination site and should not be used in healthy herds where there is no history of orf. Vaccinated animals should be kept separate from unvaccinated animals until the scab has healed. Sheds should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.

• #1 Orf

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/orf/

  Sheep and goats can be vaccinated against the orf virus. But people can get infected if they come into contact with recently vaccinated or unvaccinated animals. […] There are some things you can do to reduce your risk of getting orf. […] wear latex gloves when touching sheep and goats […] cover sores, cuts or scratches with a waterproof dressing, especially when handling sheep and goats […] wash your hands with warm water and soap after touching animals […] vaccinate sheep and goats against orf […] regularly clean and disinfect barns and sheds where livestock is kept.

• #1 Orf Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-treatment

  The best preventive measure in animals is an orf vaccination every 6-8 months. The orf vaccine is an attenuated vaccine, and, therefore, recently vaccinated animals do pose an infection risk to humans. […] To prevent infections in humans taking preventive measures is essential. It is recommend to wear nonpermeable rubber or latex gloves when handling sheep or goats, especially if there is a cut or sore present on the mouth/muzzle area. Practice good hand washing with warm soapy water for 20 seconds or by using a waterless alcohol-based hand sanitizer when soap is not available. […] Protective immunity after infection is incomplete, so reinfection can occur unless precautions are taken. […] Patients who are immunosuppressed or persons with compromised skin barriers (eg, trauma, skin disease) must avoid contact with infected animals because they have an increased susceptibility for contracting the orf infection.

• #1 Scabby mouth (orf) | Sheep diseases | Animal diseases | Biosecurity | Agriculture Victoria

  https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/biosecurity/animal-diseases/sheep-diseases/scabby-mouth-orf

  Animals that recover from scabby mouth develop a lifelong immunity to the disease. […] A scabby mouth vaccine is readily available and provides good protection from the disease. […] The recommended program for a property with continuing scabby mouth problems is to vaccinate each year’s drop of lambs. This can be done at marking and will provide protection for up to 18 months. […] Sheep intended for live trade with Southwest Asia and North Africa may require another vaccination before export.

• #1 Orf | Infonet Biovision Home.

  https://infonet-biovision.org/animal-health-and-disease/young-animals-lamb-and-kids-problems-new/orf

  Orf vaccine is available from KEVEVAPI and can be used in lambs as early as 3 days after birth. The vaccine is applied by scarification of the skin, not by injection. Wear gloves to protect your hands during vaccination. If the vaccine accidentally gets into the human skin through scratches / small wounds, it can cause a painful lesion. The vaccine cannot contain all types of Orf virus. Depending on the type of Orf that is present in your herd it may work well or be less effective. […] The most important prophylaxis is good management (feeding, housing) of your herd to ensure strong and healthy lambs/kids. In strong lambs/kids kept in clean environment Orf is normally a mild disease that does not cause problems.

• #1 Maryland Small Ruminant Page | Soremouth

  https://www.sheepandgoat.com/soremouth

  Soremouth is best prevented by maintaining a closed and virus-free herd. New animals should be quarantined until soremouth can be ruled out. […] The vaccine may be used in outbreaks. Affected animals can be isolated, while unaffected animals can be vaccinated to reduce the severity of new cases and shorten the course of infection. […] Vaccination Commercial vaccines labeled for sheep and goats are available and may be advised on farms where soremouth is endemic. […] The vaccine is made from live virus isolated from ground-up scabs of „modified” soremouth infections. […] Protective gloves should be worn when handling the vaccine or recently-vaccinated animals. […] Pregnant females can be vaccinated two months prior to lambing or kidding to prevent natural soremouth from occurring during the nursing period. […] In herds where buying or showing of animals occurs regularly, vaccination helps to prevent occurrence of a soremouth outbreak during the show season. […] When using the soremouth vaccine, the manufacturer’s directions should be closely followed.

• #1 Better orf control

  https://www.lamlac.co.uk/news/view,better-orf-control_70.htm

  In addition to vaccinating lambs against orf, flock managers who have previously seen the disease on their farm should consider ewe vaccination not less than seven weeks before lambing to help avoid poor lamb growth rates and increased mastitis. […] Ideally, both ewes and lambs should be vaccinated. […] Where orf has been confirmed in a flock, vaccination of lambs and ewes offers sheep producers an effective disease management approach when administered correctly. […] Pregnant ewes should not be vaccinated less than seven weeks before housing or lambing. This will allow them to develop sufficient immunity while preventing contamination of the environment from virus-infected scabs that may be shed. […] Immunity develops within four to eight weeks after vaccination, but the vaccine does not offer long-term protection so ewes need to be boosted annually. […] Lambs are born nave to the disease so always need to be vaccinated themselves from one day old.

• #1 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf)

  https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/sheep/contagious-pustular-dermatitis-orf/

  Contagious pustular dermatitis is a zoonosis (can affect man) and precautions are necessary when handling suspected cases. […] Protective clothing and gloves must be worn when handling affected sheep because of the zoonotic risk. […] Disease is introduced into a flock by carrier sheep with no obvious skin lesions. Infection can remain viable in dry scab material in buildings for many months and is the likely reason for persistence of infection from year to year on the same premises. Thorough cleaning and disinfection of lambing accommodation may therefore help to break the usual annual appearance of disease. […] Control following scarification with a live vaccine proves difficult to quantify but is routinely undertaken in many flocks in the UK. Vaccine must never be used in a flock with no history of CPD. Vaccination is by scarification of the inner thigh in lambs and the axillary region in ewes. The timing of vaccination is approximately 6 weeks before the anticipated occurrence of disease. Care must be exercised during handling the live vaccine as it is affected by high temperatures and inactivated by disinfectants.

• #1 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf

  https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/

  Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material. These vaccines are applied by scarification and cause mild Orf lesions. However, protection is not lasting, although outbreaks that follow vaccination are milder and of short duration. […] If an orf outbreak occurs disinfection of buildings is essential. The building should be thoroughly cleaned before applying the disinfectant. Orf virus is susceptible to most disinfectants. […] Chronically infected sheep may act as a source of infection to susceptible animals and have to be removed from the flock. […] At present there is no practical means of killing the virus once it is established in the animal, although there is some experimental evidence of a reduction in lesion severity with an antiviral drug. However, orf is a self-limited disease and symptomatic treatment with dressings and local antiseptics are very helpful.

• #1 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf in Goats

  https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/goat-diseases/orf-in-goats/

  Orf is a global pathogen which causes significant financial losses in livestock production as the lesions often jeopardize optimum productivity, and reduce the market value of meat. Severe lesions can interfere with feeding, or if the teats and/or udder are infected, it may lead to abandonment of offspring (Nandi et al., 2011). […] Prevention is better than cure. Biosecurity and quarantine are paramount to prevent orf virus from establishing on the farm. Purchased animals should be quarantined before mixing with the current herd. If the virus becomes established, every animal with clinical signs must be housed away from virus-free animals to prevent further spread. […] The orf virus can survive in dry environments for many years (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). It is likely that the virus can persist in buildings and on handling equipment, therefore good farm hygiene is important. All housing and equipment should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected between groups. When possible young stock should be housed away from contaminated buildings.

• #1 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf in Goats

  https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/goat-diseases/orf-in-goats/

  Due to the zoonotic nature of this virus, people who come into contact with infected animals should wear protective gloves and a mask. They should be careful to avoid any contact of abraded skin with infected animals (Nandi et al., 2011; Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] Maintain a closed herd […] Quarantine any new animals and observe closely for any signs of infection […] Do not vaccinate unless orf is a reoccurring problem on your farm […] Separate any infected animals and ensure they can feed effectively, assist if necessary […] Lesions may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, so treat with antiseptics if necessary.

• #1 Use of a Local Anaesthetic/Antiseptic Formulation for the Treatment of Lambs Experimentally Infected with Orf Virus

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/18/2962

  With the emergence of antimicrobial stewardship in response to the priority one health issue of managing antimicrobial resistance risk, there is a need for new treatment protocols that avoid the use of antibiotics. […] Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of the wound therapy formulation Tri-Solfen, a topical product containing two local anaesthetics (lignocaine and bupivacaine), adrenaline and an antiseptic (cetrimide) in a gel formulation that creates a barrier effect, blocking nociception and numbing the pain of lesions. […] TS was developed for pain relief in sheep undergoing surgical husbandry procedures in Australia. […] However, it has been shown to be efficacious in other applications, including foot and mouth disease (FMD) therapy in order to reduce suffering and enhancing recovery.

• #1 Vet Times: Latest Veterinary News, Jobs & Clinical Resources

  https://www.vettimes.com/news/vets/livestock/diagnosis-andtreatment-of-orf

  I always advise procaine penicillin in severe cases of orf. I also advise the client to apply oily creams to the affected areas, whether they are lips, nose, udders or even vulvas, while wearing rubber gloves. […] The immunity obtained by the actual disease is very protective animals infected naturally are highly resistant to further infection. Nowadays, there is a worthwhile vaccine that involves scarification of the skin in the axillary region with a live vaccine. I would not advise the use of the vaccine in clean, closed flocks. […] Therefore, it is up to us, as veterinarians, to warn farmers of these dangers and dispel any complacency. Modern farming practices should be encouraged closed flocks must be the way forward. If that is not possible, incoming sheep should be kept separate from the main flock for at least three weeks.

• #1 Contagious Ecthyma in Sheep and Goats – Integumentary System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/pox-diseases/contagious-ecthyma-in-sheep-and-goats

  Contagious ecthyma is a viral, pustular dermatitis of young sheep and goats. […] Both parenteral and topical antimicrobials may help combat secondary bacterial infection of the skin lesions of contagious ecthyma. […] Live vaccines should be administered cautiously to avoid contaminating uninfected premises, and vaccinated animals should be segregated from unprotected stock until the scabs have fallen off. […] Sheep that have recovered from natural infection are highly resistant to reinfection. […] Although ecthyma is a vesicular disease that could be mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease, its notification is not mandatory by World Organization for Animal Health (formerly OIE) rules.

• #1 Molecular Diagnosis and Application of Combined Alternative Treatment in Lesions Developing in the Oral Region due to Orf Virus in Sheep and Goats

  https://arccjournals.com/journal/indian-journal-of-animal-research/BF-1665

  Orf virus (ORFV) is a zoonotic pathogen that infects sheep and goats, causing significant economic losses. Vaccines are widely used to protect against ORFV-induced ecthyma in these animals. […] The alternative treatment of PAPILENDTM,cream + Ivermectin + AlquermoldTM premix powder triple combination applied to sheep and goats with ORFV genome determined was successful in treating oral lesions caused by ORFV. […] The use of triple combined alternative treatments, in addition to ORFV preventive vaccinations in sheep and goats, was found to be successful in treating ORFV infections. […] In this study, successful healing / regression was observed in the oral lesions that developed as a result of the triple combination application in all animals with positive ORFV viral genome. It was determined that the complete healing or regression period occurred within a range of 5-21 days as a result of triple combination applications. […] Therefore, alternative treatment methods can be used in the early stages of the disease to prevent its spread within the herd.

• #1 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf

  https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/

  If there is a known problem with orf on the farm measures have to be taken to eliminate the disease from the flock as part of the overall flock health plan. These include: Reduce stocking rates and, if possible, lamb outdoors; Buildings and equipment used for sheep have to be thoroughly disinfected; Known or suspected chronically infected sheep have to be removed from the flock. […] Other recommendations include: Maintain a closed flock; In the case of an outbreak, vaccinate the animals to reduce the severity of the disease; Where possible, separate affected animals from the rest of the flock; Never vaccinate against orf unless there is a known problem with the disease.

• #1 An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text

  https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1

  Orf virus causes a scabby skin lesions which decreases productivity in small ruminants. […] The urgent need to develop an effective vaccine against contagious ecthyma is borne out of its economic importance to especially rural farmers as well as its zoonotic potentials particularly among animal handlers. […] Therefore, vaccination against Orf virus is only recommended in endemic areas. […] Vaccination had been a main prophylactic measure against Orf. […] Our results also indicated that orf virus infection is widespread in the areas of Terengganu State as such vaccination should have been advocated on a regular basis. […] Therefore, a good herd health programme should be in place, in order to prevent and control disease transmission as well as to improve herd immunity. […] Good herd health supervision is a rehearsal target to prevent an outbreak and the spread of diseases thus reduces economic losses among farmers.

• #1 Epidemiology and Diagnostic Insights into Orf Virus Infection in Palestinian Sheep and Goats: A Histopathological and Serological Study

  https://researcherslinks.com/current-issues/Epidemiology-and-Diagnostic-Insights-into-Orf-Virus-Infection-in-Palestinian-Sheep-and-Goats-A-Histopathological-and-Serological-Study/34/1/10338/html

  Contagious ecthyma, known as Orf virus, is a prevalent disease in livestock, particularly affecting young sheep and goats, with significant implications for Palestinian agricultural economy and animal production. […] Effective control measures are crucial, especially during peak infection periods. […] Control measures showed diclofen as the most effective treatment with an efficiency rate of 89.19%, followed by isolation rate of 84.3%. […] The control measures for the disease were assessed for their effectiveness, revealing that diclofen was the most effective treatment with an efficacy rate of 89.19%. The isolation method was the second most effective, with an efficiency of 84.3%, followed by the use of iodine at 58.61%, and penicillin at 55.88%. […] Our study’s use of ELISA reflects these advancements, providing a sensitive and specific method for disease detection in Palestine. […] The findings suggest that improved farm management, including adequate heating, ventilation, and regular cleaning, could substantially reduce the prevalence of infectious diseases and enhance animal welfare, ultimately leading to safer and more sustainable livestock production systems.

• #1 Rapid Onsite Visual Detection of Orf Virus Using a Recombinase-Aided Amplification Assay

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/2/494

  Orf is one of the most important diseases affecting sheep. Although the lethality of ORFV is limited, infected sheep often have difficulty eating, leading to extreme exhaustion and secondary infections, which has caused huge economic losses to the sheep industry around the world. In a recent report, the detection rate of ORFV in northwest China exceeded 40%. The existing ORFV vaccines are not sufficient to guarantee complete protection of goats and sheep from ORFV infection, and the animals may still be infected even after vaccination. There is no proven effective method for medical treatment, so prevention and early diagnosis are crucial. […] The development of these methods is essential for the control, eradication, and prevention of Orf. These methods, however, are time-consuming, costly, and sophisticated and require skilled experts, making them unsuitable for general clinical application. Therefore, it is necessary to create a fast, portable, and accurate ORFV detection technology. […] The visual and rapid detection method of ORFV established in this study is of great significance for Orf prevention and provides technical support for Orf control.

• #1 Phylogenetic analysis reveals genetic characteristics of orf virus F1L and B2L genes in the Fujian province in: American Journal of Veterinary Research Volume 86 Issue 1 (2025)

  https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/ajvr/86/1/ajvr.24.08.0222.xml

  This study investigates the molecular epidemiology of orf virus (ORFV) in the Fujian province in 2024, with the goal of gaining insights that can enhance disease prevention and control strategies. […] Understanding the genetic characteristics of prevalent ORFV strains is paramount, not only for devising effective prevention and control measures but also for elucidating pathogenic mechanisms and developing intervention strategies. […] Therefore, it is important to study F1L and B2L protein for the diagnosis and immunity of ORFV. […] Therefore, understanding the genetic diversity of circulating ORFV strains in these regions is essential for devising targeted control measures and mitigating economic losses. […] This endeavor aims to provide a scientific basis for effective orf prevention and control measures in the Fujian province, contributing to the broader understanding and management of ORFV infections.

• #1 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/

  Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] However, early diagnosis is crucial to prevent worsening and further transmission, ultimately preserving productivity and reducing associated morbidity. […] This course improves clinician competence when recognizing early symptoms, selecting evaluation and management approaches, and incorporating preventive measures for this condition to improve patient outcomes in this infectious occupational disease. […] Educating farmers, herders, and other at-risk occupations on proper glove-wearing and hand-washing techniques is essential. Seminars or other educational tools for recognizing and diagnosing infected livestock and using proper vaccination protocol or inducing herd immunity are appropriate avenues to address and reduce the spread of this infection.

• #1 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/

  A vaccination has been developed for the orf virus, though this represents an attenuated vaccine, which may have some effectiveness in eliciting a specific response to orf virus. Yet, there is a risk of virulence reversal or poor antigenicity. […] Efficient cost management could be achieved by ensuring healthcare providers in rural areas are knowledgeable in recognizing and treating orf viral infection. Surveillance and infection control measures play a pivotal role in preventing infection. Education of patients on hand hygiene when handling sheep or goats is of the utmost importance.

• #1 A Review on Human Orf: A Neglected Viral Zoonosis | RRTM

  https://www.dovepress.com/a-review-on-human-orf-a-neglected-viral-zoonosis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RRTM

  Wearing non-permeable gloves or regular hand washing practice with warm soapy water or by using hand sanitizer for 20 seconds after handling sheep or goats is recommended to minimize the risk of human infections. […] Patients who are particularly immunosuppressed must avoid contact with animals as they have an increased susceptibility to potentially severe ORFV infection. […] To aid in preventing transmission to humans, any visible (or invisible) cuts or abrasions on the skin should be covered to avoid contact exposure to animal scabs or animal products like meat, wool or hides, the use of non-porous gloves is recommended for this purpose. […] It is important to provide health information about the virus routes of transmission and its disease manifestations to farmers and people who handle animals or animal products. […] In endemic locations, confirmation of the presence of the virus from human or animal lesions, surveillance implementations, and infection control measurements are important to employ by integrating the public health interface of both human and animal sectors.

• #1 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL SERVICES

  http://rmsjournal.org/ArticlesView.aspx?ArticleId=512

  Orf is an endemic infection in Jordan. Although it is a self-limiting disease, prompt diagnosis is of paramount importance in order to alleviate the anxiety of patients because the lesions could resemble other more serious infections, and to avoid inappropriate treatments and possible complications. A national emphasis on the cognizance of the infection, public awareness and preventive measures is highly recommended. […] Barrier precautions and proper hand hygiene by farmers and butchers and isolation of infected animals are recommended preventive measures. […] Although Orf infection is a self-limiting disease, prompt diagnosis is of paramount importance as it alleviates the anxiety of affected patients and avoids inappropriate treatments and complications. […] To date, there is no available specific antiviral treatment and no human vaccine has been produced for the Orf virus. Various treatments have been anecdotally reported; cryosurgery, idoxuridine, imiquimod, cidofovir and interferon have been reported to reduce the time to healing or to clear persistent infection. The use of antibiotics should be restricted to patients with suspected secondary bacterial infection. Cryotherapy is considered beneficial in patients presenting with early infection. […] We believe that Orf infection is more common in Jordan than seen in clinical practice.

• #1 Orf Virus in Humans: Case Series and Clinical Review | MDedge

  https://blogs.the-hospitalist.org/content/orf-virus-humans-case-series-and-clinical-review

  A patient presenting with a hand pustule is a phenomenon encountered worldwide requiring careful history-taking. Some occupations, activities, and various religious practices (eg, Eid al-Adha, Passover, Easter) have been implicated worldwide in orf infection. […] Transmission of orf to humans can occur when direct contact with an infected animal exhibiting active lesions occurs. Orf virus also can be transmitted through fomites (eg, from knives, wool, buildings, equipment) that previously were in contact with infected animals, making it relevant to ask all farmers about any animals with pustules around the mouth, nose, udders, or other commonly affected areas. […] Vaccinations are available for animals to prevent the spread of infection in the flock, but there are no formulations of vaccines for human use. Prevention of spread to humans can be done through animal vaccination, careful handling of animal products while wearing nonporous gloves, and proper sanitation techniques.

• #1 Human Orf virus infection from household exposures – United States, 2009-2011 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22495228/

  Orf, also known as contagious ecthyma, is a zoonotic infection caused by a dermatotropic parapoxvirus that commonly infects sheep and goats; it is transmitted to humans through contact with an infected animal or fomites. […] Cases lacking these exposure histories might be misdiagnosed, leading to unnecessary treatment of orf lesions, which do not usually require any specific treatment. […] Orf should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with clinically compatible skin lesions and a history of household meat processing or animal slaughter. Persons and communities with these exposure risks also should receive counseling regarding the use of nonpermeable gloves and hand hygiene to prevent infection.

• #1 Orf Viral Infection | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/84368

  Orf viral infection, as a zoonotic host-switch illness, generally has a favorable prognosis. The lesions are self-limiting, and in immunocompetent patients, symptoms typically resolve spontaneously within a 4- to 6-week period. Most cases rarely require anything more than reassurance and expectant care. However, in immunocompromised hosts, Orf can grow to several centimeters, and the resultant morphology may mimic those of tumors and pyogenic granuloma, which may require further management. Avoid surgical debridement, as this can prolong recovery. […] Because Orfviridae utilizes a novel viral form of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, topical cidofovir (a potent blocker of this enzyme) has found almost ubiquitous use as first-line antiviral therapy, along with mechanical eradication (eg, cryotherapy, imiquimod) if needed.

• #2 About Orf Virus (Sore Mouth Disease) | Orf | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/orf-virus/about/index.html

  People can get painful sores called lesions if they have contact with animals infected with orf virus. […] Simple prevention steps can protect people from the virus, even if they are handling infected animals infected with orf. […] Wear rubber or latex gloves when handling sheep or goats. This is especially important if you have cuts on your hands or are touching an animal’s mouth or muzzle. […] Wash your hands often with warm water and soap for at least 20 seconds, especially if they look dirty. If there is no soap and your hands aren’t visibly dirty, use alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] There is no specific treatment to cure orf virus infection. But it’s important to protect the sores from getting infected with other germs.

• #2 Orf Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-treatment

  The best preventive measure in animals is an orf vaccination every 6-8 months. The orf vaccine is an attenuated vaccine, and, therefore, recently vaccinated animals do pose an infection risk to humans. […] To prevent infections in humans taking preventive measures is essential. It is recommend to wear nonpermeable rubber or latex gloves when handling sheep or goats, especially if there is a cut or sore present on the mouth/muzzle area. Practice good hand washing with warm soapy water for 20 seconds or by using a waterless alcohol-based hand sanitizer when soap is not available. […] Protective immunity after infection is incomplete, so reinfection can occur unless precautions are taken. […] Patients who are immunosuppressed or persons with compromised skin barriers (eg, trauma, skin disease) must avoid contact with infected animals because they have an increased susceptibility for contracting the orf infection.

• #2 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf

  https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/

  Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material. These vaccines are applied by scarification and cause mild Orf lesions. However, protection is not lasting, although outbreaks that follow vaccination are milder and of short duration. […] If an orf outbreak occurs disinfection of buildings is essential. The building should be thoroughly cleaned before applying the disinfectant. Orf virus is susceptible to most disinfectants. […] Chronically infected sheep may act as a source of infection to susceptible animals and have to be removed from the flock. […] At present there is no practical means of killing the virus once it is established in the animal, although there is some experimental evidence of a reduction in lesion severity with an antiviral drug. However, orf is a self-limited disease and symptomatic treatment with dressings and local antiseptics are very helpful.

• #2 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf

  https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/

  If there is a known problem with orf on the farm measures have to be taken to eliminate the disease from the flock as part of the overall flock health plan. These include: Reduce stocking rates and, if possible, lamb outdoors; Buildings and equipment used for sheep have to be thoroughly disinfected; Known or suspected chronically infected sheep have to be removed from the flock. […] Other recommendations include: Maintain a closed flock; In the case of an outbreak, vaccinate the animals to reduce the severity of the disease; Where possible, separate affected animals from the rest of the flock; Never vaccinate against orf unless there is a known problem with the disease.

• #2 What Is Orf Virus?

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-orf-virus

  Orf vaccinations are available for sheep and goats, but a person can still contract the virus by coming into contact with a recently vaccinated animal. There is no vaccination to protect humans from getting orf, though there are some preventive measures that you can take to decrease your chances of becoming infected, including: […] Protecting your hands when around sheep and goats, typically by wearing latex gloves […] Covering any open sores with waterproof bandaging […] Frequently washing your hands with soap and warm water, especially after touching animals […] Regularly cleaning and disinfecting barns, sheds, and other livestock kennels […] Vaccinating your sheep and goats […] Additionally, humans may develop some immunity to the orf virus after their initial infection, though subsequent infections can still occur. However, any following orf infections may present less severe symptoms.

• #2 A Review on Human Orf: A Neglected Viral Zoonosis | RRTM

  https://www.dovepress.com/a-review-on-human-orf-a-neglected-viral-zoonosis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RRTM

  Wearing non-permeable gloves or regular hand washing practice with warm soapy water or by using hand sanitizer for 20 seconds after handling sheep or goats is recommended to minimize the risk of human infections. […] Patients who are particularly immunosuppressed must avoid contact with animals as they have an increased susceptibility to potentially severe ORFV infection. […] To aid in preventing transmission to humans, any visible (or invisible) cuts or abrasions on the skin should be covered to avoid contact exposure to animal scabs or animal products like meat, wool or hides, the use of non-porous gloves is recommended for this purpose. […] It is important to provide health information about the virus routes of transmission and its disease manifestations to farmers and people who handle animals or animal products. […] In endemic locations, confirmation of the presence of the virus from human or animal lesions, surveillance implementations, and infection control measurements are important to employ by integrating the public health interface of both human and animal sectors.

• #2 Orf Viral Infection | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/84368

  Vaccination is particularly effective because of the highly conserved and complex antigenicity of the orf virus. Many domesticated sheep and goat populations are routinely vaccinated, with varying levels of success. In humans, recurrence is rare but with diminished severity per incident. […] Educating farmers, herders, and other at-risk occupations on proper glove-wearing and hand-washing techniques is essential. Seminars or other educational tools for recognizing and diagnosing infected livestock and using proper vaccination protocol or inducing herd immunity are appropriate avenues to address and reduce the spread of this infection. […] A vaccination has been developed for the orf virus, though this represents an attenuated vaccine, which may have some effectiveness in eliciting a specific response to orf virus. Yet, there is a risk of virulence reversal or poor antigenicity.

• #3 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/

  Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] However, early diagnosis is crucial to prevent worsening and further transmission, ultimately preserving productivity and reducing associated morbidity. […] This course improves clinician competence when recognizing early symptoms, selecting evaluation and management approaches, and incorporating preventive measures for this condition to improve patient outcomes in this infectious occupational disease. […] Educating farmers, herders, and other at-risk occupations on proper glove-wearing and hand-washing techniques is essential. Seminars or other educational tools for recognizing and diagnosing infected livestock and using proper vaccination protocol or inducing herd immunity are appropriate avenues to address and reduce the spread of this infection.

• #3 Contagious Ecthyma in Sheep and Goats – Integumentary System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/pox-diseases/contagious-ecthyma-in-sheep-and-goats

  Contagious ecthyma is a viral, pustular dermatitis of young sheep and goats. […] Both parenteral and topical antimicrobials may help combat secondary bacterial infection of the skin lesions of contagious ecthyma. […] Live vaccines should be administered cautiously to avoid contaminating uninfected premises, and vaccinated animals should be segregated from unprotected stock until the scabs have fallen off. […] Sheep that have recovered from natural infection are highly resistant to reinfection. […] Although ecthyma is a vesicular disease that could be mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease, its notification is not mandatory by World Organization for Animal Health (formerly OIE) rules.

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