Orf, choroba zwana również pęcherzycą zakaźną, dermatitis pęcherzycową lub ecthyma contagiosum

Orf, choroba zwana również pęcherzycą zakaźną, dermatitis pęcherzycową lub ecthyma contagiosum
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Orf, znana również jako pęcherzyca zakaźna, to wysoce zakaźna zoonoza wywoływana przez wirusa Orf (ORFV), dotykająca głównie owce i kozy, z możliwością przeniesienia na ludzi. U osób immunokompetentnych przebieg jest łagodny i samoograniczający się, z ustąpieniem zmian skórnych w ciągu 4-6 tygodni, bez blizn i niskim ryzykiem transmisji między ludźmi. U zwierząt choroba może trwać 6-8 tygodni, z ryzykiem wtórnych zakażeń bakteryjnych, które mogą prowadzić do powikłań, a nawet śmierci młodych jagniąt. Czynniki wpływające na rokowanie to stan immunologiczny, gatunek (częstość zakażeń: 16,8% u owiec, 25,1% u kóz), wiek, płeć oraz zasięg zmian skórnych. Leczenie jest głównie objawowe, z zastosowaniem miejscowych środków antyseptycznych i opatrunków; u immunosupresyjnych pacjentów stosowano 1% miejscowy cidofovir. Profilaktyka opiera się na szczepieniach żywymi szczepionkami, które zmniejszają nasilenie choroby i ograniczają rozprzestrzenianie się wirusa w stadzie.

Orf – Prognosis (Przewidywanie wyników)

Naturalny przebieg choroby i rokowanie
Czynniki wpływające na rokowanie
Powikłania i rokowanie długoterminowe
Prognozy ekonomiczne i wpływ na produkcję

Potencjał onkolityczny wirusa Orf i przewidywania wyników w terapii przeciwnowotworowej

Prognozy w leczeniu nowotworów
Mechanizmy immunologiczne i przewidywane wyniki
Terapia skojarzona i wyniki leczenia

Działania profilaktyczne i wpływ na rokowanie

Szczepienia i ich wpływ na wyniki leczenia
Możliwości leczenia i ich wpływ na rokowanie
Program zdrowia stada i wpływ na rokowanie
Kolejne rozdziały

Orf – Prognosis (Przewidywanie wyników)

Orf, choroba zwana również pęcherzycą zakaźną, dermatitis pęcherzycową lub ecthyma contagiosum, to wysoce zakaźna choroba skórna, która dotyka głównie owce i kozy, ale może również przenosić się na ludzi. Rokowanie w przypadku tej choroby jest bardzo zróżnicowane w zależności od gatunku zarażonego organizmu, jego stanu immunologicznego oraz podjętych działań terapeutycznych.¹²

Naturalny przebieg choroby i rokowanie

Orf jako zoonotyczna infekcja zazwyczaj ma łagodny przebieg. U osób z prawidłowo funkcjonującym układem odpornościowym choroba jest samoograniczająca się i zwykle ustępuje samoistnie w ciągu 4-6 tygodni bez pozostawiania blizn. Pełne wyleczenie następuje zazwyczaj po około 35 dniach (4-8 tygodni).¹² Ryzyko przeniesienia wirusa z człowieka na człowieka jest bardzo niskie. Możliwe jest ponowne zakażenie, jednak każde kolejne przebiega łagodniej i krócej niż pierwotna infekcja.¹³

U owiec i kóz choroba może mieć bardziej złożony przebieg. Wirus Orf powoduje głównie zmiany skórne wokół pyska i pod normalnymi warunkami ustępuje w ciągu 4-6 tygodni. Typowo ogniska choroby utrzymują się w stadzie przez 6-8 tygodni i zwykle nie pojawiają się ponownie, dopóki nie pojawi się nowa grupa podatnych jagniąt.⁴⁵ Owce, które wyzdrowiały z infekcji, mają jedynie ograniczoną ochronę przed ponownym zakażeniem, choć kolejne infekcje są zazwyczaj łagodniejsze i krócej trwające niż początkowa.⁶

Czynniki wpływające na rokowanie

Na rokowanie w przypadku zakażenia wirusem Orf wpływa kilka istotnych czynników:⁷⁸

Stan immunologiczny – u osób z niedoborami odporności, szczególnie niedoborami odporności komórkowej, choroba może przybierać bardziej agresywny przebieg z powiększonymi zmianami (tzw. „giant orf”)⁹¹⁰
Gatunek zwierzęcia – badania wykazały istotną statystycznie zależność między gatunkiem a występowaniem infekcji, z częstością 16,8% u owiec i 25,1% u kóz¹¹
Wiek i płeć – analiza Chi-kwadrat wykazała istotny związek tych czynników z występowaniem zakażenia wirusem Orf¹²
Zasięg zmian – zmiany mogą stać się rozległe i rozprzestrzenić się na inne części ciała, a u owiec mogą zostać przeniesione na wymię matki, powodując odmowę karmienia¹³
Wtórne zakażenia bakteryjne – mogą prowadzić do przedłużonej choroby, a nawet śmierci, szczególnie u młodych jagniąt¹⁴¹⁵

Powikłania i rokowanie długoterminowe

Chociaż ogólne rokowanie dla Orf jest korzystne, mogą wystąpić pewne powikłania:¹⁶¹⁷

Blizny – mogą pojawić się, jeśli wystąpi wtórne zakażenie lub uraz zmiany¹⁸
Infekcje wtórne – zmiany na innych częściach ciała mogą stać się podatne na wtórną inwazję bakteryjną, prowadząc do przedłużonej choroby, a nawet śmierci¹⁹
Postępujące, niszczące zmiany – u pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością mogą wymagać interwencji medycznych, takich jak terapia przeciwwirusowa, zmniejszenie immunosupresji i chirurgiczne oczyszczanie²⁰
Zmiany oporne na leczenie – u osób z immunosupresją mogą występować duże, grzybiczopodobne zmiany, które są oporne na leczenie i mogą wymagać amputacji²¹

Nie odnotowano przypadków śmiertelnych bezpośrednio związanych z infekcją Orf u ludzi.²² U zwierząt, szczególnie ciężko dotknięte młode jagnięta mogą nie być w stanie jeść przez kilka dni, co prowadzi do osłabienia i podatności na wtórne zakażenia bakteryjne, które mogą prowadzić do przedłużonej choroby lub nawet śmierci.²³

Prognozy ekonomiczne i wpływ na produkcję

Straty produkcyjne spowodowane przez wirusa Orf są prawdopodobnie niedoszacowane, ponieważ nie jest to choroba podlegająca obowiązkowi zgłaszania. Wysoka zachorowalność podkreśla zakaźny charakter tego wirusa i jego ekonomiczny wpływ na hodowlę kóz i owiec.²⁴²⁵ Całkowity wskaźnik rozpowszechnienia wynoszący 22,8% wskazuje na wysoką częstość występowania choroby Orf w niektórych regionach, co ma znaczny wpływ na ekonomię hodowli.²⁶

Prognozy dla gospodarstw hodowlanych wskazują, że dobry nadzór nad zdrowiem stada jest kluczowy dla zapobiegania wybuchom i rozprzestrzenianiu się chorób, co zmniejsza straty ekonomiczne wśród hodowców. Dlatego też powinien być wdrożony odpowiedni program zdrowia stada, aby zapobiegać i kontrolować przenoszenie chorób, a także poprawiać odporność stada.²⁷

Potencjał onkolityczny wirusa Orf i przewidywania wyników w terapii przeciwnowotworowej

Oprócz chorobotwórczej roli wirusa Orf w naturalnych infekcjach, coraz więcej badań wskazuje na jego potencjał jako wirusa onkolitycznego w terapii przeciwnowotworowej. Te nowe zastosowania otwierają fascynujące perspektywy dla przyszłych terapii.²⁸²⁹

Prognozy w leczeniu nowotworów

Badania wykazały, że wirus Orf (ORFV) wywiera efekty przeciwnowotworowe in vitro poprzez indukowanie zatrzymania komórek raka piersi w fazie G2/M i apoptozy komórek. ORFV może wykazywać aktywność przeciwnowotworową poprzez regulację mikrośrodowiska guza (TME) i indukcję odpowiedzi immunologicznej gospodarza, oprócz bezpośredniego efektu onkolitycznego.³⁰

W przypadku zaawansowanego raka jajnika terapia ORFV wydłużyła przeżycie do średnio 109,5 dni w porównaniu z 93 dniami u zwierząt kontrolnych. ORFV okazał się szczególnie skuteczny w połączeniu z chirurgicznym usunięciem guza pierwotnego, co jest powszechną metodą leczenia.³¹

Mechanizmy immunologiczne i przewidywane wyniki

Skuteczność terapii ORFV opiera się na komórkach NK (Natural Killer) z właściwościami przeciwnowotworowymi, które wspierane są przez komórki cDC1 i produkują ligandy CXCR3 w celu rekrutacji komórek T CD8+ do mikrośrodowiska guza.³² Badania wykazały, że:

ORFV był skuteczną monoterapią w mysim modelu zaawansowanego raka jajnika nabłonkowego³³
Interwencja ORFV opierała się na komórkach NK, których deplecja znosiła przeciwnowotworowe odpowiedzi komórek T CD8+³⁴
Komórki cDC1 regulowały przeciwnowotworowe odpowiedzi NK i komórek T aby pośredniczyć w skuteczności przeciwnowotworowej po zastosowaniu ORFV³⁵

Analiza ludzkich zestawów danych sekwencjonowania RNA wykazała, że cDC1 korelują z komórkami NK w ludzkim raku jajnika, a wewnątrzguzowe komórki NK korelują pozytywnie z przeżyciem.³⁶

Terapia skojarzona i wyniki leczenia

Badania wykazały, że połączenie ORFV z inhibitorem PAK4 może skutecznie poprawić onkolityczny efekt ORFV. Wyniki badań sugerują, że ta kombinacja mogłaby stanowić nowe podejście do terapii przeciwnowotworowej raka piersi.³⁷

Eksperymenty in vitro i in vivo wykazały, że PF-3758309, małocząsteczkowy inhibitor PAK4, może wzmocnić onkolityczny efekt ORFV. Wyniki testu zarysowania komórek i badania inwazji transwell wykazały, że leczenie skojarzone może znacząco hamować migrację i inwazję komórek raka piersi.³⁸

Łącznie badania ujawniają skuteczność terapeutyczną ORFV w raku piersi i podkreślają potencjalne zastosowanie ORFV w połączeniu z inhibitorami PAK4 w leczeniu nowotworów.³⁹

Działania profilaktyczne i wpływ na rokowanie

Szczepienia i ich wpływ na wyniki leczenia

Szczepienie było głównym środkiem profilaktycznym przeciwko Orf. Dostępne są żywe szczepionki przeciwko Orf, które są przygotowywane z zakaźnego materiału ze strupów. Szczepienie może być przydatne w obliczu wybuchu choroby jako sposób na sztuczne zakażenie wszystkich zwierząt i zapewnienie, że doświadczą one tylko łagodnej choroby.⁴⁰⁴¹

Badania wskazują, że infekcja wirusem Orf jest rozpowszechniona w niektórych obszarach, dlatego szczepienia powinny być regularnie stosowane. Dlatego ważne jest przeprowadzanie badań epidemiologicznych w okolicznościach, w których istnieje ryzyko wprowadzenia choroby do nowego stada poprzez zastąpienie owiec z nieznanych miejsc.⁴²

Możliwości leczenia i ich wpływ na rokowanie

Obecnie nie ma praktycznego sposobu na zniszczenie wirusa po jego ustanowieniu w organizmie zwierzęcia, chociaż istnieją pewne eksperymentalne dowody na zmniejszenie nasilenia zmian dzięki lekom przeciwwirusowym. Jednakże Orf jest chorobą samoograniczającą się, a leczenie objawowe za pomocą opatrunków i miejscowych środków antyseptycznych jest bardzo pomocne.⁴³

W przypadkach immunokompromitowanych pacjentów z postępującą chorobą, 1% miejscowy cidofovir został z powodzeniem zastosowany u kilku pacjentów.⁴⁴ W przypadkach, gdy wtórne zakażenia bakteryjne u zwierząt z Orf są powszechne, w schemacie leczenia można stosować miejscowe i ogólnoustrojowe antybiotyki.⁴⁵

Zwrócenie uwagi na karmienie może zapobiec poważnej utracie wagi i osłabieniu zwierząt, zwłaszcza jagniąt mających trudności z ssaniem.⁴⁶

Program zdrowia stada i wpływ na rokowanie

Zaobserwowano ogólny poziom zgodności 42,7% dla wszystkich parametrów programu zdrowia stada (HHP). Dobry nadzór nad zdrowiem stada jest celem ćwiczebnym, aby zapobiec wybuchowi i rozprzestrzenianiu się chorób, a tym samym zmniejszyć straty ekonomiczne wśród hodowców.⁴⁷

Orf może dotykać owce w każdym wieku i ma poważne implikacje dla dobrostanu. Dlatego ważne jest, aby spróbować zapobiec występowaniu Orf w stadzie. Czynniki ryzyka, takie jak wysokie zagęszczenie zwierząt i wewnętrzne wykoty, są uważane za czynniki ryzyka rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa Orf.⁴⁸⁴⁹

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
Orf viral infection, as a zoonotic host-switch illness, generally has a favorable prognosis. The lesions are self-limiting, and in immunocompetent patients, symptoms typically resolve spontaneously within a 4- to 6-week period. […] As a zoonotic infection, orf viral infection follows a relatively benign course. It typically resolves spontaneously within 6 to 12 weeks and has a very low rate of human-to-human spread. A more aggressive course with increased size (giant orf) may appear in immunocompromised hosts, especially those with cell-mediated immune deficiency. […] Recurrence is possible but produces a progressively blunted infection.
#2 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
The prognosis of orf is excellent. The orf lesions usually heal completely with no scarring in about 35 days (4-8 wk). Scarring can occur if secondary infection or trauma to the lesion occurs. […] Immunocompromised patients with orf can have progressive, destructive lesions requiring medical interventions such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppression, and surgical debridement. However, reports exist of immunosuppressed individuals with large, fungating lesions that have been refractory to treatment and required amputation. […] Mortality from orf has not been reported.
#3 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Production losses caused by the orf virus are believed to be underestimated, as it is not a notifiable disease. […] Infection spreads rapidly through the flock, with most animals becoming infected within a few weeks. […] Outbreaks usually last for between 6 and 8 weeks, and generally do not reappear until there is a fresh crop of susceptible lambs. […] Sheep that have recovered from infection have only limited protection against reinfection, although subsequent infections tend to be milder and more short-lived than the initial one. […] Antibodies are produced against the virus, but even when present in large amounts they seem to have little effect on the course of the disease. […] High stocking rates, and indoor lambing are considered to be risk factors for the spread of the orf virus.
#4 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Orf is a highly contagious eruptive skin condition of sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. […] The virus is classified as a Poxvirus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. It is a pathogen with worldwide distribution, causing significant financial losses in livestock production. […] The orf virus primarily affects the skin around the mouth, and under normal circumstances is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks. However, lesions may become extensive and spread to other parts of the body, and can be transmitted to the ewes udder causing her to refuse to suckle. […] Severely affected young lambs may be unable to eat for days, becoming debilitated and prone to secondary bacterial infection of the lesion which may lead to prolonged disease or even death.
#5 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Production losses caused by the orf virus are believed to be underestimated, as it is not a notifiable disease. […] Infection spreads rapidly through the flock, with most animals becoming infected within a few weeks. […] Outbreaks usually last for between 6 and 8 weeks, and generally do not reappear until there is a fresh crop of susceptible lambs. […] Sheep that have recovered from infection have only limited protection against reinfection, although subsequent infections tend to be milder and more short-lived than the initial one. […] Antibodies are produced against the virus, but even when present in large amounts they seem to have little effect on the course of the disease. […] High stocking rates, and indoor lambing are considered to be risk factors for the spread of the orf virus.
#6 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Production losses caused by the orf virus are believed to be underestimated, as it is not a notifiable disease. […] Infection spreads rapidly through the flock, with most animals becoming infected within a few weeks. […] Outbreaks usually last for between 6 and 8 weeks, and generally do not reappear until there is a fresh crop of susceptible lambs. […] Sheep that have recovered from infection have only limited protection against reinfection, although subsequent infections tend to be milder and more short-lived than the initial one. […] Antibodies are produced against the virus, but even when present in large amounts they seem to have little effect on the course of the disease. […] High stocking rates, and indoor lambing are considered to be risk factors for the spread of the orf virus.
#7 An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1
Orf virus causes a scabby skin lesions which decreases productivity in small ruminants. The unknown status of this disease in the eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia warrants a study to determine sero-prevalence of orf with regards to farmers compliance level towards the Herd Health Program (HHP) programme. […] An overall prevalence rate of 22.8% indicated a high prevalence of orf disease in this region. […] Several factors were measured for their possible association with prevalence of Orf virus infection. […] Chi-square analysis showed a significant association of three risk factors which are species, age and sex of the animals (P0.05). […] An overall compliance level of 42.7% was observed for all HHP parameters. […] Good herd health supervision is a rehearsal target to prevent an outbreak and the spread of diseases thus reduces economic losses among farmers. Therefore, a good herd health programme should be in place, in order to prevent and control disease transmission as well as to improve herd immunity.
#8 An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1
The study revealed evidence of the presence of orf virus infection among the sheep and goats population as confirmed by ELISA assay which amounted to a prevalence of 16.8% in sheep and 25.1% in goats. […] The high morbidity of this disease underscores the infectious nature of this virus and its economic impact on the goat industry. […] It has been speculated that contagious ecthyma disease of sheep does not confer long term protection thus, seasonal outbreaks among herds are common. […] Various putative risk factors for the prevalence rate were examined to ascertain the possible risk factors. […] Identification of relevant risk factors is crucial for the proper disease management and outbreak containments. […] The presence of skin lesions usually indicates current infections which are best diagnosed by standard virus isolation and identification.
#9 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
Orf viral infection, as a zoonotic host-switch illness, generally has a favorable prognosis. The lesions are self-limiting, and in immunocompetent patients, symptoms typically resolve spontaneously within a 4- to 6-week period. […] As a zoonotic infection, orf viral infection follows a relatively benign course. It typically resolves spontaneously within 6 to 12 weeks and has a very low rate of human-to-human spread. A more aggressive course with increased size (giant orf) may appear in immunocompromised hosts, especially those with cell-mediated immune deficiency. […] Recurrence is possible but produces a progressively blunted infection.
#10 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
The prognosis of orf is excellent. The orf lesions usually heal completely with no scarring in about 35 days (4-8 wk). Scarring can occur if secondary infection or trauma to the lesion occurs. […] Immunocompromised patients with orf can have progressive, destructive lesions requiring medical interventions such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppression, and surgical debridement. However, reports exist of immunosuppressed individuals with large, fungating lesions that have been refractory to treatment and required amputation. […] Mortality from orf has not been reported.
#11 An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1
The study revealed evidence of the presence of orf virus infection among the sheep and goats population as confirmed by ELISA assay which amounted to a prevalence of 16.8% in sheep and 25.1% in goats. […] The high morbidity of this disease underscores the infectious nature of this virus and its economic impact on the goat industry. […] It has been speculated that contagious ecthyma disease of sheep does not confer long term protection thus, seasonal outbreaks among herds are common. […] Various putative risk factors for the prevalence rate were examined to ascertain the possible risk factors. […] Identification of relevant risk factors is crucial for the proper disease management and outbreak containments. […] The presence of skin lesions usually indicates current infections which are best diagnosed by standard virus isolation and identification.
#12 An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1
Orf virus causes a scabby skin lesions which decreases productivity in small ruminants. The unknown status of this disease in the eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia warrants a study to determine sero-prevalence of orf with regards to farmers compliance level towards the Herd Health Program (HHP) programme. […] An overall prevalence rate of 22.8% indicated a high prevalence of orf disease in this region. […] Several factors were measured for their possible association with prevalence of Orf virus infection. […] Chi-square analysis showed a significant association of three risk factors which are species, age and sex of the animals (P0.05). […] An overall compliance level of 42.7% was observed for all HHP parameters. […] Good herd health supervision is a rehearsal target to prevent an outbreak and the spread of diseases thus reduces economic losses among farmers. Therefore, a good herd health programme should be in place, in order to prevent and control disease transmission as well as to improve herd immunity.
#13 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Orf is a highly contagious eruptive skin condition of sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. […] The virus is classified as a Poxvirus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. It is a pathogen with worldwide distribution, causing significant financial losses in livestock production. […] The orf virus primarily affects the skin around the mouth, and under normal circumstances is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks. However, lesions may become extensive and spread to other parts of the body, and can be transmitted to the ewes udder causing her to refuse to suckle. […] Severely affected young lambs may be unable to eat for days, becoming debilitated and prone to secondary bacterial infection of the lesion which may lead to prolonged disease or even death.
#14 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Orf is a highly contagious eruptive skin condition of sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. […] The virus is classified as a Poxvirus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. It is a pathogen with worldwide distribution, causing significant financial losses in livestock production. […] The orf virus primarily affects the skin around the mouth, and under normal circumstances is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks. However, lesions may become extensive and spread to other parts of the body, and can be transmitted to the ewes udder causing her to refuse to suckle. […] Severely affected young lambs may be unable to eat for days, becoming debilitated and prone to secondary bacterial infection of the lesion which may lead to prolonged disease or even death.
#15 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material. […] Vaccination can be useful in the face of an outbreak of the disease as a means of artificially infecting all animals and ensuring that they experience only mild disease. […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] It is therefore important to try and prevent orf from occurring in the flock. […] At present there is no practical means of killing the virus once it is established in the animal, although there is some experimental evidence of a reduction in lesion severity with an antiviral drug. […] However, orf is a self-limited disease and symptomatic treatment with dressings and local antiseptics are very helpful. […] Where secondary bacterial infections in animals with orf are common, topical and systemic antibiotics can be used in the treatment schedule. […] Attention to feeding may prevent severe weight loss and debilitation in animals, especially in lambs having difficulty with sucking.
#16 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
The prognosis of orf is excellent. The orf lesions usually heal completely with no scarring in about 35 days (4-8 wk). Scarring can occur if secondary infection or trauma to the lesion occurs. […] Immunocompromised patients with orf can have progressive, destructive lesions requiring medical interventions such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppression, and surgical debridement. However, reports exist of immunosuppressed individuals with large, fungating lesions that have been refractory to treatment and required amputation. […] Mortality from orf has not been reported.
#17 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Orf is a highly contagious eruptive skin condition of sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. […] The virus is classified as a Poxvirus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. It is a pathogen with worldwide distribution, causing significant financial losses in livestock production. […] The orf virus primarily affects the skin around the mouth, and under normal circumstances is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks. However, lesions may become extensive and spread to other parts of the body, and can be transmitted to the ewes udder causing her to refuse to suckle. […] Severely affected young lambs may be unable to eat for days, becoming debilitated and prone to secondary bacterial infection of the lesion which may lead to prolonged disease or even death.
#18 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
The prognosis of orf is excellent. The orf lesions usually heal completely with no scarring in about 35 days (4-8 wk). Scarring can occur if secondary infection or trauma to the lesion occurs. […] Immunocompromised patients with orf can have progressive, destructive lesions requiring medical interventions such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppression, and surgical debridement. However, reports exist of immunosuppressed individuals with large, fungating lesions that have been refractory to treatment and required amputation. […] Mortality from orf has not been reported.
#19 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material. […] Vaccination can be useful in the face of an outbreak of the disease as a means of artificially infecting all animals and ensuring that they experience only mild disease. […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] It is therefore important to try and prevent orf from occurring in the flock. […] At present there is no practical means of killing the virus once it is established in the animal, although there is some experimental evidence of a reduction in lesion severity with an antiviral drug. […] However, orf is a self-limited disease and symptomatic treatment with dressings and local antiseptics are very helpful. […] Where secondary bacterial infections in animals with orf are common, topical and systemic antibiotics can be used in the treatment schedule. […] Attention to feeding may prevent severe weight loss and debilitation in animals, especially in lambs having difficulty with sucking.
#20 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
The prognosis of orf is excellent. The orf lesions usually heal completely with no scarring in about 35 days (4-8 wk). Scarring can occur if secondary infection or trauma to the lesion occurs. […] Immunocompromised patients with orf can have progressive, destructive lesions requiring medical interventions such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppression, and surgical debridement. However, reports exist of immunosuppressed individuals with large, fungating lesions that have been refractory to treatment and required amputation. […] Mortality from orf has not been reported.
#21 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
The prognosis of orf is excellent. The orf lesions usually heal completely with no scarring in about 35 days (4-8 wk). Scarring can occur if secondary infection or trauma to the lesion occurs. […] Immunocompromised patients with orf can have progressive, destructive lesions requiring medical interventions such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppression, and surgical debridement. However, reports exist of immunosuppressed individuals with large, fungating lesions that have been refractory to treatment and required amputation. […] Mortality from orf has not been reported.
#22 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
The prognosis of orf is excellent. The orf lesions usually heal completely with no scarring in about 35 days (4-8 wk). Scarring can occur if secondary infection or trauma to the lesion occurs. […] Immunocompromised patients with orf can have progressive, destructive lesions requiring medical interventions such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppression, and surgical debridement. However, reports exist of immunosuppressed individuals with large, fungating lesions that have been refractory to treatment and required amputation. […] Mortality from orf has not been reported.
#23 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Orf is a highly contagious eruptive skin condition of sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. […] The virus is classified as a Poxvirus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. It is a pathogen with worldwide distribution, causing significant financial losses in livestock production. […] The orf virus primarily affects the skin around the mouth, and under normal circumstances is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks. However, lesions may become extensive and spread to other parts of the body, and can be transmitted to the ewes udder causing her to refuse to suckle. […] Severely affected young lambs may be unable to eat for days, becoming debilitated and prone to secondary bacterial infection of the lesion which may lead to prolonged disease or even death.
#24 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Production losses caused by the orf virus are believed to be underestimated, as it is not a notifiable disease. […] Infection spreads rapidly through the flock, with most animals becoming infected within a few weeks. […] Outbreaks usually last for between 6 and 8 weeks, and generally do not reappear until there is a fresh crop of susceptible lambs. […] Sheep that have recovered from infection have only limited protection against reinfection, although subsequent infections tend to be milder and more short-lived than the initial one. […] Antibodies are produced against the virus, but even when present in large amounts they seem to have little effect on the course of the disease. […] High stocking rates, and indoor lambing are considered to be risk factors for the spread of the orf virus.
#25 An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1
The study revealed evidence of the presence of orf virus infection among the sheep and goats population as confirmed by ELISA assay which amounted to a prevalence of 16.8% in sheep and 25.1% in goats. […] The high morbidity of this disease underscores the infectious nature of this virus and its economic impact on the goat industry. […] It has been speculated that contagious ecthyma disease of sheep does not confer long term protection thus, seasonal outbreaks among herds are common. […] Various putative risk factors for the prevalence rate were examined to ascertain the possible risk factors. […] Identification of relevant risk factors is crucial for the proper disease management and outbreak containments. […] The presence of skin lesions usually indicates current infections which are best diagnosed by standard virus isolation and identification.
#26 An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1
Orf virus causes a scabby skin lesions which decreases productivity in small ruminants. The unknown status of this disease in the eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia warrants a study to determine sero-prevalence of orf with regards to farmers compliance level towards the Herd Health Program (HHP) programme. […] An overall prevalence rate of 22.8% indicated a high prevalence of orf disease in this region. […] Several factors were measured for their possible association with prevalence of Orf virus infection. […] Chi-square analysis showed a significant association of three risk factors which are species, age and sex of the animals (P0.05). […] An overall compliance level of 42.7% was observed for all HHP parameters. […] Good herd health supervision is a rehearsal target to prevent an outbreak and the spread of diseases thus reduces economic losses among farmers. Therefore, a good herd health programme should be in place, in order to prevent and control disease transmission as well as to improve herd immunity.
#27 An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1
Orf virus causes a scabby skin lesions which decreases productivity in small ruminants. The unknown status of this disease in the eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia warrants a study to determine sero-prevalence of orf with regards to farmers compliance level towards the Herd Health Program (HHP) programme. […] An overall prevalence rate of 22.8% indicated a high prevalence of orf disease in this region. […] Several factors were measured for their possible association with prevalence of Orf virus infection. […] Chi-square analysis showed a significant association of three risk factors which are species, age and sex of the animals (P0.05). […] An overall compliance level of 42.7% was observed for all HHP parameters. […] Good herd health supervision is a rehearsal target to prevent an outbreak and the spread of diseases thus reduces economic losses among farmers. Therefore, a good herd health programme should be in place, in order to prevent and control disease transmission as well as to improve herd immunity.
#28 The Combined Use of Orf Virus and PAK4 Inhibitor Exerts Anti-tumor Effect in Breast Cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8984157/
The parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV) has long been recognized as one of the valuable vectors in researches of oncolytic virus. […] Our research showed that ORFV exerts anti-tumor effects in vitro by inducing breast cancer cell G2/M phase arrest and cell apoptosis. […] ORFV can exert anti-tumor activity by regulating tumor microenvironment (TME) and inducing a host immune response plus directly oncolytic effect. […] In summary, we have clarified the oncolytic effect of ORFV on breast cancer, and found that the combination of ORFV and PAK4 inhibitor can effectively improve the oncolytic effect of ORFV. […] We hope our research could provide a new idea for the development of new treatment strategies for breast cancer. […] ORFV reduces the growth of breast cancer cells by regulating cell cycle and apoptosis, which can be proved by in vitro experiments.
#29 Oncolytic Orf virus licenses NK cells via cDC1 to activate innate and adaptive antitumor mechanisms and extends survival in a murine model of late-stage ovarian cancer | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
https://jitc.bmj.com/content/10/3/e004335
OrfV was an effective monotherapy in a murine model of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. […] OrfV intervention relied on NK cells, which when depleted abrogated antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses. […] Furthermore, cDC1s governed antitumor NK and T-cell responses to mediate antitumor efficacy following OrfV. […] Analysis of human RNA sequencing datasets revealed that cDC1s correlate with NK cells in human ovarian cancer and that intratumoral NK cells correlate positively with survival. […] The data herein support the translational potential of OrfV as an NK stimulating immunotherapeutic for the treatment of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. […] OrfV-mediated efficacy is reliant on tumoricidal NK cells that are supported by cDC1s and produce CXCR3 ligands to recruit CD8+ T cells to the TME.
#30 The Combined Use of Orf Virus and PAK4 Inhibitor Exerts Anti-tumor Effect in Breast Cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8984157/
The parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV) has long been recognized as one of the valuable vectors in researches of oncolytic virus. […] Our research showed that ORFV exerts anti-tumor effects in vitro by inducing breast cancer cell G2/M phase arrest and cell apoptosis. […] ORFV can exert anti-tumor activity by regulating tumor microenvironment (TME) and inducing a host immune response plus directly oncolytic effect. […] In summary, we have clarified the oncolytic effect of ORFV on breast cancer, and found that the combination of ORFV and PAK4 inhibitor can effectively improve the oncolytic effect of ORFV. […] We hope our research could provide a new idea for the development of new treatment strategies for breast cancer. […] ORFV reduces the growth of breast cancer cells by regulating cell cycle and apoptosis, which can be proved by in vitro experiments.
#31 Oncolytic Orf virus licenses NK cells via cDC1 to activate innate and adaptive antitumor mechanisms and extends survival in a murine model of late-stage ovarian cancer | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
https://jitc.bmj.com/content/10/3/e004335
OrfV therapy extended survival to a mean of 109.5 days compared with 93 in control animals. […] These data indicated OrfV as a more potent platform than VACV in the ID8 model of advanced-stage EOC. […] OrfV was especially effective when combined with primary tumor removal surgery, which is a common treatment modality.
#32 Oncolytic Orf virus licenses NK cells via cDC1 to activate innate and adaptive antitumor mechanisms and extends survival in a murine model of late-stage ovarian cancer | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
https://jitc.bmj.com/content/10/3/e004335
OrfV was an effective monotherapy in a murine model of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. […] OrfV intervention relied on NK cells, which when depleted abrogated antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses. […] Furthermore, cDC1s governed antitumor NK and T-cell responses to mediate antitumor efficacy following OrfV. […] Analysis of human RNA sequencing datasets revealed that cDC1s correlate with NK cells in human ovarian cancer and that intratumoral NK cells correlate positively with survival. […] The data herein support the translational potential of OrfV as an NK stimulating immunotherapeutic for the treatment of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. […] OrfV-mediated efficacy is reliant on tumoricidal NK cells that are supported by cDC1s and produce CXCR3 ligands to recruit CD8+ T cells to the TME.
#33 Oncolytic Orf virus licenses NK cells via cDC1 to activate innate and adaptive antitumor mechanisms and extends survival in a murine model of late-stage ovarian cancer | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
https://jitc.bmj.com/content/10/3/e004335
OrfV was an effective monotherapy in a murine model of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. […] OrfV intervention relied on NK cells, which when depleted abrogated antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses. […] Furthermore, cDC1s governed antitumor NK and T-cell responses to mediate antitumor efficacy following OrfV. […] Analysis of human RNA sequencing datasets revealed that cDC1s correlate with NK cells in human ovarian cancer and that intratumoral NK cells correlate positively with survival. […] The data herein support the translational potential of OrfV as an NK stimulating immunotherapeutic for the treatment of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. […] OrfV-mediated efficacy is reliant on tumoricidal NK cells that are supported by cDC1s and produce CXCR3 ligands to recruit CD8+ T cells to the TME.
#34 Oncolytic Orf virus licenses NK cells via cDC1 to activate innate and adaptive antitumor mechanisms and extends survival in a murine model of late-stage ovarian cancer | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
https://jitc.bmj.com/content/10/3/e004335
OrfV was an effective monotherapy in a murine model of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. […] OrfV intervention relied on NK cells, which when depleted abrogated antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses. […] Furthermore, cDC1s governed antitumor NK and T-cell responses to mediate antitumor efficacy following OrfV. […] Analysis of human RNA sequencing datasets revealed that cDC1s correlate with NK cells in human ovarian cancer and that intratumoral NK cells correlate positively with survival. […] The data herein support the translational potential of OrfV as an NK stimulating immunotherapeutic for the treatment of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. […] OrfV-mediated efficacy is reliant on tumoricidal NK cells that are supported by cDC1s and produce CXCR3 ligands to recruit CD8+ T cells to the TME.
#35 Oncolytic Orf virus licenses NK cells via cDC1 to activate innate and adaptive antitumor mechanisms and extends survival in a murine model of late-stage ovarian cancer | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
https://jitc.bmj.com/content/10/3/e004335
OrfV was an effective monotherapy in a murine model of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. […] OrfV intervention relied on NK cells, which when depleted abrogated antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses. […] Furthermore, cDC1s governed antitumor NK and T-cell responses to mediate antitumor efficacy following OrfV. […] Analysis of human RNA sequencing datasets revealed that cDC1s correlate with NK cells in human ovarian cancer and that intratumoral NK cells correlate positively with survival. […] The data herein support the translational potential of OrfV as an NK stimulating immunotherapeutic for the treatment of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. […] OrfV-mediated efficacy is reliant on tumoricidal NK cells that are supported by cDC1s and produce CXCR3 ligands to recruit CD8+ T cells to the TME.
#36 Oncolytic Orf virus licenses NK cells via cDC1 to activate innate and adaptive antitumor mechanisms and extends survival in a murine model of late-stage ovarian cancer | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
https://jitc.bmj.com/content/10/3/e004335
OrfV was an effective monotherapy in a murine model of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. […] OrfV intervention relied on NK cells, which when depleted abrogated antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses. […] Furthermore, cDC1s governed antitumor NK and T-cell responses to mediate antitumor efficacy following OrfV. […] Analysis of human RNA sequencing datasets revealed that cDC1s correlate with NK cells in human ovarian cancer and that intratumoral NK cells correlate positively with survival. […] The data herein support the translational potential of OrfV as an NK stimulating immunotherapeutic for the treatment of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. […] OrfV-mediated efficacy is reliant on tumoricidal NK cells that are supported by cDC1s and produce CXCR3 ligands to recruit CD8+ T cells to the TME.
#37 The Combined Use of Orf Virus and PAK4 Inhibitor Exerts Anti-tumor Effect in Breast Cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8984157/
The parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV) has long been recognized as one of the valuable vectors in researches of oncolytic virus. […] Our research showed that ORFV exerts anti-tumor effects in vitro by inducing breast cancer cell G2/M phase arrest and cell apoptosis. […] ORFV can exert anti-tumor activity by regulating tumor microenvironment (TME) and inducing a host immune response plus directly oncolytic effect. […] In summary, we have clarified the oncolytic effect of ORFV on breast cancer, and found that the combination of ORFV and PAK4 inhibitor can effectively improve the oncolytic effect of ORFV. […] We hope our research could provide a new idea for the development of new treatment strategies for breast cancer. […] ORFV reduces the growth of breast cancer cells by regulating cell cycle and apoptosis, which can be proved by in vitro experiments.
#38 The Combined Use of Orf Virus and PAK4 Inhibitor Exerts Anti-tumor Effect in Breast Cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8984157/
The oncolytic effect of ORFV, which has been demonstrated through in vivo experiments, depends not only on the virus-induced tumor apoptosis, but also on the induction of host anti-tumor immune response. […] It has also been determined through in vitro and in vivo experiments that PF-3758309, the small molecule inhibitor of PAK4, can enhance the oncolytic effect of ORFV. […] This work will provide fresh insight that the combination of ORFV and PAK4 inhibitors is expected to be a new approach for breast cancer anti-tumor therapy. […] The results of flow cytometry detection of cell apoptosis showed that transfection of siPAK4 itself did not cause apoptosis of host cells, and treatment of MCF-7 with 20 nM PF-3758309 for 48 h could induce partial cell apoptosis. […] The results of cell scratch test and transwell invasion assay showed that the combination treatment can significantly inhibit the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. […] Collectively, our study reveals the therapeutic effectiveness of ORFV on breast cancer and highlights the potential application of ORFV in combination with PAK4 inhibitors in cancer treatment.
#39 The Combined Use of Orf Virus and PAK4 Inhibitor Exerts Anti-tumor Effect in Breast Cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8984157/
The oncolytic effect of ORFV, which has been demonstrated through in vivo experiments, depends not only on the virus-induced tumor apoptosis, but also on the induction of host anti-tumor immune response. […] It has also been determined through in vitro and in vivo experiments that PF-3758309, the small molecule inhibitor of PAK4, can enhance the oncolytic effect of ORFV. […] This work will provide fresh insight that the combination of ORFV and PAK4 inhibitors is expected to be a new approach for breast cancer anti-tumor therapy. […] The results of flow cytometry detection of cell apoptosis showed that transfection of siPAK4 itself did not cause apoptosis of host cells, and treatment of MCF-7 with 20 nM PF-3758309 for 48 h could induce partial cell apoptosis. […] The results of cell scratch test and transwell invasion assay showed that the combination treatment can significantly inhibit the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. […] Collectively, our study reveals the therapeutic effectiveness of ORFV on breast cancer and highlights the potential application of ORFV in combination with PAK4 inhibitors in cancer treatment.
#40 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material. […] Vaccination can be useful in the face of an outbreak of the disease as a means of artificially infecting all animals and ensuring that they experience only mild disease. […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] It is therefore important to try and prevent orf from occurring in the flock. […] At present there is no practical means of killing the virus once it is established in the animal, although there is some experimental evidence of a reduction in lesion severity with an antiviral drug. […] However, orf is a self-limited disease and symptomatic treatment with dressings and local antiseptics are very helpful. […] Where secondary bacterial infections in animals with orf are common, topical and systemic antibiotics can be used in the treatment schedule. […] Attention to feeding may prevent severe weight loss and debilitation in animals, especially in lambs having difficulty with sucking.
#41 An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1
Vaccination had been a main prophylactic measure against Orf. […] Our results also indicated that orf virus infection is widespread in the areas of Terengganu State as such vaccination should have been advocated on a regular basis. […] Therefore, it is important to carry out epidemiological surveys in circumstances where there is a risk of introducing disease into a new herd through replacement of sheep from unknown premises.
#42 An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1
Vaccination had been a main prophylactic measure against Orf. […] Our results also indicated that orf virus infection is widespread in the areas of Terengganu State as such vaccination should have been advocated on a regular basis. […] Therefore, it is important to carry out epidemiological surveys in circumstances where there is a risk of introducing disease into a new herd through replacement of sheep from unknown premises.
#43 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material. […] Vaccination can be useful in the face of an outbreak of the disease as a means of artificially infecting all animals and ensuring that they experience only mild disease. […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] It is therefore important to try and prevent orf from occurring in the flock. […] At present there is no practical means of killing the virus once it is established in the animal, although there is some experimental evidence of a reduction in lesion severity with an antiviral drug. […] However, orf is a self-limited disease and symptomatic treatment with dressings and local antiseptics are very helpful. […] Where secondary bacterial infections in animals with orf are common, topical and systemic antibiotics can be used in the treatment schedule. […] Attention to feeding may prevent severe weight loss and debilitation in animals, especially in lambs having difficulty with sucking.
#44 Orf (disease) – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orf_(disease)
Orf is a zoonotic disease, meaning humans can contract this disorder through direct contact with infected sheep and goats or with fomites carrying the orf virus. […] While orf is usually a benign self-limiting illness which resolves in 3-6 weeks, in the immunocompromised it can be very progressive and even life-threatening. One percent topical cidofovir has been successfully used in a few patients with progressive disease. […] More typically, sheep will become free of orf within a week or so as the disease runs its course.
#45 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material. […] Vaccination can be useful in the face of an outbreak of the disease as a means of artificially infecting all animals and ensuring that they experience only mild disease. […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] It is therefore important to try and prevent orf from occurring in the flock. […] At present there is no practical means of killing the virus once it is established in the animal, although there is some experimental evidence of a reduction in lesion severity with an antiviral drug. […] However, orf is a self-limited disease and symptomatic treatment with dressings and local antiseptics are very helpful. […] Where secondary bacterial infections in animals with orf are common, topical and systemic antibiotics can be used in the treatment schedule. […] Attention to feeding may prevent severe weight loss and debilitation in animals, especially in lambs having difficulty with sucking.
#46 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material. […] Vaccination can be useful in the face of an outbreak of the disease as a means of artificially infecting all animals and ensuring that they experience only mild disease. […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] It is therefore important to try and prevent orf from occurring in the flock. […] At present there is no practical means of killing the virus once it is established in the animal, although there is some experimental evidence of a reduction in lesion severity with an antiviral drug. […] However, orf is a self-limited disease and symptomatic treatment with dressings and local antiseptics are very helpful. […] Where secondary bacterial infections in animals with orf are common, topical and systemic antibiotics can be used in the treatment schedule. […] Attention to feeding may prevent severe weight loss and debilitation in animals, especially in lambs having difficulty with sucking.
#47 An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1
Orf virus causes a scabby skin lesions which decreases productivity in small ruminants. The unknown status of this disease in the eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia warrants a study to determine sero-prevalence of orf with regards to farmers compliance level towards the Herd Health Program (HHP) programme. […] An overall prevalence rate of 22.8% indicated a high prevalence of orf disease in this region. […] Several factors were measured for their possible association with prevalence of Orf virus infection. […] Chi-square analysis showed a significant association of three risk factors which are species, age and sex of the animals (P0.05). […] An overall compliance level of 42.7% was observed for all HHP parameters. […] Good herd health supervision is a rehearsal target to prevent an outbreak and the spread of diseases thus reduces economic losses among farmers. Therefore, a good herd health programme should be in place, in order to prevent and control disease transmission as well as to improve herd immunity.
#48 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Production losses caused by the orf virus are believed to be underestimated, as it is not a notifiable disease. […] Infection spreads rapidly through the flock, with most animals becoming infected within a few weeks. […] Outbreaks usually last for between 6 and 8 weeks, and generally do not reappear until there is a fresh crop of susceptible lambs. […] Sheep that have recovered from infection have only limited protection against reinfection, although subsequent infections tend to be milder and more short-lived than the initial one. […] Antibodies are produced against the virus, but even when present in large amounts they seem to have little effect on the course of the disease. […] High stocking rates, and indoor lambing are considered to be risk factors for the spread of the orf virus.
#49 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material. […] Vaccination can be useful in the face of an outbreak of the disease as a means of artificially infecting all animals and ensuring that they experience only mild disease. […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] It is therefore important to try and prevent orf from occurring in the flock. […] At present there is no practical means of killing the virus once it is established in the animal, although there is some experimental evidence of a reduction in lesion severity with an antiviral drug. […] However, orf is a self-limited disease and symptomatic treatment with dressings and local antiseptics are very helpful. […] Where secondary bacterial infections in animals with orf are common, topical and systemic antibiotics can be used in the treatment schedule. […] Attention to feeding may prevent severe weight loss and debilitation in animals, especially in lambs having difficulty with sucking.