Orf, choroba zwana również pęcherzycą zakaźną, dermatitis pęcherzycową lub ecthyma contagiosum
Etiologia i przyczyny

Orf, znany również jako pęcherzyca zakaźna, jest chorobą wirusową wywoływaną przez podwójnoniciowy DNA wirus orf (ORFV) z rodzaju Parapoxvirus, rodziny Poxviridae. Wirus ten jest epiteliotropowy, zakażając głównie owce i kozy, ale może przenosić się na ludzi oraz inne gatunki zwierząt. Transmisja odbywa się przez bezpośredni kontakt z zakażonymi zwierzętami lub zanieczyszczonymi fomity, a infekcja rozwija się w miejscach uszkodzonej skóry. ORFV wykazuje wysoką odporność środowiskową, utrzymując się w strupach i materiale organicznym przez wiele miesięcy. Patogeneza obejmuje złożone mechanizmy immunomodulacyjne, takie jak produkcja homologu IL-10, inhibitory NF-κB oraz białka wiążące chemokiny, które hamują lokalną odpowiedź immunologiczną i sprzyjają utrzymaniu zakażenia. Klinicznie u zwierząt obserwuje się zmiany od pęcherzyków do guzopodobnych zmian skórnych, a u ludzi najczęściej występują pojedyncze, samoograniczające się zmiany skórne, choć u osób immunosupresyjnych mogą pojawić się cięższe, destrukcyjne zmiany wymagające terapii przeciwwirusowej i interwencji chirurgicznej.

Etiologia choroby Orf (pęcherzycy zakaźnej)

Orf, choroba zwana również pęcherzycą zakaźną, dermatitis pęcherzycową lub ecthyma contagiosum, jest chorobą wirusową wywoływaną przez wirus orf (ORFV), należący do rodzaju Parapoxvirus z rodziny Poxviridae.12 Jest to podwójnoniciowy wirus DNA, uznawany za jeden z największych wirusów zwierzęcych, charakteryzujący się genomem o wielkości 134-139 kpz.34 Wirus ten jest blisko spokrewniony z wirusami wywołującymi grudki dojarek (milker’s nodule) oraz brodawczakowate zapalenie jamy ustnej u bydła.5

Charakterystyka molekularna wirusa Orf

Wirus orf jest wirusem epiteliotropowym, wykrywanym za pomocą amplifikacji izotermicznej u wielu organizmów, szczególnie owiec i kóz.6 Jako podwójnoniciowy wirus DNA, ORFV ma zdolność do reinfekcji nosicieli, głównie owiec i kóz.7 Badania genomu wykazały, że geny strukturalne wirusa orf mają homologi prawie wszystkich genów strukturalnych wirusa vaccinia.8

Obecnie cztery szczepy wirusa orf zostały w pełni zsekwencjonowane:9

  • OVIA82 i OVSA00 (Ameryka)
  • D1701 (Niemcy)
  • NZ2 (Nowa Zelandia)

Pochodzenie wirusa ORFV nie jest w pełni poznane, jednak badania filogenetyczne oparte na genie orf011 sugerują, że może być on blisko spokrewniony z wirusem pseudocowpox (PCPV).10 Analiza filogenetyczna obecnie opiera się głównie na badaniu genu orf011.11

Czynniki wirulencji i immunomodulacja

Wirus orf posiada szereg czynników wirulencji i immunomodulacyjnych, które przyczyniają się do jego patogenności:12

  • Inhibitor czynnika stymulującego kolonie granulocytów/makrofagów
  • Inhibitory czynnika jądrowego kappa B
  • Czynnik wzrostu śródbłonka naczyniowego E (VEGF-E)
  • Białko wiążące chemokiny
  • Wirusowa wersja interleukiny-10

1314

Badania wykazały, że wirus orf wykorzystuje makroautofagię w organizmach ssaków, co może przyczyniać się do infekcji wirusowej i patogenezy u ludzi.15 Wirus wykazuje również działanie immunomodulacyjne i przeciwwirusowe, w tym działanie przeciwzwłóknieniowe, co zaobserwowano w próbkach wątroby szczurów zakażonych wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu B i C.16

Istotnym czynnikiem patogenności wirusa jest jego zdolność do produkcji homologu przeciwzapalnej cytokiny interleukiny-10 (IL-10), co przyczynia się do lokalnego zahamowania odporności.17 Badania ujawniły również, że w rozwoju nietypowych zmian guzopodobnych związanych z zakażeniem wirusem Orf kluczową rolę odgrywają makrofagi CD163+ wyrażające EGFR i VEGFR2, które mogą pełnić funkcję onkogenną poprzez synergistyczne działanie z sygnalizacją vVEGF.18

Zróżnicowanie szczepów wirusa

Różne szczepy wirusa orf charakteryzują się różną zdolnością do wywoływania łagodnej lub ciężkiej choroby.19 Konsekwencje kliniczne zakażenia są determinowane przez szczep wirusa, odporność immunologiczną zakażonego zwierzęcia oraz inne czynniki wywołujące, np. uszkodzenie pysków owiec przez osty.20

Drogi transmisji wirusa Orf

Wirus orf jest chorobą zakaźną o globalnym zasięgu, która występuje wszędzie tam, gdzie hodowane są owce, kozy i podobne zwierzęta.2122 Jest to choroba odzwierzęca (zoonoza), która może zostać przeniesiona ze zwierząt na ludzi.23

Transmisja między zwierzętami

Orf jest chorobą wysoce zakaźną, która przenosi się:2425

  • Poprzez bezpośredni kontakt z zakażonymi zwierzętami
  • Poprzez kontakt z zanieczyszczonymi przedmiotami (fomity)
  • Infekcja rozwija się tylko w miejscach, gdzie skóra jest uszkodzona

Wirus jest szczególnie odporny w strupach lub płynie z ran.26 Może on przetrwać w środowisku, w glebie i wodzie przez wiele miesięcy, a nawet lat.2728 Zakażenie często związane jest z uszkodzeniami spowodowanymi przez szorstką, suchą paszę, taką jak ścierniska, osty, nasiona traw lub rzepy.29

Choroba jest wprowadzana do stada przez owce nosicieli, które nie mają widocznych zmian skórnych. Infekcja może pozostać aktywna w suchym materiale strupowym w budynkach przez wiele miesięcy i jest to prawdopodobny powód utrzymywania się zakażenia z roku na rok w tych samych pomieszczeniach.30 Wysoki wskaźnik obsady i wewnętrzne jagnięcie są uważane za czynniki ryzyka rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa orf.31

Transmisja do ludzi

Ludzie zakażają się poprzez kontakt z zakażonymi zwierzętami, tuszami lub zanieczyszczonym, nieożywionym materiałem.32 Główna droga zakażenia u ludzi to:33

  • Bezpośrednie zakażenie – skaleczenia i rany w skórze mające bezpośredni kontakt z zakażonymi płynami zwierzęcymi
  • Zakażenie następuje najczęściej przez istniejące zadrapanie lub skaleczenie

34

Autoinokulacja do obszaru narządów płciowych i twarzy może wystąpić, ale transmisja z człowieka na człowieka jest rzadka – w literaturze odnotowano tylko sześć możliwych przypadków.353637 U ludzi zdarzały się przypadki orf po przypadkowym kontakcie ze szczepionką przeciwko wirusowi orf przeznaczoną dla zwierząt.3839

Na zakażenie narażone są szczególnie osoby mające regularny kontakt z owcami lub kozami, np. rolnicy, weterynarze, rzeźnicy, osoby strzyżące owce oraz pasterze.4041 Choroba występuje częściej u mężczyzn ze względu na to, że są oni bardziej narażeni na ekspozycję zawodową (np. hodowla, medycyna weterynaryjna, ubój zwierząt).42

Czynniki ryzyka i predyspozycje do zakażenia wirusem Orf

Istnieje szereg czynników, które zwiększają ryzyko zakażenia wirusem orf zarówno u zwierząt, jak i u ludzi.4344

Czynniki ryzyka u zwierząt

Do głównych czynników ryzyka u zwierząt zaliczamy:4546

  • Wysoki wskaźnik obsady w stadzie
  • Jagnięta wewnętrzne – porody w pomieszczeniach zamkniętych
  • Uszkodzenia skóry spowodowane przez szorstką paszę (ścierniska, osty, nasiona traw)
  • Długotrwałe moczenie stóp
  • Zły stan zdrowiapęcherzyca zakaźna jest znaczącym problemem u jagniąt-sierot i innych słabo rozwijających się jagniąt

47

Owce żerujące na ścierniskach lub na ostrej paszy są najbardziej podatne na zakażenie pęcherzycą zakaźną ze względu na wyższą częstość występowania drobnych urazów jamy ustnej i stóp.48

Czynniki ryzyka u ludzi

U ludzi ryzyko zakażenia zwiększają:4950

  • Ekspozycja zawodowa – rolnicy, weterynarze, rzeźnicy, osoby strzyżące owce, pasterze
  • Skaleczenia lub rany na skórze
  • Bezpośredni kontakt z zakażonymi zwierzętami lub ich wydzielinami
  • Karmienie butelką jagniąt
  • Kontakt z niedawno szczepionymi zwierzętami

Powikłania zakażenia wirusem orf u ludzi są rzadkie, ale ryzyko ich wystąpienia jest wyższe u osób z obniżoną odpornością, na przykład przez choroby takie jak HIV lub w wyniku leczenia, takiego jak chemioterapia.5152 U pacjentów z niedoborami odporności mogą wystąpić postępujące, destrukcyjne zmiany wymagające interwencji medycznych, takich jak terapia przeciwwirusowa, redukcja immunosupresji i chirurgiczne oczyszczenie.53

Patogeneza zakażenia wirusem Orf

Patogeneza zakażenia wirusem orf obejmuje złożone interakcje między wirusem a układem odpornościowym gospodarza, co prowadzi do charakterystycznych zmian skórnych u zakażonych zwierząt i ludzi.5455

Mechanizm zakażenia i rozwoju choroby

Wirus orf jest wirusem epiteliotropowym, który zakaża komórki nabłonka skóry.56 Proces zakażenia przebiega następująco:5758

  • Wirus wnika do organizmu przez uszkodzoną skórę
  • Replikuje się w okolicznych komórkach skóry, powodując charakterystyczne zmiany
  • U owiec i kóz wirus atakuje głównie skórę wokół pyska, ale może również zakażać wymiona i stopy

Zidentyfikowano gen zwany czynnikiem wzrostu śródbłonka naczyniowego jako potencjalną przyczynę patologii wirusa orf ze względu na jego zdolność do stymulowania komórek śródbłonka w celu promowania przepuszczalności naczyń.59 To może wyjaśniać charakterystyczny obrzęk w miejscu zakażenia.60

Wirus orf może powodować stan zapalny promujący rozwój nowotworów u owiec i kóz, charakteryzujący się zmianami od pęcherzyków i krost do nietypowych zmian podobnych do brodawczaków i naczyniaków w skórze i błonach śluzowych.6162 Badania wykazały, że ORFV aktywuje reakcję zapalną charakteryzującą się makrofagami CD163+ wyrażającymi EGFR i VEGFR2, które mogą odgrywać rolę onkogenną poprzez synergistyczne działanie z sygnalizacją vVEGF.63

Wpływ na układ odpornościowy

Wirus orf posiada szereg mechanizmów modyfikujących odpowiedź immunologiczną gospodarza:6465

  • Produkcja homologu przeciwzapalnej cytokiny interleukiny-10, co przyczynia się do lokalnego zahamowania odporności
  • Zawiera inhibitory czynnika jądrowego kappa B, które modyfikują odpowiedź zapalną
  • Posiada białka wiążące chemokiny, które mogą interferować z rekrutacją komórek immunologicznych

Po zakażeniu zwierzęta rozwijają odporność na całe życie, jednak możliwe są ponowne zakażenia.66 Podobnie u ludzi może rozwinąć się pewna odporność na wirus orf po początkowym zakażeniu, choć mogą nadal występować kolejne infekcje, zazwyczaj o łagodniejszym przebiegu.67

Odporność po zakażeniu klinicznym lub szczepieniu jest tylko częściowa. Nawracające zakażenia mogą wystąpić po 1-3 miesiącach, ale zwykle są mniej dotkliwe i szybciej się goją.68

Powikłania i infekcje wtórne

Chociaż wirus orf zazwyczaj powoduje samoograniczającą się chorobę, mogą wystąpić powikłania, szczególnie w postaci wtórnych zakażeń bakteryjnych:6970

U kóz wirus orf może rozprzestrzeniać się z jamy ustnej młodych koźląt na strzyki kóz, predysponując zwierzęta do zapalenia wymienia.71 Odnotowano również przypadki, w których wirus powodował zmiany w żwaczu, a w jednym przypadku ciężka forma wirusa orf spowodowała wybuch choroby obejmujący przewód pokarmowy, płuca, serce, a także jamę ustną, policzki, język i wargi.72

W innym ciężkim przypadku zgłoszono zapalenie gardła, zmiany narządów płciowych i zakażenie kopyt, które prowadziło do kulawizny, a w niektórych przypadkach do złuszczania się kopyta.73

Znaczenie globalne i ekonomiczne wirusa Orf

Orf jest patogenem globalnym, który powoduje znaczne straty finansowe w produkcji zwierzęcej, ponieważ zmiany chorobowe często zagrażają optymalnej produktywności i zmniejszają wartość rynkową mięsa.74 Choroba ma poważne implikacje dla dobrostanu owiec, gdyż może dotknąć owce w każdym wieku.75

Pęcherzyca zakaźna jest znaczącą chorobą dla eksportu żywych zwierząt. Partnerzy handlowi mogą odrzucić przesyłki owiec z pęcherzycą zakaźną.76 Ze względu na zoonotyczny potencjał wirusa, stanowi on również zagrożenie dla zdrowia publicznego, szczególnie dla osób mających bezpośredni lub pośredni kontakt z zakażonymi zwierzętami, np. rolników, weterynarzy i pracowników rzeźni.77

W większości przypadków orf jest łagodną, samoograniczającą się chorobą, która może wyleczyć się sama w ciągu kilku miesięcy, jednak u bardzo młodych zwierząt może być uporczywa, a nawet śmiertelna.78 Choroba ma szczególnie poważny przebieg u kóz w porównaniu do owiec.79

Chociaż wirus orf przede wszystkim dotyka owce i kozy, odnotowano również przypadki naturalnego zakażenia u wielbłądowatych, jeleni, reniferów, psów, kotów i wiewiórek.80 Szeroki zakres gatunków podatnych na zakażenie podkreśla znaczenie wirusa w ekologii chorób zakaźnych.

Podsumowanie etiologii wirusa Orf

Orf (pęcherzyca zakaźna) jest chorobą wirusową wywoływaną przez wirus orf należący do rodzaju Parapoxvirus z rodziny Poxviridae.8182 Jest to podwójnoniciowy wirus DNA, który zakaża głównie owce i kozy, ale może również przenosić się na ludzi oraz inne gatunki zwierząt.83

Transmisja wirusa odbywa się głównie poprzez bezpośredni kontakt z zakażonymi zwierzętami lub zanieczyszczonymi przedmiotami, a infekcja rozwija się w miejscach, gdzie skóra jest uszkodzona.8485 Wirus charakteryzuje się wysoką odpornością w środowisku, pozostając aktywnym w wysuszonych strupach przez wiele miesięcy.86

Patogeneza zakażenia obejmuje złożone interakcje między wirusem a układem odpornościowym gospodarza, przy czym wirus wykorzystuje różnorodne mechanizmy immunomodulacyjne w celu uniknięcia odpowiedzi immunologicznej.8788 Wtórne zakażenia bakteryjne są częstym powikłaniem, które może prowadzić do przedłużonej choroby, a nawet śmierci.89

Ze względu na globalny zasięg, ekonomiczne znaczenie dla produkcji zwierzęcej oraz zoonotyczny potencjał, orf pozostaje istotnym zagrożeniem dla zdrowia zwierząt i ludzi, wymagającym dalszych badań nad skutecznymi metodami kontroli i profilaktyki.9091

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  1. 10.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
    Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] Orf is caused by the parapoxvirus Orfviridae. […] The orf virus is an epitheliotropic virus detected by isothermal amplification in multiple organisms, notably sheep and goats. The parapoxvirus that causes orf is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus; because of this, reinfection of hosts (primarily sheep and goats) is common. […] Orf virus has a variety of virulence and immunomodulatory factors, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating inhibitor factor, nuclear factor-kappa beta inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor-E, a chemokine binding protein, and a viral version of interleukin-10. […] Further research findings have demonstrated that the orf virus uses macroautophagy in mammals, possibly contributing to the viral infection and pathogenesis in human hosts. […] The orf virus demonstrates immunomodulatory and antiviral activity, including antifibrotic activity, as observed in hepatic samples from rats infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
  • #2 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Orf, also known as ecthyma contagiosum, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, scabby mouth, or sore mouth, is a viral disease first described in humans in 1934 by Newson and Cross. The orf virus is endemic in sheep and goat herds worldwide and rarely in cattle, camels and other ruminants. […] Orf is caused by infection with the orf virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, which also includes the milker’s nodule virus. Parapoxvirus is a member of the family Poxviridae, which are double-stranded DNA viruses known to be the largest of all animal viruses. […] The orf virus is able to produce a homolog of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)10, which contributes to localized suppression of immunity. […] Orf is transmitted by direct contact inoculation usually via a wound in the skin. Humans acquire the infection from contact with infected animals, carcasses, or contaminated, nonliving material.
  • #3 Orf Virus Antigens – Creative Diagnostics
    https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/tag-orf-virus-antigens-26.htm
    Orf Virus (ORFV or OV) belongs to the Poxviridae family, genus Parapoxvirus. Orf Virus injection causes the orf disease, a zoonotic disease that occurs primarily in sheep and goats, and sometimes also in humans and other animals such as dog, cat, musk ox, reindeer, the red squirrel, chamois, etc. […] The infection of orf virus usually occurs when the broken skins get in touch with virus from the infected animals or the surface of equipments contaminated with orf virus, the injection is often confined to epidermis of the skin and commonly without systemic symptoms. […] Infection of orf virus causes a purulent-appearing papule locally in humans, which can be located in fingers, hands, arms and faces. […] All the human infections are animal to human injections, and no human to human infection cases are reported. […] The orf virus is a DNA virus with a genome size of 134-139kbp. […] Genome sequencing indicates that the structural genes of orf virus have homologues of almost all of structural genes in vaccinia virus.
  • #4 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Orf, also known as ecthyma contagiosum, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, scabby mouth, or sore mouth, is a viral disease first described in humans in 1934 by Newson and Cross. The orf virus is endemic in sheep and goat herds worldwide and rarely in cattle, camels and other ruminants. […] Orf is caused by infection with the orf virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, which also includes the milker’s nodule virus. Parapoxvirus is a member of the family Poxviridae, which are double-stranded DNA viruses known to be the largest of all animal viruses. […] The orf virus is able to produce a homolog of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)10, which contributes to localized suppression of immunity. […] Orf is transmitted by direct contact inoculation usually via a wound in the skin. Humans acquire the infection from contact with infected animals, carcasses, or contaminated, nonliving material.
  • #5 Contagious Ecthyma in Sheep and Goats – Integumentary System – Merck Veterinary Manual
    https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/pox-diseases/contagious-ecthyma-in-sheep-and-goats
    Contagious ecthyma is a viral, pustular dermatitis of young sheep and goats. […] The parapoxvirus that causes contagious ecthyma is related to the viruses that cause pseudocowpox and bovine papular stomatitis. […] The virus is transmitted by contact. […] The origin of ORFV is not known; however, the relationship among different PPVs on the orf011 gene suggests that it could be closely related to PCPV. […] At present, most phylogeny studies are based on the orf011 gene.
  • #6 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
    Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] Orf is caused by the parapoxvirus Orfviridae. […] The orf virus is an epitheliotropic virus detected by isothermal amplification in multiple organisms, notably sheep and goats. The parapoxvirus that causes orf is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus; because of this, reinfection of hosts (primarily sheep and goats) is common. […] Orf virus has a variety of virulence and immunomodulatory factors, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating inhibitor factor, nuclear factor-kappa beta inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor-E, a chemokine binding protein, and a viral version of interleukin-10. […] Further research findings have demonstrated that the orf virus uses macroautophagy in mammals, possibly contributing to the viral infection and pathogenesis in human hosts. […] The orf virus demonstrates immunomodulatory and antiviral activity, including antifibrotic activity, as observed in hepatic samples from rats infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
  • #7 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
    Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] Orf is caused by the parapoxvirus Orfviridae. […] The orf virus is an epitheliotropic virus detected by isothermal amplification in multiple organisms, notably sheep and goats. The parapoxvirus that causes orf is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus; because of this, reinfection of hosts (primarily sheep and goats) is common. […] Orf virus has a variety of virulence and immunomodulatory factors, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating inhibitor factor, nuclear factor-kappa beta inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor-E, a chemokine binding protein, and a viral version of interleukin-10. […] Further research findings have demonstrated that the orf virus uses macroautophagy in mammals, possibly contributing to the viral infection and pathogenesis in human hosts. […] The orf virus demonstrates immunomodulatory and antiviral activity, including antifibrotic activity, as observed in hepatic samples from rats infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
  • #8 Orf Virus Antigens – Creative Diagnostics
    https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/tag-orf-virus-antigens-26.htm
    Orf Virus (ORFV or OV) belongs to the Poxviridae family, genus Parapoxvirus. Orf Virus injection causes the orf disease, a zoonotic disease that occurs primarily in sheep and goats, and sometimes also in humans and other animals such as dog, cat, musk ox, reindeer, the red squirrel, chamois, etc. […] The infection of orf virus usually occurs when the broken skins get in touch with virus from the infected animals or the surface of equipments contaminated with orf virus, the injection is often confined to epidermis of the skin and commonly without systemic symptoms. […] Infection of orf virus causes a purulent-appearing papule locally in humans, which can be located in fingers, hands, arms and faces. […] All the human infections are animal to human injections, and no human to human infection cases are reported. […] The orf virus is a DNA virus with a genome size of 134-139kbp. […] Genome sequencing indicates that the structural genes of orf virus have homologues of almost all of structural genes in vaccinia virus.
  • #9 Contagious Ecthyma and its Public Health Significance
    https://juniperpublishers.com/jdvs/JDVS.MS.ID.555711.php
    The orf virus belongs to the poxviruses family and Para poxvirus genus. […] Presently, four strains of orf have been sequenced completely: namely OVIA82 and OVSA00 in America, D1701 in Germany and NZ2 in New Zealand. […] The orf virus is resistant to ether and other lipid solvents and is inactivated if under 30 C for 30 minutes. […] Orf is transmitted by direct contact inoculation. […] The infection in human beings is still known as human orf. […] The infection is prevented by maintaining virus-free herd or flock by not introducing infected individuals to the existing ones. […] Since the CE is a viral disease, there is no definitive treatment for infection in humans or animals.
  • #10 Contagious Ecthyma in Sheep and Goats – Integumentary System – Merck Veterinary Manual
    https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/pox-diseases/contagious-ecthyma-in-sheep-and-goats
    Contagious ecthyma is a viral, pustular dermatitis of young sheep and goats. […] The parapoxvirus that causes contagious ecthyma is related to the viruses that cause pseudocowpox and bovine papular stomatitis. […] The virus is transmitted by contact. […] The origin of ORFV is not known; however, the relationship among different PPVs on the orf011 gene suggests that it could be closely related to PCPV. […] At present, most phylogeny studies are based on the orf011 gene.
  • #11 Contagious Ecthyma in Sheep and Goats – Integumentary System – Merck Veterinary Manual
    https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/pox-diseases/contagious-ecthyma-in-sheep-and-goats
    Contagious ecthyma is a viral, pustular dermatitis of young sheep and goats. […] The parapoxvirus that causes contagious ecthyma is related to the viruses that cause pseudocowpox and bovine papular stomatitis. […] The virus is transmitted by contact. […] The origin of ORFV is not known; however, the relationship among different PPVs on the orf011 gene suggests that it could be closely related to PCPV. […] At present, most phylogeny studies are based on the orf011 gene.
  • #12 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
    Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] Orf is caused by the parapoxvirus Orfviridae. […] The orf virus is an epitheliotropic virus detected by isothermal amplification in multiple organisms, notably sheep and goats. The parapoxvirus that causes orf is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus; because of this, reinfection of hosts (primarily sheep and goats) is common. […] Orf virus has a variety of virulence and immunomodulatory factors, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating inhibitor factor, nuclear factor-kappa beta inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor-E, a chemokine binding protein, and a viral version of interleukin-10. […] Further research findings have demonstrated that the orf virus uses macroautophagy in mammals, possibly contributing to the viral infection and pathogenesis in human hosts. […] The orf virus demonstrates immunomodulatory and antiviral activity, including antifibrotic activity, as observed in hepatic samples from rats infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
  • #13 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
    Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] Orf is caused by the parapoxvirus Orfviridae. […] The orf virus is an epitheliotropic virus detected by isothermal amplification in multiple organisms, notably sheep and goats. The parapoxvirus that causes orf is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus; because of this, reinfection of hosts (primarily sheep and goats) is common. […] Orf virus has a variety of virulence and immunomodulatory factors, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating inhibitor factor, nuclear factor-kappa beta inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor-E, a chemokine binding protein, and a viral version of interleukin-10. […] Further research findings have demonstrated that the orf virus uses macroautophagy in mammals, possibly contributing to the viral infection and pathogenesis in human hosts. […] The orf virus demonstrates immunomodulatory and antiviral activity, including antifibrotic activity, as observed in hepatic samples from rats infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
  • #14 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Orf, also known as ecthyma contagiosum, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, scabby mouth, or sore mouth, is a viral disease first described in humans in 1934 by Newson and Cross. The orf virus is endemic in sheep and goat herds worldwide and rarely in cattle, camels and other ruminants. […] Orf is caused by infection with the orf virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, which also includes the milker’s nodule virus. Parapoxvirus is a member of the family Poxviridae, which are double-stranded DNA viruses known to be the largest of all animal viruses. […] The orf virus is able to produce a homolog of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)10, which contributes to localized suppression of immunity. […] Orf is transmitted by direct contact inoculation usually via a wound in the skin. Humans acquire the infection from contact with infected animals, carcasses, or contaminated, nonliving material.
  • #15 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
    Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] Orf is caused by the parapoxvirus Orfviridae. […] The orf virus is an epitheliotropic virus detected by isothermal amplification in multiple organisms, notably sheep and goats. The parapoxvirus that causes orf is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus; because of this, reinfection of hosts (primarily sheep and goats) is common. […] Orf virus has a variety of virulence and immunomodulatory factors, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating inhibitor factor, nuclear factor-kappa beta inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor-E, a chemokine binding protein, and a viral version of interleukin-10. […] Further research findings have demonstrated that the orf virus uses macroautophagy in mammals, possibly contributing to the viral infection and pathogenesis in human hosts. […] The orf virus demonstrates immunomodulatory and antiviral activity, including antifibrotic activity, as observed in hepatic samples from rats infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
  • #16 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
    Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] Orf is caused by the parapoxvirus Orfviridae. […] The orf virus is an epitheliotropic virus detected by isothermal amplification in multiple organisms, notably sheep and goats. The parapoxvirus that causes orf is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus; because of this, reinfection of hosts (primarily sheep and goats) is common. […] Orf virus has a variety of virulence and immunomodulatory factors, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating inhibitor factor, nuclear factor-kappa beta inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor-E, a chemokine binding protein, and a viral version of interleukin-10. […] Further research findings have demonstrated that the orf virus uses macroautophagy in mammals, possibly contributing to the viral infection and pathogenesis in human hosts. […] The orf virus demonstrates immunomodulatory and antiviral activity, including antifibrotic activity, as observed in hepatic samples from rats infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
  • #17 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Orf, also known as ecthyma contagiosum, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, scabby mouth, or sore mouth, is a viral disease first described in humans in 1934 by Newson and Cross. The orf virus is endemic in sheep and goat herds worldwide and rarely in cattle, camels and other ruminants. […] Orf is caused by infection with the orf virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, which also includes the milker’s nodule virus. Parapoxvirus is a member of the family Poxviridae, which are double-stranded DNA viruses known to be the largest of all animal viruses. […] The orf virus is able to produce a homolog of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)10, which contributes to localized suppression of immunity. […] Orf is transmitted by direct contact inoculation usually via a wound in the skin. Humans acquire the infection from contact with infected animals, carcasses, or contaminated, nonliving material.
  • #18 ORF virus causes tumor-promoting inflammation in sheep and goats – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38613413/
    ORF virus (ORFV) causes contagious ecthyma („ORF”), a disease of sheep and goats characterized by lesions ranging from vesicles and pustules to atypical papilloma-like and angiomatous lesions in the skin and mucosae. […] The authors investigated the molecular factors leading to the ORF-associated atypical tumor-like changes. […] These findings suggest that ORFV activates an inflammatory reaction characterized by CD163+ macrophages expressing EGFR and VEGFR2, which might play an oncogenic role through synergistic action with vVEGF signaling.
  • #19 Orf – MSD Animal Health Republic of Ireland
    https://www.msd-animal-health.ie/species/sheep/orf/
    Orf is a contagious disease of sheep caused by a pox virus. […] It is caused by a parapox virus. […] The clinical consequences of infection are determined by the strain of virus, the immune resistance of the animal infected and other inciting causes e.g. damage to sheep’s muzzles by thistles. […] Various strains have varying ability to cause mild or serious disease.
  • #20 Orf – MSD Animal Health Republic of Ireland
    https://www.msd-animal-health.ie/species/sheep/orf/
    Orf is a contagious disease of sheep caused by a pox virus. […] It is caused by a parapox virus. […] The clinical consequences of infection are determined by the strain of virus, the immune resistance of the animal infected and other inciting causes e.g. damage to sheep’s muzzles by thistles. […] Various strains have varying ability to cause mild or serious disease.
  • #21 About Orf Virus (Sore Mouth Disease) | Orf | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/orf-virus/about/index.html
    Sore mouth disease is caused by orf virus, a type of poxvirus. It occurs worldwide, anywhere sheep, goats and similar animals live. […] People can get painful sores called lesions if they have contact with animals infected with orf virus. […] Orf virus does not spread between people. […] There is no specific treatment to cure orf virus infection.
  • #22 Orf Virus in Animals | Orf | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/orf-virus/about/orf-virus-in-animals.html
    Orf virus infection occurs worldwide in sheep and goats and sometimes other animals with hooves. […] The virus can spread to other animals through cuts or scrapes in the skin. […] Orf virus is particularly hardy in scabs or fluid from the sores. […] There are commercially available preparations of live orf virus marketed for use as vaccines. […] It can be difficult to prevent infection since orf virus survives in the environment, in soil and water. […] Orf virus mostly causes sores on sheep and goats, but people can get it too if they have contact with a sick animal and touch the sores.
  • #23 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
    Orf is a highly contagious eruptive skin condition of sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. […] The virus is classified as a Poxvirus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. […] It is also a zoonotic disease, affecting mainly people who come in direct or indirect contact with infected animals, e.g. farmers, veterinarians and abattoir staff (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] The orf virus primarily affects the skin around the mouth, and under normal circumstances is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks. […] Orf is a contagious virus that usually causes scabs and lesions in the mouth and gums of the infected animal. […] Orf virus spreads through direct contact with infected animals or virus-contaminated fomites, and infection will only establish at sites where the skin is traumatized.
  • #24 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
    Orf is a highly contagious eruptive skin condition of sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. […] The virus is classified as a Poxvirus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. […] It is also a zoonotic disease, affecting mainly people who come in direct or indirect contact with infected animals, e.g. farmers, veterinarians and abattoir staff (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] The orf virus primarily affects the skin around the mouth, and under normal circumstances is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks. […] Orf is a contagious virus that usually causes scabs and lesions in the mouth and gums of the infected animal. […] Orf virus spreads through direct contact with infected animals or virus-contaminated fomites, and infection will only establish at sites where the skin is traumatized.
  • #25 Orf Virus in Animals | Orf | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/orf-virus/about/orf-virus-in-animals.html
    Orf virus infection occurs worldwide in sheep and goats and sometimes other animals with hooves. […] The virus can spread to other animals through cuts or scrapes in the skin. […] Orf virus is particularly hardy in scabs or fluid from the sores. […] There are commercially available preparations of live orf virus marketed for use as vaccines. […] It can be difficult to prevent infection since orf virus survives in the environment, in soil and water. […] Orf virus mostly causes sores on sheep and goats, but people can get it too if they have contact with a sick animal and touch the sores.
  • #26 Orf Virus in Animals | Orf | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/orf-virus/about/orf-virus-in-animals.html
    Orf virus infection occurs worldwide in sheep and goats and sometimes other animals with hooves. […] The virus can spread to other animals through cuts or scrapes in the skin. […] Orf virus is particularly hardy in scabs or fluid from the sores. […] There are commercially available preparations of live orf virus marketed for use as vaccines. […] It can be difficult to prevent infection since orf virus survives in the environment, in soil and water. […] Orf virus mostly causes sores on sheep and goats, but people can get it too if they have contact with a sick animal and touch the sores.
  • #27 Orf Virus in Animals | Orf | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/orf-virus/about/orf-virus-in-animals.html
    Orf virus infection occurs worldwide in sheep and goats and sometimes other animals with hooves. […] The virus can spread to other animals through cuts or scrapes in the skin. […] Orf virus is particularly hardy in scabs or fluid from the sores. […] There are commercially available preparations of live orf virus marketed for use as vaccines. […] It can be difficult to prevent infection since orf virus survives in the environment, in soil and water. […] Orf virus mostly causes sores on sheep and goats, but people can get it too if they have contact with a sick animal and touch the sores.
  • #28 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf)
    https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/sheep/contagious-pustular-dermatitis-orf/
    Disease is introduced into a flock by carrier sheep with no obvious skin lesions. Infection can remain viable in dry scab material in buildings for many months and is the likely reason for persistence of infection from year to year on the same premises. […] Contagious pustular dermatitis is a significant problem in orphans lambs and other ill-thriven lambs, CPD is less of a problem in well-fed, well-thriven stock.
  • #29 Scabby mouth in sheep | Agriculture and Food
    https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/livestock-biosecurity/scabby-mouth-sheep
    Scabby mouth is a viral disease of sheep and goats that causes scabs and pustules, usually around the mouth and face of affected animals. […] Animals become infected with scabby mouth when abrasions in the skin allow the virus to enter and establish. […] The scabs shed from infected sheep onto pasture and in yards can be infectious to other sheep for many years. Some sheep may also carry the virus and infect other sheep. […] Outbreaks are often associated with abrasions caused by rough dry feed, such as stubbles, thistles, grass seeds or burrs. Infection may also occur if there is prolonged wetting of the feet. […] Animals previously infected with scabby mouth develop immunity provided there is regular exposure to the virus. […] A live vaccine which introduces a controlled volume of live virus to the sheep is available to protect against scabby mouth.
  • #30 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf)
    https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/sheep/contagious-pustular-dermatitis-orf/
    Disease is introduced into a flock by carrier sheep with no obvious skin lesions. Infection can remain viable in dry scab material in buildings for many months and is the likely reason for persistence of infection from year to year on the same premises. […] Contagious pustular dermatitis is a significant problem in orphans lambs and other ill-thriven lambs, CPD is less of a problem in well-fed, well-thriven stock.
  • #31 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
    High stocking rates, and indoor lambing are considered to be risk factors for the spread of the orf virus. […] Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material (Nettleton et al., 1996b). […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] It causes scabs and lesions usually in the mouth area, but can affect udders and feet as well. […] There isnt a cure to get rid of the virus once it has become established in the animal; however, the secondary infections can be treated. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] If there is a known problem with orf on the farm measures have to be taken to eliminate the disease from the flock as part of the overall flock health plan.
  • #32 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Orf, also known as ecthyma contagiosum, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, scabby mouth, or sore mouth, is a viral disease first described in humans in 1934 by Newson and Cross. The orf virus is endemic in sheep and goat herds worldwide and rarely in cattle, camels and other ruminants. […] Orf is caused by infection with the orf virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, which also includes the milker’s nodule virus. Parapoxvirus is a member of the family Poxviridae, which are double-stranded DNA viruses known to be the largest of all animal viruses. […] The orf virus is able to produce a homolog of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)10, which contributes to localized suppression of immunity. […] Orf is transmitted by direct contact inoculation usually via a wound in the skin. Humans acquire the infection from contact with infected animals, carcasses, or contaminated, nonliving material.
  • #33 Orf Disease – DoveMed
    https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/orf-disease
    Orf Disease is an infection caused by the parapoxvirus, Orfviridae. It is a zoonotic disease – one that is transmitted from animals to humans. […] Orf Disease is an infection that is caused by the parapoxvirus (PPV), Orfviridae, a DNA virus. In many cases, the virus is accidentally transmitted from infected animals, such as sheep and goats, to humans through direct contact. […] The method of transmission from infected sheep and goats to humans may take place via: Cuts and wounds in the skin coming in direct contact with infected animal fluids – this is the primary route of infection in humans.
  • #34
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/orf
    Orf is a zoonotic viral skin infection that is contracted from sheep and goats. It is caused by the parapox virus, a large DNA virus that replicates in cellular cytoplasm. […] Human lesions are caused by direct inoculation of infected material, often through an existing scratch or cut. […] Human orf has been reported after accidental contact with orf virus vaccine intended for the animals. […] Orf is generally diagnosed clinically, in a person that has been handling sheep or goats. […] The infection can be confirmed on a viral swab, skin biopsy or vesicular fluid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It can also be identified by electron microscopy. […] The disease can be minimised in sheep and goats by lower stocking rates and outdoor lambing. Vaccination of the herd using a live virus is recommended if there is a significant outbreak of orf.
  • #35 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Autoinoculation to the genital area and face can occur, but human-to-human transmission is rare and there are reports in the literature of six possible cases. […] The majority of orf infections go unreported because the disease is self-limited, and those infected are able to recognize orf and do not seek medical attention. […] Orf occurs more commonly in men owing to the fact that men more likely to have an occupational exposure (eg, ranching, veterinary medicine, animal slaughter). […] Orf is an occupational hazard of ranchers, veterinarians, butchers, shearers, and shepherds. […] The prognosis of orf is excellent. The orf lesions usually heal completely with no scarring in about 35 days (4-8 wk). […] Immunocompromised patients with orf can have progressive, destructive lesions requiring medical interventions such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppression, and surgical debridement. However, reports exist of immunosuppressed individuals with large, fungating lesions that have been refractory to treatment and required amputation.
  • #36 Orf
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/orf/
    Orf is a virus that mainly affects young lambs and goats. […] You can get it if you have a sore, cut or scratch that touches an infected animal. […] Orf causes scabs around the animal’s nose and mouth, which may spread to their legs and teats. […] Sheep and goats can be vaccinated against the orf virus. But people can get infected if they come into contact with recently vaccinated or unvaccinated animals. […] It’s very rare for orf to be passed from one person to another. […] There’s no specific treatment for orf. […] If it becomes infected, you may need antibiotics. […] Your risk of getting complications is higher if you have a weakened immune system for example, by having a condition like HIV, or a treatment like chemotherapy.
  • #37 ORF – الجمعية السعودية لأمراض وجراحة الجلد
    http://ssdds.org/en/5221/
    Orf is a skin infection caused by parapox virus, a zoonotic contracted from goats and sheep. […] Direct inoculation of contaminated material, frequently through an already-existing wound or scratch, results in lesions in humans. […] There have been reports of human orf following unintentional contact with animal-targeted orf virus vaccination. […] It is not typically spread from person to person, however sporadic reports of this have occurred.
  • #38
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/orf
    Orf is a zoonotic viral skin infection that is contracted from sheep and goats. It is caused by the parapox virus, a large DNA virus that replicates in cellular cytoplasm. […] Human lesions are caused by direct inoculation of infected material, often through an existing scratch or cut. […] Human orf has been reported after accidental contact with orf virus vaccine intended for the animals. […] Orf is generally diagnosed clinically, in a person that has been handling sheep or goats. […] The infection can be confirmed on a viral swab, skin biopsy or vesicular fluid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It can also be identified by electron microscopy. […] The disease can be minimised in sheep and goats by lower stocking rates and outdoor lambing. Vaccination of the herd using a live virus is recommended if there is a significant outbreak of orf.
  • #39 ORF – الجمعية السعودية لأمراض وجراحة الجلد
    http://ssdds.org/en/5221/
    Orf is a skin infection caused by parapox virus, a zoonotic contracted from goats and sheep. […] Direct inoculation of contaminated material, frequently through an already-existing wound or scratch, results in lesions in humans. […] There have been reports of human orf following unintentional contact with animal-targeted orf virus vaccination. […] It is not typically spread from person to person, however sporadic reports of this have occurred.
  • #40 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Autoinoculation to the genital area and face can occur, but human-to-human transmission is rare and there are reports in the literature of six possible cases. […] The majority of orf infections go unreported because the disease is self-limited, and those infected are able to recognize orf and do not seek medical attention. […] Orf occurs more commonly in men owing to the fact that men more likely to have an occupational exposure (eg, ranching, veterinary medicine, animal slaughter). […] Orf is an occupational hazard of ranchers, veterinarians, butchers, shearers, and shepherds. […] The prognosis of orf is excellent. The orf lesions usually heal completely with no scarring in about 35 days (4-8 wk). […] Immunocompromised patients with orf can have progressive, destructive lesions requiring medical interventions such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppression, and surgical debridement. However, reports exist of immunosuppressed individuals with large, fungating lesions that have been refractory to treatment and required amputation.
  • #41 Orf
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/orf/
    Orf is a virus that mainly affects young lambs and goats. […] You can get it if you have a sore, cut or scratch that touches an infected animal. […] Orf causes scabs around the animal’s nose and mouth, which may spread to their legs and teats. […] Sheep and goats can be vaccinated against the orf virus. But people can get infected if they come into contact with recently vaccinated or unvaccinated animals. […] It’s very rare for orf to be passed from one person to another. […] There’s no specific treatment for orf. […] If it becomes infected, you may need antibiotics. […] Your risk of getting complications is higher if you have a weakened immune system for example, by having a condition like HIV, or a treatment like chemotherapy.
  • #42 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Autoinoculation to the genital area and face can occur, but human-to-human transmission is rare and there are reports in the literature of six possible cases. […] The majority of orf infections go unreported because the disease is self-limited, and those infected are able to recognize orf and do not seek medical attention. […] Orf occurs more commonly in men owing to the fact that men more likely to have an occupational exposure (eg, ranching, veterinary medicine, animal slaughter). […] Orf is an occupational hazard of ranchers, veterinarians, butchers, shearers, and shepherds. […] The prognosis of orf is excellent. The orf lesions usually heal completely with no scarring in about 35 days (4-8 wk). […] Immunocompromised patients with orf can have progressive, destructive lesions requiring medical interventions such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppression, and surgical debridement. However, reports exist of immunosuppressed individuals with large, fungating lesions that have been refractory to treatment and required amputation.
  • #43 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
    High stocking rates, and indoor lambing are considered to be risk factors for the spread of the orf virus. […] Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material (Nettleton et al., 1996b). […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] It causes scabs and lesions usually in the mouth area, but can affect udders and feet as well. […] There isnt a cure to get rid of the virus once it has become established in the animal; however, the secondary infections can be treated. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] If there is a known problem with orf on the farm measures have to be taken to eliminate the disease from the flock as part of the overall flock health plan.
  • #44 What Is Orf Virus?
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-orf-virus
    Orf virus in humans is a common and widespread zoonotic viral infection that affects the skin. It is caused by the parapoxvirus and appears worldwide. […] While this disease is primarily found in goats and sheep, where it causes lesions to develop around their mouth, it can also be transmitted to humans, sometimes by deer or cattle. […] The main difference between animal and human orf virus infections is that humans develop lesions on their hands instead of around or inside their mouths. […] A few activities put you at even greater risk for becoming infected, including: […] While its easy for orf to spread from an animal to a human, its rare for this infection to be passed from person to person. […] Orf is self-limiting, which means that your body typically heals on its own without medical intervention.
  • #45 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
    High stocking rates, and indoor lambing are considered to be risk factors for the spread of the orf virus. […] Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material (Nettleton et al., 1996b). […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] It causes scabs and lesions usually in the mouth area, but can affect udders and feet as well. […] There isnt a cure to get rid of the virus once it has become established in the animal; however, the secondary infections can be treated. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] If there is a known problem with orf on the farm measures have to be taken to eliminate the disease from the flock as part of the overall flock health plan.
  • #46 Scabby mouth in sheep | Agriculture and Food
    https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/livestock-biosecurity/scabby-mouth-sheep
    Scabby mouth is a viral disease of sheep and goats that causes scabs and pustules, usually around the mouth and face of affected animals. […] Animals become infected with scabby mouth when abrasions in the skin allow the virus to enter and establish. […] The scabs shed from infected sheep onto pasture and in yards can be infectious to other sheep for many years. Some sheep may also carry the virus and infect other sheep. […] Outbreaks are often associated with abrasions caused by rough dry feed, such as stubbles, thistles, grass seeds or burrs. Infection may also occur if there is prolonged wetting of the feet. […] Animals previously infected with scabby mouth develop immunity provided there is regular exposure to the virus. […] A live vaccine which introduces a controlled volume of live virus to the sheep is available to protect against scabby mouth.
  • #47 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf)
    https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/sheep/contagious-pustular-dermatitis-orf/
    Disease is introduced into a flock by carrier sheep with no obvious skin lesions. Infection can remain viable in dry scab material in buildings for many months and is the likely reason for persistence of infection from year to year on the same premises. […] Contagious pustular dermatitis is a significant problem in orphans lambs and other ill-thriven lambs, CPD is less of a problem in well-fed, well-thriven stock.
  • #48 Scabby mouth (orf) | Sheep diseases | Animal diseases | Biosecurity | Agriculture Victoria
    https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/biosecurity/animal-diseases/sheep-diseases/scabby-mouth-orf
    Scabby mouth (contagious ecthyma, orf) is a highly contagious, viral disease of sheep, goats and occasionally humans. […] The scabby mouth virus infects a sheep through abrasions in the skin. […] Sheep grazing stubble or on harsh feed are most susceptible to scabby mouth infection due to a higher incidence of minor injuries of the mouth and feet. […] The disease in sheep and goats is normally self-limiting and clears without treatment within 3 to 4 weeks. […] Animals that recover from scabby mouth develop a lifelong immunity to the disease. […] Humans occasionally become infected with the scabby mouth virus. The disease in humans is called orf.
  • #49 What Is Orf Virus?
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-orf-virus
    Orf virus in humans is a common and widespread zoonotic viral infection that affects the skin. It is caused by the parapoxvirus and appears worldwide. […] While this disease is primarily found in goats and sheep, where it causes lesions to develop around their mouth, it can also be transmitted to humans, sometimes by deer or cattle. […] The main difference between animal and human orf virus infections is that humans develop lesions on their hands instead of around or inside their mouths. […] A few activities put you at even greater risk for becoming infected, including: […] While its easy for orf to spread from an animal to a human, its rare for this infection to be passed from person to person. […] Orf is self-limiting, which means that your body typically heals on its own without medical intervention.
  • #50 Orf
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/orf/
    Orf is a virus that mainly affects young lambs and goats. […] You can get it if you have a sore, cut or scratch that touches an infected animal. […] Orf causes scabs around the animal’s nose and mouth, which may spread to their legs and teats. […] Sheep and goats can be vaccinated against the orf virus. But people can get infected if they come into contact with recently vaccinated or unvaccinated animals. […] It’s very rare for orf to be passed from one person to another. […] There’s no specific treatment for orf. […] If it becomes infected, you may need antibiotics. […] Your risk of getting complications is higher if you have a weakened immune system for example, by having a condition like HIV, or a treatment like chemotherapy.
  • #51 Orf
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/orf/
    Orf is a virus that mainly affects young lambs and goats. […] You can get it if you have a sore, cut or scratch that touches an infected animal. […] Orf causes scabs around the animal’s nose and mouth, which may spread to their legs and teats. […] Sheep and goats can be vaccinated against the orf virus. But people can get infected if they come into contact with recently vaccinated or unvaccinated animals. […] It’s very rare for orf to be passed from one person to another. […] There’s no specific treatment for orf. […] If it becomes infected, you may need antibiotics. […] Your risk of getting complications is higher if you have a weakened immune system for example, by having a condition like HIV, or a treatment like chemotherapy.
  • #52
    https://111.wales.nhs.uk/Orf/
    Orf is a skin infection you can get from infected sheep or goats. It most often affects the fingers, hands, forearms or face. It usually clears up without treatment in about 6 weeks. […] Orf is a virus that mainly affects young lambs and goats. […] You can get it if you have a sore, cut or scratch that touches an infected animal. You’re most at risk if you have regular contact with sheep or goats for example, if you’re a farmer or if you bottle feed a lamb. […] Sheep and goats can be vaccinated against the orf virus. But people can get infected if they come into contact with recently vaccinated or unvaccinated animals. […] It’s very rare for orf to be passed from one person to another. […] There’s no specific treatment for orf. […] If it becomes infected, you may need antibiotics. […] Rarely, minor surgery may be needed to remove the affected area of skin if it does not clear up by itself. […] Your risk of getting complications is higher if you have a weakened immune system for example, by having a condition like HIV, or a treatment like chemotherapy.
  • #53 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Autoinoculation to the genital area and face can occur, but human-to-human transmission is rare and there are reports in the literature of six possible cases. […] The majority of orf infections go unreported because the disease is self-limited, and those infected are able to recognize orf and do not seek medical attention. […] Orf occurs more commonly in men owing to the fact that men more likely to have an occupational exposure (eg, ranching, veterinary medicine, animal slaughter). […] Orf is an occupational hazard of ranchers, veterinarians, butchers, shearers, and shepherds. […] The prognosis of orf is excellent. The orf lesions usually heal completely with no scarring in about 35 days (4-8 wk). […] Immunocompromised patients with orf can have progressive, destructive lesions requiring medical interventions such as antiviral therapy, reduction of immunosuppression, and surgical debridement. However, reports exist of immunosuppressed individuals with large, fungating lesions that have been refractory to treatment and required amputation.
  • #54 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Orf, also known as ecthyma contagiosum, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, scabby mouth, or sore mouth, is a viral disease first described in humans in 1934 by Newson and Cross. The orf virus is endemic in sheep and goat herds worldwide and rarely in cattle, camels and other ruminants. […] Orf is caused by infection with the orf virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, which also includes the milker’s nodule virus. Parapoxvirus is a member of the family Poxviridae, which are double-stranded DNA viruses known to be the largest of all animal viruses. […] The orf virus is able to produce a homolog of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)10, which contributes to localized suppression of immunity. […] Orf is transmitted by direct contact inoculation usually via a wound in the skin. Humans acquire the infection from contact with infected animals, carcasses, or contaminated, nonliving material.
  • #55 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
    Orf is a highly contagious eruptive skin condition of sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. […] The virus is classified as a Poxvirus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. […] It is also a zoonotic disease, affecting mainly people who come in direct or indirect contact with infected animals, e.g. farmers, veterinarians and abattoir staff (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] The orf virus primarily affects the skin around the mouth, and under normal circumstances is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks. […] Orf is a contagious virus that usually causes scabs and lesions in the mouth and gums of the infected animal. […] Orf virus spreads through direct contact with infected animals or virus-contaminated fomites, and infection will only establish at sites where the skin is traumatized.
  • #56 Orf Virus in Humans: Case Series and Clinical Review | MDedge
    https://mdedge.com/cutis/article/256132/infectious-diseases/orf-virus-humans-case-series-and-clinical-review
    Ecthyma contagiosum (orf), a worldwide cause of the hand pustule, is caused by orf virus, a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, which causes an epitheliotropic zoonotic infection that spreads from ruminants (even-toed ungulate mammals such as sheep or goats) to humans. […] Ecthyma contagiosum is caused by orf virus, an epitheliotropic zoonotic infection that spreads from ruminants to humans. […] Early and rapid diagnosis of this classic condition is critical to prevent unnecessary biopsies or extensive testing, and determination of etiology can be important in preventing reinfection or spread to other humans by the same infected animal. […] Recognizing orf virus as the etiology of a cutaneous hand pustule in patients is important, as misdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary invasive testing and/or treatments with suboptimal clinical outcomes.
  • #57 Molecular identification and investigations of contagious ecthyma (Orf virus) in small ruminants, North west Ethiopia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
    https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-018-1339-x
    Orf virus, the prototype of parapoxvirus, is the main causative agent of contagious ecthyma. […] The result of the present finding showed high incidence of Orf virus in the region as confirmed through PCR. […] Contagious ecthyma or alternatively called contagious pustular dermatitis is a viral disease of sheep and goat caused by Orf virus which belongs to the family of poxviridae and based on the classification of international committee on taxonomy of viruses(ICTV), it is one of the notifiable viral disease known to have a zoonotic importance. […] A gene called vascular endothelial growth factor is identified as a potential cause of Orf virus pathology due to its ability of stimulating endothelial cells to promote vascular permeability. […] The disease has a global distribution and it affects not only sheep and goat but also a wide range of animals such as dog, cattle, camel and wild animals and it is endemic in countries where these animals are common.
  • #58 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf in Goats
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/goat-diseases/orf-in-goats/
    Orf (also known as contagious ecthyma, scabby mouth, contagious pustular dermatitis, or sore mouth) is a viral skin and mucosae disease which causes scabby lesions usually around the area of the mouth, lips and nose (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). Orf virus infects mainly sheep and goats (being more severe in goats) but has also been reported in camelids, deer, reindeer, dogs, cats and squirrels. Orf is very contagious, it is spread through direct animal-to-animal contact entering through damaged skin. […] Orf is a global pathogen which causes significant financial losses in livestock production as the lesions often jeopardize optimum productivity, and reduce the market value of meat. […] Orf virus transmission occurs through direct contact, entering through damaged skin. The virus replicates in the surrounding skin cells causing typical characteristic lesions.
  • #59 Molecular identification and investigations of contagious ecthyma (Orf virus) in small ruminants, North west Ethiopia | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text
    https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-018-1339-x
    Orf virus, the prototype of parapoxvirus, is the main causative agent of contagious ecthyma. […] The result of the present finding showed high incidence of Orf virus in the region as confirmed through PCR. […] Contagious ecthyma or alternatively called contagious pustular dermatitis is a viral disease of sheep and goat caused by Orf virus which belongs to the family of poxviridae and based on the classification of international committee on taxonomy of viruses(ICTV), it is one of the notifiable viral disease known to have a zoonotic importance. […] A gene called vascular endothelial growth factor is identified as a potential cause of Orf virus pathology due to its ability of stimulating endothelial cells to promote vascular permeability. […] The disease has a global distribution and it affects not only sheep and goat but also a wide range of animals such as dog, cattle, camel and wild animals and it is endemic in countries where these animals are common.
  • #60 ORF virus causes tumor-promoting inflammation in sheep and goats – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38613413/
    ORF virus (ORFV) causes contagious ecthyma („ORF”), a disease of sheep and goats characterized by lesions ranging from vesicles and pustules to atypical papilloma-like and angiomatous lesions in the skin and mucosae. […] The authors investigated the molecular factors leading to the ORF-associated atypical tumor-like changes. […] These findings suggest that ORFV activates an inflammatory reaction characterized by CD163+ macrophages expressing EGFR and VEGFR2, which might play an oncogenic role through synergistic action with vVEGF signaling.
  • #61 ORF virus causes tumor-promoting inflammation in sheep and goats – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38613413/
    ORF virus (ORFV) causes contagious ecthyma („ORF”), a disease of sheep and goats characterized by lesions ranging from vesicles and pustules to atypical papilloma-like and angiomatous lesions in the skin and mucosae. […] The authors investigated the molecular factors leading to the ORF-associated atypical tumor-like changes. […] These findings suggest that ORFV activates an inflammatory reaction characterized by CD163+ macrophages expressing EGFR and VEGFR2, which might play an oncogenic role through synergistic action with vVEGF signaling.
  • #62 Orf Virus Infection in Small Ruminants | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-52133-1_219-1
    Orf, also known as contagious ecthyma (CE), is caused by the orf virus (ORFV) from the Poxviridae family, Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, and Parapoxvirus genus. Orf is a worldwide, highly contagious zoonotic mucocutaneous disease affecting mainly young small ruminants. However, in recent years, severe outbreaks of the disease have been observed in adults. Mortality rates are low, but the high morbidity, marked reduction of feed consumption, and weight gain lead to a marked decrease in productivity and economic losses in sheep and goat flocks. […] Transmission mainly occurs by direct contact, although saliva and milk of infected animals are also important routes. […] ORF virus causes tumor-promoting inflammation in sheep and goats.
  • #63 ORF virus causes tumor-promoting inflammation in sheep and goats – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38613413/
    ORF virus (ORFV) causes contagious ecthyma („ORF”), a disease of sheep and goats characterized by lesions ranging from vesicles and pustules to atypical papilloma-like and angiomatous lesions in the skin and mucosae. […] The authors investigated the molecular factors leading to the ORF-associated atypical tumor-like changes. […] These findings suggest that ORFV activates an inflammatory reaction characterized by CD163+ macrophages expressing EGFR and VEGFR2, which might play an oncogenic role through synergistic action with vVEGF signaling.
  • #64 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
    Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] Orf is caused by the parapoxvirus Orfviridae. […] The orf virus is an epitheliotropic virus detected by isothermal amplification in multiple organisms, notably sheep and goats. The parapoxvirus that causes orf is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus; because of this, reinfection of hosts (primarily sheep and goats) is common. […] Orf virus has a variety of virulence and immunomodulatory factors, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating inhibitor factor, nuclear factor-kappa beta inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor-E, a chemokine binding protein, and a viral version of interleukin-10. […] Further research findings have demonstrated that the orf virus uses macroautophagy in mammals, possibly contributing to the viral infection and pathogenesis in human hosts. […] The orf virus demonstrates immunomodulatory and antiviral activity, including antifibrotic activity, as observed in hepatic samples from rats infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
  • #65 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Orf, also known as ecthyma contagiosum, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, scabby mouth, or sore mouth, is a viral disease first described in humans in 1934 by Newson and Cross. The orf virus is endemic in sheep and goat herds worldwide and rarely in cattle, camels and other ruminants. […] Orf is caused by infection with the orf virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, which also includes the milker’s nodule virus. Parapoxvirus is a member of the family Poxviridae, which are double-stranded DNA viruses known to be the largest of all animal viruses. […] The orf virus is able to produce a homolog of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)10, which contributes to localized suppression of immunity. […] Orf is transmitted by direct contact inoculation usually via a wound in the skin. Humans acquire the infection from contact with infected animals, carcasses, or contaminated, nonliving material.
  • #66 Scabby mouth (orf) | Sheep diseases | Animal diseases | Biosecurity | Agriculture Victoria
    https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/biosecurity/animal-diseases/sheep-diseases/scabby-mouth-orf
    Scabby mouth (contagious ecthyma, orf) is a highly contagious, viral disease of sheep, goats and occasionally humans. […] The scabby mouth virus infects a sheep through abrasions in the skin. […] Sheep grazing stubble or on harsh feed are most susceptible to scabby mouth infection due to a higher incidence of minor injuries of the mouth and feet. […] The disease in sheep and goats is normally self-limiting and clears without treatment within 3 to 4 weeks. […] Animals that recover from scabby mouth develop a lifelong immunity to the disease. […] Humans occasionally become infected with the scabby mouth virus. The disease in humans is called orf.
  • #67 What Is Orf Virus?
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-orf-virus
    There is no vaccination to protect humans from getting orf, though there are some preventive measures that you can take to decrease your chances of becoming infected, including: […] Additionally, humans may develop some immunity to the orf virus after their initial infection, though subsequent infections can still occur. However, any following orf infections may present less severe symptoms.
  • #68 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf in Goats
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/goat-diseases/orf-in-goats/
    In most cases orf is a benign, self-limiting disease and can cure itself in a few months, however in very young animals it can be persistent and even fatal (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] Orf can be spread from the mouth of young kids to the teats of does, predisposing the animals to mastitis (Mavrogianni and Fthenakis, 2007). […] Secondary bacterial infections are not uncommon and usually involve staphylococci, streptococci, Fusobacterium, cornyebacterium and less often dermatophilius (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] If orf is a problem then vaccination is possible to reduce the severity of the disease. […] There is only partial immunity following clinical disease or vaccination, recurrent infections can occur in 1 3 months but are usually less severe and heal rapidly (Nandi et al., 2011). […] There is no treatment available for orf as it is a primary viral infection. […] Orf virus is zoonotic. […] Due to the zoonotic nature of this virus, people who come into contact with infected animals should wear protective gloves and a mask.
  • #69 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf)
    https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/sheep/contagious-pustular-dermatitis-orf/
    The cause is a pox virus which can remain infective in the environment for many months in dried scabs. […] Contagious pustular dermatitis is a zoonosis (can affect man) and precautions are necessary when handling suspected cases. […] Contagious pustular dermatitis virus and various bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, may act together to cause severe facial dermatitis which appears as sharply-demarcated areas on the muzzle and involving the lower lip with scab material also palpable within the hairs extending for a further 2-3 cms from the periphery of the visible lesions. […] Contagious pustular dermatitis virus and Dermatophilus congolensis may act together to produce large granulomatous masses extending 4 to 8 cms from the coronary band often referred to as „strawberry footrot”.
  • #70 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf in Goats
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/goat-diseases/orf-in-goats/
    In most cases orf is a benign, self-limiting disease and can cure itself in a few months, however in very young animals it can be persistent and even fatal (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] Orf can be spread from the mouth of young kids to the teats of does, predisposing the animals to mastitis (Mavrogianni and Fthenakis, 2007). […] Secondary bacterial infections are not uncommon and usually involve staphylococci, streptococci, Fusobacterium, cornyebacterium and less often dermatophilius (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] If orf is a problem then vaccination is possible to reduce the severity of the disease. […] There is only partial immunity following clinical disease or vaccination, recurrent infections can occur in 1 3 months but are usually less severe and heal rapidly (Nandi et al., 2011). […] There is no treatment available for orf as it is a primary viral infection. […] Orf virus is zoonotic. […] Due to the zoonotic nature of this virus, people who come into contact with infected animals should wear protective gloves and a mask.
  • #71 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf in Goats
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/goat-diseases/orf-in-goats/
    In most cases orf is a benign, self-limiting disease and can cure itself in a few months, however in very young animals it can be persistent and even fatal (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] Orf can be spread from the mouth of young kids to the teats of does, predisposing the animals to mastitis (Mavrogianni and Fthenakis, 2007). […] Secondary bacterial infections are not uncommon and usually involve staphylococci, streptococci, Fusobacterium, cornyebacterium and less often dermatophilius (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] If orf is a problem then vaccination is possible to reduce the severity of the disease. […] There is only partial immunity following clinical disease or vaccination, recurrent infections can occur in 1 3 months but are usually less severe and heal rapidly (Nandi et al., 2011). […] There is no treatment available for orf as it is a primary viral infection. […] Orf virus is zoonotic. […] Due to the zoonotic nature of this virus, people who come into contact with infected animals should wear protective gloves and a mask.
  • #72 Orf (disease) – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orf_(disease)
    It has also been reported a number of times to cause lesions in the rumen. In one case it was shown that a severe form of orf virus caused an outbreak involving the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, heart, as well as the buccal cavity, cheeks, tongue and lips. Another severe case was reported pharyngitis, genital lesions and infection of the hooves which led to lameness and, in some cases, sloughing of the hoof.
  • #73 Orf (disease) – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orf_(disease)
    It has also been reported a number of times to cause lesions in the rumen. In one case it was shown that a severe form of orf virus caused an outbreak involving the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, heart, as well as the buccal cavity, cheeks, tongue and lips. Another severe case was reported pharyngitis, genital lesions and infection of the hooves which led to lameness and, in some cases, sloughing of the hoof.
  • #74 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf in Goats
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/goat-diseases/orf-in-goats/
    Orf (also known as contagious ecthyma, scabby mouth, contagious pustular dermatitis, or sore mouth) is a viral skin and mucosae disease which causes scabby lesions usually around the area of the mouth, lips and nose (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). Orf virus infects mainly sheep and goats (being more severe in goats) but has also been reported in camelids, deer, reindeer, dogs, cats and squirrels. Orf is very contagious, it is spread through direct animal-to-animal contact entering through damaged skin. […] Orf is a global pathogen which causes significant financial losses in livestock production as the lesions often jeopardize optimum productivity, and reduce the market value of meat. […] Orf virus transmission occurs through direct contact, entering through damaged skin. The virus replicates in the surrounding skin cells causing typical characteristic lesions.
  • #75 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
    High stocking rates, and indoor lambing are considered to be risk factors for the spread of the orf virus. […] Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material (Nettleton et al., 1996b). […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] It causes scabs and lesions usually in the mouth area, but can affect udders and feet as well. […] There isnt a cure to get rid of the virus once it has become established in the animal; however, the secondary infections can be treated. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] If there is a known problem with orf on the farm measures have to be taken to eliminate the disease from the flock as part of the overall flock health plan.
  • #76 Scabby mouth in sheep | Agriculture and Food
    https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/livestock-biosecurity/scabby-mouth-sheep
    If scabby mouth is occurring regularly in a feedlot, consider either starting a vaccination program or moving the feedlot to a new site. […] Scabby mouth is a significant disease for live export. […] Trading partners may reject consignments of sheep with scabby mouth. […] Scabby mouth is a zoonotic disease (an animal disease that can infect humans).
  • #77 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
    Orf is a highly contagious eruptive skin condition of sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. […] The virus is classified as a Poxvirus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. […] It is also a zoonotic disease, affecting mainly people who come in direct or indirect contact with infected animals, e.g. farmers, veterinarians and abattoir staff (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] The orf virus primarily affects the skin around the mouth, and under normal circumstances is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks. […] Orf is a contagious virus that usually causes scabs and lesions in the mouth and gums of the infected animal. […] Orf virus spreads through direct contact with infected animals or virus-contaminated fomites, and infection will only establish at sites where the skin is traumatized.
  • #78 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf in Goats
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/goat-diseases/orf-in-goats/
    In most cases orf is a benign, self-limiting disease and can cure itself in a few months, however in very young animals it can be persistent and even fatal (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] Orf can be spread from the mouth of young kids to the teats of does, predisposing the animals to mastitis (Mavrogianni and Fthenakis, 2007). […] Secondary bacterial infections are not uncommon and usually involve staphylococci, streptococci, Fusobacterium, cornyebacterium and less often dermatophilius (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] If orf is a problem then vaccination is possible to reduce the severity of the disease. […] There is only partial immunity following clinical disease or vaccination, recurrent infections can occur in 1 3 months but are usually less severe and heal rapidly (Nandi et al., 2011). […] There is no treatment available for orf as it is a primary viral infection. […] Orf virus is zoonotic. […] Due to the zoonotic nature of this virus, people who come into contact with infected animals should wear protective gloves and a mask.
  • #79 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf in Goats
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/goat-diseases/orf-in-goats/
    Orf (also known as contagious ecthyma, scabby mouth, contagious pustular dermatitis, or sore mouth) is a viral skin and mucosae disease which causes scabby lesions usually around the area of the mouth, lips and nose (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). Orf virus infects mainly sheep and goats (being more severe in goats) but has also been reported in camelids, deer, reindeer, dogs, cats and squirrels. Orf is very contagious, it is spread through direct animal-to-animal contact entering through damaged skin. […] Orf is a global pathogen which causes significant financial losses in livestock production as the lesions often jeopardize optimum productivity, and reduce the market value of meat. […] Orf virus transmission occurs through direct contact, entering through damaged skin. The virus replicates in the surrounding skin cells causing typical characteristic lesions.
  • #80 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf in Goats
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/goat-diseases/orf-in-goats/
    Orf (also known as contagious ecthyma, scabby mouth, contagious pustular dermatitis, or sore mouth) is a viral skin and mucosae disease which causes scabby lesions usually around the area of the mouth, lips and nose (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). Orf virus infects mainly sheep and goats (being more severe in goats) but has also been reported in camelids, deer, reindeer, dogs, cats and squirrels. Orf is very contagious, it is spread through direct animal-to-animal contact entering through damaged skin. […] Orf is a global pathogen which causes significant financial losses in livestock production as the lesions often jeopardize optimum productivity, and reduce the market value of meat. […] Orf virus transmission occurs through direct contact, entering through damaged skin. The virus replicates in the surrounding skin cells causing typical characteristic lesions.
  • #81 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
    Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] Orf is caused by the parapoxvirus Orfviridae. […] The orf virus is an epitheliotropic virus detected by isothermal amplification in multiple organisms, notably sheep and goats. The parapoxvirus that causes orf is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus; because of this, reinfection of hosts (primarily sheep and goats) is common. […] Orf virus has a variety of virulence and immunomodulatory factors, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating inhibitor factor, nuclear factor-kappa beta inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor-E, a chemokine binding protein, and a viral version of interleukin-10. […] Further research findings have demonstrated that the orf virus uses macroautophagy in mammals, possibly contributing to the viral infection and pathogenesis in human hosts. […] The orf virus demonstrates immunomodulatory and antiviral activity, including antifibrotic activity, as observed in hepatic samples from rats infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
  • #82 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Orf, also known as ecthyma contagiosum, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, scabby mouth, or sore mouth, is a viral disease first described in humans in 1934 by Newson and Cross. The orf virus is endemic in sheep and goat herds worldwide and rarely in cattle, camels and other ruminants. […] Orf is caused by infection with the orf virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, which also includes the milker’s nodule virus. Parapoxvirus is a member of the family Poxviridae, which are double-stranded DNA viruses known to be the largest of all animal viruses. […] The orf virus is able to produce a homolog of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)10, which contributes to localized suppression of immunity. […] Orf is transmitted by direct contact inoculation usually via a wound in the skin. Humans acquire the infection from contact with infected animals, carcasses, or contaminated, nonliving material.
  • #83 Orf Virus Antigens – Creative Diagnostics
    https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/tag-orf-virus-antigens-26.htm
    Orf Virus (ORFV or OV) belongs to the Poxviridae family, genus Parapoxvirus. Orf Virus injection causes the orf disease, a zoonotic disease that occurs primarily in sheep and goats, and sometimes also in humans and other animals such as dog, cat, musk ox, reindeer, the red squirrel, chamois, etc. […] The infection of orf virus usually occurs when the broken skins get in touch with virus from the infected animals or the surface of equipments contaminated with orf virus, the injection is often confined to epidermis of the skin and commonly without systemic symptoms. […] Infection of orf virus causes a purulent-appearing papule locally in humans, which can be located in fingers, hands, arms and faces. […] All the human infections are animal to human injections, and no human to human infection cases are reported. […] The orf virus is a DNA virus with a genome size of 134-139kbp. […] Genome sequencing indicates that the structural genes of orf virus have homologues of almost all of structural genes in vaccinia virus.
  • #84 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
    Orf is a highly contagious eruptive skin condition of sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. […] The virus is classified as a Poxvirus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. […] It is also a zoonotic disease, affecting mainly people who come in direct or indirect contact with infected animals, e.g. farmers, veterinarians and abattoir staff (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] The orf virus primarily affects the skin around the mouth, and under normal circumstances is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks. […] Orf is a contagious virus that usually causes scabs and lesions in the mouth and gums of the infected animal. […] Orf virus spreads through direct contact with infected animals or virus-contaminated fomites, and infection will only establish at sites where the skin is traumatized.
  • #85 Orf Virus in Animals | Orf | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/orf-virus/about/orf-virus-in-animals.html
    Orf virus infection occurs worldwide in sheep and goats and sometimes other animals with hooves. […] The virus can spread to other animals through cuts or scrapes in the skin. […] Orf virus is particularly hardy in scabs or fluid from the sores. […] There are commercially available preparations of live orf virus marketed for use as vaccines. […] It can be difficult to prevent infection since orf virus survives in the environment, in soil and water. […] Orf virus mostly causes sores on sheep and goats, but people can get it too if they have contact with a sick animal and touch the sores.
  • #86 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf)
    https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/sheep/contagious-pustular-dermatitis-orf/
    Disease is introduced into a flock by carrier sheep with no obvious skin lesions. Infection can remain viable in dry scab material in buildings for many months and is the likely reason for persistence of infection from year to year on the same premises. […] Contagious pustular dermatitis is a significant problem in orphans lambs and other ill-thriven lambs, CPD is less of a problem in well-fed, well-thriven stock.
  • #87 Orf Viral Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562191/
    Orf viral infection, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is an occupational disease primarily acquired from infected sheep and goats. […] Orf is caused by the parapoxvirus Orfviridae. […] The orf virus is an epitheliotropic virus detected by isothermal amplification in multiple organisms, notably sheep and goats. The parapoxvirus that causes orf is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus; because of this, reinfection of hosts (primarily sheep and goats) is common. […] Orf virus has a variety of virulence and immunomodulatory factors, including granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating inhibitor factor, nuclear factor-kappa beta inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor-E, a chemokine binding protein, and a viral version of interleukin-10. […] Further research findings have demonstrated that the orf virus uses macroautophagy in mammals, possibly contributing to the viral infection and pathogenesis in human hosts. […] The orf virus demonstrates immunomodulatory and antiviral activity, including antifibrotic activity, as observed in hepatic samples from rats infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
  • #88 Orf: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview
    Orf, also known as ecthyma contagiosum, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, scabby mouth, or sore mouth, is a viral disease first described in humans in 1934 by Newson and Cross. The orf virus is endemic in sheep and goat herds worldwide and rarely in cattle, camels and other ruminants. […] Orf is caused by infection with the orf virus that belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, which also includes the milker’s nodule virus. Parapoxvirus is a member of the family Poxviridae, which are double-stranded DNA viruses known to be the largest of all animal viruses. […] The orf virus is able to produce a homolog of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)10, which contributes to localized suppression of immunity. […] Orf is transmitted by direct contact inoculation usually via a wound in the skin. Humans acquire the infection from contact with infected animals, carcasses, or contaminated, nonliving material.
  • #89 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
    High stocking rates, and indoor lambing are considered to be risk factors for the spread of the orf virus. […] Live orf vaccines are available, which are prepared from infectious scab material (Nettleton et al., 1996b). […] Orf can affect sheep of all ages and has serious welfare implications. […] It causes scabs and lesions usually in the mouth area, but can affect udders and feet as well. […] There isnt a cure to get rid of the virus once it has become established in the animal; however, the secondary infections can be treated. […] Lesions on other body parts may become susceptible to secondary bacterial invasion, resulting in prolonged disease and even death. […] If there is a known problem with orf on the farm measures have to be taken to eliminate the disease from the flock as part of the overall flock health plan.
  • #90 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf in Goats
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/goat-diseases/orf-in-goats/
    Orf (also known as contagious ecthyma, scabby mouth, contagious pustular dermatitis, or sore mouth) is a viral skin and mucosae disease which causes scabby lesions usually around the area of the mouth, lips and nose (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). Orf virus infects mainly sheep and goats (being more severe in goats) but has also been reported in camelids, deer, reindeer, dogs, cats and squirrels. Orf is very contagious, it is spread through direct animal-to-animal contact entering through damaged skin. […] Orf is a global pathogen which causes significant financial losses in livestock production as the lesions often jeopardize optimum productivity, and reduce the market value of meat. […] Orf virus transmission occurs through direct contact, entering through damaged skin. The virus replicates in the surrounding skin cells causing typical characteristic lesions.
  • #91 Farm Health Online – Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub – Orf
    https://www.farmhealthonline.com/US/disease-management/sheep-diseases/orf/
    Orf is a highly contagious eruptive skin condition of sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. […] The virus is classified as a Poxvirus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. […] It is also a zoonotic disease, affecting mainly people who come in direct or indirect contact with infected animals, e.g. farmers, veterinarians and abattoir staff (Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015). […] The orf virus primarily affects the skin around the mouth, and under normal circumstances is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks. […] Orf is a contagious virus that usually causes scabs and lesions in the mouth and gums of the infected animal. […] Orf virus spreads through direct contact with infected animals or virus-contaminated fomites, and infection will only establish at sites where the skin is traumatized.