Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Childhood Brain Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535415/

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common type of solid childhood cancer and only second to leukemia as a cause of pediatric malignancies. […] Despite advances in medical knowledge, there is no direct cause for brain tumors identified. A combination of genetic and environmental factors is blamed to come into play in the pathogenesis of brain tumors. […] Family history may play a role in the etiology as many studies report an association of brain tumors and siblings. […] The parental age at birth may also play a role. Studies show that offspring are at high risk for brain cancer (astrocytoma and ependymoma) in women who are older than 40. […] Several studies have suggested a link between infectious exposure during childhood and brain cancer, but this topic remains debatable. […] High dose radiation has been linked to brain malignancies. Children who have received radiation for leukemia are known to be at risk for developing brain cancer.

• #2 Brain Tumors in Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment at Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/brain-tumors

  Approximately 4,000 children and adolescents in the U.S. are diagnosed with primary brain tumors each year. […] The majority of brain tumors have abnormalities of genes involved in cell cycle control, causing uncontrolled cell growth. These abnormalities are caused by alterations directly in the genes, or by chromosome rearrangements which change the function of a gene. […] Patients with certain genetic conditions (neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and retinoblastoma) also have an increased risk to develop tumors of the central nervous system. […] Some chemicals may change the structure of a gene that protects the body from diseases and cancer. Research has been investigating parents of children with brain tumors and their past exposure to certain chemicals, including pesticides and petroleum products. […] Children who have received radiation therapy to the head as part of prior treatment for other malignancies are also at an increased risk for new brain tumors.

• #3 Pediatric brain tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20361694

  Most of the time, the cause of a pediatric brain tumor isn’t known. […] Pediatric brain tumors start when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The extra cells might form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can grow and press on nearby brain tissue. Sometimes a growing tumor causes swelling and other changes in the nearby brain tissue. […] Some tumor cells develop other DNA changes that turn them into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Sometimes cancer cells can break away and spread beyond the brain. If brain cancer spreads, it tends to go to the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid.

• #4 What Causes Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Children? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  The cause of most brain and spinal cord tumors is not fully understood, and there are very few known risk factors for these tumors. […] Brain and spinal cord tumors, like other tumors, are usually caused by changes (mutations) in the DNA inside cells. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. […] Researchers have found the gene changes that cause some rare inherited syndromes (like neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and von Hippel-Lindau disease) and increase the risk of developing some brain and spinal cord tumors. […] Most often, it’s not known why children without inherited syndromes develop brain or spinal cord tumors. […] Other than radiation, there are no known lifestyle-related or environmental factors clearly linked to childhood brain tumors, so it’s important to remember that there is nothing these children or their parents could have done to prevent these cancers.

• #5 Pediatric brain tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20361694

  Most of the time, the cause of a pediatric brain tumor isn’t known. […] Pediatric brain tumors start when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The extra cells might form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can grow and press on nearby brain tissue. Sometimes a growing tumor causes swelling and other changes in the nearby brain tissue. […] Some tumor cells develop other DNA changes that turn them into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Sometimes cancer cells can break away and spread beyond the brain. If brain cancer spreads, it tends to go to the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid.

• #6 Brain Tumor in Children: Pediatric Brain Tumor, Childhood Brain Cancer

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6148-brain-tumor-childhood

  A pediatric brain tumor is a growth of abnormal brain cells in a child. A brain cell becomes abnormal when it undergoes genetic changes. The change in a specific gene of brain cells can cause the cell to form a tumor. […] A neoplasm forms when healthy cells multiply and grow out of control. Scientists dont understand what causes cells to grow uncontrollably, but it may relate to: Genetic changes in a cell. Inheritance of cancer-forming genes. Prior radiation exposure (for another type of cancer). […] Theres a link between some pediatric brain tumors and cancer syndromes (a collection of seemingly related health issues). Experts dont fully understand this link yet.

• #7 Pediatric brain tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20361694

  Most of the time, the cause of a pediatric brain tumor isn’t known. […] Pediatric brain tumors start when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The extra cells might form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can grow and press on nearby brain tissue. Sometimes a growing tumor causes swelling and other changes in the nearby brain tissue. […] Some tumor cells develop other DNA changes that turn them into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Sometimes cancer cells can break away and spread beyond the brain. If brain cancer spreads, it tends to go to the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid.

• #8 Brain Tumors in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=brain-tumors-in-children-90-P02745

  The American Cancer Society states that no apparent reason can be found for the development of brain tumors in children. Brain tumors cannot be directly linked to something the parents or child did or did not do. […] The majority of brain tumors have abnormalities of genes involved in cell cycle control, causing uncontrolled cell growth. These abnormalities are caused by alterations directly in the genes, or by chromosome rearrangements that change the function of a gene. […] Patients with certain genetic conditions (neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and retinoblastoma) also have an increased risk for developing tumors of the central nervous system. There have also been some reports of children in the same family developing brain tumors who do not have any of these genetic syndromes.

• #9 Brain Tumors in Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment at Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/brain-tumors

  Approximately 4,000 children and adolescents in the U.S. are diagnosed with primary brain tumors each year. […] The majority of brain tumors have abnormalities of genes involved in cell cycle control, causing uncontrolled cell growth. These abnormalities are caused by alterations directly in the genes, or by chromosome rearrangements which change the function of a gene. […] Patients with certain genetic conditions (neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and retinoblastoma) also have an increased risk to develop tumors of the central nervous system. […] Some chemicals may change the structure of a gene that protects the body from diseases and cancer. Research has been investigating parents of children with brain tumors and their past exposure to certain chemicals, including pesticides and petroleum products. […] Children who have received radiation therapy to the head as part of prior treatment for other malignancies are also at an increased risk for new brain tumors.

• #10 Pediatric brain tumors | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pediatric-brain-tumors

  Most of the time, the cause of a pediatric brain tumor isn’t known. […] Pediatric brain tumors start when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Some tumor cells develop other DNA changes that turn them into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Sometimes cancer cells can break away and spread beyond the brain. If brain cancer spreads, it tends to go to the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid.

• #11 Brain Tumor: Symptoms, Signs & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6149-brain-cancer-brain-tumor

  Researchers know brain tumors develop when certain genes on the chromosomes of a cell are damaged and no longer function properly, but they aren’t sure why this happens. Your DNA in your chromosomes tells cells throughout your body what to do it tells them when to grow, when to divide or multiply and/or when to die. […] In some cases, a person may be born with changes in one or more of these genes. Environmental factors, such as exposure to large amounts of radiation from X-rays or previous cancer treatment, may then lead to further damage. […] In other cases, the environmental injury to the genes may be the only cause. […] There are a few rare, inherited (passed down from parent to child) genetic syndromes that are associated with brain tumors, including: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1 gene), Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2 gene), Turcot syndrome (APC gene), Gorlin syndrome (PTCH gene), Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1 and TSC2 genes), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 gene). […] Only about 5% to 10% of people with brain tumors have a family history of a brain tumor.

• #12 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02745

  Brain tumors start in the cells of the brain. […] Health care providers dont know why certain children develop a brain tumor. Rarely, brain tumors are the result of exposure to radiation or linked to a familial cancer syndrome. […] Children with certain genetic conditions have an increased risk for tumors of the central nervous system. This includes children with: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease) and type 2, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Tuberous sclerosis, Gorlin syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Turcot syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] Children who have had radiation therapy for other cancers of the head are also at an increased risk for a new brain tumor.

• #13 Childhood Glioma (Including Astrocytoma) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/childhood-glioma-astrocytoma

  Gliomas are caused by certain changes to the way glial cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. Often, the exact cause of cell changes that lead to glioma is unknown. […] A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. Not every child with a risk factor will develop a glioma, and it will develop in some children who don’t have a known risk factor. Inherited genetic disorders that may be risk factors for glioma include neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis. […] Children who have a rare genetic condition called neurofibromatosis type 1 may be at risk of a low-grade glioma called optic pathway glioma that forms in the area of the brain that controls vision.

• #14 Brain Tumors in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/b/brain-tumors-in-children.html

  Brain tumors start in the cells of the brain. […] Healthcare providers dont know why certain children develop a brain tumor. Rarely, brain tumors are the result of exposure to radiation or linked to a familial cancer syndrome. […] Children with certain genetic conditions have an increased risk for tumors of the central nervous system. This includes children with: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease) and type 2, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Tuberous sclerosis, Gorlin syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Turcot syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] Children who have had radiation therapy for other cancers of the head are also at an increased risk for a new brain tumor.

• #15 Brain Tumors in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/b/brain-tumors-in-children.html

  Brain tumors start in the cells of the brain. […] Healthcare providers dont know why certain children develop a brain tumor. Rarely, brain tumors are the result of exposure to radiation or linked to a familial cancer syndrome. […] Children with certain genetic conditions have an increased risk for tumors of the central nervous system. This includes children with: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease) and type 2, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Tuberous sclerosis, Gorlin syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Turcot syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] Children who have had radiation therapy for other cancers of the head are also at an increased risk for a new brain tumor.

• #16 Brain Tumor: Symptoms, Signs & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6149-brain-cancer-brain-tumor

  Researchers know brain tumors develop when certain genes on the chromosomes of a cell are damaged and no longer function properly, but they aren’t sure why this happens. Your DNA in your chromosomes tells cells throughout your body what to do it tells them when to grow, when to divide or multiply and/or when to die. […] In some cases, a person may be born with changes in one or more of these genes. Environmental factors, such as exposure to large amounts of radiation from X-rays or previous cancer treatment, may then lead to further damage. […] In other cases, the environmental injury to the genes may be the only cause. […] There are a few rare, inherited (passed down from parent to child) genetic syndromes that are associated with brain tumors, including: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1 gene), Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2 gene), Turcot syndrome (APC gene), Gorlin syndrome (PTCH gene), Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1 and TSC2 genes), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 gene). […] Only about 5% to 10% of people with brain tumors have a family history of a brain tumor.

• #17 Children’s Brain Tumors: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/childrens-health/childrens-brain-tumor

  Children with certain inherited genetic conditions may have an increased risk. […] Its possible that a family history of brain tumors increases your childs chances of developing a brain tumor, especially if close family members have had them. […] Inherited conditions that increase risk include: neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease), tuberous sclerosis, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

• #18 Brain Tumors in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=brain-tumors-in-children-90-P02745

  The American Cancer Society states that no apparent reason can be found for the development of brain tumors in children. Brain tumors cannot be directly linked to something the parents or child did or did not do. […] The majority of brain tumors have abnormalities of genes involved in cell cycle control, causing uncontrolled cell growth. These abnormalities are caused by alterations directly in the genes, or by chromosome rearrangements that change the function of a gene. […] Patients with certain genetic conditions (neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and retinoblastoma) also have an increased risk for developing tumors of the central nervous system. There have also been some reports of children in the same family developing brain tumors who do not have any of these genetic syndromes.

• #19 Brain Tumor: Symptoms, Signs & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6149-brain-cancer-brain-tumor

  Researchers know brain tumors develop when certain genes on the chromosomes of a cell are damaged and no longer function properly, but they aren’t sure why this happens. Your DNA in your chromosomes tells cells throughout your body what to do it tells them when to grow, when to divide or multiply and/or when to die. […] In some cases, a person may be born with changes in one or more of these genes. Environmental factors, such as exposure to large amounts of radiation from X-rays or previous cancer treatment, may then lead to further damage. […] In other cases, the environmental injury to the genes may be the only cause. […] There are a few rare, inherited (passed down from parent to child) genetic syndromes that are associated with brain tumors, including: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1 gene), Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2 gene), Turcot syndrome (APC gene), Gorlin syndrome (PTCH gene), Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1 and TSC2 genes), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 gene). […] Only about 5% to 10% of people with brain tumors have a family history of a brain tumor.

• #20 Brain Tumors in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=brain-tumors-in-children-90-P02745

  The American Cancer Society states that no apparent reason can be found for the development of brain tumors in children. Brain tumors cannot be directly linked to something the parents or child did or did not do. […] The majority of brain tumors have abnormalities of genes involved in cell cycle control, causing uncontrolled cell growth. These abnormalities are caused by alterations directly in the genes, or by chromosome rearrangements that change the function of a gene. […] Patients with certain genetic conditions (neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and retinoblastoma) also have an increased risk for developing tumors of the central nervous system. There have also been some reports of children in the same family developing brain tumors who do not have any of these genetic syndromes.

• #21 Pediatric Brain Tumor – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  The exact cause of brain tumors in children may not be clear. However, family history and genetic factors may increase the risk of pediatric brain tumors. The following genetic disorders can make a child more vulnerable to brain tumors: […] Neurofibromatosis: A condition that causes tumors in nerve tissues […] Von Hippel-Lindau disease Genetic disorder that involves the formation of cysts or tumors anywhere in the body […] Li-Fraumeni syndrome It increases the possibility of cancer in children […] Hereditary retinoblastoma A hereditary condition that may cause cancer […] Tuberous sclerosis A genetic disorder that can cause benign tumors in the brain and elsewhere in the body.

• #22 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02745

  Brain tumors start in the cells of the brain. […] Health care providers dont know why certain children develop a brain tumor. Rarely, brain tumors are the result of exposure to radiation or linked to a familial cancer syndrome. […] Children with certain genetic conditions have an increased risk for tumors of the central nervous system. This includes children with: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease) and type 2, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Tuberous sclerosis, Gorlin syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Turcot syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] Children who have had radiation therapy for other cancers of the head are also at an increased risk for a new brain tumor.

• #23 Brain Tumor: Symptoms, Signs & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6149-brain-cancer-brain-tumor

  Researchers know brain tumors develop when certain genes on the chromosomes of a cell are damaged and no longer function properly, but they aren’t sure why this happens. Your DNA in your chromosomes tells cells throughout your body what to do it tells them when to grow, when to divide or multiply and/or when to die. […] In some cases, a person may be born with changes in one or more of these genes. Environmental factors, such as exposure to large amounts of radiation from X-rays or previous cancer treatment, may then lead to further damage. […] In other cases, the environmental injury to the genes may be the only cause. […] There are a few rare, inherited (passed down from parent to child) genetic syndromes that are associated with brain tumors, including: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1 gene), Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2 gene), Turcot syndrome (APC gene), Gorlin syndrome (PTCH gene), Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1 and TSC2 genes), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 gene). […] Only about 5% to 10% of people with brain tumors have a family history of a brain tumor.

• #24 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02745

  Brain tumors start in the cells of the brain. […] Health care providers dont know why certain children develop a brain tumor. Rarely, brain tumors are the result of exposure to radiation or linked to a familial cancer syndrome. […] Children with certain genetic conditions have an increased risk for tumors of the central nervous system. This includes children with: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease) and type 2, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Tuberous sclerosis, Gorlin syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Turcot syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] Children who have had radiation therapy for other cancers of the head are also at an increased risk for a new brain tumor.

• #25 Brain Tumor: Symptoms, Signs & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6149-brain-cancer-brain-tumor

  Researchers know brain tumors develop when certain genes on the chromosomes of a cell are damaged and no longer function properly, but they aren’t sure why this happens. Your DNA in your chromosomes tells cells throughout your body what to do it tells them when to grow, when to divide or multiply and/or when to die. […] In some cases, a person may be born with changes in one or more of these genes. Environmental factors, such as exposure to large amounts of radiation from X-rays or previous cancer treatment, may then lead to further damage. […] In other cases, the environmental injury to the genes may be the only cause. […] There are a few rare, inherited (passed down from parent to child) genetic syndromes that are associated with brain tumors, including: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1 gene), Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2 gene), Turcot syndrome (APC gene), Gorlin syndrome (PTCH gene), Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1 and TSC2 genes), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 gene). […] Only about 5% to 10% of people with brain tumors have a family history of a brain tumor.

• #26 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02745

  Brain tumors start in the cells of the brain. […] Health care providers dont know why certain children develop a brain tumor. Rarely, brain tumors are the result of exposure to radiation or linked to a familial cancer syndrome. […] Children with certain genetic conditions have an increased risk for tumors of the central nervous system. This includes children with: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease) and type 2, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Tuberous sclerosis, Gorlin syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Turcot syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] Children who have had radiation therapy for other cancers of the head are also at an increased risk for a new brain tumor.

• #27 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02745

  Brain tumors start in the cells of the brain. […] Health care providers dont know why certain children develop a brain tumor. Rarely, brain tumors are the result of exposure to radiation or linked to a familial cancer syndrome. […] Children with certain genetic conditions have an increased risk for tumors of the central nervous system. This includes children with: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease) and type 2, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Tuberous sclerosis, Gorlin syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Turcot syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] Children who have had radiation therapy for other cancers of the head are also at an increased risk for a new brain tumor.

• #28 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02745

  Brain tumors start in the cells of the brain. […] Health care providers dont know why certain children develop a brain tumor. Rarely, brain tumors are the result of exposure to radiation or linked to a familial cancer syndrome. […] Children with certain genetic conditions have an increased risk for tumors of the central nervous system. This includes children with: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease) and type 2, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Tuberous sclerosis, Gorlin syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Turcot syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. […] Children who have had radiation therapy for other cancers of the head are also at an increased risk for a new brain tumor.

• #29 What are children’s brain tumours? | Cancer Research UK |

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/brain-tumours/about

  We dont know exactly what causes brain tumours in children. Certain genetic conditions can increase a child’s risk of developing some types of tumours. But this is very rare. And not every child with these conditions develops a brain tumour. […] Its normal to wonder if there was something you could have done to prevent your child developing a brain tumour. There is no evidence to show that anything anyone does during pregnancy or early in a childs life could cause a brain tumour.

• #30 Risks for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord-childhood/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. But sometimes childhood brain and spinal cord tumours develop in children who dont have any of the risk factors described below. […] Some children with certain genetic conditions have a higher than average risk for brain and spinal cord tumours. Talk to your doctor about your childs risk. […] Certain genetic conditions increase the risk for childhood brain and spinal cord cancer. […] Children with certain genetic conditions have a higher risk of developing brain and spinal cord tumours. […] Ionizing radiation is a known risk factor for cancer. Children who had radiation therapy to the head to treat cancer or another health condition have a higher risk of developing brain tumours. […] Having a birth defect is a possible risk factor for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours. This means that it has been linked with childhood brain and spinal cord tumours, but there is not enough evidence to show for sure that it is a risk factor.

• #31 Risk Factors for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Children | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation exposure is the only well-established environmental risk factor for brain tumors. […] Very few risk factors have been found for brain and spinal cord tumors. There is no clear cause for most of these tumors. […] Rarely, children have inherited abnormal genes from a parent that put them at increased risk for certain types of brain tumors. […] Some families may have genetic disorders that are not well recognized or that could even be unique to a particular family. […] Exposure to aspartame, exposure to electromagnetic fields from power lines and other sources, and infection with certain viruses have been suggested as possible risk factors, but most researchers agree that there is no convincing evidence to link these factors to brain tumors.

• #32 Brain Tumors in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=brain-tumors-in-children-90-P02745

  Some chemicals may change the structure of a gene that protects the body from diseases and cancer. Research has been investigating parents of children with brain tumors and their past exposure to certain chemicals, including pesticides and petroleum products. […] Children who have received radiation therapy to the head as part of prior treatment for other malignancies are also at an increased risk for new brain tumors.

• #33 Brain Tumors Causes | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/brain-tumor/natural-history/causes

  Brain tumors are collections of cells that have lost the ability to control their own growth and replication. […] In this article, we’ll discuss what influences brain tumor development and the causes of brain tumors. […] There are several factors, including certain genetic syndromes and radiation exposure, that may increase your risk of developing a brain tumor. […] The radiation used during cancer treatment and radiation exposure through radioactive materials, such as an atomic blast, can damage genetic material (DNA) in cells, leading to mutations or changes that can cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably, eventually forming a tumor. […] Patients with certain genetic disorders or a family history of brain tumors may be at increased risk for brain tumors. […] The risk of brain tumors increases with age, with most brain tumors being diagnosed in people over the age of 60.

• #34 What Causes Brain Tumor in Teenager : Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://ilioshealth.com/what-causes-brain-tumor-in-teenagar/

  Chromosome rearrangements or alterations in the genes causes brain tumors. […] In most cases, the cause of brain tumor in teens cannot be identified. However, some risk factors for brain tumors in teens have been identified by doctors. The following have been identified by doctors as some possible causes: […] Several types of brain tumor may develop in children who receive treatments like radiation therapy to the head. What is alarming is that receiving radiation therapy for one type of tumor can increase the risk of developing some other type of malignant or benign brain tumor. […] Did you know that ionizing radiation exposure can be a causative agent of brain. Among other environmental causes of brain tumors, air pollution exposure and exposure to neurotoxins should also be considered as risk factors.

• #35 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  The cause of most brain tumors is unknown, though up to 4% of brain cancers may be caused by CT scan radiation. […] A known cause of brain cancers is ionizing radiation. Approximately 4% of brain cancers in the general population are caused by CT-scan radiation. […] Mutations and deletions of tumor suppressor genes, such as P53, are thought to be the cause of some forms of brain tumor. […] Inherited conditions, such as Von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, multiple endocrine neoplasia, and neurofibromatosis type 2 carry a high risk for the development of brain tumors. […] People with celiac disease have a slightly increased risk of developing brain tumors. […] Smoking may increase the risk, but evidence of this remains unclear. […] Although studies have not shown any link between cell-phone or mobile-phone radiation and the occurrence of brain tumors, the World Health Organization has classified mobile-phone radiation on the IARC scale into Group 2B possibly carcinogenic.

• #36

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=AfmBOoptLlNpS6Vs2l8aH_j683LOVNvNM2AyscRSUQVyCSiVCK0Qdsu5

  No single, definitive cause has yet been identified for primary brain tumours – tumours that originate in the brain rather than metastasising from another form of cancer such as breast, lung or melanoma. […] Some risk factors have been identified, but due to the complex and unique health history for each patient, scientists are still unable to answer this fundamental question of why a brain tumour has appeared. […] The most well known environmental risk factor for the development of brain tumours is exposure to radiation, especially where this has been used for previous cancer treatment in the same site. […] There is evidence that, in a very small number of cases, inherited genetic factors or conditions have contributed to the development of a brain tumour. […] There is some evidence of a connection between pesticide exposure (including some pesticides approved for domestic/home use), farming and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour.

• #37 Brain Tumors in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=brain-tumors-in-children-90-P02745

  Some chemicals may change the structure of a gene that protects the body from diseases and cancer. Research has been investigating parents of children with brain tumors and their past exposure to certain chemicals, including pesticides and petroleum products. […] Children who have received radiation therapy to the head as part of prior treatment for other malignancies are also at an increased risk for new brain tumors.

• #38

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=AfmBOoptLlNpS6Vs2l8aH_j683LOVNvNM2AyscRSUQVyCSiVCK0Qdsu5

  No single, definitive cause has yet been identified for primary brain tumours – tumours that originate in the brain rather than metastasising from another form of cancer such as breast, lung or melanoma. […] Some risk factors have been identified, but due to the complex and unique health history for each patient, scientists are still unable to answer this fundamental question of why a brain tumour has appeared. […] The most well known environmental risk factor for the development of brain tumours is exposure to radiation, especially where this has been used for previous cancer treatment in the same site. […] There is evidence that, in a very small number of cases, inherited genetic factors or conditions have contributed to the development of a brain tumour. […] There is some evidence of a connection between pesticide exposure (including some pesticides approved for domestic/home use), farming and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour.

• #39 Environmental causes of childhood brain tumours

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2408544/

  Brain tumours develop as a consequence of cellular genetic alterations that permit them to evade normal regulatory mechanisms and destruction by the immune system. These alterations may have an inherited or acquired (chemical, physical or biological neurocarcinogens) cause. Overall, only a very small proportion of brain tumours can be attributed to the effect of inherited predisposition. The various implicated and suspected environmental factors includes ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation, N-nitroso compounds, viral infections (JC virus, cytomegalovirus, Human immunodeficiency virus, SV-40, varicella-zoster, chicken pox), and head injury. […] Ionizing radiation in therapeutic doses is the only unequivocal acquired factor that has been identified for glial and meningeal neoplasms. […] The associations with exposure to various neurocarcinogens N-alkyl-nitrosoureas, non-ionizing radiation, head trauma and infective agents are yet to be fully substantiated. Continued research into genetic, dietary, infectious and immune factors may clarify more on the aetiology of brain tumours.

• #40 Brain Tumors | Brain Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/blog/brain-tumor/risk-factors-why-did-i-get-a-brain-tumor/

  Most of the time, the cause of a brain tumor is unknown, but the following factors may raise a persons risk of developing a brain tumor: […] About 5% of brain tumors may be linked to hereditary genetic factors or conditions, including Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, Turcot syndrome, and von Hippel-Lindau disease. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) increases the risk of CNS lymphoma. […] Previous treatment to the brain or head with ionizing radiation, including x-rays, has shown, in some cases, to be a risk factor for a brain tumor. […] Some studies of diet and vitamin supplementation seem to indicate that dietary N-nitroso compounds may raise the risk of both childhood and adult brain tumors. […] One study has shown that some Gulf War veterans have an increased risk of a brain tumor from exposure to nerve agents; however, more research is needed before a definitive link can be made.

• #41

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=AfmBOoptLlNpS6Vs2l8aH_j683LOVNvNM2AyscRSUQVyCSiVCK0Qdsu5

  There are studies that suggest a connection between being a painter, working in the printing industry, being a hairdresser, personal hair dye use and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been indicated as a possible contributory factor to the development of gliomas, but it is not clear what role the virus may play, if any. […] High levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) is related to poorer survival rates in glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumours, but has not been identified as a risk factor. […] There is some evidence however of a connection between the consumption of cured meats containing nitrates (used as a food preservative) during pregnancy and an increased risk of the development of a glioma brain tumour in the child.

• #42 Brain Tumors | Brain Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/blog/brain-tumor/risk-factors-why-did-i-get-a-brain-tumor/

  Most of the time, the cause of a brain tumor is unknown, but the following factors may raise a persons risk of developing a brain tumor: […] About 5% of brain tumors may be linked to hereditary genetic factors or conditions, including Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, Turcot syndrome, and von Hippel-Lindau disease. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) increases the risk of CNS lymphoma. […] Previous treatment to the brain or head with ionizing radiation, including x-rays, has shown, in some cases, to be a risk factor for a brain tumor. […] Some studies of diet and vitamin supplementation seem to indicate that dietary N-nitroso compounds may raise the risk of both childhood and adult brain tumors. […] One study has shown that some Gulf War veterans have an increased risk of a brain tumor from exposure to nerve agents; however, more research is needed before a definitive link can be made.

• #43 Brain tumors in children: causes and early detection. Booking Health

  https://bookinghealth.com/blog/diagnoses-and-treatment/diagnosis-and-treatment/357445-brain-tumors-in-children-causes-and-early-detection.html

  Genetic factors hold a considerable place among the causes of this oncopathology in children. The inherited „breakdowns” in the genes disrupt the process of cell multiplication, which become a cause of brain tumor appearance at any age. For example, this occurs with neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis. […] Mechanic injuries and disorders of metabolic processes in the brain trigger the development of oncologic process. Damage to the brain and pathological changes in inflammatory and viral diseases adversely affect the process of cell division, which becomes a cause of brain tumor.

• #44 Brain Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/brain-tumors/

  Brain tumors are thought to arise when certain genes on the chromosomes of a cell are damaged and no longer function properly. These genes normally regulate the rate at which the cell divides (if it divides at all) and repair genes that fix defects of other genes, as well as genes that should cause the cell to self-destruct if the damage is beyond repair. In some cases, an individual may be born with partial defects in one or more of these genes. Environmental factors may then lead to further damage. In other cases, the environmental injury to the genes may be the only cause. It is not known why some people in an environment develop brain tumors, while others do not. […] Once a cell is dividing rapidly and internal mechanisms to check its growth are damaged, the cell can eventually grow into a tumor. Another line of defense may be the body’s immune system, which optimally would detect the abnormal cell and kill it. Tumors may produce substances that block the immune system from recognizing the abnormal tumor cells and eventually overpower all internal and external deterrents to its growth.

• #45 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  The cause of most brain tumors is unknown, though up to 4% of brain cancers may be caused by CT scan radiation. […] A known cause of brain cancers is ionizing radiation. Approximately 4% of brain cancers in the general population are caused by CT-scan radiation. […] Mutations and deletions of tumor suppressor genes, such as P53, are thought to be the cause of some forms of brain tumor. […] Inherited conditions, such as Von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, multiple endocrine neoplasia, and neurofibromatosis type 2 carry a high risk for the development of brain tumors. […] People with celiac disease have a slightly increased risk of developing brain tumors. […] Smoking may increase the risk, but evidence of this remains unclear. […] Although studies have not shown any link between cell-phone or mobile-phone radiation and the occurrence of brain tumors, the World Health Organization has classified mobile-phone radiation on the IARC scale into Group 2B possibly carcinogenic.

• #46 Childhood Brain Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535415/

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common type of solid childhood cancer and only second to leukemia as a cause of pediatric malignancies. […] Despite advances in medical knowledge, there is no direct cause for brain tumors identified. A combination of genetic and environmental factors is blamed to come into play in the pathogenesis of brain tumors. […] Family history may play a role in the etiology as many studies report an association of brain tumors and siblings. […] The parental age at birth may also play a role. Studies show that offspring are at high risk for brain cancer (astrocytoma and ependymoma) in women who are older than 40. […] Several studies have suggested a link between infectious exposure during childhood and brain cancer, but this topic remains debatable. […] High dose radiation has been linked to brain malignancies. Children who have received radiation for leukemia are known to be at risk for developing brain cancer.

• #47 Children’s Brain Tumors: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/childrens-health/childrens-brain-tumor

  Childhood brain tumors can be serious, but treatment options are constantly improving. […] The cause of brain tumors is currently unknown. Its been hypothesized that childrens brain tumors are caused by genetic or environmental factors or a combination of these. […] Its not entirely clear what causes brain tumors. But researchers have found associations between certain factors and an increased risk of developing a brain tumor. […] Children assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to get a malignant brain tumor, while children assigned female at birth are slightly more likely to have benign brain tumors. […] Children who have been exposed to radiation treatments to the head are at higher risk of developing a brain tumor. […] Children whose birthing parent was over age 40 when giving birth may have an increased risk.

• #48 Children’s Brain Tumors: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/childrens-health/childrens-brain-tumor

  Childhood brain tumors can be serious, but treatment options are constantly improving. […] The cause of brain tumors is currently unknown. Its been hypothesized that childrens brain tumors are caused by genetic or environmental factors or a combination of these. […] Its not entirely clear what causes brain tumors. But researchers have found associations between certain factors and an increased risk of developing a brain tumor. […] Children assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to get a malignant brain tumor, while children assigned female at birth are slightly more likely to have benign brain tumors. […] Children who have been exposed to radiation treatments to the head are at higher risk of developing a brain tumor. […] Children whose birthing parent was over age 40 when giving birth may have an increased risk.

• #49 Childhood Brain Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535415/

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common type of solid childhood cancer and only second to leukemia as a cause of pediatric malignancies. […] Despite advances in medical knowledge, there is no direct cause for brain tumors identified. A combination of genetic and environmental factors is blamed to come into play in the pathogenesis of brain tumors. […] Family history may play a role in the etiology as many studies report an association of brain tumors and siblings. […] The parental age at birth may also play a role. Studies show that offspring are at high risk for brain cancer (astrocytoma and ependymoma) in women who are older than 40. […] Several studies have suggested a link between infectious exposure during childhood and brain cancer, but this topic remains debatable. […] High dose radiation has been linked to brain malignancies. Children who have received radiation for leukemia are known to be at risk for developing brain cancer.

• #50 Children’s Brain Tumors: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/childrens-health/childrens-brain-tumor

  Children with certain inherited genetic conditions may have an increased risk. […] Its possible that a family history of brain tumors increases your childs chances of developing a brain tumor, especially if close family members have had them. […] Inherited conditions that increase risk include: neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease), tuberous sclerosis, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

• #51 Brain Tumors | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/brain-tumors

  Brain tumors may develop when brain cells acquire mutations in the DNA that allow the cells to continue living after they would normally expire. […] A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells in or near the brain grow into a mass. Brain tumors are relatively rare in children. Pediatric brain tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). […] There are many different brain tumor types and classifications based upon the tumor’s cell structure, composition, rate of growth, location, and other characteristics. The types of brain tumors most common in children are not the same as those most common in adults. Childhood brain tumors frequently appear in different locations and behave differently than brain tumors in adults.

• #52 Brain tumor – children Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor-children

  A brain tumor is a group (mass) of abnormal cells that grow in the brain. […] The cause of primary brain tumors is often unknown. Some primary brain tumors are related to other syndromes or can run in a family. […] Brain tumors can directly kill brain cells. They can also damage cells by pushing on other parts of the brain. This leads to swelling and increased pressure inside the skull. […] In general, brain tumors in children are very rare. […] Astrocytomas are usually noncancerous, slow-growing tumors. […] Medulloblastomas are the most common type of childhood brain cancer. […] Ependymomas are a type of childhood brain tumor that can be benign or malignant. […] Brainstem gliomas are very rare tumors that occur almost only in children.

• #53 Brain tumor – children Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor-children

  A brain tumor is a group (mass) of abnormal cells that grow in the brain. […] The cause of primary brain tumors is often unknown. Some primary brain tumors are related to other syndromes or can run in a family. […] Brain tumors can directly kill brain cells. They can also damage cells by pushing on other parts of the brain. This leads to swelling and increased pressure inside the skull. […] In general, brain tumors in children are very rare. […] Astrocytomas are usually noncancerous, slow-growing tumors. […] Medulloblastomas are the most common type of childhood brain cancer. […] Ependymomas are a type of childhood brain tumor that can be benign or malignant. […] Brainstem gliomas are very rare tumors that occur almost only in children.

• #54 Brain Tumors in Children | Advanced Treatment | UTHealth Houston

  https://med.uth.edu/neurosciences/conditions-and-treatments/children-and-brain-tumors/

  The cause of pediatric brain tumors is unclear. Primary brain tumors begin when DNA mutates in cells, growing and dividing faster than healthy cells. The mass of abnormal cells forms a tumor. They can be associated with other syndromes or genetic conditions. […] Brain tumors are the second most common childhood cancer with about 3,000 cases diagnosed in the U.S. each year, and medulloblastomas are the most common form of cancerous brain tumors in children.

• #55 Brain tumor – children Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor-children

  A brain tumor is a group (mass) of abnormal cells that grow in the brain. […] The cause of primary brain tumors is often unknown. Some primary brain tumors are related to other syndromes or can run in a family. […] Brain tumors can directly kill brain cells. They can also damage cells by pushing on other parts of the brain. This leads to swelling and increased pressure inside the skull. […] In general, brain tumors in children are very rare. […] Astrocytomas are usually noncancerous, slow-growing tumors. […] Medulloblastomas are the most common type of childhood brain cancer. […] Ependymomas are a type of childhood brain tumor that can be benign or malignant. […] Brainstem gliomas are very rare tumors that occur almost only in children.

• #56 Brain tumor – children Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor-children

  A brain tumor is a group (mass) of abnormal cells that grow in the brain. […] The cause of primary brain tumors is often unknown. Some primary brain tumors are related to other syndromes or can run in a family. […] Brain tumors can directly kill brain cells. They can also damage cells by pushing on other parts of the brain. This leads to swelling and increased pressure inside the skull. […] In general, brain tumors in children are very rare. […] Astrocytomas are usually noncancerous, slow-growing tumors. […] Medulloblastomas are the most common type of childhood brain cancer. […] Ependymomas are a type of childhood brain tumor that can be benign or malignant. […] Brainstem gliomas are very rare tumors that occur almost only in children.

• #57 Pediatric Brain Tumors | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-brain-tumors

  A brain tumor occurs when there is a genetic alteration in the normal cells in the brain. The cause of primary brain tumors is unknown, although some tumors have germ line mutations and tend to be hereditary. The majority result from somatic mutations and are not hereditary. […] Up to 25 percent of nervous system tumors that occur in infants and children are tumors made up of poorly-differentiated neuroepithelia cells. […] Ninety percent of patients with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors are age 2 or younger. Approximately 90 percent of these tumors have a chromosomal abnormality involving chromosome 22.

• #58 Pediatric Brain Tumors | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-brain-tumors

  A brain tumor occurs when there is a genetic alteration in the normal cells in the brain. The cause of primary brain tumors is unknown, although some tumors have germ line mutations and tend to be hereditary. The majority result from somatic mutations and are not hereditary. […] Up to 25 percent of nervous system tumors that occur in infants and children are tumors made up of poorly-differentiated neuroepithelia cells. […] Ninety percent of patients with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors are age 2 or younger. Approximately 90 percent of these tumors have a chromosomal abnormality involving chromosome 22.

• #59 Brain tumor – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084

  Brain tumors that start as a growth of cells in the brain are called primary brain tumors. They might start right in the brain or in the tissue nearby. Nearby tissue might include the membranes that cover the brain, called meninges. Brain tumors also can happen in nerves, the pituitary gland and the pineal gland. […] Brain tumors happen when cells in or near the brain get changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow quickly and continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This makes a lot of extra cells in the brain. The cells can form a growth called a tumor. […] It’s not clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to brain tumors. For many people with brain tumors, the cause is never known. Sometimes parents pass DNA changes to their children. The changes can increase the risk of having a brain tumor. These hereditary brain tumors are rare. If you have a family history of brain tumors, talk about it with your health care provider. You might consider meeting with a health care provider trained in genetics to understand whether your family history increases your risk of having a brain tumor.

• #60 Brain tumor – children: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000768.htm

  The cause of primary brain tumors is often unknown. Some primary brain tumors are related to other syndromes or can run in a family. […] Brain tumors can directly kill brain cells. They can also damage cells by pushing on other parts of the brain. This leads to swelling and increased pressure inside the skull. […] In general, brain tumors in children are very rare.

• #61 Brain tumor – children: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000768.htm

  The cause of primary brain tumors is often unknown. Some primary brain tumors are related to other syndromes or can run in a family. […] Brain tumors can directly kill brain cells. They can also damage cells by pushing on other parts of the brain. This leads to swelling and increased pressure inside the skull. […] In general, brain tumors in children are very rare.

• #62 Brain tumor – children: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000768.htm

  The cause of primary brain tumors is often unknown. Some primary brain tumors are related to other syndromes or can run in a family. […] Brain tumors can directly kill brain cells. They can also damage cells by pushing on other parts of the brain. This leads to swelling and increased pressure inside the skull. […] In general, brain tumors in children are very rare.

• #63 Pediatric brain tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20361694

  Most of the time, the cause of a pediatric brain tumor isn’t known. […] Pediatric brain tumors start when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The extra cells might form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can grow and press on nearby brain tissue. Sometimes a growing tumor causes swelling and other changes in the nearby brain tissue. […] Some tumor cells develop other DNA changes that turn them into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Sometimes cancer cells can break away and spread beyond the brain. If brain cancer spreads, it tends to go to the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid.

• #64 Brain Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/brain-tumors/

  A rapidly growing tumor may need more oxygen and nutrients than can be provided by the local blood supply intended for normal tissue. Tumors can produce substances called angiogenesis factors that promote the growth of blood vessels. The new vessels that grow increase the supply of nutrients to the tumor, and, eventually, the tumor becomes dependent on these new vessels. Research is being done in this area, but more extensive research is necessary to translate this knowledge into potential therapies.

• #65 Pediatric brain tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20361694

  Most of the time, the cause of a pediatric brain tumor isn’t known. […] Pediatric brain tumors start when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The extra cells might form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can grow and press on nearby brain tissue. Sometimes a growing tumor causes swelling and other changes in the nearby brain tissue. […] Some tumor cells develop other DNA changes that turn them into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Sometimes cancer cells can break away and spread beyond the brain. If brain cancer spreads, it tends to go to the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid.

• #66

  https://www.acco.org/blog/causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-of-childhood-brain-tumor-cancer/

  Why do some children develop brain tumors? Any time a child is diagnosed with a brain tumor or other type of cancer, the most obvious question many parents ask is why. What caused this child to develop a brain tumor? Unfortunately, there is no easy answer to this question. Scientists now believe that the vast majority of brain tumors in children are the result of random gene mutations but have no satisfying answer as to why a particular gene mutation occurred or why it led to the growth of a brain tumor. […] A risk factor is anything that increases a child’s risk of developing a brain tumor. As stated above, scientists believe that the vast majority of cases of childhood brain tumors are caused by random gene mutations. Gene mutations are a natural part of human biology and usually do not have a specific or identifiable cause. Therefore, there are very few known risk factors linked to the development of brain tumors in children, with two notable exceptions. Those are:

• #67

  https://www.acco.org/blog/causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-of-childhood-brain-tumor-cancer/

  Why do some children develop brain tumors? Any time a child is diagnosed with a brain tumor or other type of cancer, the most obvious question many parents ask is why. What caused this child to develop a brain tumor? Unfortunately, there is no easy answer to this question. Scientists now believe that the vast majority of brain tumors in children are the result of random gene mutations but have no satisfying answer as to why a particular gene mutation occurred or why it led to the growth of a brain tumor. […] A risk factor is anything that increases a child’s risk of developing a brain tumor. As stated above, scientists believe that the vast majority of cases of childhood brain tumors are caused by random gene mutations. Gene mutations are a natural part of human biology and usually do not have a specific or identifiable cause. Therefore, there are very few known risk factors linked to the development of brain tumors in children, with two notable exceptions. Those are:

• #68 What are children’s brain tumours? | Cancer Research UK |

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/brain-tumours/about

  We dont know exactly what causes brain tumours in children. Certain genetic conditions can increase a child’s risk of developing some types of tumours. But this is very rare. And not every child with these conditions develops a brain tumour. […] Its normal to wonder if there was something you could have done to prevent your child developing a brain tumour. There is no evidence to show that anything anyone does during pregnancy or early in a childs life could cause a brain tumour.

• #69

  https://www.acco.org/blog/causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-of-childhood-brain-tumor-cancer/

  Unfortunately, all too many parents—after hearing that their child has been diagnosed with a brain tumor—feel an overwhelming sense of guilt. Many wonder whether this diagnosis is somehow their fault, or whether they might have been able to do something to prevent this diagnosis. However, any oncologist will assure these parents that there is absolutely nothing they could have done to prevent their child from developing a brain tumor. Brain tumors in children are not believed to be linked to any environmental factors or lifestyle choices (with the notable exception of radiation exposure noted above); instead, they are most likely the result of random and uncontrollable gene mutations.

• #70

  https://www.acco.org/blog/causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-of-childhood-brain-tumor-cancer/

  Unfortunately, all too many parents—after hearing that their child has been diagnosed with a brain tumor—feel an overwhelming sense of guilt. Many wonder whether this diagnosis is somehow their fault, or whether they might have been able to do something to prevent this diagnosis. However, any oncologist will assure these parents that there is absolutely nothing they could have done to prevent their child from developing a brain tumor. Brain tumors in children are not believed to be linked to any environmental factors or lifestyle choices (with the notable exception of radiation exposure noted above); instead, they are most likely the result of random and uncontrollable gene mutations.

• #71 Childhood Brain Tumor Types and Programs | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/treatment/childhood-brain-tumors/programs

  Brain tumors are relatively rare in children, occurring in only five of every 100,000 children. Childhood brain tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), but both types can be life-threatening. […] As scientists learn more about the specific genetic mutations within childhood brain tumors, they are starting to formulate more specific diagnoses, as well as targeted treatments (precision medicine) to treat childhood brain tumors. […] Ongoing research on the genetic and molecular causes of pediatric gliomas is transferred to the bedside, where some of the worlds most experienced pediatric brain tumor specialists and pediatric subspecialists use sophisticated technology and therapies to maximize outcomes for our patients.

• #72 Childhood Brain Tumor Types and Programs | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/treatment/childhood-brain-tumors/programs

  Brain tumors are relatively rare in children, occurring in only five of every 100,000 children. Childhood brain tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), but both types can be life-threatening. […] As scientists learn more about the specific genetic mutations within childhood brain tumors, they are starting to formulate more specific diagnoses, as well as targeted treatments (precision medicine) to treat childhood brain tumors. […] Ongoing research on the genetic and molecular causes of pediatric gliomas is transferred to the bedside, where some of the worlds most experienced pediatric brain tumor specialists and pediatric subspecialists use sophisticated technology and therapies to maximize outcomes for our patients.

• #73 What Causes Childhood Brain Tumors? Limited Knowledge, Many Clues

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W1973466352

  Little is known about the causes of brain tumors in children. Children with one of several genetic disorders including tuberous sclerosis and Li-Fraumeni syndrome are at increased risk, as are children who have received therapeutic irradiation to their head. […] The multifactorial causation of brain tumors, the inaccuracies of recall of past exposures, and the study of all pediatric brain tumors as a single etiologic entity may be contributing to the difficulty in identifying additional risk factors. […] The evidence that frequent cured meat consumption by the mother during pregnancy increases the risk is suggestive but not conclusive. For other potential risk factors, the evidence is limited and/or conflicting. These exposures and characteristics include pesticides, carcinogen metabolizing genes, and polyomaviruses.

• #74 About Pediatric Brain Tumors | Rory David Deutsch Foundation

  https://roryd.org/pediatric-brain-tumors/

  Pediatric brain tumors have one of the highest death rate of all childhood cancers. […] The cause of primary pediatric brain tumors is unknown, and its incidence is, alarmingly, on the rise. […] There are no prevention strategies for pediatric brain tumors, and cures are rare. […] The lack of available funding from the NCI is why it is of vital importance for our Foundation to support research into the causes and treatments of pediatric brain tumors. […] Neuro-oncology teams nationwide are performing clinically relevant research on the causes of pediatric brain tumors, with results that could eventually translate from bench to bedside.

• #75 About Pediatric Brain Tumors | Rory David Deutsch Foundation

  https://roryd.org/pediatric-brain-tumors/

  Pediatric brain tumors have one of the highest death rate of all childhood cancers. […] The cause of primary pediatric brain tumors is unknown, and its incidence is, alarmingly, on the rise. […] There are no prevention strategies for pediatric brain tumors, and cures are rare. […] The lack of available funding from the NCI is why it is of vital importance for our Foundation to support research into the causes and treatments of pediatric brain tumors. […] Neuro-oncology teams nationwide are performing clinically relevant research on the causes of pediatric brain tumors, with results that could eventually translate from bench to bedside.

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