Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Treatment for pediatric brain tumors depends on many factors. Your child’s healthcare team considers the type, size and location of the tumor. The care team also considers your child’s age and overall health. Treatment options might include surgery, radiation therapy, radiosurgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. […] The goal of surgery for pediatric brain tumors is to remove all of the tumor cells. It’s not always possible to do that. Sometimes the brain tumor is in a spot that’s hard to reach. Sometimes it is near important parts of the brain that could be hurt during surgery. In these situations, the surgeon may remove as much of the tumor as is safely possible. […] Radiation therapy for brain tumors uses powerful energy beams to kill tumor cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons and other sources.

• #2 Essential Management of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9031600/

  Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and are associated with high mortality. […] Advances in molecular genetics have led to a shift from pure histopathological diagnosis to integrated diagnosis. […] Re-stratification of treatment protocols and the development of targeted therapies will significantly affect overall survival and quality of life. […] For several pediatric tumors (e.g., medulloblastoma and LGG), these advances have significantly improved therapeutic management and prognosis in certain subgroups. […] Thus, optimized treatment and development of new therapeutic methods are greatly needed. […] To ensure an optimum treatment strategy in the management of children with brain tumors, a multidisciplinary team of specialized clinicians is mandatory. […] If signs of elevated ICP are present, the immediate involvement of a (pediatric) neurosurgeon is mandatory, to enable early emergency interventions and avoid unnecessary delays.

• #3 Advances in the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9856380/

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid malignancies in children. Advances in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors have come in the form of imaging, biopsy, surgical techniques, and molecular profiling. This has led the way for targeted therapies and immunotherapy to be assessed in clinical trials for the most common types of pediatric brain tumors. […] Advances in surgery, neuro-oncology, neuroradiology and radiation oncology have improved patient survival for some tumor types such as low-grade gliomas and medulloblastomas. However, the prognosis for patients with diffuse midline gliomas, other high-grade gliomas (HGGs), and most recurrent pediatric brain tumors remains poor since current therapeutic strategies are unable to extend survival by more than a few months in most patients. Most high-grade pediatric brain tumors require treatment with intensive chemotherapy regimens and focal or craniospinal irradiation in addition to surgery, which can have devastating long-term effects on development and cognition.

• #4 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Treatment for pediatric brain tumors depends on many factors. Your child’s healthcare team considers the type, size and location of the tumor. The care team also considers your child’s age and overall health. Treatment options might include surgery, radiation therapy, radiosurgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. […] The goal of surgery for pediatric brain tumors is to remove all of the tumor cells. It’s not always possible to do that. Sometimes the brain tumor is in a spot that’s hard to reach. Sometimes it is near important parts of the brain that could be hurt during surgery. In these situations, the surgeon may remove as much of the tumor as is safely possible. […] Radiation therapy for brain tumors uses powerful energy beams to kill tumor cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons and other sources.

• #5 Pediatric Brain Tumors | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-brain-tumors

  Surgery is usually the first step in treating brain tumors in children. Our goal within the Pediatric Surgical Oncology Program is to remove all or as much of the tumor as possible while maintaining neurological function. […] Pediatric brain tumor patients have a particular advantage when coming to CHOP because of the extensive experience of our neurosurgeons and the close collaboration between neurosurgery, neuro-oncology, radiation oncology and diagnostic radiology. […] Certain types of brain tumors located near the bottom of the skull, also called skull-base tumors, can be removed through the nose using tools called endoscopes. Because the base of the skull is close to the nostrils and roof of the mouth, your child’s surgeon can access the tumor more easily and safely with endoscopic endonasal surgery by going through the nostrils, minimizing the need for more invasive procedures.

• #6 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Treatment for pediatric brain tumors depends on many factors. Your child’s healthcare team considers the type, size and location of the tumor. The care team also considers your child’s age and overall health. Treatment options might include surgery, radiation therapy, radiosurgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. […] The goal of surgery for pediatric brain tumors is to remove all of the tumor cells. It’s not always possible to do that. Sometimes the brain tumor is in a spot that’s hard to reach. Sometimes it is near important parts of the brain that could be hurt during surgery. In these situations, the surgeon may remove as much of the tumor as is safely possible. […] Radiation therapy for brain tumors uses powerful energy beams to kill tumor cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons and other sources.

• #7 Essential Management of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9031600/

  Therapy includes optimized body positioning (e.g., neck elevation at 30 to avoid jugular vein compression), short-term hyperventilation, administration of steroids and hyperosmolar therapy (e.g., mannitol, or hypertonic saline), and more invasive procedures, such as the insertion of an external ventricular drain, insertion of an Ommaya reservoir for serial puncture, endoscopic ventriculostomy, or emergency tumor resection. […] The (pediatric) neurosurgeon indicates the possible surgical procedures, e.g., whether a tumor resection is possible or whether a biopsy can instead be attempted from a surgical viewpoint. […] The extent of tumor resection remains the most important factor with respect to event free and overall survival in nearly all kinds of tumor types. […] Resection of a tumor-mass can provide immediate relief from tumor-related signs and symptoms, and improve long-term outcomes and survival.

• #8 Essential Management of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9031600/

  Therapy includes optimized body positioning (e.g., neck elevation at 30 to avoid jugular vein compression), short-term hyperventilation, administration of steroids and hyperosmolar therapy (e.g., mannitol, or hypertonic saline), and more invasive procedures, such as the insertion of an external ventricular drain, insertion of an Ommaya reservoir for serial puncture, endoscopic ventriculostomy, or emergency tumor resection. […] The (pediatric) neurosurgeon indicates the possible surgical procedures, e.g., whether a tumor resection is possible or whether a biopsy can instead be attempted from a surgical viewpoint. […] The extent of tumor resection remains the most important factor with respect to event free and overall survival in nearly all kinds of tumor types. […] Resection of a tumor-mass can provide immediate relief from tumor-related signs and symptoms, and improve long-term outcomes and survival.

• #9 Pediatric Brain Tumors | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-brain-tumors

  Surgery is usually the first step in treating brain tumors in children. Our goal within the Pediatric Surgical Oncology Program is to remove all or as much of the tumor as possible while maintaining neurological function. […] Pediatric brain tumor patients have a particular advantage when coming to CHOP because of the extensive experience of our neurosurgeons and the close collaboration between neurosurgery, neuro-oncology, radiation oncology and diagnostic radiology. […] Certain types of brain tumors located near the bottom of the skull, also called skull-base tumors, can be removed through the nose using tools called endoscopes. Because the base of the skull is close to the nostrils and roof of the mouth, your child’s surgeon can access the tumor more easily and safely with endoscopic endonasal surgery by going through the nostrils, minimizing the need for more invasive procedures.

• #10 Pediatric Brain & Spinal Cord Tumor Treatment | MSK Kids | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-brain-tumors/pediatric-brain-tumor-treatment

  The best surgery outcomes for children with brain and spinal cord tumors begin with good decision-making. Our goal is to come up with the most-effective treatment with the smallest risk. […] Our pediatric neurosurgical team has pioneered the use of minimally invasive endoscopic brain surgery in certain cases. These procedures use small incisions (cuts), tiny cameras, and very thin instruments. Minimally invasive surgery reduces pain after the procedure and can shorten your childs stay in the hospital. […] The goal of radiation therapy is to safely shrink or eliminate tumors, including those that cannot be removed surgically. […] For children who may benefit from radiation therapy, we take great care to protect as much normal tissue as possible. […] Chemotherapy uses medicine to destroy, stop, or slow down the spread of cancer cells. It can be effective for certain types of brain and spinal cord tumors.

• #11 Brain Tumors in Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment at Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/brain-tumors

  Treatment of Brain Tumors […] Specific treatment for brain tumors will be determined by your child’s physician based on: […] Your child’s age, overall health, and medical history […] […] Type, location, and size of the tumor […] […] Extent of the disease […] […] Your child’s tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies […] […] Expectations for the course of the disease […] […] Your opinion or preference […] […] Treatment may include (alone or in combination): […] Surgery. Surgery is usually the first step in the treatment of brain tumors. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible while maintaining neurological function. Surgery for a biopsy may also be done to examine the types of cells the tumor is made of for a diagnosis. This is frequently done if the tumor is in an area with sensitive structures around it that may be injured during removal. Chemotherapy […]

• #12 Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Brain Tumor Center | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/programs/brain-tumor-center

  For each of our patients, we assemble an individualized team of pediatric brain tumor specialists who work together to develop recommendations for the most appropriate treatment. A typical brain tumor patient care team includes neuro-oncologists, neurosurgeons, neurologists, radiation oncologists, and other subspecialists with deep expertise in the specific types of brain tumors they treat. […] Together, we offer patients the most advanced therapies and diagnostic approaches available, including: […] Our physicians have deep expertise in complex neuro-endoscopy and minimally invasive neurosurgery. […] We have two intraoperative MRI surgical suites, which allow us to obtain advanced MR imaging during surgery to ensure the highest level of safely along with maximal tumor removal. […] We have access to New England’s only pediatric positron emission tomography (PET) scanner and PET fusion imaging to help guide treatment decisions.

• #13 Advances in the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9856380/

  One of the biggest successes thus far in molecular therapy has been in low-grade gliomas with targeted therapy helping reduce cytotoxic chemotherapy regiments. […] The insight we have gained into the genomic drivers of pediatric high-grade gliomas has resulted in several clinical trials testing targeted agents against this group of tumors. […] Driven by success in some adult cancers, there has been an increase in clinical trials utilizing various forms of immunotherapy for both adult and pediatric CNS tumors. […] Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been studied against adult brain tumors, and several clinical trials are underway to utilize anti-PD1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in pediatric high-grade glioma. […] Convection Enhanced Delivery (CED) is a method of helping drugs or antibodies bypass the bloodbrain barrier and get delivered directly to the tumor in high concentrations. […] Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a LASER fiber catheter is stereotactically positioned with its tip inside the tumor mass.

• #14 Pediatric Brain Tumors | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-brain-tumors

  Surgery is also performed for a biopsy a sample of tissue taken to examine the types of cells found in the tumor. This helps establish a diagnosis and treatment plan. This is frequently done when the tumor is surrounded by sensitive structures that may be damaged by surgical removal. […] At Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, every patient being treated for a brain tumor is offered the opportunity to have their tumor entered into a CHOP-led international tumor bank to help accelerate discovery and improve care. […] Other therapies used to treat brain tumors include: Chemotherapy (cancer drugs), Radiation therapy (high-energy rays that kill or shrink cancer cells), Proton therapy (a precise form of radiation therapy that is less damaging to surrounding tissue), Steroids to treat and prevent swelling in the brain, High-dose chemotherapy, stem-cell rescue, and blood and marrow transplantation, Supportive care for the side effects of the tumor or treatment, Rehabilitation to regain lost motor skills and muscle strength, Continuous follow-up care to manage disease, detect recurrence of the tumor and manage late effects of treatment.

• #15 Essential Management of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9031600/

  Radiation therapy is the next important component in the multidisciplinary treatment of many brain tumors in children, particularly for aggressive tumor types. […] To decrease radiotoxicity in the healthy brain and adjacent body structures, fractionated or hyperfractionated radiation therapy has become a standard in pediatric brain tumor treatment. […] Pediatric oncologists have a variety of tools at their disposal, including classical chemotherapy, targeted therapies, anti-angiogenic therapies, and novel procedures such as Tumor Treating Fields (TTFs). […] The role of the neuropathologist has changed over time and with new developments. […] New targeted therapy options are increasingly being clinically tested and integrated into treatment protocols. […] Important advances have been made in pediatric neuro-oncology during the past decade. […] Re-stratification of treatment protocols and the development of targeted therapies will significantly influence the overall survival and quality of life of our pediatric patients.

• #16 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Treatment for pediatric brain tumors depends on many factors. Your child’s healthcare team considers the type, size and location of the tumor. The care team also considers your child’s age and overall health. Treatment options might include surgery, radiation therapy, radiosurgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. […] The goal of surgery for pediatric brain tumors is to remove all of the tumor cells. It’s not always possible to do that. Sometimes the brain tumor is in a spot that’s hard to reach. Sometimes it is near important parts of the brain that could be hurt during surgery. In these situations, the surgeon may remove as much of the tumor as is safely possible. […] Radiation therapy for brain tumors uses powerful energy beams to kill tumor cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons and other sources.

• #17 Essential Management of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9031600/

  Radiation therapy is the next important component in the multidisciplinary treatment of many brain tumors in children, particularly for aggressive tumor types. […] To decrease radiotoxicity in the healthy brain and adjacent body structures, fractionated or hyperfractionated radiation therapy has become a standard in pediatric brain tumor treatment. […] Pediatric oncologists have a variety of tools at their disposal, including classical chemotherapy, targeted therapies, anti-angiogenic therapies, and novel procedures such as Tumor Treating Fields (TTFs). […] The role of the neuropathologist has changed over time and with new developments. […] New targeted therapy options are increasingly being clinically tested and integrated into treatment protocols. […] Important advances have been made in pediatric neuro-oncology during the past decade. […] Re-stratification of treatment protocols and the development of targeted therapies will significantly influence the overall survival and quality of life of our pediatric patients.

• #18 What’s New in Research for Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/about/new-research.html

  Finding and testing for gene changes in brain tumors […] For children with medulloblastomas, doctors can now also test for other gene changes that can help show if they are likely to have a better outlook (and therefore might require less intensive treatment). […] Researchers are also looking for other changes in tumor cells that might help guide treatment. […] Recent advances have made surgery for brain tumors much safer and more successful. […] Newer surgical approaches for some types of tumors. […] Children’s brains are very sensitive to radiation, which can lead to side effects if normal brain tissue receives a large dose, especially if the child is very young. Several newer types of radiation therapy now let doctors aim radiation more precisely at the tumor, which helps spare normal brain tissue from getting too much radiation.

• #19 Advances in the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9856380/

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid malignancies in children. Advances in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors have come in the form of imaging, biopsy, surgical techniques, and molecular profiling. This has led the way for targeted therapies and immunotherapy to be assessed in clinical trials for the most common types of pediatric brain tumors. […] Advances in surgery, neuro-oncology, neuroradiology and radiation oncology have improved patient survival for some tumor types such as low-grade gliomas and medulloblastomas. However, the prognosis for patients with diffuse midline gliomas, other high-grade gliomas (HGGs), and most recurrent pediatric brain tumors remains poor since current therapeutic strategies are unable to extend survival by more than a few months in most patients. Most high-grade pediatric brain tumors require treatment with intensive chemotherapy regimens and focal or craniospinal irradiation in addition to surgery, which can have devastating long-term effects on development and cognition.

• #20 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain tumors is an intense form of radiation treatment. It aims beams of radiation from many angles at the brain tumor. Each beam isn’t very powerful. But the point where the beams meet gets a very large dose of radiation that kills the tumor cells. […] Chemotherapy for brain tumors uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. Sometimes the chemotherapy medicine is placed in the brain tissue during surgery. […] Targeted therapy for brain tumors uses medicines that attack specific chemicals present within the tumor cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause tumor cells to die. […] Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies provide a chance to try the latest treatments. The risk of side effects might not be known. Ask your child’s healthcare team if your child might be able to be in a clinical trial.

• #21 7 Innovative Childhood Brain Tumor Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/childhood-brain-tumors/childhood-brain-tumor-treatment.html

  New radiation therapy techniques and remarkable skill allow MD Anderson doctors to target brain tumors more precisely, delivering the maximum amount of radiation with the least damage to healthy cells. […] Children’s Cancer Hospital offers the most up-to-date and advanced chemotherapy options for childhood brain tumors. Chemotherapy, often in conjunction with radiation and surgery, is frequently a treatment for tumors that are growing quickly. […] Targeted therapy drugs pinpoint the specific gene changes that cause cancer. MD Anderson is at the forefront of discovering these agents. […] Certain medications, including anti-seizure drugs, hormones and corticosteroids, may be given to help children with brain tumors feel better. […] Childhood brain tumors are treated in our Children’s Cancer Hospital and our Proton Therapy Center.

• #22 At the Forefront of Pediatric Brain Tumor Therapy | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/for-physicians/forefront-pediatric-brain-tumor-therapy

  Another treatment modality that’s delivered in a targeted manner is the use of radiation therapy. Proton radiation therapy delivers the appropriate dose to the delineated target while sparing the surrounding normal brain tissue. […] Results of research led by neuropsychologist, Dr Lisa Kahalley, a key member of our team, showed that the neurocognitive effects of proton therapy were lessened in patients with medulloblastoma compared with conventional radiation. […] Unfortunately, there has been little to no improvement in the outcomes for some types of pediatric brain tumors over the past several decades. […] The addition of C7R to the CAR T cells provides a constant supply of cytokines that allows the cells to survive and recognize tumors for a longer duration. […] We hope that these novel cell therapy strategies, when combined with conventional cancer therapies, will lead to increased cure rates for some of the most challenging to treat pediatric brain tumors.

• #23 7 Innovative Childhood Brain Tumor Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/childhood-brain-tumors/childhood-brain-tumor-treatment.html

  If your child is diagnosed with a brain tumor, your doctor will talk to you about the best options to treat it. This depends on several factors, including the location and type of the tumor and your child’s general health. […] One or more of the following therapies may be recommended to treat the cancer or help relieve symptoms. […] Surgery usually is the first treatment for brain tumors in children. If complete removal of the tumor is not possible, the surgeon will remove as much as the tumor as possible without damaging surrounding areas. […] Many brain tumors in children can be treated successfully with surgery alone. If additional treatment is necessary, surgery may help by reducing the size of the tumor before radiation or chemotherapy. […] Radiation therapy may be able to stop or slow the growth of childhood brain tumors that cannot be removed with surgery. It generally is not used for children younger than 3 years.

• #24 Radiotherapy for children – Treatment | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/treating-brain-tumours/child-treatments/radiotherapy/

  If your child is diagnosed with a brain tumour, they may receive radiotherapy as a treatment. This uses controlled and targeted doses of high energy beams of charged particles to destroy the tumour cells, whilst causing as little damage as possible to surrounding healthy cells. […] Not all children diagnosed with a brain tumour will have radiotherapy. […] There are two main reasons why your child may have radiotherapy: if your child’s tumour cannot be operated on, and after surgery to destroy any remaining tumour cells, and so lower the chances of the tumour returning. […] If your child is under three years old, it is unlikely that they will have radiotherapy. Radiotherapy can be damaging to very young children, having a long-term impact on cognition, growth and hormone levels. However, with some tumour types e.g. ependymoma, younger children may have treatment with radiotherapy, if the tumour is in the posterior fossa (the back of the skull).

• #25 Radiotherapy for children – Treatment | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/treating-brain-tumours/child-treatments/radiotherapy/

  If your child is diagnosed with a brain tumour, they may receive radiotherapy as a treatment. This uses controlled and targeted doses of high energy beams of charged particles to destroy the tumour cells, whilst causing as little damage as possible to surrounding healthy cells. […] Not all children diagnosed with a brain tumour will have radiotherapy. […] There are two main reasons why your child may have radiotherapy: if your child’s tumour cannot be operated on, and after surgery to destroy any remaining tumour cells, and so lower the chances of the tumour returning. […] If your child is under three years old, it is unlikely that they will have radiotherapy. Radiotherapy can be damaging to very young children, having a long-term impact on cognition, growth and hormone levels. However, with some tumour types e.g. ependymoma, younger children may have treatment with radiotherapy, if the tumour is in the posterior fossa (the back of the skull).

• #26 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain tumors is an intense form of radiation treatment. It aims beams of radiation from many angles at the brain tumor. Each beam isn’t very powerful. But the point where the beams meet gets a very large dose of radiation that kills the tumor cells. […] Chemotherapy for brain tumors uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. Sometimes the chemotherapy medicine is placed in the brain tissue during surgery. […] Targeted therapy for brain tumors uses medicines that attack specific chemicals present within the tumor cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause tumor cells to die. […] Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies provide a chance to try the latest treatments. The risk of side effects might not be known. Ask your child’s healthcare team if your child might be able to be in a clinical trial.

• #27 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain tumors is an intense form of radiation treatment. It aims beams of radiation from many angles at the brain tumor. Each beam isn’t very powerful. But the point where the beams meet gets a very large dose of radiation that kills the tumor cells. […] Chemotherapy for brain tumors uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. Sometimes the chemotherapy medicine is placed in the brain tissue during surgery. […] Targeted therapy for brain tumors uses medicines that attack specific chemicals present within the tumor cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause tumor cells to die. […] Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies provide a chance to try the latest treatments. The risk of side effects might not be known. Ask your child’s healthcare team if your child might be able to be in a clinical trial.

• #28 Chemotherapy for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord-childhood/treatment/chemotherapy

  Chemotherapy is sometimes used to treat childhood brain and spinal cord tumours. Your child’s healthcare team will use what they know about the cancer and about your child’s health to plan the drugs, doses and schedules. […] Chemotherapy is often used along with other treatments. It may be used: to destroy cancer cells left behind after surgery or radiation therapy and reduce the risk that the cancer will come back (recur) (called adjuvant chemotherapy) […] to shrink a tumour before other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy (called neoadjuvant chemotherapy) […] instead of radiation therapy to treat a tumour in children younger than 3 years of age. […] Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be given during the same time period to treat childhood brain and spinal cord tumours. This is called chemoradiation. Some chemotherapy drugs can help make radiation work better by making cancer cells more sensitive to radiation. Combining chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be more effective than either treatment on its own.

• #29 Chemotherapy for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord-childhood/treatment/chemotherapy

  Chemotherapy is sometimes used to treat childhood brain and spinal cord tumours. Your child’s healthcare team will use what they know about the cancer and about your child’s health to plan the drugs, doses and schedules. […] Chemotherapy is often used along with other treatments. It may be used: to destroy cancer cells left behind after surgery or radiation therapy and reduce the risk that the cancer will come back (recur) (called adjuvant chemotherapy) […] to shrink a tumour before other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy (called neoadjuvant chemotherapy) […] instead of radiation therapy to treat a tumour in children younger than 3 years of age. […] Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be given during the same time period to treat childhood brain and spinal cord tumours. This is called chemoradiation. Some chemotherapy drugs can help make radiation work better by making cancer cells more sensitive to radiation. Combining chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be more effective than either treatment on its own.

• #30 Chemotherapy for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord-childhood/treatment/chemotherapy

  Chemotherapy is sometimes used to treat childhood brain and spinal cord tumours. Your child’s healthcare team will use what they know about the cancer and about your child’s health to plan the drugs, doses and schedules. […] Chemotherapy is often used along with other treatments. It may be used: to destroy cancer cells left behind after surgery or radiation therapy and reduce the risk that the cancer will come back (recur) (called adjuvant chemotherapy) […] to shrink a tumour before other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy (called neoadjuvant chemotherapy) […] instead of radiation therapy to treat a tumour in children younger than 3 years of age. […] Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be given during the same time period to treat childhood brain and spinal cord tumours. This is called chemoradiation. Some chemotherapy drugs can help make radiation work better by making cancer cells more sensitive to radiation. Combining chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be more effective than either treatment on its own.

• #31 Chemotherapy for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord-childhood/treatment/chemotherapy

  Chemotherapy is sometimes used to treat childhood brain and spinal cord tumours. Your child’s healthcare team will use what they know about the cancer and about your child’s health to plan the drugs, doses and schedules. […] Chemotherapy is often used along with other treatments. It may be used: to destroy cancer cells left behind after surgery or radiation therapy and reduce the risk that the cancer will come back (recur) (called adjuvant chemotherapy) […] to shrink a tumour before other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy (called neoadjuvant chemotherapy) […] instead of radiation therapy to treat a tumour in children younger than 3 years of age. […] Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be given during the same time period to treat childhood brain and spinal cord tumours. This is called chemoradiation. Some chemotherapy drugs can help make radiation work better by making cancer cells more sensitive to radiation. Combining chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be more effective than either treatment on its own.

• #32 Chemotherapy for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord-childhood/treatment/chemotherapy

  Chemotherapy may affect how puberty develops in children. It can eventually affect their fertility, which is the ability to get pregnant or get someone pregnant. If possible, talk to the healthcare team about the treatment plan and fertility options before treatment begins. […] The most common chemotherapy drugs for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours include: cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, etoposide (Vepesid), carboplatin, carmustine (BiCNU, BCNU), lomustine (CeeNU, CCNU), methotrexate, temozolomide (Temodal), high-dose methotrexate, vincristine, ifosfamide (Ifex), vinblastine, procarbazine (Matulane), thiotepa (Tepadina), irinotecan (Onivyde), bleomycin. […] Possible side effects of chemotherapy for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours include: hair loss, sore mouth, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, low blood cell counts (bone marrow suppression), low white blood cell count, infection, low platelet count, anemia, fatigue, constipation, nerve damage, hearing loss, kidney damage, allergic reactions.

• #33 What’s New in Research for Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/about/new-research.html

  Clinical trials have shown that in some situations, using chemotherapy can let doctors use lower doses of radiation therapy without lowering the chance that treatment will be effective. […] In some children and infants with brain tumors, chemo is given right after surgery to either delay radiation therapy (particularly in infants) or to decrease the radiation dose needed to treat the tumor. This is known as adjuvant chemotherapy. […] A stem cell transplant allows higher doses of chemo to be given than would normally be possible. […] Although some children with certain brain or spinal cord tumors (such as medulloblastomas) have responded well to this very intensive treatment, it can have serious side effects, and it is not yet known if it is effective enough to become a standard treatment.

• #34 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain tumors is an intense form of radiation treatment. It aims beams of radiation from many angles at the brain tumor. Each beam isn’t very powerful. But the point where the beams meet gets a very large dose of radiation that kills the tumor cells. […] Chemotherapy for brain tumors uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. Sometimes the chemotherapy medicine is placed in the brain tissue during surgery. […] Targeted therapy for brain tumors uses medicines that attack specific chemicals present within the tumor cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause tumor cells to die. […] Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies provide a chance to try the latest treatments. The risk of side effects might not be known. Ask your child’s healthcare team if your child might be able to be in a clinical trial.

• #35 Essential Management of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9031600/

  Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and are associated with high mortality. […] Advances in molecular genetics have led to a shift from pure histopathological diagnosis to integrated diagnosis. […] Re-stratification of treatment protocols and the development of targeted therapies will significantly affect overall survival and quality of life. […] For several pediatric tumors (e.g., medulloblastoma and LGG), these advances have significantly improved therapeutic management and prognosis in certain subgroups. […] Thus, optimized treatment and development of new therapeutic methods are greatly needed. […] To ensure an optimum treatment strategy in the management of children with brain tumors, a multidisciplinary team of specialized clinicians is mandatory. […] If signs of elevated ICP are present, the immediate involvement of a (pediatric) neurosurgeon is mandatory, to enable early emergency interventions and avoid unnecessary delays.

• #36 Advances in the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/1/62

  Improving survival rates in this patient cohort has been the primary focus of most pediatric-cancer treatment consortia such as the Children’s Oncology Group, but an equally important aim has been to minimize the immediate and long-term side effects of chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. […] Targeted therapy, sometimes called personalized or precision medicine, is an emerging field of therapeutics in which druggable receptors or canonical driver molecular pathways are identified in tumor cells, and drugs are either developed or repurposed to inhibit the function of the target, thereby limiting tumor growth. […] The insight we have gained into the genomic drivers of pediatric high-grade gliomas has resulted in several clinical trials testing targeted agents against this group of tumors.

• #37 Childhood Astrocytomas and Other Gliomas Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-astrocytoma-glioma-treatment-pdq

  Radiation therapy is usually reserved for patients with disease that does not durably respond to chemotherapy. For children with low-grade gliomas for whom radiation therapy is indicated, approaches that contour the radiation distribution to the tumor and avoid normal brain tissue can reduce the acute and long-term toxicities associated with these modalities. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the combination of trametinib (MEK inhibitor) plus dabrafenib (BRAF inhibitor) for the treatment of pediatric patients aged 1 year and older with low-grade gliomas and a BRAF V600E variant who require systemic therapy. The approval was based on a randomized clinical trial that compared the dabrafenib-plus-trametinib combination with the carboplatin-plus-vincristine combination.

• #38 Childhood Astrocytomas and Other Gliomas Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-astrocytoma-glioma-treatment-pdq

  For children with tuberous sclerosis (TS) and symptomatic subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs), agents that inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (e.g., everolimus and sirolimus) have been studied. Small series have shown significant reductions in the size of these tumors after administration of everolimus or sirolimus, often eliminating the need for surgery. […] There is no single standard treatment option for progressive/recurrent circumscribed astrocytic gliomas, pediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas, glioneuronal tumors, and neuronal tumors. To determine and implement optimal management, treatment is best guided by a multidisciplinary team of specialists with experience treating pediatric patients with brain tumors. […] Somatic BRAF V600E variants are present in a small subset of patients. While many of these tumors are responsive to BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors, responses in the recurrent setting are typically not sustained long term.

• #39 Potential targeted therapy for pediatric brain cancer identified by Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s team | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/newsroom/news-releases/2025/potential-targeted-therapy-for-pediatric-brain-cancer-identified-by-dana-farberboston-childrens-team

  An international team of clinical collaborators, led by physician scientists from Dana-Farber/Boston Childrens Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, performed a first-ever clinical test of the targeted therapy avapritinib in pediatric and young patients with a form of high-grade glioma. They found that the drug, already FDA-approved for certain adult cancers, was generally safe and resulted in tumor reduction visible on brain scans, as well as clinical improvement, in 3 out of 7 patients. […] Avapritinib is a small molecule that crosses the blood-brain-barrier and targets platelet derived growth factor alpha (PDGFRA), which is overactive in some pediatric high-grade gliomas and leads to uncontrolled growth of cancer cells. The team is now designing a clinical trial of avapritinib treatment for newly diagnosed pediatric patients with PDGFRA-altered high-grade gliomas to evaluate it in a larger patient population.

• #40 Potential targeted therapy for pediatric brain cancer identified by Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s team | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/newsroom/news-releases/2025/potential-targeted-therapy-for-pediatric-brain-cancer-identified-by-dana-farberboston-childrens-team

  Filbins research team first identified that gene alterations activate PDGFRA in about 15% of pediatric high-grade glioma patients and contribute to the aggressive behavior of this disease, which is typically treated with surgery and radiation. […] Avapritinib is a next-generation, highly selective and brain penetrant PDGFRA inhibitor. In pre-clinical research, Filbins team found that avapritinib reduced tumor growth in patient derived tumor models and animal models. […] Filbins team will next investigate which genetic alterations in tumors can predict response to avapritinib treatment, aiming to develop personalized treatment. Additionally, the team is developing combination therapies that include avapritinib alongside other FDA-approved drugs to maximize therapeutic effects and prevent treatment resistance. […] Our latest findings with brain-penetrant PDGFRA inhibitor avapritinib are encouraging for a subset of our patients who have genetic alterations in PDGFRA, and I am hopeful it will pave the way for developing innovative combination treatments that include avapritinib.

• #41 Advances in the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9856380/

  One of the biggest successes thus far in molecular therapy has been in low-grade gliomas with targeted therapy helping reduce cytotoxic chemotherapy regiments. […] The insight we have gained into the genomic drivers of pediatric high-grade gliomas has resulted in several clinical trials testing targeted agents against this group of tumors. […] Driven by success in some adult cancers, there has been an increase in clinical trials utilizing various forms of immunotherapy for both adult and pediatric CNS tumors. […] Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been studied against adult brain tumors, and several clinical trials are underway to utilize anti-PD1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in pediatric high-grade glioma. […] Convection Enhanced Delivery (CED) is a method of helping drugs or antibodies bypass the bloodbrain barrier and get delivered directly to the tumor in high concentrations. […] Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a LASER fiber catheter is stereotactically positioned with its tip inside the tumor mass.

• #42 Advances in the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9856380/

  One of the biggest successes thus far in molecular therapy has been in low-grade gliomas with targeted therapy helping reduce cytotoxic chemotherapy regiments. […] The insight we have gained into the genomic drivers of pediatric high-grade gliomas has resulted in several clinical trials testing targeted agents against this group of tumors. […] Driven by success in some adult cancers, there has been an increase in clinical trials utilizing various forms of immunotherapy for both adult and pediatric CNS tumors. […] Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been studied against adult brain tumors, and several clinical trials are underway to utilize anti-PD1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in pediatric high-grade glioma. […] Convection Enhanced Delivery (CED) is a method of helping drugs or antibodies bypass the bloodbrain barrier and get delivered directly to the tumor in high concentrations. […] Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a LASER fiber catheter is stereotactically positioned with its tip inside the tumor mass.

• #43

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/cancer/experimental-treatment-borrowed-blood-cancer-shows-promise-pediatric-b-rcna195154

  CAR-T has been used to treat certain blood cancers for two decades and got its first Food and Drug Administration approval in 2017. In recent years, doctors have been exploring the treatment in solid tumors, including those in the brain, where patients have few options. […] The results of Vitanza’s early-stage clinical trial were published in Nature Medicine in January. In addition to Gavin, 20 children and young adults with DIPG got CAR-T therapy every two to four weeks. The median survival was about 20 months nearly double the expected prognosis. […] Souweidane said more trials will need to confirm whether CAR-T therapy is, indeed, the reason Gavin and the two other patients in the trial are living much longer than expected. […] The goal of Phase 1 clinical trials like this is to show whether a therapy shows promise and appears to be safe. […] Several other early CAR-T trials for DIPG are happening at cancer centers across the U.S. While many questions remain, experts said they are cautiously optimistic the therapy could become a badly needed treatment for DIPG.

• #44 What’s New in Research for Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/about/new-research.html

  Many chemo drugs are limited in their effectiveness because the tightly controlled openings in the brain capillaries, sometimes referred to as the blood-brain barrier, prevents the drugs from getting from the bloodstream to some parts of the brain tumor. […] Some newer approaches might help doctors get chemo directly to brain and spinal cord tumors. […] Researchers are also looking at the possibility of using lasers or other means to disrupt the blood-brain barrier and allow drugs to more readily reach brain tumors. […] Researchers are also testing some newer approaches to treatment that may help doctors target tumors more precisely. […] As researchers have learned more about the gene changes in tumor cells that help them grow, they have developed newer drugs that target these changes.

• #45 Advances in the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9856380/

  One of the biggest successes thus far in molecular therapy has been in low-grade gliomas with targeted therapy helping reduce cytotoxic chemotherapy regiments. […] The insight we have gained into the genomic drivers of pediatric high-grade gliomas has resulted in several clinical trials testing targeted agents against this group of tumors. […] Driven by success in some adult cancers, there has been an increase in clinical trials utilizing various forms of immunotherapy for both adult and pediatric CNS tumors. […] Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been studied against adult brain tumors, and several clinical trials are underway to utilize anti-PD1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in pediatric high-grade glioma. […] Convection Enhanced Delivery (CED) is a method of helping drugs or antibodies bypass the bloodbrain barrier and get delivered directly to the tumor in high concentrations. […] Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a LASER fiber catheter is stereotactically positioned with its tip inside the tumor mass.

• #46 Trailblazing Treatments for Pediatric Brain Tumors – Solving Kids’ Cancer

  https://solvingkidscancer.org/blog/trailblazing-treatments-for-pediatric-brain-tumors/

  The IDDI is pioneering the use of two particularly innovative brain tumor treatment methods: Convection Enhanced Delivery and Focused Ultrasound. These techniques are specifically designed to overcome the formidable challenges posed by the blood-brain barrier. […] Convection Enhanced Delivery: This method involves the direct delivery of therapeutic agents into the tumor via a catheter. […] Focused Ultrasound: Focused ultrasound and micro-bubbles-mediated drug delivery for brain tumors is a non-invasive technique that uses ultrasound waves to temporarily open the blood-brain barrier, allowing drugs to enter the brain. […] The promising results from these innovative treatments are sparking hope. […] Looking ahead, Dr. Szalontay is energized by the potential of personalized medicine, which could revolutionize how we treat these cancers.

• #47 Trailblazing Treatments for Pediatric Brain Tumors – Solving Kids’ Cancer

  https://solvingkidscancer.org/blog/trailblazing-treatments-for-pediatric-brain-tumors/

  The IDDI is pioneering the use of two particularly innovative brain tumor treatment methods: Convection Enhanced Delivery and Focused Ultrasound. These techniques are specifically designed to overcome the formidable challenges posed by the blood-brain barrier. […] Convection Enhanced Delivery: This method involves the direct delivery of therapeutic agents into the tumor via a catheter. […] Focused Ultrasound: Focused ultrasound and micro-bubbles-mediated drug delivery for brain tumors is a non-invasive technique that uses ultrasound waves to temporarily open the blood-brain barrier, allowing drugs to enter the brain. […] The promising results from these innovative treatments are sparking hope. […] Looking ahead, Dr. Szalontay is energized by the potential of personalized medicine, which could revolutionize how we treat these cancers.

• #48 What’s New in Research for Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/about/new-research.html

  Clinical trials have shown that in some situations, using chemotherapy can let doctors use lower doses of radiation therapy without lowering the chance that treatment will be effective. […] In some children and infants with brain tumors, chemo is given right after surgery to either delay radiation therapy (particularly in infants) or to decrease the radiation dose needed to treat the tumor. This is known as adjuvant chemotherapy. […] A stem cell transplant allows higher doses of chemo to be given than would normally be possible. […] Although some children with certain brain or spinal cord tumors (such as medulloblastomas) have responded well to this very intensive treatment, it can have serious side effects, and it is not yet known if it is effective enough to become a standard treatment.

• #49 Brain Tumor Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/thera-brain

  Emerging re-irradiation (repeated administration of radiotherapy) treatment protocols for recurrent brain tumors are now available (e.g., re-irradiation with bevacizumab a drug that interferes with blood vessel growth in tumors) for glioblastoma). Radiofrequency tumor treating fields (TTF) are now available to treat glioblastoma. This treatment sends mild electrical fields into the tumor and disrupts the cancer cells ability to grow and divide.

• #50 Childhood brain cancer research breakthrough could transform treatment, international study finds

  https://news.emory.edu/stories/2025/02/hs_study_pediatric_brain_tumors_02-04-2025/story.html

  Combining CT-179 with treatments such as radiation therapy treats the whole tumor more effectively, including both stem cells and tumor cells that are not stem cells. […] Adding CT-179 to combinations of treatments may bring new efficacy to brain tumor therapy. […] Our study demonstrated that the drug CT-179, used in combination with standard radiation therapy can cross the blood brain barrier and penetrate the tumour. […] It prolonged survival in a range of preclinical medulloblastoma models, delayed recurrence of the disease, and increased the effectiveness of radiotherapy. […] We showed that inhibiting the OLIG2 protein with the CT-179 drug prevented cancer stem cells from changing to a proliferative state, effectively blocking the growth and recurrence of tumors. […] This could have potentially profound implications for treatment in the future. […] Day said the next step is to undertake clinical trials. […] We’re very hopeful that the culmination of all this work has paved the way for the first in-human clinical testing of CT-179 in patients with brain cancer.

• #51 Essential Management of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9031600/

  Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and are associated with high mortality. […] Advances in molecular genetics have led to a shift from pure histopathological diagnosis to integrated diagnosis. […] Re-stratification of treatment protocols and the development of targeted therapies will significantly affect overall survival and quality of life. […] For several pediatric tumors (e.g., medulloblastoma and LGG), these advances have significantly improved therapeutic management and prognosis in certain subgroups. […] Thus, optimized treatment and development of new therapeutic methods are greatly needed. […] To ensure an optimum treatment strategy in the management of children with brain tumors, a multidisciplinary team of specialized clinicians is mandatory. […] If signs of elevated ICP are present, the immediate involvement of a (pediatric) neurosurgeon is mandatory, to enable early emergency interventions and avoid unnecessary delays.

• #52 Treatments for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord-childhood/treatment

  A child diagnosed with a brain or spinal cord tumour will have a treatment plan created just for them by their healthcare team. The plan is based on your child’s health and specific information about the tumour. When deciding which treatments to offer for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours, the healthcare team will consider: […] Surgery is the main treatment for most childhood brain and spinal cord tumours. Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, supportive drugs and other treatments may also be used. […] Treatment is given in a pediatric cancer centre by a multidisciplinary team. This includes pediatric neurosurgeons, pediatric neurologists, radiation oncologists, pediatric neuro-oncologists, endocrinologists, nurses and pathologists. Other support staff are also available, such as child life specialists, dietitians, physical therapists, social workers and counsellors.

• #53 NCCN Releases New Guidelines for Pediatric CNS Cancers

  https://www.onclive.com/view/nccn-releases-new-guidelines-for-pediatric-cns-cancers

  The National Comprehensive Cancer Network issued recommendations for providers treating children with brain cancers. […] The guidelines recommend that all patients with high-grade gliomas should receive care from a multidisciplinary team with experience managing central nervous system [CNS] tumors. […] Treatment for pediatric CNS tumors often includes a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. […] These guidelines provide a snapshot of how leading experts from across the country are applying the current evidence to recommend the best approach for infants, young children, and adolescents into early adulthood. […] We’re planning to expand the guidelines to include other CNS tumor types, Mahajan said. Right now, the science is advancing as we learn more about how to differentiate and characterize these tumors. In the future, with more trial results coming in, we anticipate an increase in personalized medicine with treatments targeted to the specific patient and tumor.

• #54 Treatments for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord-childhood/treatment

  A child diagnosed with a brain or spinal cord tumour will have a treatment plan created just for them by their healthcare team. The plan is based on your child’s health and specific information about the tumour. When deciding which treatments to offer for childhood brain and spinal cord tumours, the healthcare team will consider: […] Surgery is the main treatment for most childhood brain and spinal cord tumours. Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, supportive drugs and other treatments may also be used. […] Treatment is given in a pediatric cancer centre by a multidisciplinary team. This includes pediatric neurosurgeons, pediatric neurologists, radiation oncologists, pediatric neuro-oncologists, endocrinologists, nurses and pathologists. Other support staff are also available, such as child life specialists, dietitians, physical therapists, social workers and counsellors.

• #55 Brain Tumors in Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment at Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/brain-tumors

  Treatment of Brain Tumors […] Specific treatment for brain tumors will be determined by your child’s physician based on: […] Your child’s age, overall health, and medical history […] […] Type, location, and size of the tumor […] […] Extent of the disease […] […] Your child’s tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies […] […] Expectations for the course of the disease […] […] Your opinion or preference […] […] Treatment may include (alone or in combination): […] Surgery. Surgery is usually the first step in the treatment of brain tumors. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible while maintaining neurological function. Surgery for a biopsy may also be done to examine the types of cells the tumor is made of for a diagnosis. This is frequently done if the tumor is in an area with sensitive structures around it that may be injured during removal. Chemotherapy […]

• #56 Brain Tumor Program – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/clinics/neurosciences/services/brain-tumor-program/

  If surgery is the best route to a cure, your child is in the hands of neurosurgeons skilled in innovative, minimally invasive procedures. […] Seattle Childrens is at the forefront of precision diagnosis, using molecular profiling to identify a childs tumor subtype and provide the best treatment. […] Knowing a childs brain tumor molecular subtype can open the door to treatment that increases survival, as shown in a clinical trial that charts a better course for kids with high-risk medulloblastoma. […] Children we treat have access to new options in clinical trials that are often not available at other hospitals. […] These high-grade tumors may grow quickly and always need treatment. In addition to surgery, we use a combination of radiation and chemotherapy for older children. […] Research led by Seattle Childrens doctors has improved survival and changed treatment all over the world for children with embryonal tumors. […] Most children with these tumors are treated with surgery, often along with radiation therapy. Chemotherapy is effective for some children. […] More than 80% of the children and teens we treat for brain tumors are cured.

• #57 Brain Tumors in Children – In Treatment | CureSearch

  https://curesearch.org/Brain-Tumors-In-Treatment/

  Treatment for childhood brain tumors is based on the type of tumor, the tumor location, age of the child and other factors. […] The healthcare team will develop an individualized treatment plan for each patient. More often than not, treatment will include multiple forms of therapy. […] Almost all children will undergo a surgical biopsy. At that time the surgeon will remove as much of the tumor as can be done safely. […] Depending on the specific brain tumor and age of the child, there are a number of treatments that may be given after surgery. […] Some children will require the placement of a shunt to drain away excess cerebrospinal fluid caused by tumor blockage. […] Almost all patients undergoing neurosurgery will be given dexamethasone (Decadron). […] Most patients with brain tumors will be treated with radiation therapy over a period of approximately 6 weeks following recovery from surgery.

• #58 Brain Tumors in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/b/brain-tumors-in-children.html

  Other treatments may include: […] Corticosteroids. These treat and prevent swelling in the brain. […] Antiseizure medicine. These treat and prevent seizures. […] Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. A long tube called a shunt may be put inside the brain to remove extra fluid. This helps control intracranial pressure. […] Antibiotics. These treat and prevent infections. […] Hormones. Medicines can be used to replace hormones if a tumor affects natural hormone production. […] Sometimes these treatments are called supportive or palliative care. They’re used to treat side effects and problems caused by the tumor, but not the tumor itself. Medicines and other treatments can be used for pain, fever, infection, nausea, and vomiting. […] With any tumor, how well a child is expected to recover (prognosis) varies. Keep in mind: […] Getting medical treatment right away is important for the best outcomes. […] Ongoing follow-up care during and after treatment is needed. […] New treatments are being tested to improve outcomes and to lessen side effects.

• #59 Brain Tumors in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/b/brain-tumors-in-children.html

  Other treatments may include: […] Corticosteroids. These treat and prevent swelling in the brain. […] Antiseizure medicine. These treat and prevent seizures. […] Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. A long tube called a shunt may be put inside the brain to remove extra fluid. This helps control intracranial pressure. […] Antibiotics. These treat and prevent infections. […] Hormones. Medicines can be used to replace hormones if a tumor affects natural hormone production. […] Sometimes these treatments are called supportive or palliative care. They’re used to treat side effects and problems caused by the tumor, but not the tumor itself. Medicines and other treatments can be used for pain, fever, infection, nausea, and vomiting. […] With any tumor, how well a child is expected to recover (prognosis) varies. Keep in mind: […] Getting medical treatment right away is important for the best outcomes. […] Ongoing follow-up care during and after treatment is needed. […] New treatments are being tested to improve outcomes and to lessen side effects.

• #60 Brain Tumors in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/b/brain-tumors-in-children.html

  Other treatments may include: […] Corticosteroids. These treat and prevent swelling in the brain. […] Antiseizure medicine. These treat and prevent seizures. […] Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. A long tube called a shunt may be put inside the brain to remove extra fluid. This helps control intracranial pressure. […] Antibiotics. These treat and prevent infections. […] Hormones. Medicines can be used to replace hormones if a tumor affects natural hormone production. […] Sometimes these treatments are called supportive or palliative care. They’re used to treat side effects and problems caused by the tumor, but not the tumor itself. Medicines and other treatments can be used for pain, fever, infection, nausea, and vomiting. […] With any tumor, how well a child is expected to recover (prognosis) varies. Keep in mind: […] Getting medical treatment right away is important for the best outcomes. […] Ongoing follow-up care during and after treatment is needed. […] New treatments are being tested to improve outcomes and to lessen side effects.

• #61 Brain Tumors in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/b/brain-tumors-in-children.html

  Other treatments may include: […] Corticosteroids. These treat and prevent swelling in the brain. […] Antiseizure medicine. These treat and prevent seizures. […] Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. A long tube called a shunt may be put inside the brain to remove extra fluid. This helps control intracranial pressure. […] Antibiotics. These treat and prevent infections. […] Hormones. Medicines can be used to replace hormones if a tumor affects natural hormone production. […] Sometimes these treatments are called supportive or palliative care. They’re used to treat side effects and problems caused by the tumor, but not the tumor itself. Medicines and other treatments can be used for pain, fever, infection, nausea, and vomiting. […] With any tumor, how well a child is expected to recover (prognosis) varies. Keep in mind: […] Getting medical treatment right away is important for the best outcomes. […] Ongoing follow-up care during and after treatment is needed. […] New treatments are being tested to improve outcomes and to lessen side effects.

• #62 Brain Tumors in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/b/brain-tumors-in-children.html

  Other treatments may include: […] Corticosteroids. These treat and prevent swelling in the brain. […] Antiseizure medicine. These treat and prevent seizures. […] Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. A long tube called a shunt may be put inside the brain to remove extra fluid. This helps control intracranial pressure. […] Antibiotics. These treat and prevent infections. […] Hormones. Medicines can be used to replace hormones if a tumor affects natural hormone production. […] Sometimes these treatments are called supportive or palliative care. They’re used to treat side effects and problems caused by the tumor, but not the tumor itself. Medicines and other treatments can be used for pain, fever, infection, nausea, and vomiting. […] With any tumor, how well a child is expected to recover (prognosis) varies. Keep in mind: […] Getting medical treatment right away is important for the best outcomes. […] Ongoing follow-up care during and after treatment is needed. […] New treatments are being tested to improve outcomes and to lessen side effects.

• #63 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Palliative care is a special type of healthcare that helps children with serious illnesses feel better. For children with brain tumors, palliative care can help relieve pain and other symptoms. A team of healthcare professionals offers palliative care. The team can include doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals. The goal is to improve the quality of life for your child and your family. […] Children may need support after treatment to help them recover. Brain tumors can develop in parts of the brain that control motor skills, speech, vision and thinking. Rehabilitation services to help regain these functions include physical therapy to help your child regain lost motor skills or muscle strength, occupational therapy to help your child get back to daily activities, speech therapy if your child has difficulty speaking, and tutoring if your school-age child needs help to cope with changes in memory and thinking after brain tumor treatment.

• #64 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Palliative care is a special type of healthcare that helps children with serious illnesses feel better. For children with brain tumors, palliative care can help relieve pain and other symptoms. A team of healthcare professionals offers palliative care. The team can include doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals. The goal is to improve the quality of life for your child and your family. […] Children may need support after treatment to help them recover. Brain tumors can develop in parts of the brain that control motor skills, speech, vision and thinking. Rehabilitation services to help regain these functions include physical therapy to help your child regain lost motor skills or muscle strength, occupational therapy to help your child get back to daily activities, speech therapy if your child has difficulty speaking, and tutoring if your school-age child needs help to cope with changes in memory and thinking after brain tumor treatment.

• #65 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Palliative care is a special type of healthcare that helps children with serious illnesses feel better. For children with brain tumors, palliative care can help relieve pain and other symptoms. A team of healthcare professionals offers palliative care. The team can include doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals. The goal is to improve the quality of life for your child and your family. […] Children may need support after treatment to help them recover. Brain tumors can develop in parts of the brain that control motor skills, speech, vision and thinking. Rehabilitation services to help regain these functions include physical therapy to help your child regain lost motor skills or muscle strength, occupational therapy to help your child get back to daily activities, speech therapy if your child has difficulty speaking, and tutoring if your school-age child needs help to cope with changes in memory and thinking after brain tumor treatment.

• #66 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Palliative care is a special type of healthcare that helps children with serious illnesses feel better. For children with brain tumors, palliative care can help relieve pain and other symptoms. A team of healthcare professionals offers palliative care. The team can include doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals. The goal is to improve the quality of life for your child and your family. […] Children may need support after treatment to help them recover. Brain tumors can develop in parts of the brain that control motor skills, speech, vision and thinking. Rehabilitation services to help regain these functions include physical therapy to help your child regain lost motor skills or muscle strength, occupational therapy to help your child get back to daily activities, speech therapy if your child has difficulty speaking, and tutoring if your school-age child needs help to cope with changes in memory and thinking after brain tumor treatment.

• #67 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Palliative care is a special type of healthcare that helps children with serious illnesses feel better. For children with brain tumors, palliative care can help relieve pain and other symptoms. A team of healthcare professionals offers palliative care. The team can include doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals. The goal is to improve the quality of life for your child and your family. […] Children may need support after treatment to help them recover. Brain tumors can develop in parts of the brain that control motor skills, speech, vision and thinking. Rehabilitation services to help regain these functions include physical therapy to help your child regain lost motor skills or muscle strength, occupational therapy to help your child get back to daily activities, speech therapy if your child has difficulty speaking, and tutoring if your school-age child needs help to cope with changes in memory and thinking after brain tumor treatment.

• #68 Pediatric Brain & Spinal Cord Tumor Treatment | MSK Kids | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-brain-tumors/pediatric-brain-tumor-treatment

  Our active participation in national clinical trials through the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC), Childrens Oncology Group (COG), and Neurofibromatosis Clinical Trials Consortium (NFCTC) means that we can offer children with brain and spinal cord tumors the very latest in care. […] Follow-up care after cancer treatment ends is critical to the health and well-being of childhood brain cancer survivors. Through our Long-Term Follow-Up Program, we screen, monitor, and manage the health of young survivors beginning approximately two years after treatment ends.

• #69 Pediatric Brain Tumors | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-brain-tumors

  As with any cancer, prognosis and long-term survival vary greatly from child to child. Prompt medical attention and aggressive therapy are important for the best prognosis. Continuous follow-up care is essential for a child diagnosed with a brain tumor, because the side effects of radiation and chemotherapy as well as second malignancies can occur in survivors of brain tumors. […] Rehabilitation for lost motor skills and muscle strength may be required. Children’s Hospital speech, physical and occupational therapists specialize in the unique needs of children undergoing this type of rehabilitation. […] Some children treated for a pediatric brain tumor may develop complications years later. Our Cancer Survivorship Program provides information about the potential long-term effects of the specific treatment your child received, including ways of monitoring and treating these effects.

• #70 Brain and spine tumors | St. Jude Care & Treatment

  https://www.stjude.org/care-treatment/treatment/childhood-cancer/brain-tumors.html

  St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital is a world leader in treating childhood brain and spine tumors. […] St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital specializes in treating the most challenging pediatric brain tumors. […] St. Jude is committed to: Giving your child the best treatment, Improving their chances of survival with the least damaging side effects, Helping them lead their best life possible after treatment. […] We specialize in treating the most challenging pediatric brain and spine tumors. […] Clinical trials are the driving force behind advancing therapy in children with serious diseases. […] St. Jude clinical trials have produced new, groundbreaking treatments for serious childhood diseases. […] Our brain and spine tumor clinical trials have led to better therapies in children. These improvements include lower-dose therapies, targeted therapy, and proton therapy. These treatments kill cancer cells while sparing healthy cells.

• #71 Childhood Astrocytomas and Other Gliomas Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-astrocytoma-glioma-treatment-pdq

  Dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer. Between 1975 and 2020, childhood cancer mortality decreased by more than 50%. Many of the improvements in survival in childhood cancer have been made as a result of clinical trials that have attempted to improve on the best available, accepted therapy. Clinical trials in pediatrics are designed to compare new therapy with therapy that is currently accepted as standard. This comparison may be done in a randomized study of two treatment arms or by evaluating a single new treatment and comparing the results with previously obtained results that assessed an existing therapy. Because of the relative rarity of cancer in children, all patients with brain tumors should be considered for entry into a clinical trial. Information about ongoing National Cancer Institute (NCI)-supported clinical trials is available from the NCI website.

• #72 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain tumors is an intense form of radiation treatment. It aims beams of radiation from many angles at the brain tumor. Each beam isn’t very powerful. But the point where the beams meet gets a very large dose of radiation that kills the tumor cells. […] Chemotherapy for brain tumors uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. Sometimes the chemotherapy medicine is placed in the brain tissue during surgery. […] Targeted therapy for brain tumors uses medicines that attack specific chemicals present within the tumor cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause tumor cells to die. […] Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies provide a chance to try the latest treatments. The risk of side effects might not be known. Ask your child’s healthcare team if your child might be able to be in a clinical trial.

• #73 Brain Tumor Institute | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/departments/brain-tumor-institute-neurooncology-program

  We are one of few centers that offers pediatric proton therapy through our collaborative Radiation Oncology Program. In addition, we have exclusive access to Phase I clinical trials and can provide your child with new medications available in only a handful of centers. We are pioneering new immunotherapeutic approaches, including brain derived vaccines and T-cell therapies. […] Children’s National offers the full range of pediatric brain tumor therapies, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapies.

• #74 Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Brain Tumor Center | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/programs/brain-tumor-center

  When appropriate for treatment, we also can refer your child locally for proton beam therapy. […] We have the ability to interpret genetic and molecular tissue data and apply the findings to individual patient care decisions, an approach called precision medicine. […] We work closely with the Pediatric Cancer Genetic Risk Program — one of the few cancer genetic risk programs in the U.S. focused specifically on pediatric cancer risk — to provide comprehensive assessment and recommendations for managing cancer risk in children. […] Our research and clinical trials have made us a leader in improving survival rates for hard-to-treat pediatric brain tumors like high-grade gliomas and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT). […] The Brain Tumor Center features several world-class programs and clinics offering patients deep expertise and advanced therapies for specific conditions. Each program features an authority in their area of expertise as well as teams of subspecialists and nurses with focused training and years of proven experience.

• #75 Pediatric Brain & Spinal Cord Tumor Treatment | MSK Kids | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-brain-tumors/pediatric-brain-tumor-treatment

  Our active participation in national clinical trials through the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC), Childrens Oncology Group (COG), and Neurofibromatosis Clinical Trials Consortium (NFCTC) means that we can offer children with brain and spinal cord tumors the very latest in care. […] Follow-up care after cancer treatment ends is critical to the health and well-being of childhood brain cancer survivors. Through our Long-Term Follow-Up Program, we screen, monitor, and manage the health of young survivors beginning approximately two years after treatment ends.

• #76 What’s New in Research for Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/about/new-research.html

  Finding and testing for gene changes in brain tumors […] For children with medulloblastomas, doctors can now also test for other gene changes that can help show if they are likely to have a better outlook (and therefore might require less intensive treatment). […] Researchers are also looking for other changes in tumor cells that might help guide treatment. […] Recent advances have made surgery for brain tumors much safer and more successful. […] Newer surgical approaches for some types of tumors. […] Children’s brains are very sensitive to radiation, which can lead to side effects if normal brain tissue receives a large dose, especially if the child is very young. Several newer types of radiation therapy now let doctors aim radiation more precisely at the tumor, which helps spare normal brain tissue from getting too much radiation.

• #77 What’s New in Research for Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/about/new-research.html

  Many chemo drugs are limited in their effectiveness because the tightly controlled openings in the brain capillaries, sometimes referred to as the blood-brain barrier, prevents the drugs from getting from the bloodstream to some parts of the brain tumor. […] Some newer approaches might help doctors get chemo directly to brain and spinal cord tumors. […] Researchers are also looking at the possibility of using lasers or other means to disrupt the blood-brain barrier and allow drugs to more readily reach brain tumors. […] Researchers are also testing some newer approaches to treatment that may help doctors target tumors more precisely. […] As researchers have learned more about the gene changes in tumor cells that help them grow, they have developed newer drugs that target these changes.

• #78 What’s New in Research for Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/about/new-research.html

  Finding and testing for gene changes in brain tumors […] For children with medulloblastomas, doctors can now also test for other gene changes that can help show if they are likely to have a better outlook (and therefore might require less intensive treatment). […] Researchers are also looking for other changes in tumor cells that might help guide treatment. […] Recent advances have made surgery for brain tumors much safer and more successful. […] Newer surgical approaches for some types of tumors. […] Children’s brains are very sensitive to radiation, which can lead to side effects if normal brain tissue receives a large dose, especially if the child is very young. Several newer types of radiation therapy now let doctors aim radiation more precisely at the tumor, which helps spare normal brain tissue from getting too much radiation.

• #79 What’s New in Research for Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/about/new-research.html

  Finding and testing for gene changes in brain tumors […] For children with medulloblastomas, doctors can now also test for other gene changes that can help show if they are likely to have a better outlook (and therefore might require less intensive treatment). […] Researchers are also looking for other changes in tumor cells that might help guide treatment. […] Recent advances have made surgery for brain tumors much safer and more successful. […] Newer surgical approaches for some types of tumors. […] Children’s brains are very sensitive to radiation, which can lead to side effects if normal brain tissue receives a large dose, especially if the child is very young. Several newer types of radiation therapy now let doctors aim radiation more precisely at the tumor, which helps spare normal brain tissue from getting too much radiation.

• #80 Advances in the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9856380/

  One of the biggest successes thus far in molecular therapy has been in low-grade gliomas with targeted therapy helping reduce cytotoxic chemotherapy regiments. […] The insight we have gained into the genomic drivers of pediatric high-grade gliomas has resulted in several clinical trials testing targeted agents against this group of tumors. […] Driven by success in some adult cancers, there has been an increase in clinical trials utilizing various forms of immunotherapy for both adult and pediatric CNS tumors. […] Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been studied against adult brain tumors, and several clinical trials are underway to utilize anti-PD1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in pediatric high-grade glioma. […] Convection Enhanced Delivery (CED) is a method of helping drugs or antibodies bypass the bloodbrain barrier and get delivered directly to the tumor in high concentrations. […] Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a LASER fiber catheter is stereotactically positioned with its tip inside the tumor mass.

• #81 Childhood brain cancer research breakthrough could transform treatment, international study finds

  https://news.emory.edu/stories/2025/02/hs_study_pediatric_brain_tumors_02-04-2025/story.html

  Combining CT-179 with treatments such as radiation therapy treats the whole tumor more effectively, including both stem cells and tumor cells that are not stem cells. […] Adding CT-179 to combinations of treatments may bring new efficacy to brain tumor therapy. […] Our study demonstrated that the drug CT-179, used in combination with standard radiation therapy can cross the blood brain barrier and penetrate the tumour. […] It prolonged survival in a range of preclinical medulloblastoma models, delayed recurrence of the disease, and increased the effectiveness of radiotherapy. […] We showed that inhibiting the OLIG2 protein with the CT-179 drug prevented cancer stem cells from changing to a proliferative state, effectively blocking the growth and recurrence of tumors. […] This could have potentially profound implications for treatment in the future. […] Day said the next step is to undertake clinical trials. […] We’re very hopeful that the culmination of all this work has paved the way for the first in-human clinical testing of CT-179 in patients with brain cancer.

• #82 Potential new therapy for childhood brain cancer could heal treatment-resistant tumors

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-02-potential-therapy-childhood-brain-cancer.html

  Emory University Professor Timothy Gershon, who is also a pediatric neurologist at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and director of the Children’s Center for Neurosciences Research in the U.S., says the study findings are a significant advance in our understanding of the biological processes that lead to tumor growth and recurrence. […] „Current treatments, including radiation and chemotherapy, often eliminate most of the tumor, but sometimes fail to eliminate cancer stem cells,” says Gershon. […] „These cancer stem cells can regrow the tumor after treatment, causing fatal recurrence. We show that CT-179 treatment specifically disrupts cancer stem cells. Combining CT-179 with treatments such as radiation therapy treats the whole tumor more effectively, including both stem cells and tumor cells that are not stem cells. Adding CT-179 to combinations of treatments may bring new efficacy to brain tumor therapy.”

• #83 Potential new therapy for childhood brain cancer could heal treatment-resistant tumors

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-02-potential-therapy-childhood-brain-cancer.html

  „Children with brain cancer urgently need more effective and less toxic treatments,” says Day. […] „Our study demonstrated that the drug CT-179, used in combination with standard radiation therapy can cross the blood brain barrier and penetrate the tumor. It prolonged survival in a range of preclinical medulloblastoma models, delayed recurrence of the disease, and increased the effectiveness of radiotherapy.” […] „We showed that inhibiting the OLIG2 protein with the CT-179 drug prevented cancer stem cells from changing to a proliferative state, effectively blocking the growth and recurrence of tumors. This could have potentially profound implications for treatment in the future.” […] Day said the next step is to undertake clinical trials. […] „We’ve been working with our collaborators, particularly in the U.S. and in Australia, and we’re very hopeful that the culmination of all this work has paved the way for the first in-human clinical testing of CT-179 in patients with brain cancer,” Day says.

• #84 Advances in the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9856380/

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid malignancies in children. Advances in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors have come in the form of imaging, biopsy, surgical techniques, and molecular profiling. This has led the way for targeted therapies and immunotherapy to be assessed in clinical trials for the most common types of pediatric brain tumors. […] Advances in surgery, neuro-oncology, neuroradiology and radiation oncology have improved patient survival for some tumor types such as low-grade gliomas and medulloblastomas. However, the prognosis for patients with diffuse midline gliomas, other high-grade gliomas (HGGs), and most recurrent pediatric brain tumors remains poor since current therapeutic strategies are unable to extend survival by more than a few months in most patients. Most high-grade pediatric brain tumors require treatment with intensive chemotherapy regimens and focal or craniospinal irradiation in addition to surgery, which can have devastating long-term effects on development and cognition.

• #85 Advances in the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9856380/

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid malignancies in children. Advances in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors have come in the form of imaging, biopsy, surgical techniques, and molecular profiling. This has led the way for targeted therapies and immunotherapy to be assessed in clinical trials for the most common types of pediatric brain tumors. […] Advances in surgery, neuro-oncology, neuroradiology and radiation oncology have improved patient survival for some tumor types such as low-grade gliomas and medulloblastomas. However, the prognosis for patients with diffuse midline gliomas, other high-grade gliomas (HGGs), and most recurrent pediatric brain tumors remains poor since current therapeutic strategies are unable to extend survival by more than a few months in most patients. Most high-grade pediatric brain tumors require treatment with intensive chemotherapy regimens and focal or craniospinal irradiation in addition to surgery, which can have devastating long-term effects on development and cognition.

• #86 Pediatric brain tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706

  Palliative care is a special type of healthcare that helps children with serious illnesses feel better. For children with brain tumors, palliative care can help relieve pain and other symptoms. A team of healthcare professionals offers palliative care. The team can include doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals. The goal is to improve the quality of life for your child and your family. […] Children may need support after treatment to help them recover. Brain tumors can develop in parts of the brain that control motor skills, speech, vision and thinking. Rehabilitation services to help regain these functions include physical therapy to help your child regain lost motor skills or muscle strength, occupational therapy to help your child get back to daily activities, speech therapy if your child has difficulty speaking, and tutoring if your school-age child needs help to cope with changes in memory and thinking after brain tumor treatment.

• #87 Essential Management of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9031600/

  Radiation therapy is the next important component in the multidisciplinary treatment of many brain tumors in children, particularly for aggressive tumor types. […] To decrease radiotoxicity in the healthy brain and adjacent body structures, fractionated or hyperfractionated radiation therapy has become a standard in pediatric brain tumor treatment. […] Pediatric oncologists have a variety of tools at their disposal, including classical chemotherapy, targeted therapies, anti-angiogenic therapies, and novel procedures such as Tumor Treating Fields (TTFs). […] The role of the neuropathologist has changed over time and with new developments. […] New targeted therapy options are increasingly being clinically tested and integrated into treatment protocols. […] Important advances have been made in pediatric neuro-oncology during the past decade. […] Re-stratification of treatment protocols and the development of targeted therapies will significantly influence the overall survival and quality of life of our pediatric patients.

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