Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Childhood Brain Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535415/

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common type of solid childhood cancer and only second to leukemia as a cause of pediatric malignancies. […] The incidence of pediatric brain tumors varies among different countries. It ranges from 1.15 to 5.14 cases per 100,000 children, with the highest rates reported in the United States. […] The incidence of CBT ranges from approximately 0.3 to 2.9 cases per 100,000 live births in different parts of the world. […] Their prognosis and survival rates depend on multiple factors including the histological subtype and location. […] Congenital brain tumors have a poor prognosis with overall survival of less than 30%. […] Early detection of brain tumors and prompt referral to pediatric neurosurgery and pediatric neuro-oncology teams is vital.

• #2 Childhood brain tumors: epidemiology, current management and future directions | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneurol.2011.110

  Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children. […] With the increasingly widespread availability of MRI, the incidence of childhood brain tumors seemed to rise in the 1980s, but has subsequently remained relatively stable. […] Insights regarding genomic alterations are refining the classification of several childhood brain tumor types (including medulloblastoma) and identifying novel molecularly based therapeutic targets. […] Epidemiology of central nervous system tumors in children and young adults (029 years), Yorkshire, United Kingdom. […] Trends in reported incidence of primary malignant brain tumors in children in the United States. […] Increased incidence rates but no space-time clustering of childhood astrocytoma in Sweden, 19731992: a population-based study of pediatric brain tumors. […] Cancer surveillance series: recent trends in childhood cancer incidence and mortality in the United States.

• #3 Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumor Overview and Emerging Treatment Considerations

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1106

  Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most common solid tumor in children, with the majority being glial in origin. These tumors are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as either being low grade (WHO grade 1 and 2) or high grade (WHO grade 3 and 4). […] Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most common solid neoplasm seen in children and are the leading cause of death from cancer in this group. CNS tumors account for approximately 20% of childhood cancers, second to leukemia in overall frequency. […] Recent therapeutic and diagnostic advances have led to improved survival and outcomes for children with brain tumors, but the prognosis for many remains poor. Tumor molecular testing has become more standardized, thus leading to newer classifications as listed by the 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of CNS tumors.

• #4 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  Approximately 3.9% of all brain tumors cases diagnosed occur in children ages 0-14 years. […] An estimated 3,920 new cases of primary childhood brain tumors are expected to be diagnosed in 2023. […] Brain tumors are the most commonly diagnosed solid cancer in children ages 0-14 years, as well as the leading cause of childhood cancer-related death. […] The five-year relative survival rate for all primary childhood brain tumors is 83.1%. […] For primary malignant childhood tumors, the five-year relative survival rate is 75.6%. […] Approximately 5.7% of all primary brain tumors occur in children and adolescents, ages 0-19 years. […] An estimated 5,230 new cases of primary brain tumors in children and adolescents will be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2023. […] Brain tumors are the most common cancer in children and adolescents ages 0-19 years in the U.S. […] The five-year relative survival rate for all primary pediatric brain tumors (0-19) is 83.9%. […] For malignant tumors, the five-year relative survival rate is 75.6%. […] Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death among children and adolescents ages 0-19 years.

• #5 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  The annual average age-specific incidence rate of all malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors in children and adolescents ages 019 years was 6.23 per 100,000 population between 2014 and 2018. […] An estimated 5,260 new cases of malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors are expected to be diagnosed in children and adolescents ages 019 years in the United States in 2023. […] There were 2,693 deaths attributed to malignant brain and other CNS tumors between 2014 and 2018 in children and adolescents ages 019 years. […] The five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis of a malignant or non-malignant brain or other CNS tumor was 83.9%. […] There were an estimated 40,594 children and adolescents ages 019 years living with a primary brain and other CNS tumor diagnosis in 2022.

• #6 Childhood Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/childbrain.html

  New cases are also referred to as incident cases in other publications. Rates of new cases are also referred to as incidence rates. […] The rate of new cases of childhood brain and other nervous system cancer was 2.9 per 100,000 children per year. The death rate was 0.6 per 100,000 children per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Childhood brain and other nervous system cancer represents 15.1% of all new childhood cancer cases. […] Childhood brain and other nervous system cancer is slightly more common in boys than girls. The rate of new cases of childhood brain and other nervous system cancer was 2.9 per 100,000 children per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is the leading cause of childhood cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 0.6 per 100,000 children per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted.

• #7 Childhood Brain Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535415/

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common type of solid childhood cancer and only second to leukemia as a cause of pediatric malignancies. […] The incidence of pediatric brain tumors varies among different countries. It ranges from 1.15 to 5.14 cases per 100,000 children, with the highest rates reported in the United States. […] The incidence of CBT ranges from approximately 0.3 to 2.9 cases per 100,000 live births in different parts of the world. […] Their prognosis and survival rates depend on multiple factors including the histological subtype and location. […] Congenital brain tumors have a poor prognosis with overall survival of less than 30%. […] Early detection of brain tumors and prompt referral to pediatric neurosurgery and pediatric neuro-oncology teams is vital.

• #8 Incidence trends of childhood central nervous system tumors in Finland 1990–2017 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09862-0

  Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in children. Our aim is to characterize incidence trends of pediatric CNS tumors in Finland over the last three decades. […] Overall, 1117 pediatric CNS tumor cases were registered in Finland with a 1.2:1 male to female ratio. The average annual ASR was 4.3 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 4.26, 4.34). The overall incidence of pediatric CNS tumors increased by an annual percentage change (APC) of 0.8% (95% CI 0.2, 1.4). […] Utilizing the high-quality and completeness of data in the Finnish Cancer registry, we found that the incidence of pediatric CNS tumors in Finland has increased slightly from 1990 until 2017. […] The global incidence of CNS tumors in children is estimated at 2.8 per 100,000 person-years.

• #9 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  The annual average age-specific incidence rate of all malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors in children and adolescents ages 019 years was 6.23 per 100,000 population between 2014 and 2018. […] An estimated 5,260 new cases of malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors are expected to be diagnosed in children and adolescents ages 019 years in the United States in 2023. […] There were 2,693 deaths attributed to malignant brain and other CNS tumors between 2014 and 2018 in children and adolescents ages 019 years. […] The five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis of a malignant or non-malignant brain or other CNS tumor was 83.9%. […] There were an estimated 40,594 children and adolescents ages 019 years living with a primary brain and other CNS tumor diagnosis in 2022.

• #10 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  Approximately 3.9% of all brain tumors cases diagnosed occur in children ages 0-14 years. […] An estimated 3,920 new cases of primary childhood brain tumors are expected to be diagnosed in 2023. […] Brain tumors are the most commonly diagnosed solid cancer in children ages 0-14 years, as well as the leading cause of childhood cancer-related death. […] The five-year relative survival rate for all primary childhood brain tumors is 83.1%. […] For primary malignant childhood tumors, the five-year relative survival rate is 75.6%. […] Approximately 5.7% of all primary brain tumors occur in children and adolescents, ages 0-19 years. […] An estimated 5,230 new cases of primary brain tumors in children and adolescents will be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2023. […] Brain tumors are the most common cancer in children and adolescents ages 0-19 years in the U.S. […] The five-year relative survival rate for all primary pediatric brain tumors (0-19) is 83.9%. […] For malignant tumors, the five-year relative survival rate is 75.6%. […] Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death among children and adolescents ages 0-19 years.

• #11 Incidence trends of childhood central nervous system tumors in Finland 1990–2017 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09862-0

  Recent studies from Canada and France reported stable incidence rates of pediatric CNS tumors, while a study from the US showed a small but significant increase. […] Monitoring changes in cancer incidence is critical for instigating hypothesis-based research on potential environmental risk factors, as well as assessing the public health burden. […] The completeness of the Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR) for childhood tumors was estimated as 94% for 2009-2013. […] We observed an increase of 0.8% per year in the overall incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. The average ASR increased from 4.12 in 1990-1994 to 4.81 in 2013-2017. […] The incidence of benign tumors (grade I) increased by an APC of 1.0% per year (95% CI 0.1, 2.0). […] Established risk factors for pediatric CNS tumors remain limited to familial cancer syndromes and high doses of ionizing radiation. However, it is unlikely that these factors have contributed to the increasing incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. […] In conclusion, we found a minor increase in the incidence of pediatric CNS tumors in Finland between 1990 and 2017.

• #12 Childhood Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/childbrain.html

  Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new childhood brain and other nervous system cancer cases have been falling on average 2.7% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been stable over 2014-2023.

• #13 Incidence trends of childhood central nervous system tumors in Finland 1990–2017 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09862-0

  Recent studies from Canada and France reported stable incidence rates of pediatric CNS tumors, while a study from the US showed a small but significant increase. […] Monitoring changes in cancer incidence is critical for instigating hypothesis-based research on potential environmental risk factors, as well as assessing the public health burden. […] The completeness of the Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR) for childhood tumors was estimated as 94% for 2009-2013. […] We observed an increase of 0.8% per year in the overall incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. The average ASR increased from 4.12 in 1990-1994 to 4.81 in 2013-2017. […] The incidence of benign tumors (grade I) increased by an APC of 1.0% per year (95% CI 0.1, 2.0). […] Established risk factors for pediatric CNS tumors remain limited to familial cancer syndromes and high doses of ionizing radiation. However, it is unlikely that these factors have contributed to the increasing incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. […] In conclusion, we found a minor increase in the incidence of pediatric CNS tumors in Finland between 1990 and 2017.

• #14 Incidence trends of childhood central nervous system tumors in Finland 1990–2017 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09862-0

  Recent studies from Canada and France reported stable incidence rates of pediatric CNS tumors, while a study from the US showed a small but significant increase. […] Monitoring changes in cancer incidence is critical for instigating hypothesis-based research on potential environmental risk factors, as well as assessing the public health burden. […] The completeness of the Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR) for childhood tumors was estimated as 94% for 2009-2013. […] We observed an increase of 0.8% per year in the overall incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. The average ASR increased from 4.12 in 1990-1994 to 4.81 in 2013-2017. […] The incidence of benign tumors (grade I) increased by an APC of 1.0% per year (95% CI 0.1, 2.0). […] Established risk factors for pediatric CNS tumors remain limited to familial cancer syndromes and high doses of ionizing radiation. However, it is unlikely that these factors have contributed to the increasing incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. […] In conclusion, we found a minor increase in the incidence of pediatric CNS tumors in Finland between 1990 and 2017.

• #15 Childhood brain tumors: epidemiology, current management and future directions | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneurol.2011.110

  Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children. […] With the increasingly widespread availability of MRI, the incidence of childhood brain tumors seemed to rise in the 1980s, but has subsequently remained relatively stable. […] Insights regarding genomic alterations are refining the classification of several childhood brain tumor types (including medulloblastoma) and identifying novel molecularly based therapeutic targets. […] Epidemiology of central nervous system tumors in children and young adults (029 years), Yorkshire, United Kingdom. […] Trends in reported incidence of primary malignant brain tumors in children in the United States. […] Increased incidence rates but no space-time clustering of childhood astrocytoma in Sweden, 19731992: a population-based study of pediatric brain tumors. […] Cancer surveillance series: recent trends in childhood cancer incidence and mortality in the United States.

• #16

  https://scite.ai/reports/10.1007/s00381-013-2307-1

  From our study, we can conclude that contrary to previous reports indicating a plateau in the incidence rates of pediatric brain tumors since the mid-1980s, there has been an increase from 1973 to 2008. Potential causes include environmental carcinogens, but more research is needed to investigate the factors behind this sustained rise in incidence over the years. […] While advances in treatment have led to improved survival of children with CNS tumors, such tumors are still the leading cause of pediatric cancer-related deaths in the United States (U.S.). […] Contrary to the belief that the incidence of paediatric CNS tumours has reached a plateau, they are increasing in frequency annually. […] Tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) are the second most frequent childhood malignancy following leukaemia, and are associated with a high mortality rate.

• #17 Epidemiology and classification of central nervous system tumors in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-classification-of-central-nervous-system-tumors-in-children

  Epidemiology and classification of central nervous system tumors in children […] Central nervous system (CNS) tumors include both nonmalignant and malignant tumors of the brain and spinal cord. Primary malignant CNS tumors are the second most common childhood malignancies after hematologic malignancies and are the most common pediatric solid organ tumor (table 1) [1-3]. […] The epidemiology of CNS tumors in children will be reviewed here. […] In the United States from 2015 to 2019, the average annual incidence of primary nonmalignant and malignant CNS tumors for children and adolescents ≤19 years of age was 6.3 cases per 100,000 population [4]. Approximately 58 percent of cases were malignant and 42 percent were nonmalignant. […] In the United States, CNS tumors are the most common solid tumors in children (table 1) and a leading cause of cancer death in children 0 through 14 years [1,4,10,11]. Malignant CNS tumors account for approximately 15 to 20 percent of all childhood malignancies (table 1). […] The incidence of childhood CNS tumors varies with age, sex, race, and ethnicity [12]:

• #18 Childhood Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/childbrain.html

  New cases are also referred to as incident cases in other publications. Rates of new cases are also referred to as incidence rates. […] The rate of new cases of childhood brain and other nervous system cancer was 2.9 per 100,000 children per year. The death rate was 0.6 per 100,000 children per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Childhood brain and other nervous system cancer represents 15.1% of all new childhood cancer cases. […] Childhood brain and other nervous system cancer is slightly more common in boys than girls. The rate of new cases of childhood brain and other nervous system cancer was 2.9 per 100,000 children per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is the leading cause of childhood cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 0.6 per 100,000 children per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted.

• #19 Key Statistics for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Children | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/about/key-statistics.html

  Brain and spinal cord tumors are the second most common cancers in children (after leukemia). They account for about 1 out of 4 childhood cancers. More than 4,000 brain and spinal cord tumors are diagnosed each year in children and teens. The incidence rate (number of tumors per 100,000 children) has not changed much in recent years. […] Malignant (fast-growing) brain and spinal cord tumors are slightly more common in boys, while non-malignant tumors are slightly more common in girls. […] About 3 out of 4 children with brain tumors (all types combined) survive at least 5 years after being diagnosed. But the outlook can vary a great deal based on the type of tumor, where it is, and other factors.

• #20 Presentation, pathology, and treatment outcome of brain tumors in 172 consecutive children at CURE Children’s Hospital of Uganda. The predominance of the visible diagnosis and the uncertainties of epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa. – CURE

  https://cure.org/research/presentation-pathology-and-treatment-outcome-of-brain-tumors-in-172-consecutive-children-at-cure-childrens-hospital-of-uganda-the-predominance-of-visible-diagnosis-and-the-uncertainties-of-epidemi/

  Object: This study reviews the first operative series of pediatric brain tumors from Uganda, the largest series from Sub-Saharan Africa, and explores the challenges to progress in pediatric neuro-oncology in the region. […] Results: There were 103 males (59.9 %) and 69 females (40.1 %; mean age at diagnosis 6.5 years with 29 % < 2 years). The most common histologic types were pilocytic astrocytoma (23.2 %), ependymoma (16.3 %), craniopharyngioma (9.9 %), choroid plexus papilloma (9.3 %), and medulloblastoma (8.1 %). Supratentorial tumors (62.2 %) were more common. Symptomatic hydrocephalus predominated at presentation (66.9 %). In 71 (41.3 %), the presentation was macrocephaly or a visible mass. Estimated 5-year survival was 60 %. [...] Conclusions: The majority of pediatric brain tumors in the region likely go unrecognized. Most that do come to attention have a “visible diagnosis.” Unlike operative series from developed countries, information about the incidence, prevalence, and overall burden of disease for different tumor types cannot be deduced from the various operative series reported from limited resource countries because of the selection bias that is unique to this context. Delayed presentation and poor access to adjuvant therapies were important contributors to the high mortality. The epidemiology of pediatric brain tumors in sub-Saharan Africa is obscure.

• #21 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  The overall incidence rate of high-grade glioma of the brain stem was 0.35 per 100,000 population. […] Overall incidence rates of all brain and other CNS tumors by histopathology declined with increasing age from1 year of age to 1014 years groups. […] The highest five-year survival was for tumors occurring in the cranial nerves (98.3%). […] The lowest five-year survival was for tumors of the brain stem (58.2%). […] The total number of new cases of primary brain and other CNS tumors projected to occur in children and adolescents ages 019 years in 2023 was 5,260. […] The greatest number of new cases was estimated to be in adolescents ages 1519 years, in which 1,660 newly diagnosed cases are expected in 2023.

• #22 Pediatric Brain Tumor Statistics & The Critical Need for More Research – IronMatt

  https://ironmatt.org/pediatric-brain-tumor-statistics/

  Pediatric brain tumors affect all races, both sexes, and can be diagnosed at any age. Over the last 20 years, there has been a 0.7% increase in cases each year. […] Close to 5,000 children and teens are diagnosed with brain and spinal cord tumors each year. […] Brain tumors are the 2nd most common cancers in children, after leukemia, and account for 15.9% of all new childhood cancer cases. Among all childhood cancers, brain tumors are the leading cause of death. […] Most pediatric brain tumors are diagnosed between the ages of 1 and 9. Though we don’t know why, the incidence of congenital pediatric brain tumors (diagnosed within 2 months of birth) is higher in the U.S. than in other countries. […] To improve the outcomes of children who are diagnosed with brain tumors, it’s critical to improve our understanding of the disease, find ways to treat brain tumors more effectively, and reduce the toxicity of treatments.

• #23 Brain tumors in infancy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/brain-tumours-in-infancy?lang=us

  Common brain tumors in infancy (i.e. under one year of age) are quite different from those of brain tumors in adulthood. Most are located in the supratentorial region (~65%) and they carry a poor prognosis. […] The frequency of these tumors varies according to studies, but the most common brain tumors include anaplastic astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), choroid plexus papilloma, intracranial teratoma, embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMR, previously known as CNS PNET), and adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. […] When evaluating a child with a newly diagnosed supratentorial tumor, their age is a critical factor to consider. […] Embryonal tumors are most common in very young children, with incidence decreasing from 20.8% in infancy to 2.7% in late teens. ATRT shows a similar pattern, being most common in infants (56%) and rare after age 5. ETMR typically presents in children under 4 years, usually within the first 24 months. The incidence of pituitary tumors increases with age, from 1% in infants to 33% in teens (15-19 years), making them the most common brain tumor in adolescents. Pylocitic astrocytoma maintain a relatively steady presence across childhood, peaking at 23.5% in ages 1-4 years. Congenital brain tumors are rare tumors (0.5-1.9% of pediatric brain tumors) present before birth or within the first 6 weeks of life, with some cases extending up to 12 months.

• #24 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  CBTRUS is currently the only population-based site-specific registry in the United States that works in partnership with a public cancer surveillance organization, the CDCs NPCR, and from which data are directly received under a special agreement. […] CBTRUS contains incidence data from 52 independent CCRs (48 NPCR and 4 SEER registries) representing ~98% of the US population for the time period examined in this report. […] The overall age-specific incidence rate for 20142018 for all primary brain and other CNS tumors in children and adolescents (019 years of age) was 6.23 per 100,000 population. […] The most common site was the pituitary and craniopharyngeal duct (17.7%), followed by the cerebellum (14.3%). […] The most frequently reported histopathology in all ages (019 years) was pilocytic astrocytoma (15.3%).

• #25 Epidemiology of primary brain tumors in childhood and adolescence in Kuwait | SpringerPlus | Full Text

  https://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-1801-2-58

  The low incidence rate observed in this study appears paradoxical because of the previously reported relatively high frequency of PBT in this age group. […] A slight male preponderance, with a boys/girls (B/G) ratio of 1.03, is seen in childhood PBT in Kuwait. […] Astrocytoma is the most common PBT in childhood and adolescence in Kuwait. […] Infratentorial tumors formed 57% of childhood tumors and 27% of tumors in adolescence. […] The results of this study do not explain the relatively high proportion of primary brain tumors before the age of 20 years in Kuwait. However, they have highlighted the prominent features of childhood and adolescence PBT in Kuwait.

• #26 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  CBTRUS is currently the only population-based site-specific registry in the United States that works in partnership with a public cancer surveillance organization, the CDCs NPCR, and from which data are directly received under a special agreement. […] CBTRUS contains incidence data from 52 independent CCRs (48 NPCR and 4 SEER registries) representing ~98% of the US population for the time period examined in this report. […] The overall age-specific incidence rate for 20142018 for all primary brain and other CNS tumors in children and adolescents (019 years of age) was 6.23 per 100,000 population. […] The most common site was the pituitary and craniopharyngeal duct (17.7%), followed by the cerebellum (14.3%). […] The most frequently reported histopathology in all ages (019 years) was pilocytic astrocytoma (15.3%).

• #27 Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumor Overview and Emerging Treatment Considerations

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1106

  Pediatric low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are the most common pediatric brain tumor, accounting for approximately one-third of all cases. […] HGGs account for approximately 10% of all pediatric CNS tumors and carry a poor prognosis. Despite surgical and medical interventions, these tumors remain fatal, with the majority of children succumbing to their disease within two years of diagnosis. […] Ependymomas are the third most common CNS tumor in children, accounting for approximately 5–10% of these neoplasms and are a subtype of gliomas.

• #28 Changing Epidemiology of Pediatric Brain Tumors | Pediatric Neurology Briefs

  https://pediatricneurologybriefs.com/articles/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-23-7-9

  Neurosurgeons at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, analyzed and classified 1, 866 surgical pathology cases of brain tumors in children under age 19 years, treated 1980-2008. […] Astrocytomas accounted for 39.4%, (low-grade I/II 32.3%, grades III/IV 7.1%), medulloblastoma (10.6%), ependymoma (7.0%), craniopharyngioma (6.8%), meningioma (1.7%), and hypothalamic hamartoma (1.6%). Male preponderance (56.8%) occurred in all age groups, and particularly with medulloblastoma (M/F, 3/2). […] The distribution of tumors over the 3 decades showed little variation, except for medulloblastoma that showed a decreased percentage in 1990-99, and pilocytic astrocytoma (grade I) that increased steadily from 0.36% in 1980-89, to 7.32% in 2000-2008. […] The findings were consistent with published series from other countries, and changes in epidemiology may be attributed to changing classification systems, improved imaging and developments in epilepsy surgery.

• #29 Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumor Overview and Emerging Treatment Considerations

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1106

  Pediatric low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are the most common pediatric brain tumor, accounting for approximately one-third of all cases. […] HGGs account for approximately 10% of all pediatric CNS tumors and carry a poor prognosis. Despite surgical and medical interventions, these tumors remain fatal, with the majority of children succumbing to their disease within two years of diagnosis. […] Ependymomas are the third most common CNS tumor in children, accounting for approximately 5–10% of these neoplasms and are a subtype of gliomas.

• #30 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  The overall incidence rate of high-grade glioma of the brain stem was 0.35 per 100,000 population. […] Overall incidence rates of all brain and other CNS tumors by histopathology declined with increasing age from1 year of age to 1014 years groups. […] The highest five-year survival was for tumors occurring in the cranial nerves (98.3%). […] The lowest five-year survival was for tumors of the brain stem (58.2%). […] The total number of new cases of primary brain and other CNS tumors projected to occur in children and adolescents ages 019 years in 2023 was 5,260. […] The greatest number of new cases was estimated to be in adolescents ages 1519 years, in which 1,660 newly diagnosed cases are expected in 2023.

• #31 Childhood Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/childbrain.html

  New cases are also referred to as incident cases in other publications. Rates of new cases are also referred to as incidence rates. […] The rate of new cases of childhood brain and other nervous system cancer was 2.9 per 100,000 children per year. The death rate was 0.6 per 100,000 children per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Childhood brain and other nervous system cancer represents 15.1% of all new childhood cancer cases. […] Childhood brain and other nervous system cancer is slightly more common in boys than girls. The rate of new cases of childhood brain and other nervous system cancer was 2.9 per 100,000 children per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is the leading cause of childhood cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 0.6 per 100,000 children per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted.

• #32 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  The annual average age-specific incidence rate of all malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors in children and adolescents ages 019 years was 6.23 per 100,000 population between 2014 and 2018. […] An estimated 5,260 new cases of malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors are expected to be diagnosed in children and adolescents ages 019 years in the United States in 2023. […] There were 2,693 deaths attributed to malignant brain and other CNS tumors between 2014 and 2018 in children and adolescents ages 019 years. […] The five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis of a malignant or non-malignant brain or other CNS tumor was 83.9%. […] There were an estimated 40,594 children and adolescents ages 019 years living with a primary brain and other CNS tumor diagnosis in 2022.

• #33 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  The annual average age-specific incidence rate of all malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors in children and adolescents ages 019 years was 6.23 per 100,000 population between 2014 and 2018. […] An estimated 5,260 new cases of malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors are expected to be diagnosed in children and adolescents ages 019 years in the United States in 2023. […] There were 2,693 deaths attributed to malignant brain and other CNS tumors between 2014 and 2018 in children and adolescents ages 019 years. […] The five-year relative survival rate following diagnosis of a malignant or non-malignant brain or other CNS tumor was 83.9%. […] There were an estimated 40,594 children and adolescents ages 019 years living with a primary brain and other CNS tumor diagnosis in 2022.

• #34 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  Approximately 3.9% of all brain tumors cases diagnosed occur in children ages 0-14 years. […] An estimated 3,920 new cases of primary childhood brain tumors are expected to be diagnosed in 2023. […] Brain tumors are the most commonly diagnosed solid cancer in children ages 0-14 years, as well as the leading cause of childhood cancer-related death. […] The five-year relative survival rate for all primary childhood brain tumors is 83.1%. […] For primary malignant childhood tumors, the five-year relative survival rate is 75.6%. […] Approximately 5.7% of all primary brain tumors occur in children and adolescents, ages 0-19 years. […] An estimated 5,230 new cases of primary brain tumors in children and adolescents will be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2023. […] Brain tumors are the most common cancer in children and adolescents ages 0-19 years in the U.S. […] The five-year relative survival rate for all primary pediatric brain tumors (0-19) is 83.9%. […] For malignant tumors, the five-year relative survival rate is 75.6%. […] Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death among children and adolescents ages 0-19 years.

• #35 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  The overall incidence rate of high-grade glioma of the brain stem was 0.35 per 100,000 population. […] Overall incidence rates of all brain and other CNS tumors by histopathology declined with increasing age from1 year of age to 1014 years groups. […] The highest five-year survival was for tumors occurring in the cranial nerves (98.3%). […] The lowest five-year survival was for tumors of the brain stem (58.2%). […] The total number of new cases of primary brain and other CNS tumors projected to occur in children and adolescents ages 019 years in 2023 was 5,260. […] The greatest number of new cases was estimated to be in adolescents ages 1519 years, in which 1,660 newly diagnosed cases are expected in 2023.

• #36 Childhood Brain Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535415/

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common type of solid childhood cancer and only second to leukemia as a cause of pediatric malignancies. […] The incidence of pediatric brain tumors varies among different countries. It ranges from 1.15 to 5.14 cases per 100,000 children, with the highest rates reported in the United States. […] The incidence of CBT ranges from approximately 0.3 to 2.9 cases per 100,000 live births in different parts of the world. […] Their prognosis and survival rates depend on multiple factors including the histological subtype and location. […] Congenital brain tumors have a poor prognosis with overall survival of less than 30%. […] Early detection of brain tumors and prompt referral to pediatric neurosurgery and pediatric neuro-oncology teams is vital.

• #37 Brain tumors in infancy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/brain-tumours-in-infancy?lang=us

  Common brain tumors in infancy (i.e. under one year of age) are quite different from those of brain tumors in adulthood. Most are located in the supratentorial region (~65%) and they carry a poor prognosis. […] The frequency of these tumors varies according to studies, but the most common brain tumors include anaplastic astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), choroid plexus papilloma, intracranial teratoma, embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMR, previously known as CNS PNET), and adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. […] When evaluating a child with a newly diagnosed supratentorial tumor, their age is a critical factor to consider. […] Embryonal tumors are most common in very young children, with incidence decreasing from 20.8% in infancy to 2.7% in late teens. ATRT shows a similar pattern, being most common in infants (56%) and rare after age 5. ETMR typically presents in children under 4 years, usually within the first 24 months. The incidence of pituitary tumors increases with age, from 1% in infants to 33% in teens (15-19 years), making them the most common brain tumor in adolescents. Pylocitic astrocytoma maintain a relatively steady presence across childhood, peaking at 23.5% in ages 1-4 years. Congenital brain tumors are rare tumors (0.5-1.9% of pediatric brain tumors) present before birth or within the first 6 weeks of life, with some cases extending up to 12 months.

• #38 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  The CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 20142018 comprehensively describes the current population-based incidence of primary malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors in children and adolescents ages 019 years, collected and reported by central cancer registries covering approximately 100% of the United States population. Overall, brain and other CNS tumors are the most common solid tumor, the most common cancer, and the most common cause of cancer death in children and adolescents ages 019 years. […] The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Cancer Institute (NCI), is the largest population-based registry focused exclusively on primary brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors in the United States and represents the entire United States population.

• #39 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  CBTRUS is currently the only population-based site-specific registry in the United States that works in partnership with a public cancer surveillance organization, the CDCs NPCR, and from which data are directly received under a special agreement. […] CBTRUS contains incidence data from 52 independent CCRs (48 NPCR and 4 SEER registries) representing ~98% of the US population for the time period examined in this report. […] The overall age-specific incidence rate for 20142018 for all primary brain and other CNS tumors in children and adolescents (019 years of age) was 6.23 per 100,000 population. […] The most common site was the pituitary and craniopharyngeal duct (17.7%), followed by the cerebellum (14.3%). […] The most frequently reported histopathology in all ages (019 years) was pilocytic astrocytoma (15.3%).

• #40 CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9447434/

  CBTRUS is currently the only population-based site-specific registry in the United States that works in partnership with a public cancer surveillance organization, the CDCs NPCR, and from which data are directly received under a special agreement. […] CBTRUS contains incidence data from 52 independent CCRs (48 NPCR and 4 SEER registries) representing ~98% of the US population for the time period examined in this report. […] The overall age-specific incidence rate for 20142018 for all primary brain and other CNS tumors in children and adolescents (019 years of age) was 6.23 per 100,000 population. […] The most common site was the pituitary and craniopharyngeal duct (17.7%), followed by the cerebellum (14.3%). […] The most frequently reported histopathology in all ages (019 years) was pilocytic astrocytoma (15.3%).

• #41 Incidence trends of childhood central nervous system tumors in Finland 1990–2017 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09862-0

  Recent studies from Canada and France reported stable incidence rates of pediatric CNS tumors, while a study from the US showed a small but significant increase. […] Monitoring changes in cancer incidence is critical for instigating hypothesis-based research on potential environmental risk factors, as well as assessing the public health burden. […] The completeness of the Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR) for childhood tumors was estimated as 94% for 2009-2013. […] We observed an increase of 0.8% per year in the overall incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. The average ASR increased from 4.12 in 1990-1994 to 4.81 in 2013-2017. […] The incidence of benign tumors (grade I) increased by an APC of 1.0% per year (95% CI 0.1, 2.0). […] Established risk factors for pediatric CNS tumors remain limited to familial cancer syndromes and high doses of ionizing radiation. However, it is unlikely that these factors have contributed to the increasing incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. […] In conclusion, we found a minor increase in the incidence of pediatric CNS tumors in Finland between 1990 and 2017.

• #42 Incidence trends of childhood central nervous system tumors in Finland 1990–2017 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09862-0

  Recent studies from Canada and France reported stable incidence rates of pediatric CNS tumors, while a study from the US showed a small but significant increase. […] Monitoring changes in cancer incidence is critical for instigating hypothesis-based research on potential environmental risk factors, as well as assessing the public health burden. […] The completeness of the Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR) for childhood tumors was estimated as 94% for 2009-2013. […] We observed an increase of 0.8% per year in the overall incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. The average ASR increased from 4.12 in 1990-1994 to 4.81 in 2013-2017. […] The incidence of benign tumors (grade I) increased by an APC of 1.0% per year (95% CI 0.1, 2.0). […] Established risk factors for pediatric CNS tumors remain limited to familial cancer syndromes and high doses of ionizing radiation. However, it is unlikely that these factors have contributed to the increasing incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. […] In conclusion, we found a minor increase in the incidence of pediatric CNS tumors in Finland between 1990 and 2017.

• #43

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjcancer/fulltext/2016/53040/pediatric_brain_tumors__an_analysis_of_5_years_of.20.aspx

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children worldwide. Even though there are enough data about the epidemiology of pediatric brain tumors in western population, there are only a few reports from developing countries like India. […] The main objective of the present study is to assess the epidemiological patterns of brain tumors in children, to study the patterns of care, and to assess the treatment response in our institute. […] This is the second study from Tamil Nadu that deals with epidemiology of brain tumors. Multimodality management including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy remains the cornerstone in the management of pediatric brain tumors. […] In India, in the absence of a comprehensive population-based national cancer registry, we depend on local hospital-based registries for assessing the incidence of pediatric brain tumors. Hence, more and more institutional data are required to assess the actual disease load in India. These data are also essential for developing proper infrastructure among various cancer centers spread across India and will provide insight into geographical variation in subtypes and biology of these tumors.

• #44 Use of Positive Predictive Value to Evaluate the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division Brain Cancer Incidence Rules, Active Component Department of the Air Force Pediatric Dependent Population, January 1, 2010–December 31, 2020 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Brain-Cancer-Predictive-Value

  The Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division uses a surveillance case definition to identify malignant brain tumors among U.S. active service members. This case definition was applied to the dependent pediatric population of the active component of the Department of the Air Force, which identified 179 malignant brain cancer cases. […] The positive predictive value of the AFHSD case definition was found to be 64.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 55.9-72.5%). […] The current pediatric study’s lower PPV suggests the case definition may be less effective for pediatric populations, indicating a need for refining surveillance methods for dependent populations. […] The AFHSD case definition was less effective at identifying malignant brain tumors in the active component Air Force pediatric dependent population, with a lower PPV compared to previous studies of the active component Air Force adult population.

• #45 Use of Positive Predictive Value to Evaluate the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division Brain Cancer Incidence Rules, Active Component Department of the Air Force Pediatric Dependent Population, January 1, 2010–December 31, 2020 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Brain-Cancer-Predictive-Value?type=All&page=3

  The Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division uses a surveillance case definition to identify malignant brain tumors among U.S. active service members. This case definition was applied to the dependent pediatric population of the active component of the Department of the Air Force, which identified 179 malignant brain cancer cases. […] The positive predictive value of the AFHSD case definition was found to be 64.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 55.9-72.5%). […] The current pediatric study’s lower PPV suggests the case definition may be less effective for pediatric populations, indicating a need for refining surveillance methods for dependent populations. […] The AFHSD case definition was less effective at identifying malignant brain tumors in the active component Air Force pediatric dependent population, with a lower PPV compared to previous studies of the active component Air Force adult population.

• #46 Use of Positive Predictive Value to Evaluate the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division Brain Cancer Incidence Rules, Active Component Department of the Air Force Pediatric Dependent Population, January 1, 2010–December 31, 2020 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Brain-Cancer-Predictive-Value?type=All&page=3

  The overall PPV was calculated as 64.5% (95% CI, 55.9-72.4%). […] The additional review, which scanned the remaining cohort (n=583,065 dependents) for at least one relevant ICD code within the first 10 diagnostic positions, identified 203 potential additional cases. Subsequent chart reviews of these cases confirmed 16 primary malignant brain tumors missed by the AFHSD rules. […] These findings highlight the rigidity of current criteria, which do not adequately account for variability in provider practices, particularly for pediatric populations. […] The findings from this study emphasize the need for continued refinement of surveillance case definitions for unique populations such as children.

• #47 Presentation, pathology, and treatment outcome of brain tumors in 172 consecutive children at CURE Children’s Hospital of Uganda. The predominance of the visible diagnosis and the uncertainties of epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa. – CURE

  https://cure.org/research/presentation-pathology-and-treatment-outcome-of-brain-tumors-in-172-consecutive-children-at-cure-childrens-hospital-of-uganda-the-predominance-of-visible-diagnosis-and-the-uncertainties-of-epidemi/

  Object: This study reviews the first operative series of pediatric brain tumors from Uganda, the largest series from Sub-Saharan Africa, and explores the challenges to progress in pediatric neuro-oncology in the region. […] Results: There were 103 males (59.9 %) and 69 females (40.1 %; mean age at diagnosis 6.5 years with 29 % < 2 years). The most common histologic types were pilocytic astrocytoma (23.2 %), ependymoma (16.3 %), craniopharyngioma (9.9 %), choroid plexus papilloma (9.3 %), and medulloblastoma (8.1 %). Supratentorial tumors (62.2 %) were more common. Symptomatic hydrocephalus predominated at presentation (66.9 %). In 71 (41.3 %), the presentation was macrocephaly or a visible mass. Estimated 5-year survival was 60 %. [...] Conclusions: The majority of pediatric brain tumors in the region likely go unrecognized. Most that do come to attention have a “visible diagnosis.” Unlike operative series from developed countries, information about the incidence, prevalence, and overall burden of disease for different tumor types cannot be deduced from the various operative series reported from limited resource countries because of the selection bias that is unique to this context. Delayed presentation and poor access to adjuvant therapies were important contributors to the high mortality. The epidemiology of pediatric brain tumors in sub-Saharan Africa is obscure.

• #48 Presentation, pathology, and treatment outcome of brain tumors in 172 consecutive children at CURE Children’s Hospital of Uganda. The predominance of the visible diagnosis and the uncertainties of epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa. – CURE

  https://cure.org/research/presentation-pathology-and-treatment-outcome-of-brain-tumors-in-172-consecutive-children-at-cure-childrens-hospital-of-uganda-the-predominance-of-visible-diagnosis-and-the-uncertainties-of-epidemi/

  Object: This study reviews the first operative series of pediatric brain tumors from Uganda, the largest series from Sub-Saharan Africa, and explores the challenges to progress in pediatric neuro-oncology in the region. […] Results: There were 103 males (59.9 %) and 69 females (40.1 %; mean age at diagnosis 6.5 years with 29 % < 2 years). The most common histologic types were pilocytic astrocytoma (23.2 %), ependymoma (16.3 %), craniopharyngioma (9.9 %), choroid plexus papilloma (9.3 %), and medulloblastoma (8.1 %). Supratentorial tumors (62.2 %) were more common. Symptomatic hydrocephalus predominated at presentation (66.9 %). In 71 (41.3 %), the presentation was macrocephaly or a visible mass. Estimated 5-year survival was 60 %. [...] Conclusions: The majority of pediatric brain tumors in the region likely go unrecognized. Most that do come to attention have a “visible diagnosis.” Unlike operative series from developed countries, information about the incidence, prevalence, and overall burden of disease for different tumor types cannot be deduced from the various operative series reported from limited resource countries because of the selection bias that is unique to this context. Delayed presentation and poor access to adjuvant therapies were important contributors to the high mortality. The epidemiology of pediatric brain tumors in sub-Saharan Africa is obscure.

• #49

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjcancer/fulltext/2016/53040/pediatric_brain_tumors__an_analysis_of_5_years_of.20.aspx

  Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children worldwide. Even though there are enough data about the epidemiology of pediatric brain tumors in western population, there are only a few reports from developing countries like India. […] The main objective of the present study is to assess the epidemiological patterns of brain tumors in children, to study the patterns of care, and to assess the treatment response in our institute. […] This is the second study from Tamil Nadu that deals with epidemiology of brain tumors. Multimodality management including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy remains the cornerstone in the management of pediatric brain tumors. […] In India, in the absence of a comprehensive population-based national cancer registry, we depend on local hospital-based registries for assessing the incidence of pediatric brain tumors. Hence, more and more institutional data are required to assess the actual disease load in India. These data are also essential for developing proper infrastructure among various cancer centers spread across India and will provide insight into geographical variation in subtypes and biology of these tumors.

• #50 First-of-its-Kind Open-Analysis Platform for Pediatric Brain Tumors Provides Robust Data Resource for Childhood Cancer Research | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/first-its-kind-open-analysis-platform-pediatric-brain-tumors-provides-robust-data-resource

  Researchers from Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), the Alexs Lemonade Stand Foundation Childhood Cancer Data Lab, the Childrens Brain Tumor Network (CBTN), the Pacific Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Consortium (PNOC), and more than 20 additional institutions have partnered to create a first-of-its-kind open-source, reproducible analysis platform for pediatric brain tumors. With the help of thousands of genomically sequenced samples, researchers have used this platform to identify initial findings about genetic variants associated with poorer outcomes that could help guide future diagnostic and therapeutic advances. […] Pediatric brain tumors are collectively the leading cause of cancer-related death in children in the United States. However, the severity of pediatric brain tumors varies wildly, with some having an almost universally fatal prognosis while others have relatively strong long-term survival rates, though all brain tumors negatively impact these children and their families to at least some degree. Limited access to tissue samples and patient-derived cell lines has been a significant barrier to understanding the differences between pediatric brain tumors at a molecular level. That long sought-after data could lead to better diagnostic techniques and potential targeted therapies that could treat these deadly tumors.

• #51 First-of-its-Kind Open-Analysis Platform for Pediatric Brain Tumors Provides Robust Data Resource for Childhood Cancer Research | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/first-its-kind-open-analysis-platform-pediatric-brain-tumors-provides-robust-data-resource

  OpenPBTA is accessible to anyone conducting research who is looking for new therapeutic targets or finding new ways to translate research into clinical practice. At the time of this study, OpenPBTA contained genomic and clinical data from more than 1,000 pediatric brain tumors and 22 patient-derived cell lines from the CBTN and PNOC. The OpenPBTA provides an open, real-time framework to genomically characterize pediatric brain tumors. It is the first large-scale, collaborative, open analysis of genomic data and provides a cloud-based resource for researchers looking for more comprehensive data on pediatric brain tumors. […] OpenPBTA is already providing researchers with more insight into potential drivers of pediatric brain tumors. In this study, researchers found that the loss of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 is a significant marker for poor overall survival in fast-growing brain and spinal cord tumors called ependymomas and certain diffuse midline gliomas, and dysregulation of the gene was also implicated in hypermutant high-grade gliomas.

• #52 First-of-its-Kind Open-Analysis Platform for Pediatric Brain Tumors Provides Robust Data Resource for Childhood Cancer Research – Team Jack Foundation

  https://teamjackfoundation.org/first-of-its-kind-open-analysis-platform-for-pediatric-brain-tumors-provides-robust-data-resource-for-childhood-cancer-research/

  Pediatric brain tumors are collectively the leading cause of cancer-related death in children in the United States. However, the severity of pediatric brain tumors varies wildly, with some having an almost universally fatal prognosis while others have relatively strong long-term survival rates, though all brain tumors negatively impact these children and their families to at least some degree. […] Limited access to tissue samples and patient-derived cell lines has been a significant barrier to understanding the differences between pediatric brain tumors at a molecular level. […] OpenPBTA is accessible to anyone conducting research who is looking for new therapeutic targets or finding new ways to translate research into clinical practice. […] At the time of this study, OpenPBTA contained genomic and clinical data from more than 1,000 pediatric brain tumors and 22 patient-derived cell lines from the CBTN and PNOC.

• #53 First-of-its-Kind Open-Analysis Platform for Pediatric Brain Tumors Provides Robust Data Resource for Childhood Cancer Research | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/first-its-kind-open-analysis-platform-pediatric-brain-tumors-provides-robust-data-resource

  OpenPBTA is accessible to anyone conducting research who is looking for new therapeutic targets or finding new ways to translate research into clinical practice. At the time of this study, OpenPBTA contained genomic and clinical data from more than 1,000 pediatric brain tumors and 22 patient-derived cell lines from the CBTN and PNOC. The OpenPBTA provides an open, real-time framework to genomically characterize pediatric brain tumors. It is the first large-scale, collaborative, open analysis of genomic data and provides a cloud-based resource for researchers looking for more comprehensive data on pediatric brain tumors. […] OpenPBTA is already providing researchers with more insight into potential drivers of pediatric brain tumors. In this study, researchers found that the loss of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 is a significant marker for poor overall survival in fast-growing brain and spinal cord tumors called ependymomas and certain diffuse midline gliomas, and dysregulation of the gene was also implicated in hypermutant high-grade gliomas.

• #54 AI Tool Predicts Pediatric Glioma Recurrence With Up to 89% Accuracy

  https://www.curetoday.com/view/ai-tool-predicts-pediatric-glioma-recurrence-with-up-to-89-accuracy

  An AI tool using temporal learning significantly outperforms traditional methods in predicting pediatric glioma recurrence, achieving 75% to 89% accuracy. […] The study involved nearly 4,000 scans from 715 pediatric patients, highlighting AI’s potential in personalized cancer care. […] The temporal learning model predicted recurrence of low- or high-grade glioma within one-year post-treatment with 75% to 89% accuracy, significantly outperforming single-image predictions, which have hovered at approximately 50%. Accuracy improved when more post-treatment images were used. […] Many pediatric gliomas are curable with surgery alone, but when relapses occur, they can be devastating. […] Most children with glioma undergo frequent brain MRIs due to unpredictable recurrence patterns, but deep learning may help improve personalized monitoring, according to the study.

• #55 AI Tool Predicts Pediatric Glioma Recurrence With Up to 89% Accuracy

  https://www.curetoday.com/view/ai-tool-predicts-pediatric-glioma-recurrence-with-up-to-89-accuracy

  An AI tool using temporal learning significantly outperforms traditional methods in predicting pediatric glioma recurrence, achieving 75% to 89% accuracy. […] The study involved nearly 4,000 scans from 715 pediatric patients, highlighting AI’s potential in personalized cancer care. […] The temporal learning model predicted recurrence of low- or high-grade glioma within one-year post-treatment with 75% to 89% accuracy, significantly outperforming single-image predictions, which have hovered at approximately 50%. Accuracy improved when more post-treatment images were used. […] Many pediatric gliomas are curable with surgery alone, but when relapses occur, they can be devastating. […] Most children with glioma undergo frequent brain MRIs due to unpredictable recurrence patterns, but deep learning may help improve personalized monitoring, according to the study.

• #56 MR Imaging of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/4/961

  Primary brain tumors are the most common solid neoplasms in children and a leading cause of mortality in this population. MRI plays a central role in the diagnosis, characterization, treatment planning, and disease surveillance of intracranial tumors. […] Imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis, characterization, treatment planning, and disease surveillance of intracranial tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the mainstay of neuroimaging and provides anatomical details, as well as cellular, vascular, and functional information for brain tumors. […] The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of imaging methodology, including conventional and advanced MRI techniques, and illustrate the MRI appearances of common or characteristic pediatric brain tumors. […] Post-operative imaging is essential to evaluate the extent of surgical resection, to identify any immediate post-operative complications, and as a baseline for assessing the response to radiation and chemotherapy.

• #57 MR Imaging of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/4/961

  In specialized centers, intraoperative MRI may also be used to guide surgical management, with recent advances allowing the use of high-field-strength systems, diagnostic-quality images, and the ability to integrate with the surgical navigation systems, making it an important tool for neurosurgeons. […] Post-operative MRI should be performed within 72 h of surgery and preferably within the first 24 h, as distinguishing residual tumors from reactive enhancement on delayed imaging can be challenging. […] DWI is a very helpful technique for both post-operative and long-term surveillance imaging. In the immediate post-operative period, restricted diffusion along the surgical margins may be related to post-surgical change, and a careful correlation of these areas with contrast enhancement on follow-up imaging should be performed to distinguish post-surgical enhancement from tumors.

• #58 MR Imaging of Pediatric Brain Tumors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/4/961

  In specialized centers, intraoperative MRI may also be used to guide surgical management, with recent advances allowing the use of high-field-strength systems, diagnostic-quality images, and the ability to integrate with the surgical navigation systems, making it an important tool for neurosurgeons. […] Post-operative MRI should be performed within 72 h of surgery and preferably within the first 24 h, as distinguishing residual tumors from reactive enhancement on delayed imaging can be challenging. […] DWI is a very helpful technique for both post-operative and long-term surveillance imaging. In the immediate post-operative period, restricted diffusion along the surgical margins may be related to post-surgical change, and a careful correlation of these areas with contrast enhancement on follow-up imaging should be performed to distinguish post-surgical enhancement from tumors.

• #59 Epigenomics and immunotherapeutic advances in pediatric brain tumors | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-021-00173-4

  Pediatric brain tumors generally fall into different categories than adult brain tumors. […] The most common pediatric tumors are high-grade gliomas, medulloblastomas, low-grade gliomas (astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed glial-neuronal), ependymomas, and brainstem gliomas/diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs). […] Pediatric ependymomas originate in the brain, and adult ependymomas originate in the spine. […] The use of DNA methylation signatures as part of a combined histology and molecular tumor classification for pediatric brain tumors was first demonstrated by Capper et al. on the basis that each brain tumor subtype has discrete genetic and epigenetic profiles. […] For pediatric CNS tumors, epigenetic modifications can also serve as therapeutic drug targets. […] Pediatric brain tumors generally have a low mutational load and a low level of neoantigens, and pediatric CNS tumors also have epigenetic profiles that differ from those in adult CNS tumors.

• #60 Epigenomics and immunotherapeutic advances in pediatric brain tumors | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-021-00173-4

  Current treatment options for pediatric brain tumors have limited efficacy due to the different responses to available therapies. […] Advances in genomic sequencing technologies have allowed molecular profiling that has changed the classification of brain tumors. […] Molecular profiling has revealed significant differences between adult and pediatric brain tumors, despite having similar histology. […] The relatively newly described phenotypic heterogeneity now explains the differences in therapeutic responses of tumors with similar histology. […] The classification of pHGGs is based on molecular subgroups and significant clinical correlations (i.e., age, anatomical location, and prognosis). […] Overall, histone mutations represent slightly more than half of all childhood pHGG cases.

• #61 Epigenomics and immunotherapeutic advances in pediatric brain tumors | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-021-00173-4

  Current treatment options for pediatric brain tumors have limited efficacy due to the different responses to available therapies. […] Advances in genomic sequencing technologies have allowed molecular profiling that has changed the classification of brain tumors. […] Molecular profiling has revealed significant differences between adult and pediatric brain tumors, despite having similar histology. […] The relatively newly described phenotypic heterogeneity now explains the differences in therapeutic responses of tumors with similar histology. […] The classification of pHGGs is based on molecular subgroups and significant clinical correlations (i.e., age, anatomical location, and prognosis). […] Overall, histone mutations represent slightly more than half of all childhood pHGG cases.

• #62 First-of-its-Kind Open-Analysis Platform for Pediatric Brain Tumors Provides Robust Data Resource for Childhood Cancer Research | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/first-its-kind-open-analysis-platform-pediatric-brain-tumors-provides-robust-data-resource

  OpenPBTA is accessible to anyone conducting research who is looking for new therapeutic targets or finding new ways to translate research into clinical practice. At the time of this study, OpenPBTA contained genomic and clinical data from more than 1,000 pediatric brain tumors and 22 patient-derived cell lines from the CBTN and PNOC. The OpenPBTA provides an open, real-time framework to genomically characterize pediatric brain tumors. It is the first large-scale, collaborative, open analysis of genomic data and provides a cloud-based resource for researchers looking for more comprehensive data on pediatric brain tumors. […] OpenPBTA is already providing researchers with more insight into potential drivers of pediatric brain tumors. In this study, researchers found that the loss of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 is a significant marker for poor overall survival in fast-growing brain and spinal cord tumors called ependymomas and certain diffuse midline gliomas, and dysregulation of the gene was also implicated in hypermutant high-grade gliomas.

• #63 Epigenomics and immunotherapeutic advances in pediatric brain tumors | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-021-00173-4

  Pediatric brain tumors generally fall into different categories than adult brain tumors. […] The most common pediatric tumors are high-grade gliomas, medulloblastomas, low-grade gliomas (astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and mixed glial-neuronal), ependymomas, and brainstem gliomas/diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs). […] Pediatric ependymomas originate in the brain, and adult ependymomas originate in the spine. […] The use of DNA methylation signatures as part of a combined histology and molecular tumor classification for pediatric brain tumors was first demonstrated by Capper et al. on the basis that each brain tumor subtype has discrete genetic and epigenetic profiles. […] For pediatric CNS tumors, epigenetic modifications can also serve as therapeutic drug targets. […] Pediatric brain tumors generally have a low mutational load and a low level of neoantigens, and pediatric CNS tumors also have epigenetic profiles that differ from those in adult CNS tumors.

• #64 Incidence trends of childhood central nervous system tumors in Finland 1990–2017 | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09862-0

  Recent studies from Canada and France reported stable incidence rates of pediatric CNS tumors, while a study from the US showed a small but significant increase. […] Monitoring changes in cancer incidence is critical for instigating hypothesis-based research on potential environmental risk factors, as well as assessing the public health burden. […] The completeness of the Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR) for childhood tumors was estimated as 94% for 2009-2013. […] We observed an increase of 0.8% per year in the overall incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. The average ASR increased from 4.12 in 1990-1994 to 4.81 in 2013-2017. […] The incidence of benign tumors (grade I) increased by an APC of 1.0% per year (95% CI 0.1, 2.0). […] Established risk factors for pediatric CNS tumors remain limited to familial cancer syndromes and high doses of ionizing radiation. However, it is unlikely that these factors have contributed to the increasing incidence of pediatric CNS tumors. […] In conclusion, we found a minor increase in the incidence of pediatric CNS tumors in Finland between 1990 and 2017.

• #65

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11910-021-01152-9

  Brain and other CNS tumors, while rare, cause significant morbidity and mortality across all ages. This article summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the epidemiology of brain and other CNS tumors. […] For childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors, high birth weight, non-chromosomal structural birth defects and higher socioeconomic position were shown to be risk factors. […] Brain and other CNS tumors are the most common cancer in children diagnosed at 0-14 years old and the second most common cancer in adolescents diagnosed at 15-19 years old. […] In children and adolescents, the majority of brain and other CNS tumors are malignant tumors (age-adjusted incidence of 3.55 per 100,000) while non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors are less common in this age group (age-adjusted incidence 2.60 per 100,000).

• #66

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11910-021-01152-9

  Some of the newest environmental risk factors to be studied in relation to risk for childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors are birth weight and non-chromosomal structural birth defects. […] There is reasonably consistent evidence that higher birth weight is associated with a higher risk of childhood brain and other CNS tumors as provided by 3 large meta-analyses. […] Non-chromosomal structural birth defects are a strong and consistent risk factor for childhood cancers in general; these findings were most pronounced in young children, aged 5 years or younger with cancer. […] For brain and other CNS tumors, ~7% of childhood brain and other CNS tumors are attributable to these defects. […] A very recent study using records from 10 million live births showed that particularly for children with a defect of the central nervous system or other neurological anomaly they are at a higher risk of development of a brain and other CNS tumor, with hazard ratios as high as 10.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11910-021-01152-9

  Some of the newest environmental risk factors to be studied in relation to risk for childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors are birth weight and non-chromosomal structural birth defects. […] There is reasonably consistent evidence that higher birth weight is associated with a higher risk of childhood brain and other CNS tumors as provided by 3 large meta-analyses. […] Non-chromosomal structural birth defects are a strong and consistent risk factor for childhood cancers in general; these findings were most pronounced in young children, aged 5 years or younger with cancer. […] For brain and other CNS tumors, ~7% of childhood brain and other CNS tumors are attributable to these defects. […] A very recent study using records from 10 million live births showed that particularly for children with a defect of the central nervous system or other neurological anomaly they are at a higher risk of development of a brain and other CNS tumor, with hazard ratios as high as 10.

• #68

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11910-021-01152-9

  Some of the newest environmental risk factors to be studied in relation to risk for childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors are birth weight and non-chromosomal structural birth defects. […] There is reasonably consistent evidence that higher birth weight is associated with a higher risk of childhood brain and other CNS tumors as provided by 3 large meta-analyses. […] Non-chromosomal structural birth defects are a strong and consistent risk factor for childhood cancers in general; these findings were most pronounced in young children, aged 5 years or younger with cancer. […] For brain and other CNS tumors, ~7% of childhood brain and other CNS tumors are attributable to these defects. […] A very recent study using records from 10 million live births showed that particularly for children with a defect of the central nervous system or other neurological anomaly they are at a higher risk of development of a brain and other CNS tumor, with hazard ratios as high as 10.

• #69 Childhood Brain Tumors Linked to Mother’s Exposure to Pesticides – Center for Occupational & Environmental Health

  https://coeh.ph.ucla.edu/2021/04/05/childhood-brain-tumors-linked-to-mothers-exposure-to-pesticides/

  Research published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research suggests that exposure during pregnancy to a wide variety of pesticides may lead to the development of central nervous system tumors during childhood. […] The research Residential Proximity to Pesticide Application as a Risk Factor for Childhood Central Nervous System Tumors is being published in an upcoming edition of the peer-reviewed journal Environment Research, and is available on-line. […] Many pesticides are neurotoxicants, and have even been found in cord blood, indicating placental transfer of these toxins to the developing fetus, said co-author Shiraya Thompson, an epidemiology MS candidate at FSPH. This, in turn, suggests prenatal pesticide exposure may increase childhood brain cancer risk. […] Their findings include that three types of cancers medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and astrocytoma are associated with specific pesticides, and the pesticides inuron, thiophanate-methyl, and triforine are possibly carcinogenic, among others. […] The simplest way to mitigate these risks are by reductions in exposure to pesticides, through restrictions as aerial spraying and air blast that lead to increased drift, and by farming methods that decrease reliance on pesticides.

• #70 Childhood Brain Tumors Linked to Mother’s Exposure to Pesticides – Center for Occupational & Environmental Health

  https://coeh.ph.ucla.edu/2021/04/05/childhood-brain-tumors-linked-to-mothers-exposure-to-pesticides/

  Research published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research suggests that exposure during pregnancy to a wide variety of pesticides may lead to the development of central nervous system tumors during childhood. […] The research Residential Proximity to Pesticide Application as a Risk Factor for Childhood Central Nervous System Tumors is being published in an upcoming edition of the peer-reviewed journal Environment Research, and is available on-line. […] Many pesticides are neurotoxicants, and have even been found in cord blood, indicating placental transfer of these toxins to the developing fetus, said co-author Shiraya Thompson, an epidemiology MS candidate at FSPH. This, in turn, suggests prenatal pesticide exposure may increase childhood brain cancer risk. […] Their findings include that three types of cancers medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and astrocytoma are associated with specific pesticides, and the pesticides inuron, thiophanate-methyl, and triforine are possibly carcinogenic, among others. […] The simplest way to mitigate these risks are by reductions in exposure to pesticides, through restrictions as aerial spraying and air blast that lead to increased drift, and by farming methods that decrease reliance on pesticides.

• #71 Childhood Brain Tumors Linked to Mother’s Exposure to Pesticides – Center for Occupational & Environmental Health

  https://coeh.ph.ucla.edu/2021/04/05/childhood-brain-tumors-linked-to-mothers-exposure-to-pesticides/

  Research published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research suggests that exposure during pregnancy to a wide variety of pesticides may lead to the development of central nervous system tumors during childhood. […] The research Residential Proximity to Pesticide Application as a Risk Factor for Childhood Central Nervous System Tumors is being published in an upcoming edition of the peer-reviewed journal Environment Research, and is available on-line. […] Many pesticides are neurotoxicants, and have even been found in cord blood, indicating placental transfer of these toxins to the developing fetus, said co-author Shiraya Thompson, an epidemiology MS candidate at FSPH. This, in turn, suggests prenatal pesticide exposure may increase childhood brain cancer risk. […] Their findings include that three types of cancers medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and astrocytoma are associated with specific pesticides, and the pesticides inuron, thiophanate-methyl, and triforine are possibly carcinogenic, among others. […] The simplest way to mitigate these risks are by reductions in exposure to pesticides, through restrictions as aerial spraying and air blast that lead to increased drift, and by farming methods that decrease reliance on pesticides.

• #72 Childhood Brain Tumors Linked to Mother’s Exposure to Pesticides – Center for Occupational & Environmental Health

  https://coeh.ph.ucla.edu/2021/04/05/childhood-brain-tumors-linked-to-mothers-exposure-to-pesticides/

  Research published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research suggests that exposure during pregnancy to a wide variety of pesticides may lead to the development of central nervous system tumors during childhood. […] The research Residential Proximity to Pesticide Application as a Risk Factor for Childhood Central Nervous System Tumors is being published in an upcoming edition of the peer-reviewed journal Environment Research, and is available on-line. […] Many pesticides are neurotoxicants, and have even been found in cord blood, indicating placental transfer of these toxins to the developing fetus, said co-author Shiraya Thompson, an epidemiology MS candidate at FSPH. This, in turn, suggests prenatal pesticide exposure may increase childhood brain cancer risk. […] Their findings include that three types of cancers medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and astrocytoma are associated with specific pesticides, and the pesticides inuron, thiophanate-methyl, and triforine are possibly carcinogenic, among others. […] The simplest way to mitigate these risks are by reductions in exposure to pesticides, through restrictions as aerial spraying and air blast that lead to increased drift, and by farming methods that decrease reliance on pesticides.

• #73 Pediatric Brain Tumor Statistics & The Critical Need for More Research – IronMatt

  https://ironmatt.org/pediatric-brain-tumor-statistics/

  However, pediatric brain tumor research is underfunded. Only 4% of federal funding for cancer research goes to studies on pediatric cancers. […] This is particularly true for pediatric brain tumors, which are now the leading cause of cancer-related death in children and adolescents ages 19 and younger.

• #74 First-of-its-Kind Open-Analysis Platform for Pediatric Brain Tumors Provides Robust Data Resource for Childhood Cancer Research | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/first-its-kind-open-analysis-platform-pediatric-brain-tumors-provides-robust-data-resource

  Solving pediatric brain tumors cannot be accomplished by any one institution. The OpenPBTA model of shared, real-time collaboration supported by PNOC and CBTN has not only empowered new discoveries, but also innovative ways of performing the required science on behalf of accelerated, collaborative innovation for children affected by brain tumors.

• #75 Use of Positive Predictive Value to Evaluate the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division Brain Cancer Incidence Rules, Active Component Department of the Air Force Pediatric Dependent Population, January 1, 2010–December 31, 2020 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Brain-Cancer-Predictive-Value?type=All&page=3

  Accurate case definitions are essential to accurately identify cases. Further examination of the AFHSD malignant brain tumor case definition is recommended, to more effectively capture cases within the Department of Defense dependent population. […] The current study was prompted by a review of pediatric brain cancer cases among an Air Force base population conducted by the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicines Epidemiology Consult Service. […] The objective of the current study is to determine the accuracy of the AFHSD case definition for identifying malignant brain tumors among the active component Department of Air Force pediatric dependent population. […] The AFHSD case definition identified 179 potential cases of malignant brain tumors within the pediatric dependent population of the U.S. Air Force over an 11-year period of observation.

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