Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mitral valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350178

  Mitral valve regurgitation is the most common type of heart valve disease. In this condition, the valve between the left heart chambers doesn’t close fully. Blood leaks backward across the valve. […] Possible causes of mitral valve regurgitation include: Mitral valve prolapse. In this condition, the mitral valve’s flaps bulge back into the left upper heart chamber when the heart squeezes. This common heart problem can prevent the mitral valve from closing tightly and cause blood to flow backward. […] If mitral valve regurgitation is due to problems with the mitral valve, the condition is called primary mitral valve regurgitation. If a problem or disease affecting other areas of the heart cause a leaky mitral valve, the condition is called functional or secondary mitral regurgitation. […] Rheumatic fever is a complication of untreated strep throat. Rheumatic fever can damage the mitral valve, leading to mitral valve regurgitation early or later in life.

• #2 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Mitral regurgitation is a heart condition characterized by the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, leading to the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. […] With a global prevalence of over 2%, mitral regurgitation is a common valvular abnormality with various causes, including congenital conditions, rheumatic fever, and degenerative changes in the valve. […] The underlying pathophysiologic basis for degenerative mitral regurgitation is most commonly related to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, resulting in mitral valve prolapse (MVP). […] Connective tissue diseases such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, MASS phenotype, systemic lupus erythematosus, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum lead to secondary MVP, causing MR.

• #3 An Overview of Mitral Regurgitation Heart Valve Disorder – and Underwriting Considerations

  https://www.genre.com/us/knowledge/publications/2024/june/an-overview-of-mitral-regurgitation-heart-valve-disorder-en

  Mitral regurgitation, or mitral insufficiency, is a common form of heart disease where the mitral valve doesn’t close properly as the heart pumps out blood during left ventricular systole (contraction), allowing a backflow of some blood into the left atrium (regurgitation). Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most common form of valvular heart disease after aortic stenosis (AS) with a similar prevalence in men and women. […] Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common cause of MR. Ischemic heart disease is the next most common cause. Ischemic MR results from papillary muscle dysfunction, regional left ventricular dysfunction and global left ventricular dilation resulting from infarcted myocardium. […] Primary MR is caused by any abnormalities of the mitral valve apparatus. Examples include mitral annulus calcification, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), mitral leaflets damaged by endocarditis or rheumatic heart disease, chordae tendineae elongation or rupture, papillary muscle fibrosis, calcification, or rupture. MVP, the most common cause, results from the bulging of one or both MV leaflets into the left atrium during ventricular systole.

• #4 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24983-mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation happens when your valve fails to close completely. Your mitral valve has two flaps (leaflets) that open and close to send blood from your top left chamber (left atrium) into your lower left chamber (left ventricle). […] Damage to the leaflets or other parts of the valve, and various medical conditions, can prevent your valve from closing tightly. As a result, some blood leaks backward each time your valve closes. […] The causes of primary mitral valve regurgitation include: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), the most common cause in developed nations. Rheumatic heart disease, the most common cause globally. Connective tissue diseases. Cleft mitral valve, a congenital heart issue (a heart issue that you have at birth). Endocarditis. Radiation heart disease. Traumatic injury. […] The causes of secondary mitral valve regurgitation include: Ischemic cardiomyopathy (most common). Atrial fibrillation. Dilated cardiomyopathy with an unknown cause. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

• #5 Chronic primary mitral regurgitation: General management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-primary-mitral-regurgitation-general-management

  Primary mitral regurgitation (MR) is caused by a primary abnormality of one or more components of the valve apparatus (leaflets, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, annulus), in contrast to secondary MR, which is caused by alterations in left ventricular (LV) and/or atrial geometry and function (table 1). […] Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cause of chronic primary MR in resource-abundant countries. Rheumatic heart disease is a prominent cause of primary MR in resource-limited countries (particularly during the first two decades of life), but it is an uncommon cause of MR in resource-abundant countries. […] Other causes of primary MR are discussed separately.

• #6 Pathophysiology and natural history of chronic mitral regurgitation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-natural-history-of-chronic-mitral-regurgitation

  Chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) is a relatively common valvular disorder that can progress to ventricular decompensation and the need for mitral valve surgery. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) may be due to a primary abnormality (sometimes referred to as organic MR) of one or more of the four components of the valve apparatus (leaflets, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and annulus) or the MR may be secondary (often referred to as functional MR) to left ventricular (LV) dilation and dysfunction (such as coronary heart disease or a cardiomyopathy) (table 1). In the resource-abundant countries, the most common etiologies of MR are degenerative disease with mitral valve prolapse (a primary cause) and coronary heart disease (a secondary cause). […] Several disease processes cause abnormalities of the mitral valve complex leading to primary MR.

• #7

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=aa143442

  Mitral valve regurgitation is a problem that happens when the mitral valve does not close tightly enough. […] Primary mitral valve regurgitation may be caused by problems like mitral valve prolapse or calcium buildup on the mitral valve. Secondary regurgitation may be caused by coronary artery disease or heart failure. Acute regurgitation is caused by a problem that happens all of a sudden, such as a heart attack. […] Primary mitral regurgitation happens when there is a problem with the shape of the valve. The shape is not normal. […] Secondary regurgitation happens when another heart problem affects the heart muscle, typically in the lower left chamber of the heart. Changes in the heart muscle cause the valve to not close tightly. The shape of the valve is typically normal.

• #8 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-valves/mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral valve regurgitation is most commonly caused by a damaged mitral valve. This damage can result from a heart attack, a heart defect from birth, or another heart-related complication. If mitral valve regurgitation is due to problems with the actual mitral valve, the condition is called primary mitral valve regurgitation. Primary mitral valve regurgitation can look like floppy or drooping flaps in the mitral valve. […] Secondary (functional) mitral valve regurgitation occurs when there is an issue outside the mitral valve, like in the left ventricle or left atrium, preventing the valve from closing correctly. This can cause leakage, even though the valve flaps are normal. […] Possible causes of mitral valve regurgitation include: […] Mitral valve prolapse. A heart defect in which the leaflets (flaps) on the valve extend into the left atrium when the heart muscle contracts. This prevents the valve from closing tightly.

• #9 12.4 Etiology and mechanism of mitral regurgitation | 123sonography

  https://123sonography.com/ebook/etiology-and-mechanism-mitral-regurgitation

  Reports of valvuloplasty caused by phentermine and fenfluramine (drugs which were prescribed for obesity) […] Chordal rupture results in a flail leaflet or – more commonly – in a „partial” flail leaflet. […] The mitral valve may be affected by systemic diseases. […] Congenital malformations of the mitral valve are rare. […] Mitral regurgitation is classified as functional (or secondary) when the valve is structurally normal. […] Annular dilatation is a consequence of left ventricular enlargement. […] Geometric abnormalities of the ventricle affect the position of the papillary muscles and thus cause tension to the chordae and the mitral valve leaflets. […] The most common phenomenon leading to distortion of the mitral valve is „systolic anterior motion” (SAM) of the mitral valve, which causes outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #10 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Conditions like isolated cleft of the mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, and parachute mitral valve (PMV), which is a congenital valvular anomaly where the chordae tendineae are attached to a single papillary muscle, have been linked to causing MR. […] Chronic rheumatic heart disease is associated with pancarditis and has mitral valve involvement, causing regurgitation in almost 100% of cases due to scarring of the valve and valve apparatus. […] Left ventricular dilation due to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy secondarily impairs leaflet coaptation of a structurally normal MV, resulting in secondary MR. […] Papillary muscle rupture is a rare condition seen in 1% to 2% of patients after myocardial infarction (MI) or infective endocarditis that leads to severe mitral regurgitation due to dysfunction of the papillary muscles.

• #11 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), infective endocarditis, certain drugs (some anorectic drugs), and collagen vascular disease. […] In primary MR, one or several components of the mitral valve apparatus are directly affected. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), infective endocarditis, certain drugs (some anorectic drugs), and collagen vascular disease. […] It is important to know the causes of MR because the management and treatment differ according to the aetiology. […] The most frequent aetiology of mitral incompetence is degenerative (prolapse, flail leaflet).

• #12 An Overview of Mitral Regurgitation Heart Valve Disorder – and Underwriting Considerations

  https://www.genre.com/us/knowledge/publications/2024/june/an-overview-of-mitral-regurgitation-heart-valve-disorder-en

  Mitral regurgitation, or mitral insufficiency, is a common form of heart disease where the mitral valve doesn’t close properly as the heart pumps out blood during left ventricular systole (contraction), allowing a backflow of some blood into the left atrium (regurgitation). Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most common form of valvular heart disease after aortic stenosis (AS) with a similar prevalence in men and women. […] Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common cause of MR. Ischemic heart disease is the next most common cause. Ischemic MR results from papillary muscle dysfunction, regional left ventricular dysfunction and global left ventricular dilation resulting from infarcted myocardium. […] Primary MR is caused by any abnormalities of the mitral valve apparatus. Examples include mitral annulus calcification, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), mitral leaflets damaged by endocarditis or rheumatic heart disease, chordae tendineae elongation or rupture, papillary muscle fibrosis, calcification, or rupture. MVP, the most common cause, results from the bulging of one or both MV leaflets into the left atrium during ventricular systole.

• #13 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral valve regurgitation is when your blood isn’t going where it should. With this condition, some of it leaks backward instead of flowing out to the rest of your body. […] Numerous health conditions can cause mitral valve regurgitation. They include: […] Mitral valve prolapse. Often harmless and requiring no treatment, this condition causes the leaflets to bulge, or prolapse, into your left atrium rather than closing properly. […] Rheumatic heart disease. This is caused by rheumatic fever, a condition that can develop if strep throat goes untreated. It causes inflammation that can damage your mitral valve. […] Heart attack. This can damage the heart muscles that control your mitral valve, leading to sudden and severe mitral valve regurgitation. […] Congenital heart defects. These are problems you’re born with, such as a cleft mitral valve, a rare condition in which one of your mitral valve leaflets has a split in it.

• #14 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Mitral regurgitation is a heart condition characterized by the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, leading to the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. […] With a global prevalence of over 2%, mitral regurgitation is a common valvular abnormality with various causes, including congenital conditions, rheumatic fever, and degenerative changes in the valve. […] The underlying pathophysiologic basis for degenerative mitral regurgitation is most commonly related to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, resulting in mitral valve prolapse (MVP). […] Connective tissue diseases such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, MASS phenotype, systemic lupus erythematosus, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum lead to secondary MVP, causing MR.

• #15 Acute Mitral Regurgitation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/758816-overview

  Mitral regurgitation can be divided into the following three stages: acute, chronic compensated, and chronic decompensated. […] Acute mitral regurgitation classically occurs with a spontaneous chordae tendineae or papillary muscle rupture secondary to myocardial infarction. Other causes include rupture of these structures due to mitral valve prolapse, endocarditis, and trauma. […] Acute rheumatic heart disease remains a significant consideration in those with mitral regurgitation who are younger than 40 years. […] Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) (ie, myxomatous degeneration) accounts for approximately 45% of the cases of mitral regurgitation in the Western world. The causative agent is unknown in this condition. […] In addition, MVP and coronary artery disease (CAD) have become major mechanisms for incompetence of the mitral valve. Ischemia is responsible for 3-25% of mitral regurgitation.

• #16 12.4 Etiology and mechanism of mitral regurgitation | 123sonography

  https://123sonography.com/ebook/etiology-and-mechanism-mitral-regurgitation

  Reports of valvuloplasty caused by phentermine and fenfluramine (drugs which were prescribed for obesity) […] Chordal rupture results in a flail leaflet or – more commonly – in a „partial” flail leaflet. […] The mitral valve may be affected by systemic diseases. […] Congenital malformations of the mitral valve are rare. […] Mitral regurgitation is classified as functional (or secondary) when the valve is structurally normal. […] Annular dilatation is a consequence of left ventricular enlargement. […] Geometric abnormalities of the ventricle affect the position of the papillary muscles and thus cause tension to the chordae and the mitral valve leaflets. […] The most common phenomenon leading to distortion of the mitral valve is „systolic anterior motion” (SAM) of the mitral valve, which causes outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #17 Mitral Valve Regurgitation | Clinical Heart and Vascular Center | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/mitral-valve-regurgitation/

  Mitral valve regurgitation can be caused by conditions such as: […] Mitral valve prolapse or click-murmur syndrome: Backward bulging of the mitral leaflets into the left atrium […] Mitral valve flail: A more extreme form of mitral valve prolapse in which some of the cords that attach to the mitral valve leaflets become detached. This is also associated with more severe symptoms […] Barlows syndrome: A rare valve condition characterized by redundant mitral valve tissue which can cause dysfunction of the valve […] Coronary artery disease: Diseased or damaged blood vessels in the heart, causing decreased heart oxygenation and reduced valve blood flow […] Endocarditis: An infection of the valve that can perforate or otherwise damage it […] Rheumatic heart disease: Damaged heart valves and heart failure in patients with a history of rheumatic fever.

• #18 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17241-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse is a heart issue in which your mitral valve flaps bow or flop back into your left atrium. This may prevent your valve from closing as tightly as it should between your left atrium and left ventricle. […] Valve tissue weakness (myxomatous degeneration) causes mitral valve prolapse. Its not always clear what causes this tissue weakness. In some cases, families may pass it down to their biological children. Researchers have linked mitral valve prolapse with several genes, including FLNA, DCHS1, DZIP1 and PLD1. […] Some connective tissue disorders may cause myxomatous degeneration. These include Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. […] Mitral valve prolapse affects people of all ages. Some people are born with mitral valve prolapse, including those who have connective tissue disorders. Rheumatic heart disease, scoliosis and Graves disease may also increase the risk of mitral valve prolapse.

• #19 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Mitral regurgitation is a heart condition characterized by the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, leading to the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. […] With a global prevalence of over 2%, mitral regurgitation is a common valvular abnormality with various causes, including congenital conditions, rheumatic fever, and degenerative changes in the valve. […] The underlying pathophysiologic basis for degenerative mitral regurgitation is most commonly related to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, resulting in mitral valve prolapse (MVP). […] Connective tissue diseases such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, MASS phenotype, systemic lupus erythematosus, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum lead to secondary MVP, causing MR.

• #20 Acute Mitral Regurgitation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/758816-overview

  Mitral annular calcification can contribute to regurgitation. […] Left ventricular dilatation and heart failure can produce annular dilatation and poor valve closure resulting in mitral regurgitation. […] Tendineae rupture can be due to endocarditis, myocardial infarction, or trauma. […] Papillary muscle dysfunction usually is caused by myocardial ischemia or infarction. […] Other causes include the following: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

• #21 Mitral regurgitation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_regurgitation

  Ischemic heart disease causes MR by the combination of ischemic dysfunction of the papillary muscles, and the dilatation of the left ventricle. This can lead to the subsequent displacement of the papillary muscles and the dilatation of the mitral valve annulus. […] Rheumatic fever (RF), Marfan’s syndrome and the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes are other typical causes. Mitral valve stenosis (MVS) can sometimes be a cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in the sense that a stenotic valve (calcified and with restricted range of movement) allows backflow (regurgitation) if it is too stiff and misshapen to close completely. Most MVS is caused by RF, so one can say that MVS is sometimes the proximal cause of MI/MR (that is, stenotic MI/MR) and that RF is often the distal cause of MVS, MI/MR, or both. MR and mitral valve prolapse are also common in Ehlers-Danlos syndromes.

• #22 Both mitral and tricuspid regurgitation: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/both-mitral-and-tricuspid-regurgitation

  MR can be primary or secondary. […] In primary MR, the condition may occur due to structural damage or deformity of the valve flaps (leaflets) or the muscles (chords) that control the movements of the leaflets. […] In secondary MR, the valve structure is normal, but changes to the left ventricle or left atrium are responsible for the regurgitation. […] The causes of MR can differ depending on whether the condition is primary or secondary. […] Causes of primary MR include: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP): Aging and connective tissue diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Marfan syndrome, can cause the mitral valve to degenerate, resulting in a prolapse. […] In MVP, the valve flops into the left atrium, which can prevent it from sealing correctly, allowing blood to leak backward through the valve.

• #23 Mitral Regurgitation: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-regurgitation-pro

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, causing the abnormal leaking of blood from the left ventricle through the mitral valve and back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. MR may be primary or secondary:1 […] The most common type is degenerative MR. Causes of primary MR include: […] Coronary artery disease (papillary muscle dysfunction, chordae tendineae dysfunction or rupture). […] Infective endocarditis. […] Following mitral valve surgery, prosthetic mitral valve dysfunction. […] Myxomatous degeneration: mitral valve prolapse, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus (Libman-Sacks lesion), scleroderma. […] Cardiac tumours, especially atrial myxoma. […] Acute rheumatic fever. […] Acute LV dysfunction. […] Congenital heart disease. […] Drug-related – eg, ergotamine, methysergide, pergolide. […] Secondary MR may be due to idiopathic cardiomyopathy or coronary heart disease (when it is also called ischaemic mitral regurgitation).

• #24 Mitral valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350178

  A heart attack can damage the area of the heart muscle that supports the mitral valve. If there is a lot of heart attack damage, sudden and severe mitral valve regurgitation can occur. […] Some people are born with heart structure problems, including damaged heart valves. […] Cardiomyopathy makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. The condition can affect how the mitral valve works, causing regurgitation. […] Over time, the pieces of tissue that hold the flaps of the mitral valve to the heart wall may stretch or tear. […] Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves, called endocarditis. This condition is usually caused by an infection. […] Rarely, radiation therapy for cancer that is focused on the chest area can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.

• #25 12.4 Etiology and mechanism of mitral regurgitation | 123sonography

  https://123sonography.com/ebook/etiology-and-mechanism-mitral-regurgitation

  Reports of valvuloplasty caused by phentermine and fenfluramine (drugs which were prescribed for obesity) […] Chordal rupture results in a flail leaflet or – more commonly – in a „partial” flail leaflet. […] The mitral valve may be affected by systemic diseases. […] Congenital malformations of the mitral valve are rare. […] Mitral regurgitation is classified as functional (or secondary) when the valve is structurally normal. […] Annular dilatation is a consequence of left ventricular enlargement. […] Geometric abnormalities of the ventricle affect the position of the papillary muscles and thus cause tension to the chordae and the mitral valve leaflets. […] The most common phenomenon leading to distortion of the mitral valve is „systolic anterior motion” (SAM) of the mitral valve, which causes outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #26 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Conditions like isolated cleft of the mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, and parachute mitral valve (PMV), which is a congenital valvular anomaly where the chordae tendineae are attached to a single papillary muscle, have been linked to causing MR. […] Chronic rheumatic heart disease is associated with pancarditis and has mitral valve involvement, causing regurgitation in almost 100% of cases due to scarring of the valve and valve apparatus. […] Left ventricular dilation due to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy secondarily impairs leaflet coaptation of a structurally normal MV, resulting in secondary MR. […] Papillary muscle rupture is a rare condition seen in 1% to 2% of patients after myocardial infarction (MI) or infective endocarditis that leads to severe mitral regurgitation due to dysfunction of the papillary muscles.

• #27 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral valve regurgitation is when your blood isn’t going where it should. With this condition, some of it leaks backward instead of flowing out to the rest of your body. […] Numerous health conditions can cause mitral valve regurgitation. They include: […] Mitral valve prolapse. Often harmless and requiring no treatment, this condition causes the leaflets to bulge, or prolapse, into your left atrium rather than closing properly. […] Rheumatic heart disease. This is caused by rheumatic fever, a condition that can develop if strep throat goes untreated. It causes inflammation that can damage your mitral valve. […] Heart attack. This can damage the heart muscles that control your mitral valve, leading to sudden and severe mitral valve regurgitation. […] Congenital heart defects. These are problems you’re born with, such as a cleft mitral valve, a rare condition in which one of your mitral valve leaflets has a split in it.

• #28 Mitral valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350178

  Mitral valve regurgitation is the most common type of heart valve disease. In this condition, the valve between the left heart chambers doesn’t close fully. Blood leaks backward across the valve. […] Possible causes of mitral valve regurgitation include: Mitral valve prolapse. In this condition, the mitral valve’s flaps bulge back into the left upper heart chamber when the heart squeezes. This common heart problem can prevent the mitral valve from closing tightly and cause blood to flow backward. […] If mitral valve regurgitation is due to problems with the mitral valve, the condition is called primary mitral valve regurgitation. If a problem or disease affecting other areas of the heart cause a leaky mitral valve, the condition is called functional or secondary mitral regurgitation. […] Rheumatic fever is a complication of untreated strep throat. Rheumatic fever can damage the mitral valve, leading to mitral valve regurgitation early or later in life.

• #29 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Conditions like isolated cleft of the mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, and parachute mitral valve (PMV), which is a congenital valvular anomaly where the chordae tendineae are attached to a single papillary muscle, have been linked to causing MR. […] Chronic rheumatic heart disease is associated with pancarditis and has mitral valve involvement, causing regurgitation in almost 100% of cases due to scarring of the valve and valve apparatus. […] Left ventricular dilation due to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy secondarily impairs leaflet coaptation of a structurally normal MV, resulting in secondary MR. […] Papillary muscle rupture is a rare condition seen in 1% to 2% of patients after myocardial infarction (MI) or infective endocarditis that leads to severe mitral regurgitation due to dysfunction of the papillary muscles.

• #30 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Rheumatic heart disease is the most serious sequela of rheumatic fever, developing to a varying degree in up to 50% of patients with rheumatic fever, leading to mitral valve regurgitation early or later in life. […] Papillary muscle rupture is another cause of acute mitral regurgitation. […] Mitral incompetence may occur as congenital malformations of the mitral valve. […] Endocarditis is one of the causes of primary MR. […] Prolonged use of certain medications can cause mitral valve regurgitation, such as those containing ergotamine (Cafergot, Migergot) that are used to treat migraines and other conditions. […] Mitral regurgitation may occur for organic or functional causes. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, CAD, infective endocarditis, certain drugs, and collagen vascular disease.

• #31 Mitral Regurgitation: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/heart-valves-and-valve-disease/mitral-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation is sometimes called mitral insufficiency or mitral incompetence. In mitral regurgitation the valve does not close properly. This causes blood to leak back (regurgitate) into the left atrium when the left ventricle squeezes (contracts). Basically, the more open the valve remains, the more blood regurgitates and the more severe the problem. […] Sometimes regurgitation is rarely caused by congenital structural deformity of or damage to the leaflets, chordae, and/or papillary heart muscles. It sometimes occurs with connective tissue disorders such as Marfan’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus or Ehler’s-Danlos syndrome. […] Rheumatic heart disease is very common in the developing world and is a common cause of mitral regurgitation worldwide.

• #32 Mitral valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350178

  A heart attack can damage the area of the heart muscle that supports the mitral valve. If there is a lot of heart attack damage, sudden and severe mitral valve regurgitation can occur. […] Some people are born with heart structure problems, including damaged heart valves. […] Cardiomyopathy makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. The condition can affect how the mitral valve works, causing regurgitation. […] Over time, the pieces of tissue that hold the flaps of the mitral valve to the heart wall may stretch or tear. […] Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves, called endocarditis. This condition is usually caused by an infection. […] Rarely, radiation therapy for cancer that is focused on the chest area can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.

• #33 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/mitral-valve-regurgitation-8384208

  Mitral valve regurgitation is the most common heart valve disease affecting up to 10% of the general population. […] The most common cause of primary MR and the most common cause of MR overall is mitral valve prolapse. This is when a leaflet of the mitral valve becomes abnormally thickened and floppy, causing it to slip back (prolapse) into the left atrium with each heartbeat. […] Other possible causes of primary MR include: Rheumatic heart disease: A complication of rheumatic fever in which the heart valves are permanently damaged; Infective endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart chambers and valves caused when bacteria (and sometimes fungus) enter the bloodstream and travel to the heart; Collagen vascular disease: A type of connective tissue disease in which autoimmune disorders like lupus target and damage collagen-containing tissues, including heart valves; Certain medications: Including a class of diet pills called anorectics that work on the brain to suppress appetite; Chest trauma: A less common cause in which a blunt force injury to the chest can rupture the chords.

• #34 Mitral Valve Insufficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557898/

  Mitral valve insufficiency or mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by the reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium (LA), typically in the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle. […] Based on the acuity of presentation, mitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic. However, acute MR has a very specific set of etiological reasons such as rupture of the chord/papillary muscle from trauma or ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), or infective endocarditis (IE) leading to leaflet perforation or rupture of the chords. […] In the chronic MR, causative mechanisms can be related to the valvular apparatus itself, causing primary (degenerative/organic) MR versus related to structural changes in LV geometry leading to secondary (functional) MR. Most of the intrinsic abnormalities in the valve arising from local/systemic infection, inflammation, excess growth of the tissue, drug or radiation-induced damage, and calcific degeneration lead to primary MR.

• #35 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Rheumatic heart disease is the most serious sequela of rheumatic fever, developing to a varying degree in up to 50% of patients with rheumatic fever, leading to mitral valve regurgitation early or later in life. […] Papillary muscle rupture is another cause of acute mitral regurgitation. […] Mitral incompetence may occur as congenital malformations of the mitral valve. […] Endocarditis is one of the causes of primary MR. […] Prolonged use of certain medications can cause mitral valve regurgitation, such as those containing ergotamine (Cafergot, Migergot) that are used to treat migraines and other conditions. […] Mitral regurgitation may occur for organic or functional causes. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, CAD, infective endocarditis, certain drugs, and collagen vascular disease.

• #36 Causes of Mitral Valve Stenosis/Regurgitation | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/mitral-valve-stenosis-regurgitation/causes.html

  Mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation each have their own set of possible causes. […] Potential stenosis causes include: Calcium buildup: As we age, calcium in the blood can collect around the mitral valve and harden it. Calcium buildup is the most common cause of mitral stenosis. […] Potential regurgitation causes, as well as factors that can increase your risk, include: Mitral valve prolapse: Prolapse is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation, and features extra tissue in the valve that keeps it from closing. Certain inherited genes can increase your risk of developing prolapse.

• #37 Acute Mitral Regurgitation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/758816-overview

  Mitral annular calcification can contribute to regurgitation. […] Left ventricular dilatation and heart failure can produce annular dilatation and poor valve closure resulting in mitral regurgitation. […] Tendineae rupture can be due to endocarditis, myocardial infarction, or trauma. […] Papillary muscle dysfunction usually is caused by myocardial ischemia or infarction. […] Other causes include the following: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

• #38 12.4 Etiology and mechanism of mitral regurgitation | 123sonography

  https://123sonography.com/ebook/etiology-and-mechanism-mitral-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation is classified as a structural or functional phenomenon. […] The mitral valve and its function may be affected by various diseases and conditions. These include aging, mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic heart disease, endocarditis, or congenital abnormalities. […] Several factors may accelerate aging of the mitral valve, and especially mitral annular calcification. These include hypercalcemia, hypertension, renal insufficiency, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and rheumatic heart disease. […] In mitral valve prolapse the valve protrudes beyond the mitral annular plane into the left atrium. […] The mechanism of regurgitation may vary, but the cause is usually leaflet restriction related to chordal shortening and retraction of the leaflets. […] Valvular incompetence is a common consequence of endocarditis.

• #39 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Rheumatic heart disease is the most serious sequela of rheumatic fever, developing to a varying degree in up to 50% of patients with rheumatic fever, leading to mitral valve regurgitation early or later in life. […] Papillary muscle rupture is another cause of acute mitral regurgitation. […] Mitral incompetence may occur as congenital malformations of the mitral valve. […] Endocarditis is one of the causes of primary MR. […] Prolonged use of certain medications can cause mitral valve regurgitation, such as those containing ergotamine (Cafergot, Migergot) that are used to treat migraines and other conditions. […] Mitral regurgitation may occur for organic or functional causes. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, CAD, infective endocarditis, certain drugs, and collagen vascular disease.

• #40 Mitral valve regurgitation – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation may begin suddenly. This often occurs after a heart attack. When the regurgitation does not go away, it becomes long-term (chronic). […] Many other diseases or problems can weaken or damage the valve or the heart tissue around the valve. You are at risk for mitral valve regurgitation if you have: […] Another important risk factor for mitral regurgitation is past use of a diet pill called „Fen-Phen” (fenfluramine and phentermine) or dexfenfluramine. The drug was removed from the market by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1997 because of safety concerns.

• #41 Mitral valve regurgitation: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000176.htm

  Mitral regurgitation is a disorder in which the mitral valve on the left side of the heart does not close properly. […] Many other diseases or problems can weaken or damage the valve or the heart tissue around the valve. You are at risk for mitral valve regurgitation if you have: […] Another important risk factor for mitral regurgitation is past use of a diet pill called „Fen-Phen” (fenfluramine and phentermine) or dexfenfluramine. The drug was removed from the market by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1997 because of safety concerns.

• #42 Mitral Regurgitation: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-regurgitation-pro

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, causing the abnormal leaking of blood from the left ventricle through the mitral valve and back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. MR may be primary or secondary:1 […] The most common type is degenerative MR. Causes of primary MR include: […] Coronary artery disease (papillary muscle dysfunction, chordae tendineae dysfunction or rupture). […] Infective endocarditis. […] Following mitral valve surgery, prosthetic mitral valve dysfunction. […] Myxomatous degeneration: mitral valve prolapse, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus (Libman-Sacks lesion), scleroderma. […] Cardiac tumours, especially atrial myxoma. […] Acute rheumatic fever. […] Acute LV dysfunction. […] Congenital heart disease. […] Drug-related – eg, ergotamine, methysergide, pergolide. […] Secondary MR may be due to idiopathic cardiomyopathy or coronary heart disease (when it is also called ischaemic mitral regurgitation).

• #43 Mitral valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350178

  A heart attack can damage the area of the heart muscle that supports the mitral valve. If there is a lot of heart attack damage, sudden and severe mitral valve regurgitation can occur. […] Some people are born with heart structure problems, including damaged heart valves. […] Cardiomyopathy makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. The condition can affect how the mitral valve works, causing regurgitation. […] Over time, the pieces of tissue that hold the flaps of the mitral valve to the heart wall may stretch or tear. […] Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves, called endocarditis. This condition is usually caused by an infection. […] Rarely, radiation therapy for cancer that is focused on the chest area can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.

• #44 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-valves/mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Damaged tissue cords. Small pieces of tissue anchor the flaps of the mitral valve to the wall of the heart. These tissues can tear or stretch over time, particularly in people with mitral valve prolapse. […] Radiation therapy that is used to treat cancer in the chest area can cause mitral valve regurgitation […] Calcium buildup. Calcium can accumulate on structures within the mitral valve, causing them to become less flexible and possibly preventing them from closing properly.

• #45 What Causes Mitral Regurgitation?

  http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/mitral-regurgitation/what-causes-mitral-regurgitation

  Endocarditis: This bacterial infection can attach to the heart valves and damage the valve itself. […] Trauma: For example, trauma to the chest in a car accident. […] Congenital heart defects: Some people are born with either leaky heart valves or enlarged hearts that make it hard for the valves to close. […] Drugs: The medications ergotamine and bromocriptine have been linked with mitral regurgitation. […] Age: Over time, your body can deposit calcium around the valves and make it hard for your valves to close tightly.

• #46 Mitral Regurgitation Topic Review

  https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/mitral-regurgitation

  The most common cause of chronic mitral regurgitation in the United States is myxomatous change as seen in mitral valve prolapse (MVP). […] Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) also may cause chronic mitral regurgitation, and is common in developing countries. […] Infective endocarditis involving the mitral valve leaflets leads to dysfunctional coaptation or leaflet perforation. […] Papillary muscle dysfunction from ischemia, infarction or rupture may occur in patients with coronary artery disease and leading to acute MR. […] Rupture of the chordae tendineae or chordal rupture associated with mitral valve prolapse can cause severe acute mitral regurgitation. Mitral annular calcification (MAC) resulting in rigidity of the mitral annulus may also lead to mitral regurgitation. Although rare, MR can be caused by penetrating trauma to the mitral valve.

• #47 Mitral valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350178

  A heart attack can damage the area of the heart muscle that supports the mitral valve. If there is a lot of heart attack damage, sudden and severe mitral valve regurgitation can occur. […] Some people are born with heart structure problems, including damaged heart valves. […] Cardiomyopathy makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. The condition can affect how the mitral valve works, causing regurgitation. […] Over time, the pieces of tissue that hold the flaps of the mitral valve to the heart wall may stretch or tear. […] Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves, called endocarditis. This condition is usually caused by an infection. […] Rarely, radiation therapy for cancer that is focused on the chest area can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.

• #48 Mitral regurgitation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_regurgitation

  Ischemic heart disease causes MR by the combination of ischemic dysfunction of the papillary muscles, and the dilatation of the left ventricle. This can lead to the subsequent displacement of the papillary muscles and the dilatation of the mitral valve annulus. […] Rheumatic fever (RF), Marfan’s syndrome and the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes are other typical causes. Mitral valve stenosis (MVS) can sometimes be a cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in the sense that a stenotic valve (calcified and with restricted range of movement) allows backflow (regurgitation) if it is too stiff and misshapen to close completely. Most MVS is caused by RF, so one can say that MVS is sometimes the proximal cause of MI/MR (that is, stenotic MI/MR) and that RF is often the distal cause of MVS, MI/MR, or both. MR and mitral valve prolapse are also common in Ehlers-Danlos syndromes.

• #49 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Conditions like isolated cleft of the mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, and parachute mitral valve (PMV), which is a congenital valvular anomaly where the chordae tendineae are attached to a single papillary muscle, have been linked to causing MR. […] Chronic rheumatic heart disease is associated with pancarditis and has mitral valve involvement, causing regurgitation in almost 100% of cases due to scarring of the valve and valve apparatus. […] Left ventricular dilation due to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy secondarily impairs leaflet coaptation of a structurally normal MV, resulting in secondary MR. […] Papillary muscle rupture is a rare condition seen in 1% to 2% of patients after myocardial infarction (MI) or infective endocarditis that leads to severe mitral regurgitation due to dysfunction of the papillary muscles.

• #50 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Rheumatic heart disease is the most serious sequela of rheumatic fever, developing to a varying degree in up to 50% of patients with rheumatic fever, leading to mitral valve regurgitation early or later in life. […] Papillary muscle rupture is another cause of acute mitral regurgitation. […] Mitral incompetence may occur as congenital malformations of the mitral valve. […] Endocarditis is one of the causes of primary MR. […] Prolonged use of certain medications can cause mitral valve regurgitation, such as those containing ergotamine (Cafergot, Migergot) that are used to treat migraines and other conditions. […] Mitral regurgitation may occur for organic or functional causes. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, CAD, infective endocarditis, certain drugs, and collagen vascular disease.

• #51 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Ischemic mitral regurgitation results from prior MI associated with normal mitral valve leaflets and chordae. […] Atrial fibrillation associated: Results from a retrospective cohort study found atrial fibrillation to cause increased atrial and valve annular size, resulting in functional MR. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can also lead to MR.

• #52 Mitral Valve Insufficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557898/

  Connective tissue disorders, cleft in the mitral leaflets, rheumatic heart disease, and IE are other common etiologies for chronic primary MR. […] While the predominant cause of primary MR in developing countries continues to be rheumatic heart disease, myxomatous degenerative changes with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the commonest etiology of primary MR in developed countries. […] In secondary MR, the basic structure of the mitral valve is preserved, but dilatation of LV cavity from various reasons including ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies, increased annular diameter, tethering of papillary muscle, migration of papillary muscles due to structural remodeling of LV, lead to failure of coaptation of mitral leaflets. […] Ischemic heart disease continues to be an important contributor to secondary MR due to structural remodeling from acute as well as chronic ischemia.

• #53 Mitral valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350178

  A heart attack can damage the area of the heart muscle that supports the mitral valve. If there is a lot of heart attack damage, sudden and severe mitral valve regurgitation can occur. […] Some people are born with heart structure problems, including damaged heart valves. […] Cardiomyopathy makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. The condition can affect how the mitral valve works, causing regurgitation. […] Over time, the pieces of tissue that hold the flaps of the mitral valve to the heart wall may stretch or tear. […] Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves, called endocarditis. This condition is usually caused by an infection. […] Rarely, radiation therapy for cancer that is focused on the chest area can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.

• #54 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Conditions like isolated cleft of the mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, and parachute mitral valve (PMV), which is a congenital valvular anomaly where the chordae tendineae are attached to a single papillary muscle, have been linked to causing MR. […] Chronic rheumatic heart disease is associated with pancarditis and has mitral valve involvement, causing regurgitation in almost 100% of cases due to scarring of the valve and valve apparatus. […] Left ventricular dilation due to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy secondarily impairs leaflet coaptation of a structurally normal MV, resulting in secondary MR. […] Papillary muscle rupture is a rare condition seen in 1% to 2% of patients after myocardial infarction (MI) or infective endocarditis that leads to severe mitral regurgitation due to dysfunction of the papillary muscles.

• #55 Mitral valve regurgitation | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation?content_id=CON-20121847

  Rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is a complication of untreated strep throat. Rheumatic fever can damage the mitral valve, leading to mitral valve regurgitation early or later in life. If rheumatic fever causes mitral valve disease, the condition is called rheumatic mitral valve disease. Rheumatic fever is rare in the United States. […] Heart attack. A heart attack can damage the area of the heart muscle that supports the mitral valve. If there is a lot of heart attack damage, sudden and severe mitral valve regurgitation can occur. A leaky mitral valve caused by a heart attack is called ischemic mitral regurgitation. […] Heart problem present at birth, also called a congenital heart defect. Some people are born with heart structure problems, including damaged heart valves. […] Thickening of the heart muscle, called cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. The condition can affect how the mitral valve works, causing regurgitation. Types of cardiomyopathy linked to mitral valve regurgitation include dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• #56 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24983-mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation happens when your valve fails to close completely. Your mitral valve has two flaps (leaflets) that open and close to send blood from your top left chamber (left atrium) into your lower left chamber (left ventricle). […] Damage to the leaflets or other parts of the valve, and various medical conditions, can prevent your valve from closing tightly. As a result, some blood leaks backward each time your valve closes. […] The causes of primary mitral valve regurgitation include: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), the most common cause in developed nations. Rheumatic heart disease, the most common cause globally. Connective tissue diseases. Cleft mitral valve, a congenital heart issue (a heart issue that you have at birth). Endocarditis. Radiation heart disease. Traumatic injury. […] The causes of secondary mitral valve regurgitation include: Ischemic cardiomyopathy (most common). Atrial fibrillation. Dilated cardiomyopathy with an unknown cause. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

• #57 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Ischemic mitral regurgitation results from prior MI associated with normal mitral valve leaflets and chordae. […] Atrial fibrillation associated: Results from a retrospective cohort study found atrial fibrillation to cause increased atrial and valve annular size, resulting in functional MR. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can also lead to MR.

• #58 Mitral Valve Regurgitation – Northeast Georgia Health System

  https://www.nghs.com/heart/mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Rheumatic fever – This is an inflammatory disease that can occur when strep throat or scarlet fever isn’t taken care of properly. This disease can cause a wide range of conditions that include mitral valve regurgitation. […] Cardiomyopathy – A condition that causes the heart muscle to thicken and harden, cardiomyopathy can cause several structural heart issues, including mitral valve regurgitation. […] Endocarditis — This is when inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chamber occurs. This infection can damage the valve and cause mitral valve regurgitation.

• #59

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral valve regurgitation causes […] Although there are many causes of mitral regurgitation, the two most common types are functional mitral regurgitation (where the left ventricle is enlarged and pulls the mitral leaflets away from each other preventing normal closure) and degenerative mitral regurgitation (mitral valve prolapse). […] Following are some of the causes of mitral valve regurgitation: weakened heart muscle, mitral valve prolapse, heart valve infection, rheumatic heart disease or mitral valve stenosis.

• #60 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Ischemic mitral regurgitation results from prior MI associated with normal mitral valve leaflets and chordae. […] Atrial fibrillation associated: Results from a retrospective cohort study found atrial fibrillation to cause increased atrial and valve annular size, resulting in functional MR. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can also lead to MR.

• #61 Mitral Valve Regurgitation Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.thekeyholeheartclinic.com/services/valve-disorders/mitral-valve2/mitral-regurgitation/

  Mitral valve regurgitation can be caused by various problems, such as: […] Mitral valve prolapse a common heart issue where the mitral leaflets bulge back into the left atrium during contractions, preventing the valve from closing tightly. […] Damaged tissue cords tissue cords that anchor the leaflets to the heart muscle may stretch or tear, causing a mitral valve leak. […] Rheumatic fever this complication of untreated infection in early life could damage the mitral valve, leading to regurgitation later in life. […] Heart attack this can damage the area of the muscle that supports the valve, affecting its function. […] Congenital heart defects it is possible to be born with damaged heart valves. […] Endocarditis the valve may be damaged by an infection of the lining of the heart. […] Atrial fibrillation atrial fibrillation is a common heart rhythm problem that can be a potential cause of mitral or tricuspid valve regurgitation.

• #62 Mitral Valve Insufficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557898/

  More than 10% of patients with coronary artery disease have moderate to severe MR, affecting long-term outcomes with heart failure and mortality. […] Also, atrial fibrillation and diastolic congestive heart failure (CHF) lead to progressive left atrial and ventricular enlargement and subsequent annular dilatation, causing functional MR. […] Congenital conditions such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy also cause specific structural changes in the left ventricle and the left atria, with a variable degree of MR.

• #63 Problem: Mitral Valve Regurgitation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation is leakage of blood backward through the mitral valve each time the left ventricle contracts. […] Leakage can increase blood volume and pressure in the left atrium. The increased pressure can increase pressure in the veins leading from the lungs to the heart (pulmonary veins). […] Another potential complication of mitral regurgitation is pulmonary hypertension.

• #64 Problem: Heart Valve Regurgitation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-heart-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation is leakage of blood backward through the mitral valve each time the left ventricle contracts. […] Valve regurgitation can come on suddenly or may develop gradually over decades. […] Aortic valve regurgitation may stem from a congenital heart defect, complications of an infection or other more rare causes. […] Tricuspid regurgitation is more commonly caused by an enlarged lower chamber on the right side of the heart, but it may also develop in response to other valve problems on the left side of the heart that end up straining the entire system.

• #65 Mitral valve regurgitation – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation may begin suddenly. This often occurs after a heart attack. When the regurgitation does not go away, it becomes long-term (chronic). […] Many other diseases or problems can weaken or damage the valve or the heart tissue around the valve. You are at risk for mitral valve regurgitation if you have: […] Another important risk factor for mitral regurgitation is past use of a diet pill called „Fen-Phen” (fenfluramine and phentermine) or dexfenfluramine. The drug was removed from the market by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1997 because of safety concerns.

• #66 Mitral Valve Regurgitation | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/Diseases-and-Conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation

  A range of conditions can cause mitral valve regurgitation. They include: […] Acute mitral valve regurgitation is more likely to happen after a heart attack. Its also more likely to happen after rupture of the tissue or muscle that supports the mitral valve. It can happen after an acute injury or heart valve infection.

• #67 Mitral Valve Regurgitation | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/m/mitral-valve-regurgitation.html

  The mitral valve is one of the heart’s four valves. […] A range of conditions can cause mitral valve regurgitation. They include: Floppy mitral valve (mitral valve prolapse). Rheumatic heart disease from untreated infection with strep bacteria. Coronary artery disease or heart attack. Certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Infection of the heart valves. Heart problems present at birth (congenital). Support structures of the mitral valve breaking (rupture). Certain medicines. Abnormal function of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy). Trauma or injury. […] Acute mitral valve regurgitation is more likely to happen after a heart attack. Its also more likely to happen after rupture of the tissue or muscle that supports the mitral valve. It can happen after an acute injury or heart valve infection.

• #68 Mitral Regurgitation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155618-overview

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is defined as an abnormal reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium (LA). It is caused by disruption in any part of the mitral valve (MV) apparatus. The most common etiologies of MR include MV prolapse (MVP), rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, annular calcification, cardiomyopathy, and ischemic heart disease. […] Causes of acute mitral regurgitation (MR) include coronary artery disease, infectious endocarditis, chordae tendineae rupture (as with myxomatous valve disease), valvular surgery, and other conditions. […] Chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) can be caused by rheumatic heart disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, myxomatous degeneration (mitral valve prolapse, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome), calcification of mitral valve annulus, infective endocarditis, ruptured chordae tendineae, functional MR, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, perivalvular prosthetic leak, congenital abnormalities, and drug-related causes.

• #69 Pulsenotes | Mitral regurgitation

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/cardiology/notes/mitral-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation refers to an incompetence of the valve that may occur due to abnormalities to the valve leaflets, subvalvular apparatus or left ventricle. […] Primary MR: degenerative valve disease is the most common cause. Other causes include: Infective endocarditis, Rheumatic heart disease, Congenital anomalies, Medications (e.g. ergotamine, bromocriptine, pergolide). […] Secondary MR: ischaemic MR may result in chronic MR following a myocardial infarction (more commonly than acute ischaemic MR). The ischaemic insult leads to left ventricular remodelling and dysfunction impairing the valves ability to close. Other causes include cardiomyopathy (dilated and hypertrophic). […] Acute disease typically results from primary forms of MR. It can occur following myocardial ischaemia/infarction with secondary papillary muscle rupture and valvular incompetence. […] Non-ischaemic forms include ruptured chordae tendineae and valvular disease secondary to infective endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease.

• #70 Mitral Valve Regurgitation | Goshen Health

  https://goshenhealth.com/services-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral valve regurgitation, also called mitral insufficiency, occurs when the valve doesn’t close tightly and blood leaks backwards through the faulty valve. […] You may develop chronic mitral valve regurgitation if your heart valves are prone to wear with age. Other mitral valve regurgitation causes include: Calcium buildup in the valve, Congenital heart disease, Heart failure and other heart problems, Rheumatic fever, a complication of strep throat. […] Acute mitral valve regurgitation, a sudden rupture of the valve, is a life-threatening emergency that is usually caused by a heart attack or endocarditis.

• #71 An Overview of Mitral Regurgitation Heart Valve Disorder – and Underwriting Considerations

  https://www.genre.com/us/knowledge/publications/2024/june/an-overview-of-mitral-regurgitation-heart-valve-disorder-en

  Secondary causes of MR include damage to the left ventricular myocardium through ischemia, infarction, or cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy can cause the mitral annulus to dilate, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can cause deformation of the mitral leaflets, chordae slack or displacement of the mitral apparatus. Other secondary causes of MR include collagen vascular diseases, trauma, carcinoid, and exposure to certain appetite suppressant drugs. […] Chronic MR is a slowly progressive disease that usually remains asymptomatic and stable for many years. MR progresses more rapidly in patients with connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome. MR from rheumatic heart disease may take decades to develop after a bout of acute rheumatic fever. Rheumatic heart disease was considered a major cause of isolated MR in the U.S. when rheumatic fever was a major health hazard, and this remains the predominate valvular sequela today in countries where rheumatic fever is still prevalent.

• #72 Mitral Regurgitation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155618-overview

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is defined as an abnormal reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium (LA). It is caused by disruption in any part of the mitral valve (MV) apparatus. The most common etiologies of MR include MV prolapse (MVP), rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, annular calcification, cardiomyopathy, and ischemic heart disease. […] Causes of acute mitral regurgitation (MR) include coronary artery disease, infectious endocarditis, chordae tendineae rupture (as with myxomatous valve disease), valvular surgery, and other conditions. […] Chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) can be caused by rheumatic heart disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, myxomatous degeneration (mitral valve prolapse, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome), calcification of mitral valve annulus, infective endocarditis, ruptured chordae tendineae, functional MR, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, perivalvular prosthetic leak, congenital abnormalities, and drug-related causes.

• #73 An Overview of Mitral Regurgitation Heart Valve Disorder – and Underwriting Considerations

  https://www.genre.com/us/knowledge/publications/2024/june/an-overview-of-mitral-regurgitation-heart-valve-disorder-en

  Secondary causes of MR include damage to the left ventricular myocardium through ischemia, infarction, or cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy can cause the mitral annulus to dilate, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can cause deformation of the mitral leaflets, chordae slack or displacement of the mitral apparatus. Other secondary causes of MR include collagen vascular diseases, trauma, carcinoid, and exposure to certain appetite suppressant drugs. […] Chronic MR is a slowly progressive disease that usually remains asymptomatic and stable for many years. MR progresses more rapidly in patients with connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome. MR from rheumatic heart disease may take decades to develop after a bout of acute rheumatic fever. Rheumatic heart disease was considered a major cause of isolated MR in the U.S. when rheumatic fever was a major health hazard, and this remains the predominate valvular sequela today in countries where rheumatic fever is still prevalent.

• #74 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), infective endocarditis, certain drugs (some anorectic drugs), and collagen vascular disease. […] In primary MR, one or several components of the mitral valve apparatus are directly affected. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), infective endocarditis, certain drugs (some anorectic drugs), and collagen vascular disease. […] It is important to know the causes of MR because the management and treatment differ according to the aetiology. […] The most frequent aetiology of mitral incompetence is degenerative (prolapse, flail leaflet).

• #75 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Mitral regurgitation is a heart condition characterized by the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, leading to the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. […] With a global prevalence of over 2%, mitral regurgitation is a common valvular abnormality with various causes, including congenital conditions, rheumatic fever, and degenerative changes in the valve. […] The underlying pathophysiologic basis for degenerative mitral regurgitation is most commonly related to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, resulting in mitral valve prolapse (MVP). […] Connective tissue diseases such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, MASS phenotype, systemic lupus erythematosus, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum lead to secondary MVP, causing MR.

• #76 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Conditions like isolated cleft of the mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, and parachute mitral valve (PMV), which is a congenital valvular anomaly where the chordae tendineae are attached to a single papillary muscle, have been linked to causing MR. […] Chronic rheumatic heart disease is associated with pancarditis and has mitral valve involvement, causing regurgitation in almost 100% of cases due to scarring of the valve and valve apparatus. […] Left ventricular dilation due to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy secondarily impairs leaflet coaptation of a structurally normal MV, resulting in secondary MR. […] Papillary muscle rupture is a rare condition seen in 1% to 2% of patients after myocardial infarction (MI) or infective endocarditis that leads to severe mitral regurgitation due to dysfunction of the papillary muscles.

• #77 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24983-mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation happens when your valve fails to close completely. Your mitral valve has two flaps (leaflets) that open and close to send blood from your top left chamber (left atrium) into your lower left chamber (left ventricle). […] Damage to the leaflets or other parts of the valve, and various medical conditions, can prevent your valve from closing tightly. As a result, some blood leaks backward each time your valve closes. […] The causes of primary mitral valve regurgitation include: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), the most common cause in developed nations. Rheumatic heart disease, the most common cause globally. Connective tissue diseases. Cleft mitral valve, a congenital heart issue (a heart issue that you have at birth). Endocarditis. Radiation heart disease. Traumatic injury. […] The causes of secondary mitral valve regurgitation include: Ischemic cardiomyopathy (most common). Atrial fibrillation. Dilated cardiomyopathy with an unknown cause. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

• #78 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Rheumatic heart disease is the most serious sequela of rheumatic fever, developing to a varying degree in up to 50% of patients with rheumatic fever, leading to mitral valve regurgitation early or later in life. […] Papillary muscle rupture is another cause of acute mitral regurgitation. […] Mitral incompetence may occur as congenital malformations of the mitral valve. […] Endocarditis is one of the causes of primary MR. […] Prolonged use of certain medications can cause mitral valve regurgitation, such as those containing ergotamine (Cafergot, Migergot) that are used to treat migraines and other conditions. […] Mitral regurgitation may occur for organic or functional causes. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, CAD, infective endocarditis, certain drugs, and collagen vascular disease.

• #79 12.4 Etiology and mechanism of mitral regurgitation | 123sonography

  https://123sonography.com/ebook/etiology-and-mechanism-mitral-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation is classified as a structural or functional phenomenon. […] The mitral valve and its function may be affected by various diseases and conditions. These include aging, mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic heart disease, endocarditis, or congenital abnormalities. […] Several factors may accelerate aging of the mitral valve, and especially mitral annular calcification. These include hypercalcemia, hypertension, renal insufficiency, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and rheumatic heart disease. […] In mitral valve prolapse the valve protrudes beyond the mitral annular plane into the left atrium. […] The mechanism of regurgitation may vary, but the cause is usually leaflet restriction related to chordal shortening and retraction of the leaflets. […] Valvular incompetence is a common consequence of endocarditis.

• #80 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-valves/mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Damaged tissue cords. Small pieces of tissue anchor the flaps of the mitral valve to the wall of the heart. These tissues can tear or stretch over time, particularly in people with mitral valve prolapse. […] Radiation therapy that is used to treat cancer in the chest area can cause mitral valve regurgitation […] Calcium buildup. Calcium can accumulate on structures within the mitral valve, causing them to become less flexible and possibly preventing them from closing properly.

• #81 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Rheumatic heart disease is the most serious sequela of rheumatic fever, developing to a varying degree in up to 50% of patients with rheumatic fever, leading to mitral valve regurgitation early or later in life. […] Papillary muscle rupture is another cause of acute mitral regurgitation. […] Mitral incompetence may occur as congenital malformations of the mitral valve. […] Endocarditis is one of the causes of primary MR. […] Prolonged use of certain medications can cause mitral valve regurgitation, such as those containing ergotamine (Cafergot, Migergot) that are used to treat migraines and other conditions. […] Mitral regurgitation may occur for organic or functional causes. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, CAD, infective endocarditis, certain drugs, and collagen vascular disease.

• #82 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-valves/mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Damaged tissue cords. Small pieces of tissue anchor the flaps of the mitral valve to the wall of the heart. These tissues can tear or stretch over time, particularly in people with mitral valve prolapse. […] Radiation therapy that is used to treat cancer in the chest area can cause mitral valve regurgitation […] Calcium buildup. Calcium can accumulate on structures within the mitral valve, causing them to become less flexible and possibly preventing them from closing properly.

• #83 What Causes Mitral Regurgitation?

  http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/mitral-regurgitation/what-causes-mitral-regurgitation

  Endocarditis: This bacterial infection can attach to the heart valves and damage the valve itself. […] Trauma: For example, trauma to the chest in a car accident. […] Congenital heart defects: Some people are born with either leaky heart valves or enlarged hearts that make it hard for the valves to close. […] Drugs: The medications ergotamine and bromocriptine have been linked with mitral regurgitation. […] Age: Over time, your body can deposit calcium around the valves and make it hard for your valves to close tightly.

• #84 Mitral regurgitation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_regurgitation

  Ischemic heart disease causes MR by the combination of ischemic dysfunction of the papillary muscles, and the dilatation of the left ventricle. This can lead to the subsequent displacement of the papillary muscles and the dilatation of the mitral valve annulus. […] Rheumatic fever (RF), Marfan’s syndrome and the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes are other typical causes. Mitral valve stenosis (MVS) can sometimes be a cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in the sense that a stenotic valve (calcified and with restricted range of movement) allows backflow (regurgitation) if it is too stiff and misshapen to close completely. Most MVS is caused by RF, so one can say that MVS is sometimes the proximal cause of MI/MR (that is, stenotic MI/MR) and that RF is often the distal cause of MVS, MI/MR, or both. MR and mitral valve prolapse are also common in Ehlers-Danlos syndromes.

• #85 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Conditions like isolated cleft of the mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, and parachute mitral valve (PMV), which is a congenital valvular anomaly where the chordae tendineae are attached to a single papillary muscle, have been linked to causing MR. […] Chronic rheumatic heart disease is associated with pancarditis and has mitral valve involvement, causing regurgitation in almost 100% of cases due to scarring of the valve and valve apparatus. […] Left ventricular dilation due to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy secondarily impairs leaflet coaptation of a structurally normal MV, resulting in secondary MR. […] Papillary muscle rupture is a rare condition seen in 1% to 2% of patients after myocardial infarction (MI) or infective endocarditis that leads to severe mitral regurgitation due to dysfunction of the papillary muscles.

• #86 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Ischemic mitral regurgitation results from prior MI associated with normal mitral valve leaflets and chordae. […] Atrial fibrillation associated: Results from a retrospective cohort study found atrial fibrillation to cause increased atrial and valve annular size, resulting in functional MR. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can also lead to MR.

• #87 Both mitral and tricuspid regurgitation: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/both-mitral-and-tricuspid-regurgitation

  This can affect how the leaflets function, leading to MR. […] Congestive heart failure (CHF): In CHF, the heart cannot pump blood around the body effectively. […] This may cause the heart to dilate, or enlarge, and can lead to MR. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): In HCM, the anterior mitral valve leaflet is pulled toward the septum, which can lead to MR. […] An enlarged right ventricle is a common cause of TR. […] Other causes of TR include: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): RA causes inflammation, which may damage the heart valves. […] Infective endocarditis: Endocarditis is a condition that causes inflammation in the heart. […] Myxomatous degeneration: This condition affects the valves structure and function. […] Marfan syndrome: This condition affects the bodys connective tissues and can damage the heart valves. […] Phentermine (Fen-Phen) use: Phentermine is an appetite suppressant drug that stimulates the brain and spinal cord. […] The drug has strong links to valvular heart disease and other heart conditions, including TR.

• #88 Problem: Mitral Valve Regurgitation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral regurgitation is leakage of blood backward through the mitral valve each time the left ventricle contracts. […] Leakage can increase blood volume and pressure in the left atrium. The increased pressure can increase pressure in the veins leading from the lungs to the heart (pulmonary veins). […] Another potential complication of mitral regurgitation is pulmonary hypertension.

• #89 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), infective endocarditis, certain drugs (some anorectic drugs), and collagen vascular disease. […] In primary MR, one or several components of the mitral valve apparatus are directly affected. The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), infective endocarditis, certain drugs (some anorectic drugs), and collagen vascular disease. […] It is important to know the causes of MR because the management and treatment differ according to the aetiology. […] The most frequent aetiology of mitral incompetence is degenerative (prolapse, flail leaflet).

• #90 Treating mitral valve regurgitation – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/treating-mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral valve regurgitation is the most common type of valvular heart disease in the U.S. The prevalence of the condition increases with age. About 10% of adults over 75 have mitral valve regurgitation. […] Mitral valve regurgitation may be called leaky valve, mitral regurgitation (MR) or mitral insufficiency. […] A leaky valve occurs when a valve between the left chambers of the heart doesn’t close completely, allowing blood to leak backward across the valve. […] Severe, symptomatic mitral valve regurgitation can weaken the heart and lower life expectancy if not treated. […] Common tests for mitral valve regurgitation include chest X-ray, cardiac MRI, echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, exercise tests or cardiac catheterization. […] The goal of treatment is to improve heart function and reduce symptoms.

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