Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mitral regurgitation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_regurgitation

  Significant mitral valve regurgitation has a prevalence of approximately 2% of the population, affecting males and females equally. […] It is one of the two most common valvular heart diseases in the elderly, and the commonest type of valvular heart disease in low and middle income countries. […] In a study of 595 male elite football players aged 18-38 and 47 sedentary non-athletes, mitral regurgitation was found in 20% football players and 15% in control group. Football players with mitral regurgitation were found to have larger mitral annulus diameter compared to athletes without regurgitation, and left atrium diameter was larger in athletes with MR.

• #2 Mitral valve regurgitation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mitral-valve-regurgitation?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2F%40yIPUAFeCSL2JsU8smR5nJQ%2Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.ico&lang=us

  According to one study of the United States of America, mitral regurgitation affects approximately 2% of all adults. Furthermore, the prevalence of mitral regurgitation increases with age. […] Mitral regurgitation can be divided into acute and chronic forms, which have differing etiologies and imaging features.

• #3 Mitral Regurgitation, Our Focus

  https://www.highlifemedical.com/mitral-regurgitation/

  Mitral Regurgitation, a heart valve condition, is the most common valvular abnormality worldwide affecting over 2% of the total population, and 10% of the elderly population aged over 75. […] This disease is progressively more prevalent with age. In Western countries, it is estimated that over 4 million patients currently suffer from MR. Furthermore, as a result of an increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of Mitral Regurgitation is expected to increase. Thus, MR is an important and growing public health concern around the world.

• #4 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery in Europe. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children and young adults in the developing world with a peak age group of 25 to 35 years. […] It is less prevalent in developed countries (0.05/1,000 in the USA) due to improved living conditions, better health care, and availability of antibiotics, but an increasing incidence has been reported in the last two decades in developed countries. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery. […] The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, CAD, infective endocarditis, certain drugs, and collagen vascular disease.

• #5 Fourteen-Year Temporal Trends in Patients Hospitalized for Mitral Regurgitation: The Increasing Burden of Mitral Valve Prolapse in Men

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/12/3289

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most common valvular heart disease in Europe. […] The aging of the population and the increase in post-infarction survival could increase the prevalence of MR. […] In Europe, 21% of native valvular heart diseases were MR, with one-third being primary MR in 2017. […] The aging of the population can have a strong impact on the incidence of MR. […] The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of patients hospitalized for MR in a nationwide study in France in 2019 and to estimate temporal trends by etiology and sex from 2006 to 2020. […] In 2019, the age-standardized rate for patients hospitalized for MR was 10.8 per 100,000 PY. […] The proportion of MR on MVP had increased since 2006. […] The hospitalization for rheumatic MR involved 717 patients in 2019, with 69.2% being women and a mean age of 65.1 years.

• #6 Mitral regurgitation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mitral_regurgitation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the most common valvular diseases in the general population, ranking first among valvular regurgitation abnormalities. The prevalence of MR of a severity equal to or more than mild was reported in The Framingham Heart Study as 19.0% in men and 19.1% in women. The prevalence of MR increases with age. […] The Framingham Heart Study, a prospective epidemiologic study, evaluated the prevalence and severity of MR and other valvular diseases by color Doppler examinations in 1,696 men and 1,893 women. […] The study revealed that MR is the most common valvular regurgitation in the general population, followed by tricuspid regurgitation and then aortic regurgitation. […] The prevalence of MR (with a severity ranging from trace to moderate regurgitation) was 87.7% in men and 91.5% in women.

• #7 Mitral regurgitation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mitral_regurgitation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  When trace regurgitation is excluded, the prevalence of MR of a severity mild was 19.0% in men and 19.1% in women. […] The prevalence of MR increases with age. MR is one of the most common valvular heart disease in the elderly. […] Overall, mitral regurgitation affects both males and females equally. However, there are some minor differences when age is considered.

• #8 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research/item/11741-deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  Deaths due to mitral regurgitation are increasing in the United States since 2012, after a continuous decline for 14 years. […] A new study published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings by University of Alabama at Birmingham researchers shows that deaths related to mitral regurgitation, a common disease of heart valves, are now increasing since 2012 after showing an initial decline between 1999 and 2012. […] The death rates were highest among women, older individuals (85 years), Black individuals, and those living in the non-metropolitan regions and in the western United States. […] This study was an extensive surveillance exercise at a national level to look into the implications of advancements in the treatment of mitral regurgitation, a common heart valve disease. […] Mitral regurgitation is frequently seen in up to 10 percent of individuals more than 75 years of age and is associated with a high risk of mortality due to cardiovascular causes.

• #9 Mitral Regurgitation, Our Focus

  https://www.highlifemedical.com/mitral-regurgitation/

  Mitral Regurgitation, a heart valve condition, is the most common valvular abnormality worldwide affecting over 2% of the total population, and 10% of the elderly population aged over 75. […] This disease is progressively more prevalent with age. In Western countries, it is estimated that over 4 million patients currently suffer from MR. Furthermore, as a result of an increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of Mitral Regurgitation is expected to increase. Thus, MR is an important and growing public health concern around the world.

• #10 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Mitral regurgitation is a common valvular abnormality occurring in about 10% of the population. Mitral valve prolapse, which is related to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, is the most common cause of primary mitral regurgitation. Accounting for 2% to 3% of the total population, mitral valve prolapse has been cited as the most common cardiac mitral valvular pathology worldwide. […] In developing countries, rheumatic heart disease remains prevalent and is the most common cause of mitral valvular pathology that results in hospital admissions.

• #11

  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/322094/mitral-regurgitation

  Epidemiology […] Demographics […] male female […] Risk factors […] coronary artery disease […] past myocardial infarction […] […] […] Chronic […] rheumatic heart disease (most common in developing countries) […] mitral valve prolapse (most common in developed countries) […] infective endocarditis […] hypertension […] ischemic heart disease […] hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy […] congenital

• #12 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery in Europe. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children and young adults in the developing world with a peak age group of 25 to 35 years. […] It is less prevalent in developed countries (0.05/1,000 in the USA) due to improved living conditions, better health care, and availability of antibiotics, but an increasing incidence has been reported in the last two decades in developed countries. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery. […] The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, CAD, infective endocarditis, certain drugs, and collagen vascular disease.

• #13 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228968/

  Mitral regurgitation affects 24 million people worldwide, with great variability between and among nations. […] The prevalence of primary MR has increased by 70% from 1990 to 2017, largely in developing nations, though age-standardized prevalence has not changed significantly, and mortality has fallen by about 32%. […] Mitral valve prolapse rates (MVP) are considerably higher in white patients than in black patients. […] RHD remains prevalent in developing countries and is the most common cause of mitral valvular pathology resulting in hospital admissions. […] Improved access to echocardiography will likely result in an increased incidence in the developing world, while access to surgical and transcatheter interventions will continue to decrease mortality rates.

• #14 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery in Europe. […] Rheumatic heart disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children and young adults in the developing world with a peak age group of 25 to 35 years. […] It is less prevalent in developed countries (0.05/1,000 in the USA) due to improved living conditions, better health care, and availability of antibiotics, but an increasing incidence has been reported in the last two decades in developed countries. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery. […] The common causes of organic (primary) MR include prolapse syndrome, flail leaflet, rheumatic heart disease, CAD, infective endocarditis, certain drugs, and collagen vascular disease.

• #15 Prevalence of Mitral Regurgitation | MitraClip Physician Site

  https://mitraclip.com/physician/mitral-regurgitation-prevalence

  Mitral regurgitation is severely under-referred and under-treated. […] 2% of the U.S. population has primary MR. […] 1 out of 5 heart failure (HF) patients has moderate to severe or severe secondary MR. […] If left untreated, MR can initiate a cascade of events leading to heart failure and death, with a 1-year mortality up to 57%. […] 74% of eligible patients with primary MR were not referred for surgery for valve replacement. […] Furthermore, nearly 50% of all MR patients will be denied valve replacement surgery due to risks. […] For select patients suffering from mitral regurgitation, a less invasive option to repair the mitral valve is required. […] 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline recommends TEER for Primary and now, Secondary MR Patients. […] The MitraClip G4 System is indicated for the percutaneous reduction of significant symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR 3+) due to primary abnormality of the mitral apparatus in patients who have been determined to be at prohibitive risk for mitral valve surgery. […] The MitraClip G4 System, when used with maximally tolerated guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic, moderate-to-severe or severe secondary (or functional) mitral regurgitation.

• #16 Fourteen-Year Temporal Trends in Patients Hospitalized for Mitral Regurgitation: The Increasing Burden of Mitral Valve Prolapse in Men

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/12/3289

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most common valvular heart disease in Europe. […] The aging of the population and the increase in post-infarction survival could increase the prevalence of MR. […] In Europe, 21% of native valvular heart diseases were MR, with one-third being primary MR in 2017. […] The aging of the population can have a strong impact on the incidence of MR. […] The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of patients hospitalized for MR in a nationwide study in France in 2019 and to estimate temporal trends by etiology and sex from 2006 to 2020. […] In 2019, the age-standardized rate for patients hospitalized for MR was 10.8 per 100,000 PY. […] The proportion of MR on MVP had increased since 2006. […] The hospitalization for rheumatic MR involved 717 patients in 2019, with 69.2% being women and a mean age of 65.1 years.

• #17 Mitral regurgitation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mitral_regurgitation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  When trace regurgitation is excluded, the prevalence of MR of a severity mild was 19.0% in men and 19.1% in women. […] The prevalence of MR increases with age. MR is one of the most common valvular heart disease in the elderly. […] Overall, mitral regurgitation affects both males and females equally. However, there are some minor differences when age is considered.

• #18 Mitral valve regurgitation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mitral-valve-regurgitation?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2F%40yIPUAFeCSL2JsU8smR5nJQ%2Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.ico&lang=us

  According to one study of the United States of America, mitral regurgitation affects approximately 2% of all adults. Furthermore, the prevalence of mitral regurgitation increases with age. […] Mitral regurgitation can be divided into acute and chronic forms, which have differing etiologies and imaging features.

• #19 Heart valve disease module 1: epidemiology – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2016/03/heart-valve-disease-module-1-epidemiology-2/5/

  Rheumatic disease is the overwhelming aetiology world-wide and causes isolated mitral stenosis in 40% of cases. However the population prevalence of mitral stenosis in the USA is only 0.1% and accounts for only 10% of cases in European hospital-based series. […] In the industrialised countries or in the elderly elsewhere, mitral regurgitation is predominantly functional, secondary to LV dysfunction. […] In the USA the population prevalence is 1.7% while mitral regurgitation represented 32% of a hospital-based European survey. […] Valve disease is correctly regarded as an epidemic waiting to happen. […] In industrially developed regions diseases of old age predominate, particularly calcific aortic stenosis and functional mitral regurgitation. […] In the USA, valve disease is most common in the elderly with a prevalence of 13% in those aged over 75.

• #20 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research/item/11741-deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  Deaths due to mitral regurgitation are increasing in the United States since 2012, after a continuous decline for 14 years. […] A new study published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings by University of Alabama at Birmingham researchers shows that deaths related to mitral regurgitation, a common disease of heart valves, are now increasing since 2012 after showing an initial decline between 1999 and 2012. […] The death rates were highest among women, older individuals (85 years), Black individuals, and those living in the non-metropolitan regions and in the western United States. […] This study was an extensive surveillance exercise at a national level to look into the implications of advancements in the treatment of mitral regurgitation, a common heart valve disease. […] Mitral regurgitation is frequently seen in up to 10 percent of individuals more than 75 years of age and is associated with a high risk of mortality due to cardiovascular causes.

• #21 Mitral Regurgitation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155618-overview

  Acute and chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) affect approximately 5 in 10,000 people. Mitral valve disease is the second most common valvular lesion, preceded only by aortic stenosis. Myxomatous degeneration has replaced rheumatic heart disease as the leading cause of mitral valvular abnormalities. Mitral valve prolapse has been estimated to be present in 4% of the normal population. With the aid of color Doppler echocardiography, mild MR can be detected in as many as 20% of middle-aged and older adults. MR is independently associated with female sex, lower body mass index, advanced age, renal dysfunction, prior myocardial infarction, prior mitral stenosis, and prior mitral valve prolapse. It is not related to dyslipidemia or diabetes. […] In areas other than the Western world, rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of MR.

• #22 Mitral Regurgitation: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-regurgitation-pro

  Mitral regurgitation epidemiology […] Trivial MR is frequent in healthy subjects. Moderate-to-severe MR is the second most prevalent valve disease after aortic valve stenosis. […] In Europe, MR is the second most frequent valve disease requiring surgery (after the aortic valve). […] MR is independently associated with female sex, lower body mass index, advanced age, renal dysfunction, prior myocardial infarction, prior mitral stenosis and prior mitral valve prolapse. It is not related to dyslipidaemia or diabetes.

• #23 Mitral Regurgitation: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-regurgitation-pro

  Mitral regurgitation epidemiology […] Trivial MR is frequent in healthy subjects. Moderate-to-severe MR is the second most prevalent valve disease after aortic valve stenosis. […] In Europe, MR is the second most frequent valve disease requiring surgery (after the aortic valve). […] MR is independently associated with female sex, lower body mass index, advanced age, renal dysfunction, prior myocardial infarction, prior mitral stenosis and prior mitral valve prolapse. It is not related to dyslipidaemia or diabetes.

• #24 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular abnormality, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population in the United States. […] MVP is also the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation (MR) requiring surgical repair. […] MVP commonly occurs with heritable connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. […] MVP was overdiagnosed in the 1970s and 1980s because of the absence of rigorous echocardiographic criteria, with a reported prevalence of 5-15%. […] Data from the community-based Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that MVP syndrome occurred in only 2.4% of the population. […] The prevalence of MVP was similar for men and women in the Framingham Heart Study. […] However, in the Olmsted County population, women were diagnosed more often than men and at a younger age.

• #25 Mitral Valve Prolapse: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155494-overview

  Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular abnormality, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population in the United States. […] MVP is also the most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation (MR) requiring surgical repair. […] MVP commonly occurs with heritable connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. […] MVP was overdiagnosed in the 1970s and 1980s because of the absence of rigorous echocardiographic criteria, with a reported prevalence of 5-15%. […] Data from the community-based Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that MVP syndrome occurred in only 2.4% of the population. […] The prevalence of MVP was similar for men and women in the Framingham Heart Study. […] However, in the Olmsted County population, women were diagnosed more often than men and at a younger age.

• #26 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228968/

  Mitral regurgitation affects 24 million people worldwide, with great variability between and among nations. […] The prevalence of primary MR has increased by 70% from 1990 to 2017, largely in developing nations, though age-standardized prevalence has not changed significantly, and mortality has fallen by about 32%. […] Mitral valve prolapse rates (MVP) are considerably higher in white patients than in black patients. […] RHD remains prevalent in developing countries and is the most common cause of mitral valvular pathology resulting in hospital admissions. […] Improved access to echocardiography will likely result in an increased incidence in the developing world, while access to surgical and transcatheter interventions will continue to decrease mortality rates.

• #27 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research/item/11741-deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  Deaths due to mitral regurgitation are increasing in the United States since 2012, after a continuous decline for 14 years. […] A new study published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings by University of Alabama at Birmingham researchers shows that deaths related to mitral regurgitation, a common disease of heart valves, are now increasing since 2012 after showing an initial decline between 1999 and 2012. […] The death rates were highest among women, older individuals (85 years), Black individuals, and those living in the non-metropolitan regions and in the western United States. […] This study was an extensive surveillance exercise at a national level to look into the implications of advancements in the treatment of mitral regurgitation, a common heart valve disease. […] Mitral regurgitation is frequently seen in up to 10 percent of individuals more than 75 years of age and is associated with a high risk of mortality due to cardiovascular causes.

• #28 Disparities in Mitral Valve Disease Associated with Heart Failure

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/4/10.31083/j.rcm2504129/htm

  Heart failure (HF) affects millions of people around the world and is a prevalent health issue in the United States. […] This literature review examines the connection between MVD and HF among adult patients, considering MVD as both a cause and an outcome of HF. […] This article also identifies the differences in epidemiology and treatment of MVD associated with HF across different gender, ethnicity, race, and socioeconomic groups. […] The results of this study found stark differences between prevalence, treatment, and disease outcomes across groups. […] Women and Black patients were identified as high-risk for under-utilization and prescription delay of treatment options. […] Socioeconomic status (SES) was also found to play a role, with low SES being a risk factor for developing rheumatic heart disease.

• #29 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228968/

  Mitral regurgitation affects 24 million people worldwide, with great variability between and among nations. […] The prevalence of primary MR has increased by 70% from 1990 to 2017, largely in developing nations, though age-standardized prevalence has not changed significantly, and mortality has fallen by about 32%. […] Mitral valve prolapse rates (MVP) are considerably higher in white patients than in black patients. […] RHD remains prevalent in developing countries and is the most common cause of mitral valvular pathology resulting in hospital admissions. […] Improved access to echocardiography will likely result in an increased incidence in the developing world, while access to surgical and transcatheter interventions will continue to decrease mortality rates.

• #30 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research/item/11741-deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  Deaths due to mitral regurgitation are increasing in the United States since 2012, after a continuous decline for 14 years. […] A new study published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings by University of Alabama at Birmingham researchers shows that deaths related to mitral regurgitation, a common disease of heart valves, are now increasing since 2012 after showing an initial decline between 1999 and 2012. […] The death rates were highest among women, older individuals (85 years), Black individuals, and those living in the non-metropolitan regions and in the western United States. […] This study was an extensive surveillance exercise at a national level to look into the implications of advancements in the treatment of mitral regurgitation, a common heart valve disease. […] Mitral regurgitation is frequently seen in up to 10 percent of individuals more than 75 years of age and is associated with a high risk of mortality due to cardiovascular causes.

• #31 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research/item/11741-deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  This study by UAB researchers identified some key temporal changes and areas of inequities and disparities in deaths due to mitral regurgitation valve disease. […] However, since 2012 there has been a concerning increase in the mortality rate at approximately 1.5 percent per annum. […] Overall, we found that women, older persons, those from racial minorities and those living in non-metropolitan areas disproportionately bear the mortality burden of this common heart condition. […] The recent increase in the death rates could be due to increased recognition of the disease, overall aging of the U.S. population and plausible contributions by valve diseases following increasing drug abuse. […] The increase seen in the last five years could be due to the increased availability of advanced heart imaging modalities that allow us to detect this disease early.

• #32 Deaths due to mitral valve disease in U.S. increased in last six years, after 14 years of continuous decline – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/research/item/11741-deaths-due-to-mitral-valve-disease-in-u-s-increased-in-last-six-years-after-14-years-of-continuous-decline

  This study by UAB researchers identified some key temporal changes and areas of inequities and disparities in deaths due to mitral regurgitation valve disease. […] However, since 2012 there has been a concerning increase in the mortality rate at approximately 1.5 percent per annum. […] Overall, we found that women, older persons, those from racial minorities and those living in non-metropolitan areas disproportionately bear the mortality burden of this common heart condition. […] The recent increase in the death rates could be due to increased recognition of the disease, overall aging of the U.S. population and plausible contributions by valve diseases following increasing drug abuse. […] The increase seen in the last five years could be due to the increased availability of advanced heart imaging modalities that allow us to detect this disease early.

• #33 Frontiers | Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Native Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in Heart Failure Patients

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.713658/full

  Atrioventricular regurgitation is frequent in the setting of heart failure. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is currently the most common type of moderate-to-severe valve disease in the general adult population, partly due to the increase in the prevalence of treated cardiomyopathies and HF. […] Data from the prospective European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term (ESC-HF-LT) Registry estimate that moderate-to-severe secondary MR is present in 36% of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), 28% with HF with mid-range ejection fraction, and 20% with HF with preserved ejection fraction. […] The presence of secondary MR in patients with HFrEF is associated with HF symptoms, increased hospitalisation rates, and worse prognosis. […] Severe secondary MR is a major mortality predictor, independent of clinical and echocardiographic confounders, with an increase in mortality rate by 76 % compared to the absence of MR.

• #34 Frontiers | Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Native Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in Heart Failure Patients

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.713658/full

  Atrioventricular regurgitation is frequent in the setting of heart failure. […] Mitral regurgitation (MR) is currently the most common type of moderate-to-severe valve disease in the general adult population, partly due to the increase in the prevalence of treated cardiomyopathies and HF. […] Data from the prospective European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term (ESC-HF-LT) Registry estimate that moderate-to-severe secondary MR is present in 36% of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), 28% with HF with mid-range ejection fraction, and 20% with HF with preserved ejection fraction. […] The presence of secondary MR in patients with HFrEF is associated with HF symptoms, increased hospitalisation rates, and worse prognosis. […] Severe secondary MR is a major mortality predictor, independent of clinical and echocardiographic confounders, with an increase in mortality rate by 76 % compared to the absence of MR.

• #35 Prevalence of Mitral Regurgitation | MitraClip Physician Site

  https://mitraclip.com/physician/mitral-regurgitation-prevalence

  Mitral regurgitation is severely under-referred and under-treated. […] 2% of the U.S. population has primary MR. […] 1 out of 5 heart failure (HF) patients has moderate to severe or severe secondary MR. […] If left untreated, MR can initiate a cascade of events leading to heart failure and death, with a 1-year mortality up to 57%. […] 74% of eligible patients with primary MR were not referred for surgery for valve replacement. […] Furthermore, nearly 50% of all MR patients will be denied valve replacement surgery due to risks. […] For select patients suffering from mitral regurgitation, a less invasive option to repair the mitral valve is required. […] 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline recommends TEER for Primary and now, Secondary MR Patients. […] The MitraClip G4 System is indicated for the percutaneous reduction of significant symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR 3+) due to primary abnormality of the mitral apparatus in patients who have been determined to be at prohibitive risk for mitral valve surgery. […] The MitraClip G4 System, when used with maximally tolerated guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic, moderate-to-severe or severe secondary (or functional) mitral regurgitation.

• #36 Prevalence of Mitral Regurgitation | MitraClip Physician Site

  https://mitraclip.com/physician/mitral-regurgitation-prevalence

  Mitral regurgitation is severely under-referred and under-treated. […] 2% of the U.S. population has primary MR. […] 1 out of 5 heart failure (HF) patients has moderate to severe or severe secondary MR. […] If left untreated, MR can initiate a cascade of events leading to heart failure and death, with a 1-year mortality up to 57%. […] 74% of eligible patients with primary MR were not referred for surgery for valve replacement. […] Furthermore, nearly 50% of all MR patients will be denied valve replacement surgery due to risks. […] For select patients suffering from mitral regurgitation, a less invasive option to repair the mitral valve is required. […] 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline recommends TEER for Primary and now, Secondary MR Patients. […] The MitraClip G4 System is indicated for the percutaneous reduction of significant symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR 3+) due to primary abnormality of the mitral apparatus in patients who have been determined to be at prohibitive risk for mitral valve surgery. […] The MitraClip G4 System, when used with maximally tolerated guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic, moderate-to-severe or severe secondary (or functional) mitral regurgitation.

• #37 Assessment of mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-019-0305-z

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common valvular heart disease and is the second most frequent indication for heart valve surgery in Western countries. Almost 9% of the general population aged 75 years in the USA have MR. […] Cardiac imaging is crucial for diagnosis, identifying the cause of the disease, monitoring disease progression and planning definitive treatment for MR. […] As more evidence is gathered for the use of CMR in the assessment of MR, clinicians and researchers need a standard CMR protocol to follow in order to improve the consistency of mitral valve assessment. […] The ESC and AHA/ACC guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease emphasize the severity of the MR in deciding whether patients are eligible for mitral valve surgery, while also emphasizing the importance of assessing the haemodynamic effects of the MR on the left ventricle and left atrium.

• #38 Mitral Regurgitation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155618-overview

  Acute and chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) affect approximately 5 in 10,000 people. Mitral valve disease is the second most common valvular lesion, preceded only by aortic stenosis. Myxomatous degeneration has replaced rheumatic heart disease as the leading cause of mitral valvular abnormalities. Mitral valve prolapse has been estimated to be present in 4% of the normal population. With the aid of color Doppler echocardiography, mild MR can be detected in as many as 20% of middle-aged and older adults. MR is independently associated with female sex, lower body mass index, advanced age, renal dysfunction, prior myocardial infarction, prior mitral stenosis, and prior mitral valve prolapse. It is not related to dyslipidemia or diabetes. […] In areas other than the Western world, rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of MR.

• #39 Assessment of mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-019-0305-z

  In summary, CMR has become an established noninvasive imaging modality to assess the severity of MR. CMR can be used to phenotype prognostically relevant clinical features that are complementary to those identified by echocardiography in patients with MR. […] In patients in whom further assessment of MR severity is needed, we recommend CMR as a second-line noninvasive test. CMR is also recommended in asymptomatic patients with severe MR for further clarification of LV and LA volumes. […] The evidence that CMR can be used to quantify MR accurately and to predict outcomes makes CMR quantification of MR an attractive tool for future use in randomized controlled trials.

• #40 Assessment of mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-019-0305-z

  In summary, CMR has become an established noninvasive imaging modality to assess the severity of MR. CMR can be used to phenotype prognostically relevant clinical features that are complementary to those identified by echocardiography in patients with MR. […] In patients in whom further assessment of MR severity is needed, we recommend CMR as a second-line noninvasive test. CMR is also recommended in asymptomatic patients with severe MR for further clarification of LV and LA volumes. […] The evidence that CMR can be used to quantify MR accurately and to predict outcomes makes CMR quantification of MR an attractive tool for future use in randomized controlled trials.

• #41 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  More than 5 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. […] More than 25,000 deaths in the U.S. each year are due to heart valve disease. […] Heart valve disease is underdiagnosed and undertreated, especially in African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. […] Women are more likely than men to not be diagnosed and to experience worse health outcomes from the condition. […] Early diagnosis, treatment, and routine monitoring of heart valve disease are critical to helping patients live healthy lives. […] Screenings such as stethoscope checks, echocardiograms, and timely referrals to cardiologists can help ensure that heart valve disease does not go unmanaged.

• #42 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  More than 5 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. […] More than 25,000 deaths in the U.S. each year are due to heart valve disease. […] Heart valve disease is underdiagnosed and undertreated, especially in African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. […] Women are more likely than men to not be diagnosed and to experience worse health outcomes from the condition. […] Early diagnosis, treatment, and routine monitoring of heart valve disease are critical to helping patients live healthy lives. […] Screenings such as stethoscope checks, echocardiograms, and timely referrals to cardiologists can help ensure that heart valve disease does not go unmanaged.

• #43 Disparities in Mitral Valve Disease Associated with Heart Failure

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/4/10.31083/j.rcm2504129/htm

  Heart failure (HF) affects millions of people around the world and is a prevalent health issue in the United States. […] This literature review examines the connection between MVD and HF among adult patients, considering MVD as both a cause and an outcome of HF. […] This article also identifies the differences in epidemiology and treatment of MVD associated with HF across different gender, ethnicity, race, and socioeconomic groups. […] The results of this study found stark differences between prevalence, treatment, and disease outcomes across groups. […] Women and Black patients were identified as high-risk for under-utilization and prescription delay of treatment options. […] Socioeconomic status (SES) was also found to play a role, with low SES being a risk factor for developing rheumatic heart disease.

• #44 Disparities in Mitral Valve Disease Associated with Heart Failure

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/4/10.31083/j.rcm2504129/htm

  Despite general knowledge of these disparities, few studies analyze HF and MVD for specific groups. […] MVD prevalence also varies widely among different populations. […] MVD prevalence also varies amongst racial and ethnic groups. […] Disparities exist in the treatment of MR and MS, though the guidelines for treating MR and MS are different. […] While medicine has made great strides in advancing treatment for MVD and associated HF, the benefits of this progression have not reached all communities equally. […] Treatment disparities based on race and ethnicity are also prolific, with under-prescription of GDMT, the primary treatment option for secondary MR and HF, in Black patients. […] Disparities in MVD associated with HF, particularly in females and racial and ethnic minority populations, pose significant challenges in achieving equitable and optimal care for all patients.

• #45 Disparities in Mitral Valve Disease Associated with Heart Failure

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/4/10.31083/j.rcm2504129/htm

  Despite general knowledge of these disparities, few studies analyze HF and MVD for specific groups. […] MVD prevalence also varies widely among different populations. […] MVD prevalence also varies amongst racial and ethnic groups. […] Disparities exist in the treatment of MR and MS, though the guidelines for treating MR and MS are different. […] While medicine has made great strides in advancing treatment for MVD and associated HF, the benefits of this progression have not reached all communities equally. […] Treatment disparities based on race and ethnicity are also prolific, with under-prescription of GDMT, the primary treatment option for secondary MR and HF, in Black patients. […] Disparities in MVD associated with HF, particularly in females and racial and ethnic minority populations, pose significant challenges in achieving equitable and optimal care for all patients.

• #46 Fourteen-Year Temporal Trends in Patients Hospitalized for Mitral Regurgitation: The Increasing Burden of Mitral Valve Prolapse in Men

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/12/3289

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most common valvular heart disease in Europe. […] The aging of the population and the increase in post-infarction survival could increase the prevalence of MR. […] In Europe, 21% of native valvular heart diseases were MR, with one-third being primary MR in 2017. […] The aging of the population can have a strong impact on the incidence of MR. […] The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of patients hospitalized for MR in a nationwide study in France in 2019 and to estimate temporal trends by etiology and sex from 2006 to 2020. […] In 2019, the age-standardized rate for patients hospitalized for MR was 10.8 per 100,000 PY. […] The proportion of MR on MVP had increased since 2006. […] The hospitalization for rheumatic MR involved 717 patients in 2019, with 69.2% being women and a mean age of 65.1 years.

• #47 Burden, treatment use, and outcome of secondary mitral regurgitation across the spectrum of heart failure: observational cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1421

  The current data suggest an increasing demand for treatment, particularly in view of an expected increase in heart failure in an ageing population. […] The prevalence of moderate secondary mitral regurgitation rose with advancing age. […] The significant adverse effect of severe sMR in patients with heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fractions was consistent across all the examined subgroups. Excess mortality of severe sMR was most pronounced in patients with heart failure and mid-range ejection fraction (hazard ratio 2.53, 95% confidence interval 2.00 to 3.19, P0.001) and reduced ejection fraction (1.70, 1.43 to 2.03, P0.001), followed by preserved ejection fraction (1.52, 1.25 to 1.85, P0.001) in comparison with patients with heart failure and no/mild sMR. […] These data provide new information on the prevalence, outcome, and treatment of sMR across the entire spectrum of heart failure.

• #48 Burden, treatment use, and outcome of secondary mitral regurgitation across the spectrum of heart failure: observational cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1421

  Moderate and severe sMR are highly prevalent and expected to rise with the projected increase of heart failure in an ageing population. […] Valve repair or replacement, is even less frequently deployed in sMR than in primary mitral regurgitation, previously reported as undertreated. […] Transcatheter mitral valve repair should be considered across the entire spectrum of heart failure to keep up with the increasing demand for treatment.

• #49 Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9228968/

  Mitral regurgitation affects 24 million people worldwide, with great variability between and among nations. […] The prevalence of primary MR has increased by 70% from 1990 to 2017, largely in developing nations, though age-standardized prevalence has not changed significantly, and mortality has fallen by about 32%. […] Mitral valve prolapse rates (MVP) are considerably higher in white patients than in black patients. […] RHD remains prevalent in developing countries and is the most common cause of mitral valvular pathology resulting in hospital admissions. […] Improved access to echocardiography will likely result in an increased incidence in the developing world, while access to surgical and transcatheter interventions will continue to decrease mortality rates.

• #50 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  More than 5 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year. […] More than 25,000 deaths in the U.S. each year are due to heart valve disease. […] Heart valve disease is underdiagnosed and undertreated, especially in African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. […] Women are more likely than men to not be diagnosed and to experience worse health outcomes from the condition. […] Early diagnosis, treatment, and routine monitoring of heart valve disease are critical to helping patients live healthy lives. […] Screenings such as stethoscope checks, echocardiograms, and timely referrals to cardiologists can help ensure that heart valve disease does not go unmanaged.

• #51 Long COVID May Cause Long-Term Changes in the Heart and Lungs and May Lead to Cardiac and Pulmonary Diseases | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2025/long-covid-may-cause-long-term-changes-in-the-heart-and-lungs-and-may-lead-to-cardiac-and-pulmonary-diseases

  Patients suffering from long COVID may exhibit persistent inflammation in the heart and lungs for up to a year following SARS-CoV-2 infection—even when standard medical tests return normal results—potentially placing them at elevated risk for future cardiac and pulmonary conditions. […] This study brings us closer to understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects the heart and lungs over time. We believe long COVID results in an inflammatory response that may predispose patients to premature coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and valvular damage such as stenosis or regurgitation. […] These findings should change how we approach care and surveillance—not only recognizing SARS-CoV-2 as a potential long-term cardiovascular risk factor, but also integrating molecular imaging into post-COVID evaluation protocols.

• #52 Long COVID May Cause Long-Term Changes in the Heart and Lungs and May Lead to Cardiac and Pulmonary Diseases | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2025/long-covid-may-cause-long-term-changes-in-the-heart-and-lungs-and-may-lead-to-cardiac-and-pulmonary-diseases

  Patients suffering from long COVID may exhibit persistent inflammation in the heart and lungs for up to a year following SARS-CoV-2 infection—even when standard medical tests return normal results—potentially placing them at elevated risk for future cardiac and pulmonary conditions. […] This study brings us closer to understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects the heart and lungs over time. We believe long COVID results in an inflammatory response that may predispose patients to premature coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and valvular damage such as stenosis or regurgitation. […] These findings should change how we approach care and surveillance—not only recognizing SARS-CoV-2 as a potential long-term cardiovascular risk factor, but also integrating molecular imaging into post-COVID evaluation protocols.

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