Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mitral valve regurgitation – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350183

  To diagnose mitral valve regurgitation, a health care professional does a physical exam and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history. A device called a stethoscope is used to listen to the heart and lungs. If you have mitral valve regurgitation, a whooshing sound called a murmur may be heard. The mitral valve heart murmur is the sound of blood leaking backward through the valve. […] Tests may be done to confirm a diagnosis of mitral valve regurgitation or to check for other conditions that can cause similar symptoms. […] Common tests to diagnose mitral valve regurgitation include: […] Echocardiogram. Sound waves are used to create pictures of the beating heart. An echocardiogram shows the structure of the mitral valve and blood flow in the heart. A standard echocardiogram is called a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). It can confirm a diagnosis of mitral valve regurgitation. The test also can tell how severe the condition is.

• #1 Making the Diagnosis | Mitral Valve Repair Center

  https://www.mitralvalverepair.org/making-diagnosis

  Essentially, all degenerative mitral valves are repairable. By matching echocardiographic findings to the appropriate surgical skill level required to consistently deliver a repair, valve replacement for degenerative mitral valve disease should be infrequent. […] Most patients with mitral regurgitation remain asymptomatic for long periods of time. The most common presenting signs and symptoms include fatigue, decreased exercise capacity, shortness of breath, and palpitations or supra-ventricular arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation. Auscultatory examination usually reveals a high-pitched systolic murmur radiating from the apex to the axilla. A holosytolic murmur suggests prolapse simultaneous with ejection typical of chordal rupture, whereas a murmur beginning in mid- or late systole favors billowing or chordal elongation. Radiographic findings may include left atrial and ventricular dilatation and prominent pulmonary vasculature in patients with long standing severe mitral regurgitation. The electrocardiogram may be normal, or show evidence of left atrial enlargement or atrial fibrillation.

• #1 Mitral valve regurgitation – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350183

  Sometimes, a more-detailed echocardiogram is needed to better see the mitral valve. This test is called a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). A TEE creates pictures of the heart from inside the body. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG). This test shows how the heart is beating. […] Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the condition of the heart and lungs. […] Cardiac MRI. This test uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the heart. Cardiac MRI may help show the severity of mitral valve regurgitation. […] Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. […] Cardiac catheterization. This test isn’t often used to diagnose mitral valve disease. But it can be helpful if other tests haven’t diagnosed the condition.

• #1 Echocardiographic evaluation of mitral valve regurgitation

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2574-1225.2020.36

  Echocardiography is the primary imaging modality for the evaluation of mitral valve regurgitation. A comprehensive assessment of mitral regurgitation using different echocardiographic techniques provides important information regarding the etiology and severity of mitral regurgitation and its consequences on cardiac function. In addition, echocardiography plays an important role in the management of patients with mitral regurgitation. […] Echocardiography is the gold standard diagnostic test for the evaluation of valvular heart disease, particularly mitral regurgitation (MR). An accurate assessment of MR severity is vital for clinical decision-making. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography are mainly used to identify the etiology and mechanism of MR, while Doppler techniques provide accurate assessment of MR severity.

• #1 Echocardiographic evaluation of mitral valve regurgitation

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2574-1225.2020.36

• #1 Understanding the role of echocardiography in the assessment of mitral valve disease

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Understanding-the-role-of-echocardiography-in-the-assessment-of-mitral-valve-disease

  As a general rule, 2D transthoracic echocardiography (2D-TTE) is enough for the assessment of MR severity and clarification of the mechanism. […] If the image quality is not good enough to obtain a detailed assessment of either the MV anatomy and/or the grading, TEE is an alternative. […] The development of probe technology and software has enabled better assessment of MR using 3D echo, especially TEE. […] 3D echo can help through: Morphologic assessment. […] In organic MR, an „en face” view of the MV from both atrial and ventricular aspects can be easily displayed using 3D echo. […] This helps in detailed visualisation of the anatomic features of the MV apparatus. […] It has been proved that 3D echo is highly accurate and reproducible in localising prolapsing scallops. […] This is indicated if there is a discrepancy between symptoms and the severity of MR at rest, e.g., symptomatic patients with chronic primary MR which is not severe by echo.

• #1 Testing for Heart Valve Problems | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/getting-an-accurate-heart-valve-diagnosis/testing-for-heart-valve-problems

  An echocardiogram looks at your heart’s structure and checks how well your heart functions. […] If blood is leaking backward through your heart valves (regurgitation). […] A leaking or regurgitating valve can also affect the pressure in both the heart chambers as well as surrounding blood vessels. […] A CT scan creates images of the valve anatomy and allows for evaluation of the severity of stenosis and regurgitation. […] Although cardiac catheterization is most often used to look at the blood flowing to the heart muscle, it also can provide important information about narrowed heart valves, leaky heart valves or blood that is not flowing through the heart as it should. […] CMR has become an optimal technique in assessing people with heart valve disease without the need for radiation. Its enhanced diagnostic power can: Determine the type and severity of valve disease.

• #1 Mitral Valve Regurgitation | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Diagnosis of mitral valve regurgitation […] To diagnose mitral valve regurgitation and determine its severity, doctors may order some of the following tests: […] Blood test. We look at a variety of health-related factors in the blood, such as red blood cell numbers and electrolyte levels (amounts of elements, such as sodium and potassium.) Blood tests can also provide information on how well the kidneys, liver and thyroid are functioning. In some instances, blood test results will point to the cause of a heart problem. […] Chest x-ray. A chest x-ray shows the size of the heart and may reveal fluid buildup in the lungs. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG). An ECG (also known as EKG) is a painless test used to detect enlarged heart chambers, heart disease and abnormal heart rhythms. During this test, electrodes are applied to the skin. Wires connect the electrodes to a monitor that records the heart’s electrical activity.

• #1 Mitral valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355112

  Cardiac catheterization isn’t often used to diagnose mitral valve disease, but it may be used if other tests haven’t diagnosed the condition. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of mitral or other heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs. […] Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: […] Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. There are no heart valve symptoms, but the valve disease is severe. […] Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms.

• #1 Mitral valve regurgitation – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350183

  After testing confirms a diagnosis of mitral or other heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs. […] Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: […] Stage A: At risk. Risk factors for heart valve disease are present. […] Stage B: Progressive. Valve disease is mild or moderate. There are no heart valve symptoms. […] Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. There are no heart valve symptoms, but the valve disease is severe. […] Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms. […] How well a person does after being diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation varies. This is called the outlook, also called prognosis. The outlook for mitral valve regurgitation depends on:

• #1 Guide to functional mitral regurgitation: a contemporary review – Vajapey – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/59757/html

  The ACC/AHA released an update to the Valve Guidelines in 2017, stating that the threshold criteria for FMR should now be the same as that for primary MR (EROA 0.4 cm2, RVol 60 mL, regurgitant fraction 50%). […] Echocardiography remains the primary imaging modality for the diagnosis of FMR; however, advanced imaging modalities are being increasingly utilized for improved assessment of degree of MR, as well as to delineate the etiology and tissue characterization of the underlying cardiomyopathy.

• #1 Mitral Regurgitation Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155618-differential

  It is essential that clinicians identify mitral regurgitation (MR), define its cause (including whether the MR is primary or secondary) and the Carpentier classification of leaflet motion, assessing the MR severity, make treatment decisions with the heart valve team, and follow-up with clinical cardiology and the primary care provider. […] Calcified aortic stenosis also produces a prominent murmur at the apex (Gallavardin phenomenon) and may be confused with mitral valve regurgitation. […] Tricuspid regurgitation also causes a holosystolic murmur. However, it is located at the left lower sternal border rather than the apex, it does not radiate to the axilla, and it increases in intensity with inspiration, whereas MR does not. […] A ventricular septal defect produces a harsh holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border, but it generally radiates to the right of the sternum rather than the axilla and typically has a thrill.

• #1 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24983-mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Your healthcare provider will tell you how often you need to come in for exams. The more severe your condition, the more often youll need follow-ups and imaging tests. […] Questions you may want to ask to learn more about your condition include: […] How severe is my mitral regurgitation? […] What treatment options do you recommend for me? […] What are the benefits and risks of treatment? […] What lifestyle changes should I make? […] How often do I need follow-up appointments or imaging tests? […] Whats my outlook?

• #1 Mitral Valve Disease Causes & Diagnosis | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/mitral-valve-disease/causes-and-diagnoses

  Diagnosing Mitral Valve Disease Your cardiologist and/or cardiac surgeon will use imaging tests to help diagnose and classify mitral valve disease. The Center for Heart Valve Disease offers you the most advanced imaging tests, including: […] Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease from The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) suggest routine repeat echocardiography to periodically assess the status of heart valves, even when youre not experiencing symptoms. Changes over time may indicate that its time to reevaluate your medical management protocol or consider surgery.

• #1 Mitral Regurgitation: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-regurgitation-pro

  When surgery is appropriate, early surgery (ie within two months) is associated with better outcomes, since the development of even mild symptoms by the time of surgery is associated with adverse changes in cardiac function after surgery. […] Consider referring adults with asymptomatic severe primary mitral regurgitation for intervention, if suitable, if they have any of the following: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 60%. […] Offer clinical review every 6 to 12 months, with an echocardiogram, to adults with asymptomatic severe valve disease if an intervention is suitable but not currently needed. […] Urgent surgery is indicated in patients with acute severe MR. […] Surgery is indicated in patients with severe chronic primary MR who have symptoms due to chronic MR, but no contra-indications to surgery.

• #1 Mitral Valve Regurgitation | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/m/mitral-valve-regurgitation.html

  How is mitral valve regurgitation diagnosed? Your health care provider will take your health history and give you a physical exam. Using a stethoscope, your provider will check for heart murmurs and other signs of the condition. You may also have tests such as: Echocardiogram to assess severity. Stress echocardiogram to assess exercise tolerance. Electrocardiogram (ECG) to assess heart rhythm. Cardiac MRI scan. Transesophageal echocardiogram. Cardiac catheterization. Chest X-ray. In patients with chronic MR, an enlargement of the heart is visible. […] Acute, severe mitral valve regurgitation is a medical emergency. It can cause serious symptoms such as: Symptoms of shock, such as pale, cold, and clammy skin, loss of consciousness, or rapid breathing. Severe shortness of breath. Cough with clear or pink, frothy sputum (mucus). Abnormal heart rhythms that make the heart unable to pump well.

• #1 Aortic Stenosis and Mitral Valve Regurgitation – Diagnosis and Therapy – Medizinonline

  https://medizinonline.com/en/aortic-stenosis-and-mitral-valve-regurgitation-diagnosis-and-therapy/

  Because functional measurements (gradients, flow, etc.) are confounded by altered hemodynamics, special emphasis should be placed on morphologic assessment of the valves (structural changes, such as degree of calcification). […] If a clear diagnosis cannot be made by conventional echocardiography, other diagnostic procedures are required. An accurate diagnosis is essential to make the correct treatment decision. […] Quantification of the degree of calcification of the aortic valve by CT is becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of AS.

• #1 Mitral Valve Regurgitation Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.thekeyholeheartclinic.com/services/valve-disorders/mitral-valve2/mitral-regurgitation/

  In patients with certain types of mitral valve abnormality, repair is advised even in the absence of symptoms. Fixing the issue early on is key, so if you experience any mitral regurgitation symptoms you should consult a doctor as soon as possible. If there is any doubt regarding the severity of the leak, then a test such as stress echocardiography (either medically induced or during mild exercise) is very valuable. Early surgery should certainly be performed if repair of the valve is possible, since this is far superior to replacement. If the valve is not repairable, then replacement should be considered when symptoms develop, or if there is evidence of heart enlargement, atrial fibrillation, or pulmonary hypertension.

• #1 Mitral Valve Disease and Diagnosis | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/heart/services/cardiac-surgery/mitral-valve/disease-diagnosis

  The mitral valve opens when the left ventricle relaxes (called diastole), allowing blood from the left atrium to fill it. […] If the mitral valve does not close completely, it can cause regurgitation, which causes blood to leak back into the left atrium. […] If you have leakage through your mitral valve, you might feel fatigued, find it difficult to exercise, or experience shortness of breath or palpitations. […] To diagnose heart valve disease, we do a physical exam and conduct imaging tests. […] The latest literature has demonstrated the positive impact (better postoperative long-term survival) of early mitral valve repair, rather than waiting for symptoms such as ventricular dysfunction or dilatation, pulmonary hypertension, or atrial fibrillation—the standard guideline triggers for surgery in previous eras. […] The ACC/AHA Guidelines recommend mitral valve repair over replacement, particularly with degenerative disease.

• #1 Cedars-Sinai Investigators Automate Mitral Regurgitation Detection, Diagnosis

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/cedars-sinai-investigators-automate-mitral-regurgitation-detection-diagnosis/

  Cedars-Sinai investigators are using AI to pick up early signs of mitral valve regurgitation, the most common heart valve disorder. […] Investigators with the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai have developed an artificial intelligence (AI) program to detect the presence and severity of mitral valve regurgitation, the most common heart valve disorder. […] The programs findings, published in Circulation, may help clinicians identify patients whose mitral valve regurgitation is manageable with medication as well as patients with more severe cases who would benefit from a minimally invasive valve repair procedure or surgery. […] Mitral regurgitation is a common but often missed valvular heart disease. It can be challenging to precisely assess the disease severity, which is critical to know which patients can take a watch-and-wait approach and which should proceed to an intervention.

• #1 Cedars-Sinai Investigators Automate Mitral Regurgitation Detection, Diagnosis

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/cedars-sinai-investigators-automate-mitral-regurgitation-detection-diagnosis/

  At Cedars-Sinai we are pursuing the use of AI as a complementary tool in diagnosing and treating conditions such as mitral valve regurgitation. […] In developing the new program, investigators used more than 58,000 transthoracic echocardiograms from Cedars-Sinai. […] Echocardiograms are video images of patients hearts taken by ultrasound and is the most common way to assess mitral regurgitation. […] The model was able to automatically identify moderate and severe mitral valve regurgitation with high precision. […] Our deep learning model analyzed videos from more than 50,000 echocardiogram studies and can pinpoint the most relevant and important videos to assess mitral regurgitation severity. […] To treat severe mitral valve regurgitation, experts at the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai rely on either the minimally invasive TEER procedure or minimally invasive surgery.

• #1 Assessment of mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-019-0305-z

  As more evidence is gathered for the use of CMR in the assessment of MR, clinicians and researchers need a standard CMR protocol to follow in order to improve the consistency of mitral valve assessment. […] The ESC and AHA/ACC guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease emphasize the severity of the MR in deciding whether patients are eligible for mitral valve surgery, while also emphasizing the importance of assessing the haemodynamic effects of the MR on the left ventricle and left atrium. The AHA/ACC guidelines highlight that CMR is an appropriate test in chronic primary MR to assess ventricular volumes and function or even MR severity, especially when these issues are not satisfactorily addressed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). […] CMR is an emerging, noninvasive tool that can provide comprehensive assessment of the mitral valve and MR.

• #1 Mitral Valve Regurgitation in the Contemporary Era: Insights Into Diagnosis, Management, and Future Directions – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29622181/

  Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is the most common valvular heart disease. […] Diagnosing and managing MR is often challenging and requires a structured approach, integrating findings on history, physical examination, and imaging. […] The optimal timing of intervention requires a comprehensive 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiogram in each patient to determine the cause of the mitral valve disease, the severity of the regurgitation, and the effect of the volume overload on the left ventricle, as well as determining if a durable valve repair can be performed. […] The current review discusses the pathophysiological rationale for current diagnostic and management strategies in MR.

• #1 Diagnosing Mitral Valve Disease | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis

  Chronic mitral valve regurgitation typically progresses slowly. You may have no symptoms for years or decades. Some people receive a diagnosis after a physical exam reveals a heart murmur, in which sounds are heard that may indicate irregular blood flow through the heart. […] Often, people may have severe regurgitation but no symptoms. In these cases, the condition is diagnosed by an echocardiogram. This usually requires treatment to prevent the heart from enlarging or dilating. The major aim of treatment is to give the heart a better chance of returning to a normal size and function. […] After taking a medical history and conducting a physical exam, your NYU Langone specialist may recommend that certain tests be performed before making a diagnosis of mitral valve disease. […] The echocardiogram remains the gold standard imaging technique for diagnosing and quantifying heart valve dysfunction. […] Cardiac catheterization can help your doctor measure the blood flow and pressure on both sides of the mitral valve. This helps the doctor detect problems with the valves ability to regulate blood flow through the heart. It is also used to detect blockages of arteries in the heart.

• #2 Treating mitral valve regurgitation – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/treating-mitral-valve-regurgitation

  Mitral valve regurgitation is the most common type of valvular heart disease in the U.S. The prevalence of the condition increases with age. About 10% of adults over 75 have mitral valve regurgitation. […] Your healthcare team will confirm a diagnosis of mitral valve regurgitation after a thorough exam and testing. This is necessary as other heart conditions can cause similar symptoms to a leaky valve. […] Common tests for mitral valve regurgitation include chest X-ray, cardiac MRI, echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, exercise tests or cardiac catheterization. […] Through testing, your healthcare team may tell you the stage of your disease. The stage of the disease is based on symptoms, severity, structure of the valve and blood flow through the heart. The most appropriate treatment option can be determined through staging.

• #2 Mitral Valve Regurgitation in the Contemporary Era: Insights Into Diagnosis, Management, and Future Directions – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29622181/

  Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is the most common valvular heart disease. […] Diagnosing and managing MR is often challenging and requires a structured approach, integrating findings on history, physical examination, and imaging. […] The optimal timing of intervention requires a comprehensive 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiogram in each patient to determine the cause of the mitral valve disease, the severity of the regurgitation, and the effect of the volume overload on the left ventricle, as well as determining if a durable valve repair can be performed. […] The current review discusses the pathophysiological rationale for current diagnostic and management strategies in MR.

• #2 Mitral valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355112

  To diagnose mitral valve disease, including mitral valve stenosis and mitral valve regurgitation, a health care professional examines you and asks questions about your medical history. […] The health care professional listens to your heart with a device called a stethoscope. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be a sign of a mitral valve condition. […] Tests to diagnose mitral valve disease may include: […] Echocardiogram. Sound waves are used to create pictures of the heart in motion. This test shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves, including the mitral valve. An echocardiogram can help in the diagnosis of congenital mitral valve disease, rheumatic mitral valve disease and other heart valve conditions. […] A standard echocardiogram is done from outside the body. But sometimes, a more-detailed echocardiogram is needed to get a closer look at the mitral valve. This type of echocardiogram is called a transesophageal echocardiogram. It is done from inside the body.

• #2 Mitral valve disease: clinical features focusing on auscultatory findings including auscultation of mitral valve prolapse

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-disease-clinical-features-focusing-on-auscultatory-findings-including-auscultation-of-mitral-valve-prolapse

  The holosystolic murmur of MR is blowing, high-pitched and best audible at the apex with radiation to the left axillary and infrascapular area. […] The MR murmur should be differentiated from the systolic murmurs of aortic stenosis (AS), TR and ventricular septal defect (VSD). […] Dynamic auscultation helps to differentiate MR from other systolic murmurs. […] In patients with mixed rheumatic mitral valve disease, careful auscultation may help to find the predominant lesion. […] Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the leading cause of significant MR in developed countries. […] The characteristic auscultatory feature of MVP is a mid-systolic click, a high-pitched sound. […] The change in intensity of murmur after a premature beat helps in differentiating MVP murmur from that of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). […] A careful auscultation can go a long way to diagnose and assess the severity of mitral valve disease and to differentiate it from similar cardiac conditions.

• #2 Mitral regurgitation – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/322

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) may present with dyspnea, usually on exertion, palpitations, and/or decreased exercise tolerance. […] Transthoracic echo is the diagnostic test of choice in identifying presence, severity, and mechanism of MR. […] Color Doppler flow and continuous-wave Doppler studies can assess severity of regurgitation, left ventricular dimensions, size and function of the right ventricle, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure. […] Key diagnostic factors include dyspnea on exertion, decreased exercise tolerance, lower extremity edema, and holosystolic murmur. […] 1st tests to order include transthoracic echo and ECG. […] Tests to consider include flow convergence method or proximal isovelocity surface area, color Doppler flow, transesophageal echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR).

• #2 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Mitral regurgitation is a heart condition characterized by the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, leading to the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. […] This overview aims to cover the essentials of mitral regurgitation, from its pathophysiology and etiology to its evaluation and management, underscoring the importance of early detection and appropriate intervention for optimal patient outcomes. […] By participating in this course, learners comprehensively understand mitral regurgitation, including its clinical features, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic options. […] Echocardiography is the primary and essential diagnostic test for diagnosing and assessing mitral regurgitation. […] Various methods are available to quantify MR. One such method involves measuring the vena contracta, which represents the width of the regurgitant jet as it exits the regurgitant orifice.

• #2 Mitral Valve Regurgitation Diagnosis | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis

  When diagnosing mitral valve regurgitation, your doctor will look at a number of things including the medical history of you and your family and the results of blood tests. Your doctor will also perform a physical and may order imaging tests. These can include: […] Echocardiogram is a non-invasive test using sound waves (ultrasound) and a device called a transducer which is placed on the surface of the chest to create a moving picture of the heart. This test provides views of the valve opening and heart chambers; it can show if the valve is leaking and if there are problems with pumping. […] Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) uses sound waves (ultrasound) to create detailed pictures of your heart and arteries. Unlike echocardiogram, TEE uses a probe that is passed through the mouth and into the esophagus. This provides a better picture because the esophagus is right behind the heart and the probe does not have to penetrate the chest wall in the ribs and lungs to get a clear picture.

• #2 Echocardiographic evaluation of mitral valve regurgitation

  https://www.oaepublish.com/articles/2574-1225.2020.36

  2D transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the primary diagnostic test for the initial detection of MR and assessing its severity as well as evaluating the etiology and mechanism of MR. […] 2D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is indicated for evaluation of patients with MR in whom TTE is of poor quality or provides nondiagnostic information about the mechanism and severity of MR. […] Doppler echocardiography is the primary method for the detection and quantification of MR. […] An accurate assessment of MR severity is crucial for appropriate management and patient selection for interventional procedures. […] Color flow Doppler (CD) is commonly used for the detection and assessment of MR severity. […] The vena contracta width is the narrowest region of the MR jet that occurs at or immediately downstream of the regurgitant orifice. […] Imaging the flow convergence region proximal to the regurgitant orifice is highly recommended for MR quantitation.

• #2 Assessment of mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-019-0305-z

  Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common valvular heart disease and is the second most frequent indication for heart valve surgery in Western countries. Echocardiography is the recommended first-line test for the assessment of valvular heart disease, but cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) provides complementary information, especially for assessing MR severity and to plan the timing of intervention. […] Cardiac imaging is crucial for diagnosis, identifying the cause of the disease, monitoring disease progression and planning definitive treatment for MR. Echocardiography remains the first-line and most widely available imaging test for the assessment of MR. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has also emerged in the past 20 years as a robust, noninvasive imaging modality for the assessment of patients with MR.

• #2 Patient education: Mitral regurgitation (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mitral-regurgitation-beyond-the-basics

  Chest x-ray — A chest x-ray shows the size and shape of the heart and the large blood vessels in the chest. It also can identify fluid accumulation in the lungs. Many people with significant MR have an enlarged heart. […] Echocardiogram — An echocardiogram uses ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to assess the size of the heart’s chambers, the movement of the heart valves, and the motion of the heart wall. It can also measure the cardiac output (the volume of blood pumped in one minute) and some of the pressures within the heart. […] If the images of the heart are not clear with transthoracic echocardiography, a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) may be recommended. With TEE, you are given sedative medication and the probe is inserted into your mouth and passed down the esophagus. This allows the physician to have a closer and clear view of your heart valves and other structures.

• #2 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  The Doppler volumetric method is also an option for quantifying MR. […] Following MV repair, successful mitigation of MR can be quantified via several tools. […] Atrial fibrillation is the most common electrocardiogram finding in patients with MR. […] Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important and complementary tool to other modalities for assessing the severity of MR. […] The choice of medical versus surgical management of mitral regurgitation depends on the conditions severity, chronicity, comorbidities, and etiology. […] The decision whether to operate is dependent on the underlying cause of MR. […] Patients with valvular damage due to chordal or papillary muscle rupture or infective endocarditis require surgery. […] The ACC and AHA generally recommend mitral valve repair over replacement due to decreased recurrence of MR after repair. […] Mitral valve repair is associated with increased survival and decreased morbidity and mortality compared to mitral valve replacement.

• #2 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-valves/mitral-valve-regurgitation/treatment

  Echocardiogram. Using sound waves, a healthcare provider can observe a moving picture of your heart to view the structure of the mitral valve and the flow of blood. […] Stress tests. To analyze heart activity, an ECG will be conducted while the patient walks on a treadmill or rides a stationary bike. This will allow doctors to detect symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation. […] TEE. Also known as a transesophageal echocardiogram, this test can be recommended if there is a need for additional detail when viewing the structure of the mitral valve. A device called a transducer is inserted down the patient’s esophagus (the tube that carries food and fluids from your mouth to your stomach). […] Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This test creates a detailed image of the heart by generating a magnetic field and radio waves. Your doctor can then analyze the image to gauge the severity of the case.

• #2 Diagnosing Mitral Valve Disease | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis

  Chronic mitral valve regurgitation typically progresses slowly. You may have no symptoms for years or decades. Some people receive a diagnosis after a physical exam reveals a heart murmur, in which sounds are heard that may indicate irregular blood flow through the heart. […] Often, people may have severe regurgitation but no symptoms. In these cases, the condition is diagnosed by an echocardiogram. This usually requires treatment to prevent the heart from enlarging or dilating. The major aim of treatment is to give the heart a better chance of returning to a normal size and function. […] After taking a medical history and conducting a physical exam, your NYU Langone specialist may recommend that certain tests be performed before making a diagnosis of mitral valve disease. […] The echocardiogram remains the gold standard imaging technique for diagnosing and quantifying heart valve dysfunction. […] Cardiac catheterization can help your doctor measure the blood flow and pressure on both sides of the mitral valve. This helps the doctor detect problems with the valves ability to regulate blood flow through the heart. It is also used to detect blockages of arteries in the heart.

• #2 Mitral valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355112

  Cardiac catheterization isn’t often used to diagnose mitral valve disease, but it may be used if other tests haven’t diagnosed the condition. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of mitral or other heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs. […] Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: […] Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. There are no heart valve symptoms, but the valve disease is severe. […] Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms.

• #2 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Diagnosis & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/treatment

  An echocardiogram can allow doctors to track the amount of blood that leaks through the valve and monitor the progression of your individual case. […] The severity of your case will determine how often you need to have your heart checked with an echocardiogram. […] The treatment for mitral valve regurgitation depends on the severity of the condition and whether it is causing symptoms. […] For patients with degenerative valve disease, our centers offer the latest in minimally invasive and surgical repair techniques. […] For more severe cases of mitral valve regurgitation, treatment is often necessary to improve symptoms and prevent serious complications like congestive heart failure. […] As your condition progresses, surgery may be the best option to reduce symptoms and lower your risk of serious complications like congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation, which can cause strokes.

• #2 Mitral Valve Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23235-mitral-valve-disease

  Mitral valve disease is diagnosed through a physical exam and tests. […] During the physical exam, your provider will listen to your heart with a stethoscope. Your provider will check to hear certain sounds associated with each form of mitral valve disease. […] Mitral valve regurgitation: A murmur as blood leaks the wrong way into your left atrium. […] Echocardiography is the gold standard for diagnosing mitral valve disease. An echocardiogram (echo) uses ultrasound technology to check for valve disease and other heart problems. […] Youll then likely need at least one test to check your hearts structure and function.

• #2 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Diagnosis & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/treatment

  Surgical repair or replacement of the mitral valve can often provide a long-term solution for mitral valve regurgitation, offering durable treatment and the potential for returning to a normal life expectancy. […] In certain cases, less invasive surgical and catheter-based treatments may also be suitable. […] Trace and mild cases of mitral regurgitation aren’t usually cause for worry, especially in the short term. […] If your doctor diagnoses you with trace or mild mitral regurgitation, you should get regular checks to see how it progresses. […] Important signs of mitral regurgitation include shortness of breath, heart palpitations, and swelling in your extremities, and weight gain. […] High blood pressure can also worsen mitral regurgitation, but can be mitigated with medicines and the same lifestyle factors that improve mitral regurgitation.

• #3 Mitral Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553135/

  Mitral regurgitation is a heart condition characterized by the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, leading to the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. […] This overview aims to cover the essentials of mitral regurgitation, from its pathophysiology and etiology to its evaluation and management, underscoring the importance of early detection and appropriate intervention for optimal patient outcomes. […] By participating in this course, learners comprehensively understand mitral regurgitation, including its clinical features, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic options. […] Echocardiography is the primary and essential diagnostic test for diagnosing and assessing mitral regurgitation. […] Various methods are available to quantify MR. One such method involves measuring the vena contracta, which represents the width of the regurgitant jet as it exits the regurgitant orifice.

• #3 Mitral Valve Regurgitation: Diagnosis & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/mitral-valve-regurgitation/treatment

  Mitral valve regurgitation is a condition that occurs when the mitral valve in your heart leaks, allowing blood to flow backward through the heart and toward the lungs. […] A doctor can diagnose the condition with painless, non-invasive tests. […] To diagnose mitral valve regurgitation, your doctor will perform a physical exam. They’ll listen to your heart with a stethoscope, ask you about symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation like shortness of breath, and check for swelling, especially in the extremities. […] Mitral regurgitation is usually diagnosed with a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). This test uses ultrasound technology, similar to what is used during pregnancy, to look at your heart in real time. […] If the severity of the regurgitation is unclear, your surgeons and cardiologists may perform additional tests, such as a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). These further evaluations help make sure that you receive the most appropriate treatment. […] Other possible tests that may be used to create your treatment plan include: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), CT scan, MRI, Exercise tests, Cardiac catheterization.

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