Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dandruff – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dandruff/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353854

  A doctor can often diagnose dandruff simply by looking at your hair and scalp. […] When someone visits a primary care provider or a dermatologist regarding dandruff, we need to do an examination of the scalp. […] Mayo Clinic dermatologist, Dr. Dawn Davis says there are two common causes for dandruff flakes on the scalp. […] We can differentiate whether the patient has overactive oil glands, simply dryness and dehydration causing scaling and flaking, or a combination thereof. […] You don’t need any special preparations for an appointment to diagnose dandruff. Your doctor will likely be able to diagnose your dandruff simply by looking at your scalp and skin.

• #2 Dandruff Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/dermatology/dandruff/causes-and-diagnoses

  The most common cause of dandruff is seborrheic dermatitis. […] Your physician can diagnose dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis through a physical exam and discussion of your symptoms. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is not a contagious condition.

• #2 Dandruff: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/dandruff-7964686

  Dandruff is a common scalp condition that causes an itchy scalp and a build-up of skin cells that develop into flakes. […] Dandruff occurs when skin cells on the scalp regenerate more quickly than usual, causing dead skin cells to accumulate and flake off. […] If your dandruff becomes bothersome, you may consider seeing your healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis. Your provider can diagnose dandruff based on your symptoms and a physical exam. […] Diagnostic tests are usually unnecessary to diagnose dandruff, but your healthcare provider may order a skin biopsy to rule out other conditions or if dandruff persists despite treatment.

• #3 Dandruff – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandruff

  Dandruff is a skin condition of the scalp. Symptoms include flaking and sometimes mild itchiness. Diagnosis is based on symptoms. […] The cause is unclear but believed to involve a number of genetic and environmental factors. […] Dandruff affects about half of adults, with males more often affected than females. […] In addition, people in all areas of the world are affected. […] Onset is usually at puberty, and it becomes less common after the age of 50. […] Antifungal treatments including piroctone olamine, ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione, and selenium disulfide have been found to be effective. […] Ketoconazole appears to have a longer duration of effect. […] Dandruff scale is a cluster of corneocytes, which have retained a large degree of cohesion with one another and detach as such from the surface of the stratum corneum. […] In seborrhoeic dermatitis, redness and itching frequently occur around the folds of the nose and eyebrow areas, not just the scalp.

• #3 Is it necessary for dandruff to be medically diagnosed?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/dandruff-mild-seborrheic-dermatitis-of-the-scalp/is-it-necessary-for-dandruff-to-be-medically-diagnosed

  Generally, no, but when dandruff becomes severe enough not to respond to self-care measures and over-the-counter medicated shampoos, a consultation with a medical doctor or dermatologist may be helpful. […] At a consultation, a doctor will wish to assess a persons scalp so as to either diagnose or rule out any other skin-related conditions which can cause similar symptoms of the scalp. […] A physical examination of the scalp is typically how severe dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis will be diagnosed. […] To determine the severity of dandruff a doctor will assess a persons scalp by dividing it up into quadrants. […] A doctor may also be looking for signs of the following during a physical examination: Acanthosis (thickening of the skin), Hyperkeratosis (also results in a thickening of the skin), Parakeratosis (an incomplete maturation of epidermal keratinocytes which causes the abnormal retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum), Accentuated rete ridges (thin tissue extensions which project into the underlying connective tissues of the skin / scalp and mucous membranes), Focal spongiosis (abnormal fluid accumulation within a localised area of the epidermis / scalp).

• #4 Diagnosis and Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0201/p185.html

  Seborrheic dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis based on the location and appearance of lesions. […] The differential diagnosis is lengthy, but the correct diagnosis can usually be made clinically by the characteristic distribution of lesions and varying course of the disease. […] If the diagnosis is uncertain, a biopsy demonstrating parakeratosis in the epidermis, plugged follicular ostia, and spongiosis can confirm the presence of seborrheic dermatitis. […] The diagnosis can be challenging in patients with darker skin, but the same principles apply.

• #5 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  Seborrheic Dermatitis (SD) and dandruff are of a continuous spectrum of the same disease that affects the seborrheic areas of the body. Dandruff is restricted to the scalp, and involves itchy, flaking skin without visible inflammation. SD can affect the scalp as well as other seborrheic areas, and involves itchy and flaking or scaling skin, inflammation and pruritus. Various intrinsic and environmental factors, such as sebaceous secretions, skin surface fungal colonization, individual susceptibility, and interactions between these factors, all contribute to the pathogenesis of SD and dandruff. […] Diagnosis of SD is typically made by history and physical examination. In rare cases, a skin biopsy is needed for differential diagnosis. […] Dandruff shows many common features as SD in histology, such as epidermal hyperplasia, parakeratosis, and Malassezia yeasts surrounding the parakeratotic cells.

• #6 Seborrheic Dermatitis: What Is It, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14403-seborrheic-dermatitis

  Seborrheic dermatitis is a common, noncontagious, easy-to-manage skin condition. This type of dermatitis causes itchy red patches and greasy scales on your skin along with white or yellow crusty or powdery flakes on your scalp. […] It’s called dandruff (pityriasis capitis) when it’s on a teenagers or adults scalp. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is an easy condition to diagnose because of its appearance on the affected skin and where it appears on your body. No blood, urine or allergy tests are needed. […] In teenagers and adults, seborrheic dermatitis usually doesn’t disappear on its own without treatment. […] The goal of treatment is to reduce the visible signs of seborrheic dermatitis and itching and redness. […] For mild cases, look for over-the-counter dandruff shampoos that contain selenium, zinc pyrithione or coal tar.

• #7 Seborrheic dermatitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352714

  To diagnose seborrheic dermatitis, your health care provider will likely talk with you about your symptoms and look at your skin. You may need to have a small piece of skin removed (biopsied) for study in a lab. This test helps rule out other conditions. […] Your health care provider is likely to ask you a few questions. Being ready to answer them may free up time to go over any points you want to spend more time on. Your health care provider might ask: What are your symptoms, and when did you first notice them? […] A nonprescription antifungal cream or anti-itch cream can be helpful. If your scalp is affected, a nonprescription antifungal shampoo, foam or other product may ease your symptoms.

• #8 #1 Expert Care for Dandruff Treatment in Bangalore | Clinikk Health Hub

  https://clinikk.com/treatment/dandruff-symptoms-causes-diagnosis/

  Dandruff is a common scalp condition characterised by flaking and itching of the skin. […] If these symptoms are severe or persistent, it may indicate an underlying condition like seborrheic dermatitis or psoriasis, and consulting a general physician near you or dermatologist would be recommended for best dandruff treatment. […] In most cases, dandruff is diagnosed by visual examination of the scalp. If the case is more severe or not responding to standard treatment, further details and tests would help to diagnose other causes of the symptoms. […] The doctor will ask about your symptoms, including the severity of your dandruff, when it started, and any factors that might aggravate or relieve it. […] The doctor will examine your scalp for visible signs of dandruff, such as flaking, redness, and irritation.

• #9 Patient education: Seborrheic dermatitis (including dandruff and cradle cap) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seborrheic-dermatitis-including-dandruff-and-cradle-cap-beyond-the-basics/print

  Seborrheic dermatitis is an inflammatory condition that usually occurs in areas of the body that have many oil-producing glands, including the scalp, face, upper chest, and back. Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis. […] There is no specific test for diagnosing seborrheic dermatitis. The diagnosis is usually based upon a person’s history and physical examination. In rare cases, a skin biopsy (removing a small sample of skin) may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other conditions that mimic seborrheic dermatitis.

• #10 #1 Expert Care for Dandruff Treatment in Bangalore | Clinikk Health Hub

  https://clinikk.com/treatment/dandruff-symptoms-causes-diagnosis/

  Dandruff is a common scalp condition characterised by flaking and itching of the skin. […] If these symptoms are severe or persistent, it may indicate an underlying condition like seborrheic dermatitis or psoriasis, and consulting a general physician near you or dermatologist would be recommended for best dandruff treatment. […] In most cases, dandruff is diagnosed by visual examination of the scalp. If the case is more severe or not responding to standard treatment, further details and tests would help to diagnose other causes of the symptoms. […] The doctor will ask about your symptoms, including the severity of your dandruff, when it started, and any factors that might aggravate or relieve it. […] The doctor will examine your scalp for visible signs of dandruff, such as flaking, redness, and irritation.

• #11 Dandruff Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/dermatology/dandruff/causes-and-diagnoses

  The most common cause of dandruff is seborrheic dermatitis. […] Your physician can diagnose dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis through a physical exam and discussion of your symptoms. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is not a contagious condition.

• #12 Scalp Psoriasis vs Dandruff: Symptoms, Pictures, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316899

  Scalp psoriasis and dandruff can look very similar. However, unlike dandruff, the plaques of scalp psoriasis often have a silvery sheen and can look like dry scales on the scalp. […] Dandruff is a less severe chronic condition that affects the scalp. A dry or greasy scale may present on the scalp, and flakes from the scalp may fall onto a persons shoulders and clothes. […] A person should seek medical treatment for dandruff if symptoms are severe or do not resolve with over-the-counter (OTC) shampoos and ointments. […] People should seek medical attention if they find any cracking or bleeding underneath what they believe to be dandruff. […] Both psoriasis and dandruff may be due to an inflammatory response in the body, but researchers do not fully understand all the causes. […] A person with scalp psoriasis may wish to consult a dermatologist. This is a doctor who specializes in skin conditions and can recommend appropriate treatments.

• #13 Seborrheic Dermatitis: What Is It, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14403-seborrheic-dermatitis

  Seborrheic dermatitis is a common, noncontagious, easy-to-manage skin condition. This type of dermatitis causes itchy red patches and greasy scales on your skin along with white or yellow crusty or powdery flakes on your scalp. […] It’s called dandruff (pityriasis capitis) when it’s on a teenagers or adults scalp. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is an easy condition to diagnose because of its appearance on the affected skin and where it appears on your body. No blood, urine or allergy tests are needed. […] In teenagers and adults, seborrheic dermatitis usually doesn’t disappear on its own without treatment. […] The goal of treatment is to reduce the visible signs of seborrheic dermatitis and itching and redness. […] For mild cases, look for over-the-counter dandruff shampoos that contain selenium, zinc pyrithione or coal tar.

• #14 Dandruff – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://majesticderma.com/dandruff-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-treatment/

  Dandruff is a widespread scalp condition and is a significant issue for millions of people all over the world. […] The problem of dandruff is prevalent in men and women all over the world and can be socially embarrassing and also can cause many skin problems. […] The following are some of the signs and symptoms of dandruff: […] The main sign or symptom that showcases a problem of dandruff is white flakes. […] The scaly and crusty scalp is a major sign of dandruff. […] Dandruff, of course, falls on the face, shoulders, and the back making it very visible to the naked eye making it a major symptom. […] Just dry scalp or itchy scalp does not mean that there is dandruff. […] It is essential to differentiate dandruff from other skin conditions like dull, dry skin, scalp psoriasis, or itchiness of scalp because of a different fungal infection.

• #15 Dandruff vs. Dry Scalp: What’s the Difference?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-disorders/dandruff-vs-dry-scalp

  Dandruff and dry scalp have the same main symptoms of falling flakes and an itchy scalp, but theyre two different conditions. You can manage dandruff with special shampoo and haircare products. […] The main cause of dandruff is seborrheic dermatitis, a condition that turns your skin oily, red, and scaly. The white or yellow scales flake off, creating dandruff. […] When you have dandruff, skin cells on your scalp shed more quickly than usual. […] A doctor or healthcare professional will determine whether you have dandruff by looking at your scalp and hair. […] If you have dry scalp, wash with a gentle shampoo and then use a moisturizing conditioner. […] For mild dandruff, wash your hair every day with a gentle shampoo to reduce the amount of oil on your scalp. […] Most dandruff shampoos contain medication that kills the fungus on your scalp or removes flaky skin. […] Shampoos containing tea tree oil are an alternative remedy for dandruff. […] Treating dandruff with a special shampoo can manage your condition and prevent itching and flakiness.

• #16 Why Those Flakes And The Itchiness on Your Head May Not Be Dandruff? – DermaZinc®

  https://www.dermazinc.com/blog/why-those-flakes-and-the-itchiness-on-your-head-may-not-be-dandruff/

  Dandruff is a condition that causes the scalp to become dry and itchy, resulting in white flakes on the person’s hair or clothes. […] Understanding the root cause of itchiness and flakes on the scalp is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. […] If you’re using a dandruff shampoo, yet the itching and flaking persists, it means there are some other causes of itchy scalp not dandruff and you may need to visit a dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatments. […] Dandruff is a temporary ailment, but scalp psoriasis is chronic and persistent. […] Symptoms of scalp eczema may be dry, itchy, scaly, and inflammatory. […] In conclusion, while dandruff is a common scalp condition that causes dryness and itchiness, it is not the only cause of these symptoms. Understanding the root cause of the scalp irritation and flakes is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. Misdiagnosis may lead to poor therapy and worsen the issue. It is essential to identify common conditions that may mimic dandruff, such as dry scalp, scalp psoriasis, and scalp eczema. Additionally, environmental factors, such as seasonal changes and hair care products, may also cause flaking and irritation. Proper diagnosis by a dermatologist is necessary to identify the underlying cause and determine the appropriate treatment, which may include medicated shampoos, topical medications, and lifestyle changes.

• #17 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  Seborrheic dermatitis is one of many skin conditions that causes an itchy rash. A board-certified dermatologist can tell you which skin condition you have and create a treatment plan tailored to your needs. […] To diagnose this condition, your dermatologist will: Ask about your symptoms. Review your medical history with you, asking if you have allergies or other medical conditions. Look closely at the skin with signs of seborrheic dermatitis. […] Thats often all thats needed to diagnose seborrheic dermatitis or cradle cap (a type of seborrheic dermatitis that babies develop, usually on their scalp). […] However, some people have seborrheic dermatitis and another skin condition. For example, its possible to have both seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis, which is often called sebopsoriasis.

• #18 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  Having two skin conditions can make it difficult to clearly see each condition. If your dermatologist sees signs of two skin conditions, they may remove a small amount of skin. This procedure is called a skin biopsy. It can be performed during your office visit while you remain awake. […] The small amount of skin will be examined under a microscope by a dermatopathologist (a doctor who specializes in both dermatology and pathology), who will look for signs of a variety of skin conditions. […] After your dermatologist has all the information, they will talk with you about whats going on. If you have seborrheic dermatitis, your dermatologist will discuss treatment with you. […] A dandruff shampoo can treat mild to moderate seborrheic dermatitis on your scalp. For some people, that may be all the treatment they need.

• #19 Patient education: Seborrheic dermatitis (including dandruff and cradle cap) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seborrheic-dermatitis-including-dandruff-and-cradle-cap-beyond-the-basics/print

  Seborrheic dermatitis is an inflammatory condition that usually occurs in areas of the body that have many oil-producing glands, including the scalp, face, upper chest, and back. Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis. […] There is no specific test for diagnosing seborrheic dermatitis. The diagnosis is usually based upon a person’s history and physical examination. In rare cases, a skin biopsy (removing a small sample of skin) may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other conditions that mimic seborrheic dermatitis.

• #20 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  Seborrheic Dermatitis (SD) and dandruff are of a continuous spectrum of the same disease that affects the seborrheic areas of the body. Dandruff is restricted to the scalp, and involves itchy, flaking skin without visible inflammation. SD can affect the scalp as well as other seborrheic areas, and involves itchy and flaking or scaling skin, inflammation and pruritus. Various intrinsic and environmental factors, such as sebaceous secretions, skin surface fungal colonization, individual susceptibility, and interactions between these factors, all contribute to the pathogenesis of SD and dandruff. […] Diagnosis of SD is typically made by history and physical examination. In rare cases, a skin biopsy is needed for differential diagnosis. […] Dandruff shows many common features as SD in histology, such as epidermal hyperplasia, parakeratosis, and Malassezia yeasts surrounding the parakeratotic cells.

• #21 Is it necessary for dandruff to be medically diagnosed?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/dandruff-mild-seborrheic-dermatitis-of-the-scalp/is-it-necessary-for-dandruff-to-be-medically-diagnosed

  Generally, no, but when dandruff becomes severe enough not to respond to self-care measures and over-the-counter medicated shampoos, a consultation with a medical doctor or dermatologist may be helpful. […] At a consultation, a doctor will wish to assess a persons scalp so as to either diagnose or rule out any other skin-related conditions which can cause similar symptoms of the scalp. […] A physical examination of the scalp is typically how severe dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis will be diagnosed. […] To determine the severity of dandruff a doctor will assess a persons scalp by dividing it up into quadrants. […] A doctor may also be looking for signs of the following during a physical examination: Acanthosis (thickening of the skin), Hyperkeratosis (also results in a thickening of the skin), Parakeratosis (an incomplete maturation of epidermal keratinocytes which causes the abnormal retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum), Accentuated rete ridges (thin tissue extensions which project into the underlying connective tissues of the skin / scalp and mucous membranes), Focal spongiosis (abnormal fluid accumulation within a localised area of the epidermis / scalp).

• #22 Seborrheic dermatitis: Causes and treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/seborrhoeic-dermatitis

  Dandruff (also called pityriasis capitis) is an uninflamed form of seborrhoeic dermatitis on the scalp. Dandruff presents as diffuse bran-like scaly patches within hair-bearing areas of the scalp without underlying erythema. Dandruff may be asymptomatic or mildly pruritic. […] The diagnosis of seborrhoeic dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis based on the location, appearance, and behaviour of the lesions. […] If the diagnosis is uncertain, a biopsy can be undertaken. This would typically show parakeratosis in the epidermis, plugged follicular ostia, and spongiosis in the case of seborrhoeic dermatitis. The dermis typically has a sparse, perivascular, lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate. […] As Malassezia are a normal component of skin flora, their presence on microscopy of skin scrapings is not diagnostic.

• #23 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  Having two skin conditions can make it difficult to clearly see each condition. If your dermatologist sees signs of two skin conditions, they may remove a small amount of skin. This procedure is called a skin biopsy. It can be performed during your office visit while you remain awake. […] The small amount of skin will be examined under a microscope by a dermatopathologist (a doctor who specializes in both dermatology and pathology), who will look for signs of a variety of skin conditions. […] After your dermatologist has all the information, they will talk with you about whats going on. If you have seborrheic dermatitis, your dermatologist will discuss treatment with you. […] A dandruff shampoo can treat mild to moderate seborrheic dermatitis on your scalp. For some people, that may be all the treatment they need.

• #24 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Dandruff-Treatment.aspx

  A doctor usually diagnoses dandruff based on redness and scaling of the scalp. In order to diagnose dandruff, a doctor needs to rule out other conditions that present with similar symptoms such as eczema and psoriasis. In order to test for fungal infection, a sample of flaky skin from the scalp may be sent to the laboratory for analysis, although this is rarely required.

• #25 PCR Testing of Dandruff

  https://www.ammagenomics.com/pcr-testing-of-dandruff/

  Dandruff is caused by various factors, and its formation is often attributed to a combination of factors. PCR Testing of dandruff is the latest technology which helps to find the root cause of the problem […] Experiencing persistent or severe dandruff, it’s advisable to do a PCR test to find the root cause of the problem for a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment. […] AMMAGENOMICS Molecular Testing Laboratory offers PCR-based microbiome test which looks at the whole microbiome of the dandruff. It detects all the bacteria, yeast, and fungus in it. Accurate results are given in a quick turnaround time. This PCR test helps to find the root cause of the problem. Based on the test results, free treatment counselling and guidance are given for a complete cure.

• #26 Seborrheic dermatitis: Causes and treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/seborrhoeic-dermatitis

  Dandruff (also called pityriasis capitis) is an uninflamed form of seborrhoeic dermatitis on the scalp. Dandruff presents as diffuse bran-like scaly patches within hair-bearing areas of the scalp without underlying erythema. Dandruff may be asymptomatic or mildly pruritic. […] The diagnosis of seborrhoeic dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis based on the location, appearance, and behaviour of the lesions. […] If the diagnosis is uncertain, a biopsy can be undertaken. This would typically show parakeratosis in the epidermis, plugged follicular ostia, and spongiosis in the case of seborrhoeic dermatitis. The dermis typically has a sparse, perivascular, lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate. […] As Malassezia are a normal component of skin flora, their presence on microscopy of skin scrapings is not diagnostic.

• #27 Dandruff (Seborrhea) Treatment, Home Remedies, Causes, Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dandruff/article_em.htm

  Dandruff is a common skin condition, not a fungus. […] Dandruff is generally fairly easy to diagnose. A medical professional can usually identify dandruff by looking at the rash and asking questions about how it appeared. […] In rare instances, highly atypical cases may require more exams and tests including skin scrapings for microscopic evaluation and skin biopsies. A health care professional may scrape some scales off the rash and look at them under the microscope to make sure the rash is not caused by a fungus. […] The four key features of dandruff are… White skin flakes on any hair-bearing parts of the body, Scaly skin by the eyebrows, ears, and nose, White flakes on clothes, Itchy or scaly scalp. […] Consult a health care professional if the dandruff does not respond to over-the-counter therapies. In rare instances, severe dandruff may be a sign of underlying disease such as HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders. In such cases, further lab testing or medical workup may be required.

• #28 PCR Testing of Dandruff

  https://www.ammagenomics.com/pcr-testing-of-dandruff/

  Dandruff is caused by various factors, and its formation is often attributed to a combination of factors. PCR Testing of dandruff is the latest technology which helps to find the root cause of the problem […] Experiencing persistent or severe dandruff, it’s advisable to do a PCR test to find the root cause of the problem for a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment. […] AMMAGENOMICS Molecular Testing Laboratory offers PCR-based microbiome test which looks at the whole microbiome of the dandruff. It detects all the bacteria, yeast, and fungus in it. Accurate results are given in a quick turnaround time. This PCR test helps to find the root cause of the problem. Based on the test results, free treatment counselling and guidance are given for a complete cure.

• #29 Seborrheic dermatitis: Causes and treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/seborrhoeic-dermatitis

  Dandruff (also called pityriasis capitis) is an uninflamed form of seborrhoeic dermatitis on the scalp. Dandruff presents as diffuse bran-like scaly patches within hair-bearing areas of the scalp without underlying erythema. Dandruff may be asymptomatic or mildly pruritic. […] The diagnosis of seborrhoeic dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis based on the location, appearance, and behaviour of the lesions. […] If the diagnosis is uncertain, a biopsy can be undertaken. This would typically show parakeratosis in the epidermis, plugged follicular ostia, and spongiosis in the case of seborrhoeic dermatitis. The dermis typically has a sparse, perivascular, lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate. […] As Malassezia are a normal component of skin flora, their presence on microscopy of skin scrapings is not diagnostic.

• #30 Dandruff Diagnosis and Tests – WelcomeCure

  https://www.welcomecure.com/diseases/dandruff/tests-and-diagnosis

  Flakes are usually noticeable and Dandruff can be diagnosed by a physician easily. […] If any fungal infection is suspected, a skin sample may be sent to laboratory for examination. […] Certain blood tests may be required in extreme cases to determine general health conditions like complete blood count, blood glucose, etc.

• #31 Dandruff (Seborrhea) Treatment, Home Remedies, Causes, Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dandruff/article_em.htm

  Dandruff is a common skin condition, not a fungus. […] Dandruff is generally fairly easy to diagnose. A medical professional can usually identify dandruff by looking at the rash and asking questions about how it appeared. […] In rare instances, highly atypical cases may require more exams and tests including skin scrapings for microscopic evaluation and skin biopsies. A health care professional may scrape some scales off the rash and look at them under the microscope to make sure the rash is not caused by a fungus. […] The four key features of dandruff are… White skin flakes on any hair-bearing parts of the body, Scaly skin by the eyebrows, ears, and nose, White flakes on clothes, Itchy or scaly scalp. […] Consult a health care professional if the dandruff does not respond to over-the-counter therapies. In rare instances, severe dandruff may be a sign of underlying disease such as HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders. In such cases, further lab testing or medical workup may be required.

• #32 Dandruff Diagnosis and Tests – WelcomeCure

  https://www.welcomecure.com/diseases/dandruff/tests-and-diagnosis

  Flakes are usually noticeable and Dandruff can be diagnosed by a physician easily. […] If any fungal infection is suspected, a skin sample may be sent to laboratory for examination. […] Certain blood tests may be required in extreme cases to determine general health conditions like complete blood count, blood glucose, etc.

• #33 Dandruff (Seborrhea) Treatment, Home Remedies, Causes, Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dandruff/article_em.htm

  Dandruff is a common skin condition, not a fungus. […] Dandruff is generally fairly easy to diagnose. A medical professional can usually identify dandruff by looking at the rash and asking questions about how it appeared. […] In rare instances, highly atypical cases may require more exams and tests including skin scrapings for microscopic evaluation and skin biopsies. A health care professional may scrape some scales off the rash and look at them under the microscope to make sure the rash is not caused by a fungus. […] The four key features of dandruff are… White skin flakes on any hair-bearing parts of the body, Scaly skin by the eyebrows, ears, and nose, White flakes on clothes, Itchy or scaly scalp. […] Consult a health care professional if the dandruff does not respond to over-the-counter therapies. In rare instances, severe dandruff may be a sign of underlying disease such as HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders. In such cases, further lab testing or medical workup may be required.

• #34 Dandruff in Dogs: Types, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://vetic.in/blog/pet-health/dandruff-in-dogs-types-of-dandruff-their-causes-diagnosis-and-effective-dandruff-treatment-by-the-vet/

  Dandruff in dogs is often referred to as seborrheic dermatitis and its common among humans as well as dogs. […] Dandruffs can be a sign of other underlying conditions of the skin, immune system or endocrine disorders. Each cause demands different treatment. So, diagnose the underlying cause of dandruff in dogs the veterinarian must […] The veterinarian may go for further testing if dandruff is a pervasive problem for your dog. […] At the same time, the veterinarian will recommend blood tests to see if your dog has any systemic condition that can result in dandruff. […] Dandruff in dogs can be a symptom of serious metabolic disorders, such as hypothyroidism or Cushings disease. […] If you see your dog scratching or nibbling too much. If you notice white flakes near their back or flank, you should take your dog to the veterinarian once to find out why they have dandruff.

• #35 Dandruff Experts | Hair & Scalp Expert | Nizoral

  https://www.nizoralshampoo.co.uk/blog/posts/2020/june/the-dandruff-experts-dermatologists-trichologists-doctors-and-pharmacists

  Dandruff is a relatively common condition that affects many people throughout their life. […] Although a pharmacist may not be able to diagnose a scalp condition, they can advise on how to treat the symptoms. […] Most cases of dandruff can be easily treated through self-care without the need to consult a doctor. […] A doctor will usually be able to diagnose the type of scalp condition by the way it looks. […] A dermatologist can diagnose a patient’s condition and recommend them a treatment plan that best meets their needs. […] Trichologists are able to diagnose and treat many conditions affecting the area including eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis and dandruff. […] A trichologist will be able to identify and confirm the presence of dandruff and, after examining the scalp and taking a history from the sufferer, will be able to recommend appropriate treatments. […] Most cases of dandruff dont require a doctors attention.

• #36 Dandruff (for Parents) – Nicklaus Children’s Hospital

  https://kidshealth.org/NicklausChildrens/en/parents/dandruff.html

  Health care providers can diagnose dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis based on symptoms (like an itchy scalp and flakes on the shoulders) and an exam. […] Call your health care provider if: […] Your childs dandruff doesn’t go away with dandruff shampoo. […] The dandruff or itching gets worse. […] Your childs scalp gets red or swollen. […] Your child has red and flaky skin in areas other than the scalp.

• #37 Dandruff

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/

  Dandruff is a common skin condition. It’s not harmful and you cannot catch it. […] Dandruff causes white or grey flakes of skin to appear on the scalp and in the hair. […] Your scalp may also feel dry and itchy. […] Use an anti-dandruff shampoo to treat dandruff. […] A pharmacist can tell you how to use the shampoo. […] Use the shampoo for a month to see if your dandruff gets better. […] See a GP if your dandruff is bad or your scalp is very itchy. […] The GP can check your scalp for skin conditions that could be causing your dandruff. […] Do not worry if you’re not sure what’s causing your dandruff.

• #38 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  Seborrheic dermatitis is one of many skin conditions that causes an itchy rash. A board-certified dermatologist can tell you which skin condition you have and create a treatment plan tailored to your needs. […] To diagnose this condition, your dermatologist will: Ask about your symptoms. Review your medical history with you, asking if you have allergies or other medical conditions. Look closely at the skin with signs of seborrheic dermatitis. […] Thats often all thats needed to diagnose seborrheic dermatitis or cradle cap (a type of seborrheic dermatitis that babies develop, usually on their scalp). […] However, some people have seborrheic dermatitis and another skin condition. For example, its possible to have both seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis, which is often called sebopsoriasis.

• #39 Dandruff Treatment | Advanced Dermatology

  https://www.advanceddermatologypc.com/conditions/dandruff/

  Dandruff is a highly common skin condition that most people will experience at some point in their lives. It is characterized by the shedding of scaly, dried skin cells from the scalp, leading to visible flakes and often accompanied by itching. […] At Advanced Dermatology, P.C., our medical dermatologists are dedicated to helping patients understand the causes of dandruff and providing effective treatment options. […] For dandruff caused by conditions like psoriasis and eczema, a more detailed diagnosis and treatment plan may be necessary. At Advanced Dermatology, P.C., our dermatologists have in-depth experience in diagnosing and treating these underlying conditions. […] Our dermatologists are highly trained and experienced in diagnosing and treating a wide range of skin problems, from common issues like dandruff and acne to more complex conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and skin cancer. We use the latest diagnostic tools and treatment techniques to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective management of your skin concerns.

• #40 Dandruff Experts | Hair & Scalp Expert | Nizoral

  https://www.nizoralshampoo.co.uk/blog/posts/2020/june/the-dandruff-experts-dermatologists-trichologists-doctors-and-pharmacists

  Dandruff is a relatively common condition that affects many people throughout their life. […] Although a pharmacist may not be able to diagnose a scalp condition, they can advise on how to treat the symptoms. […] Most cases of dandruff can be easily treated through self-care without the need to consult a doctor. […] A doctor will usually be able to diagnose the type of scalp condition by the way it looks. […] A dermatologist can diagnose a patient’s condition and recommend them a treatment plan that best meets their needs. […] Trichologists are able to diagnose and treat many conditions affecting the area including eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis and dandruff. […] A trichologist will be able to identify and confirm the presence of dandruff and, after examining the scalp and taking a history from the sufferer, will be able to recommend appropriate treatments. […] Most cases of dandruff dont require a doctors attention.

• #41 Dandruff – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/dandruff-a-to-z

  Dandruff is a condition in which dead skin cells are shed from the scalp in large enough amounts to be noticeable. […] Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis of unknown cause. It is more of a nuisance and a cosmetic problem than a medical one. […] In most cases, dandruff can be self-diagnosed without the aid of a physician. […] If dandruff symptoms persist or worsen with severe flaking, itching, scaling or redness see a doctor for more intensive therapy.

• #42 Dandruff

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Condition_Dandruff_-_Dermatology.xml

  Dandruff causes flaking skin, along with a dry, itchy scalp or an oily scalp. The flakes may be white or yellowish and may: […] Usually you don’t need to have your doctor diagnose dandruff. If your scalp is itchy and sheds white flakes, you probably have dandruff. […] Contact us for an appointment if: […] Dandruff doesn’t improve after you use an over-the-counter dandruff shampoo every day for a few weeks. […] You have other symptoms, such as crusty eyelashes or red, inflamed skin. You may have another medical condition.

• #43 How to treat dandruff

  https://www.aad.org/public/skin-hair-nails/hair-care/how-to-treat-dandruff

  Dandruff is a common scalp condition in which small pieces of dry skin flake off of the scalp. […] Dandruff can develop due to multiple reasons, including some medical conditions, your hair care habits, or oily skin. […] For most people, dandruff does not require medical attention. If your dandruff doesn’t go away after following these tips, or if you develop severe dandruff, partner with a board-certified dermatologist. […] Your dermatologist may prescribe stronger dandruff shampoo or medication. Your dermatologist also knows whether your dandruff is a sign of a medical condition, such as seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, fungal infections of the scalp, or eczema.

• #44 Dandruff (for Parents) – Nicklaus Children’s Hospital

  https://kidshealth.org/NicklausChildrens/en/parents/dandruff.html

  Health care providers can diagnose dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis based on symptoms (like an itchy scalp and flakes on the shoulders) and an exam. […] Call your health care provider if: […] Your childs dandruff doesn’t go away with dandruff shampoo. […] The dandruff or itching gets worse. […] Your childs scalp gets red or swollen. […] Your child has red and flaky skin in areas other than the scalp.

• #45 Seborrheic Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/seborrheic-dermatitis-medref

  If you have seborrheic dermatitis on your scalp, use an over-the-counter dandruff shampoo with one of these ingredients: […] Contact your doctor if your affected areas: […] Don’t get better […] Become painful, red, or swollen […] Start draining pus […] Treatment can’t cure seborrheic dermatitis, but it can relieve symptoms like itching and swelling.

• #46 Dandruff: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152844

  Dandruff is a scalp condition that causes flakes of skin to appear. There may also be itching. […] Dandruff is a medical condition. A doctor will recommend suitable treatment for any of these underlying causes. […] Dandruff often stems from Malassezia, a fungus that commonly lives on the scalp and feeds on the oils secreted by hair follicles. […] If dandruff and itching are severe and persistent, or if symptoms worsen, it may be a good idea to see a doctor. They may identify an underlying problem that will respond to a specific treatment. […] Complications rarely occur with dandruff, and most people do not need to consult a doctor. However, sometimes dandruff can indicate a more serious medical condition.

• #47 Dandruff – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/dandruff-a-to-z

  Dandruff is a condition in which dead skin cells are shed from the scalp in large enough amounts to be noticeable. […] Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis of unknown cause. It is more of a nuisance and a cosmetic problem than a medical one. […] In most cases, dandruff can be self-diagnosed without the aid of a physician. […] If dandruff symptoms persist or worsen with severe flaking, itching, scaling or redness see a doctor for more intensive therapy.

• #48 Dandruff – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/dandruff

  Dandruff is a harmless, chronic condition that occurs when the scalp becomes dry or greasy and produces white flakes of dead skin that appear in the hair or on the shoulders. […] Dandruff is a condition that people can pretty much self-diagnose from the symptoms of an itchy, dry, and scaly scalp. […] If non-prescription preparations are not successful in providing some improvement after 2 weeks, or if the condition worsens, you should consider seeing a doctor.

• #49 What Is Dandruff? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dandruff/guide/

  Dandruff can happen for a number of reasons. […] A dermatologist can usually diagnose dandruff simply by looking at your scalp. If your dandruff does not respond to treatment, your healthcare provider may choose to perform a skin biopsy to rule out other possible issues, notes Cleveland Clinic. […] Dandruff is an often chronic but treatable condition. […] Dandruff symptoms may include small pieces of dry skin on your scalp, in your hair, and on your shoulders. You may also have an itchy scalp, or yellowish to reddish scaly raised bumps in more severe cases. […] If you have excessive dandruff or the symptoms are more severe, you may have a skin condition such as seborrheic dermatitis. Age, sex, ethnicity, and neurologic conditions may also be factors for those who have lots of dandruff.

• #50 Dandruff

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/

  Dandruff is a common skin condition. It’s not harmful and you cannot catch it. […] Dandruff causes white or grey flakes of skin to appear on the scalp and in the hair. […] Your scalp may also feel dry and itchy. […] Use an anti-dandruff shampoo to treat dandruff. […] A pharmacist can tell you how to use the shampoo. […] Use the shampoo for a month to see if your dandruff gets better. […] See a GP if your dandruff is bad or your scalp is very itchy. […] The GP can check your scalp for skin conditions that could be causing your dandruff. […] Do not worry if you’re not sure what’s causing your dandruff.

• #51 What Is Dandruff? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dandruff/guide/

  Dandruff shampoo, which often contains active ingredients like selenium sulfide, pyrithione zinc, salicylic acid, is available over the counter or by prescription. Shampoos containing tea tree oil may also help. […] No cure is available for dandruff, which can be chronic. But in some cases, a change of habit washing your hair more often, for example can clear up flakes fairly quickly. […] In some cases, yeast, a fungus, can cause dandruff. The yeast feeds on scalp oils, and the body will mistake this breakdown of oils for an irritant. The scalp then speeds up skin cell renewal, which causes dandruff.

• #52 Seborrheic Dermatitis: What Is It, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14403-seborrheic-dermatitis

  For long-term control, your healthcare provider may prescribe antifungal shampoos that contain ciclopirax (Loprox) or ketoconazole (Nizoral). […] In adolescents and adults, seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp (dandruff) or the face and body is a condition that comes and goes throughout life. […] If you have seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp, you can try some of the over-the-counter dandruff shampoos. […] You should see a dermatologist if your symptoms get worse or you experience a flare-up.

• #53 Diagnosis and Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0201/p185.html

  Seborrheic dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis based on the location and appearance of lesions. […] The differential diagnosis is lengthy, but the correct diagnosis can usually be made clinically by the characteristic distribution of lesions and varying course of the disease. […] If the diagnosis is uncertain, a biopsy demonstrating parakeratosis in the epidermis, plugged follicular ostia, and spongiosis can confirm the presence of seborrheic dermatitis. […] The diagnosis can be challenging in patients with darker skin, but the same principles apply.

• #54 Dandruff Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/dandruff.html

  Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis of unknown cause. […] In most cases, dandruff can be self-diagnosed without the aid of a physician. […] If dandruff symptoms persist or worsen — with severe flaking, itching, scaling or redness — see a doctor for more intensive therapy.

• #55 Dandruff Experts | Hair & Scalp Expert | Nizoral

  https://www.nizoralshampoo.co.uk/blog/posts/2020/june/the-dandruff-experts-dermatologists-trichologists-doctors-and-pharmacists

  Dandruff is a relatively common condition that affects many people throughout their life. […] Although a pharmacist may not be able to diagnose a scalp condition, they can advise on how to treat the symptoms. […] Most cases of dandruff can be easily treated through self-care without the need to consult a doctor. […] A doctor will usually be able to diagnose the type of scalp condition by the way it looks. […] A dermatologist can diagnose a patient’s condition and recommend them a treatment plan that best meets their needs. […] Trichologists are able to diagnose and treat many conditions affecting the area including eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis and dandruff. […] A trichologist will be able to identify and confirm the presence of dandruff and, after examining the scalp and taking a history from the sufferer, will be able to recommend appropriate treatments. […] Most cases of dandruff dont require a doctors attention.

• #56 Dandruff

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/

  Dandruff is a common skin condition. It’s not harmful and you cannot catch it. […] Dandruff causes white or grey flakes of skin to appear on the scalp and in the hair. […] Your scalp may also feel dry and itchy. […] Use an anti-dandruff shampoo to treat dandruff. […] A pharmacist can tell you how to use the shampoo. […] Use the shampoo for a month to see if your dandruff gets better. […] See a GP if your dandruff is bad or your scalp is very itchy. […] The GP can check your scalp for skin conditions that could be causing your dandruff. […] Do not worry if you’re not sure what’s causing your dandruff.

• #57 Over-the-counter vs prescription for dandruff shampoo

  https://www.selsunblue.com/en-us/selsun-clinic/education/over-the-counter-vs-prescription-for-dandruff-shampoo

  Dandruff is an everyday condition affecting a wide range of people. Apart from causing the skin on the scalp to flake, it can also leave your scalp feeling irritable and make you feel self-conscious. […] If you’ve been using an over-the-counter medicated shampoo regularly for a couple of weeks but are still experiencing signs of dandruff, talk to your doctor or a recommended dermatologist. It could be that you now need a prescription-strength shampoo. […] The good news part! You wont need any time-consuming preparation for an appointment to diagnose dandruff. Your doctor will most likely be able to diagnose your symptoms simply by looking at your scalp and your skin. […] By taking the right steps such as understanding the major differences between over-the-counter, prescription, and medicated shampoos you’ll be on the right path to managing the condition in a safe and effective way.

• #58 Dandruff

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/

  Dandruff is a common skin condition. It’s not harmful and you cannot catch it. […] Dandruff causes white or grey flakes of skin to appear on the scalp and in the hair. […] Your scalp may also feel dry and itchy. […] Use an anti-dandruff shampoo to treat dandruff. […] A pharmacist can tell you how to use the shampoo. […] Use the shampoo for a month to see if your dandruff gets better. […] See a GP if your dandruff is bad or your scalp is very itchy. […] The GP can check your scalp for skin conditions that could be causing your dandruff. […] Do not worry if you’re not sure what’s causing your dandruff.

• #59 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  These shampoos contain different ingredients that treat the itch, rash, flaking/scales, and irritation. […] To get seborrheic dermatitis under control, youll use this type of shampoo as often as directed. If you have straight or wavy hair, you may use dandruff shampoo 2 to 3 times a week. However, if you have curly or tightly coiled hair, your dermatologist may recommend using the shampoo once a week. […] To get seborrheic dermatitis under control, its important to leave the shampoo on your scalp for the amount of time your dermatologist recommends. This gives the medication time to work. […] Dandruff shampoo can also help treat other areas of your body with seborrheic dermatitis, so your dermatologist may also recommend shampooing your beard, face, or another area. […] To prevent flare-ups, patients often continue to use dandruff shampoo once a week.

• #60 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  Youll find many dandruff shampoos. Its important to use the one or two that your dermatologist puts in your treatment plan. Different shampoos work differently. For example, some dandruff shampoos control the overgrowth of yeast that people with seborrheic dermatitis have. Other shampoos help reduce scale. […] Some people find that a shampoo no longer works as well as it once did. If this happens, let your dermatologist know. It may be helpful to rotate dandruff shampoos. […] Should you need a stronger dandruff shampoo, your dermatologist may prescribe: Ciclopirox: This prescription shampoo works to clear the rash, scales, and itch. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved it to treat patients 16 years of age or older who have seborrheic dermatitis on their scalp. Most patients use this shampoo twice a week for 4 weeks, waiting at least 3 days between shampoos. If you have coily hair, your dermatologist may recommend using this shampoo less often.

• #61 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  Youll find many dandruff shampoos. Its important to use the one or two that your dermatologist puts in your treatment plan. Different shampoos work differently. For example, some dandruff shampoos control the overgrowth of yeast that people with seborrheic dermatitis have. Other shampoos help reduce scale. […] Some people find that a shampoo no longer works as well as it once did. If this happens, let your dermatologist know. It may be helpful to rotate dandruff shampoos. […] Should you need a stronger dandruff shampoo, your dermatologist may prescribe: Ciclopirox: This prescription shampoo works to clear the rash, scales, and itch. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved it to treat patients 16 years of age or older who have seborrheic dermatitis on their scalp. Most patients use this shampoo twice a week for 4 weeks, waiting at least 3 days between shampoos. If you have coily hair, your dermatologist may recommend using this shampoo less often.

• #62 DANDRUFF: THE MOST COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED SKIN DISEASE

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2887514/

  During dandruff, the levels of Malassezia increase by 1.5 to 2 times its normal level. […] In response to the use of antifungal preparations, population of Malassezia reduces, but the bacterial population is seldom affected. […] The non-microbial cause for dandruff is well established. […] The severity of dandruff ranges from discrete to severe among subjects, possibly the scales may be trapped in the mesh of crowded terminal hair prohibiting them from being lost. […] Many attempts have been made to understand the pathogenesis and pathogenecity of dandruff. […] The pathogenesis of dandruff involves hyper proliferation of keratinocytes, resulting in deregulation of keratinization. […] Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxyl acid keratinolytic agent that is useful in removing scaly hyperkeratotic skin. […] Selenium sulfide controls dandruff via its anti Malassezia effect rather than by its antiproliferative effect. […] Ketoconazole is a broad spectrum, antimycotic agent that is active against both Candida and M. furfur.

• #63 What Is Dandruff? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dandruff/guide/

  Dandruff shampoo, which often contains active ingredients like selenium sulfide, pyrithione zinc, salicylic acid, is available over the counter or by prescription. Shampoos containing tea tree oil may also help. […] No cure is available for dandruff, which can be chronic. But in some cases, a change of habit washing your hair more often, for example can clear up flakes fairly quickly. […] In some cases, yeast, a fungus, can cause dandruff. The yeast feeds on scalp oils, and the body will mistake this breakdown of oils for an irritant. The scalp then speeds up skin cell renewal, which causes dandruff.

• #64 Dandruff – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandruff

  Dandruff is a skin condition of the scalp. Symptoms include flaking and sometimes mild itchiness. Diagnosis is based on symptoms. […] The cause is unclear but believed to involve a number of genetic and environmental factors. […] Dandruff affects about half of adults, with males more often affected than females. […] In addition, people in all areas of the world are affected. […] Onset is usually at puberty, and it becomes less common after the age of 50. […] Antifungal treatments including piroctone olamine, ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione, and selenium disulfide have been found to be effective. […] Ketoconazole appears to have a longer duration of effect. […] Dandruff scale is a cluster of corneocytes, which have retained a large degree of cohesion with one another and detach as such from the surface of the stratum corneum. […] In seborrhoeic dermatitis, redness and itching frequently occur around the folds of the nose and eyebrow areas, not just the scalp.

• #65 DANDRUFF: THE MOST COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED SKIN DISEASE

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2887514/

  During dandruff, the levels of Malassezia increase by 1.5 to 2 times its normal level. […] In response to the use of antifungal preparations, population of Malassezia reduces, but the bacterial population is seldom affected. […] The non-microbial cause for dandruff is well established. […] The severity of dandruff ranges from discrete to severe among subjects, possibly the scales may be trapped in the mesh of crowded terminal hair prohibiting them from being lost. […] Many attempts have been made to understand the pathogenesis and pathogenecity of dandruff. […] The pathogenesis of dandruff involves hyper proliferation of keratinocytes, resulting in deregulation of keratinization. […] Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxyl acid keratinolytic agent that is useful in removing scaly hyperkeratotic skin. […] Selenium sulfide controls dandruff via its anti Malassezia effect rather than by its antiproliferative effect. […] Ketoconazole is a broad spectrum, antimycotic agent that is active against both Candida and M. furfur.

• #66 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  These shampoos contain different ingredients that treat the itch, rash, flaking/scales, and irritation. […] To get seborrheic dermatitis under control, youll use this type of shampoo as often as directed. If you have straight or wavy hair, you may use dandruff shampoo 2 to 3 times a week. However, if you have curly or tightly coiled hair, your dermatologist may recommend using the shampoo once a week. […] To get seborrheic dermatitis under control, its important to leave the shampoo on your scalp for the amount of time your dermatologist recommends. This gives the medication time to work. […] Dandruff shampoo can also help treat other areas of your body with seborrheic dermatitis, so your dermatologist may also recommend shampooing your beard, face, or another area. […] To prevent flare-ups, patients often continue to use dandruff shampoo once a week.

• #67 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  These shampoos contain different ingredients that treat the itch, rash, flaking/scales, and irritation. […] To get seborrheic dermatitis under control, youll use this type of shampoo as often as directed. If you have straight or wavy hair, you may use dandruff shampoo 2 to 3 times a week. However, if you have curly or tightly coiled hair, your dermatologist may recommend using the shampoo once a week. […] To get seborrheic dermatitis under control, its important to leave the shampoo on your scalp for the amount of time your dermatologist recommends. This gives the medication time to work. […] Dandruff shampoo can also help treat other areas of your body with seborrheic dermatitis, so your dermatologist may also recommend shampooing your beard, face, or another area. […] To prevent flare-ups, patients often continue to use dandruff shampoo once a week.

• #68 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  Youll find many dandruff shampoos. Its important to use the one or two that your dermatologist puts in your treatment plan. Different shampoos work differently. For example, some dandruff shampoos control the overgrowth of yeast that people with seborrheic dermatitis have. Other shampoos help reduce scale. […] Some people find that a shampoo no longer works as well as it once did. If this happens, let your dermatologist know. It may be helpful to rotate dandruff shampoos. […] Should you need a stronger dandruff shampoo, your dermatologist may prescribe: Ciclopirox: This prescription shampoo works to clear the rash, scales, and itch. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved it to treat patients 16 years of age or older who have seborrheic dermatitis on their scalp. Most patients use this shampoo twice a week for 4 weeks, waiting at least 3 days between shampoos. If you have coily hair, your dermatologist may recommend using this shampoo less often.

• #69 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  In two clinical trials, 58% and 26% of patients had little or no seborrheic dermatitis after using this shampoo for 4 weeks. […] When seborrheic dermatitis develops on the skin, dermatologists often treat it with medication that you apply to the rash and other signs. These medications include: Antifungal cream, gel, or foam: This type of medication is often included in a treatment plan. […] Ketoconazole is a medication thats often prescribed. It can diminish the rash, itch, and scale. The FDA has approved topical (applied to the skin) ketoconazole to treat seborrheic dermatitis in people 12 years of age and older who have a healthy immune system. […] Different types of this medication are applied differently. For example, you apply the foam twice a day and the gel twice a week. Be sure to read the directions carefully.

• #70 Seborrheic Dermatitis: What Is It, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14403-seborrheic-dermatitis

  For long-term control, your healthcare provider may prescribe antifungal shampoos that contain ciclopirax (Loprox) or ketoconazole (Nizoral). […] In adolescents and adults, seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp (dandruff) or the face and body is a condition that comes and goes throughout life. […] If you have seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp, you can try some of the over-the-counter dandruff shampoos. […] You should see a dermatologist if your symptoms get worse or you experience a flare-up.

• #71 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  In two clinical trials, 58% and 26% of patients had little or no seborrheic dermatitis after using this shampoo for 4 weeks. […] When seborrheic dermatitis develops on the skin, dermatologists often treat it with medication that you apply to the rash and other signs. These medications include: Antifungal cream, gel, or foam: This type of medication is often included in a treatment plan. […] Ketoconazole is a medication thats often prescribed. It can diminish the rash, itch, and scale. The FDA has approved topical (applied to the skin) ketoconazole to treat seborrheic dermatitis in people 12 years of age and older who have a healthy immune system. […] Different types of this medication are applied differently. For example, you apply the foam twice a day and the gel twice a week. Be sure to read the directions carefully.

• #72 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  Possible side effects include burning, stinging, or irritation on skin treated with ketoconazole. […] If an antifungal or dandruff shampoo fails to clear your skin or scalp, your dermatologist may add a corticosteroid to your treatment plan. […] This medication can quickly reduce inflammation, which reduces discoloration and itch. Its also prescribed to get a flare-up under control quickly. […] Patients usually apply a corticosteroid like hydrocortisone cream once or twice a day. Be sure to follow your dermatologists instructions carefully, as this helps to avoid possible side effects. […] In studies, patients with seborrheic dermatitis who were treated with these medications saw less seborrheic dermatitis within 2 weeks. Researchers also found that if signs and symptoms returned, they were milder than before.

• #73 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  Skin care along with medicated shampoos and topical (applied to the skin) medications can often control seborrheic dermatitis. If this treatment fails to work or you have widespread seborrheic dermatitis, your treatment plan may include: Oral (take by mouth) antifungal: Your dermatologist may prescribe an antifungal medication, such as itraconazole or terbinafine. […] These medications can reduce symptoms. When using this medication, the goal is to reduce symptoms and then switch to a topical medication to maintain your results. […] A type of treatment called UVB light therapy may help clear a widespread rash and scales on the skin and scalp. […] To get the best results from treatment, dermatologists recommend taking proper care of your skin and other self-care techniques.

• #74 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  These shampoos contain different ingredients that treat the itch, rash, flaking/scales, and irritation. […] To get seborrheic dermatitis under control, youll use this type of shampoo as often as directed. If you have straight or wavy hair, you may use dandruff shampoo 2 to 3 times a week. However, if you have curly or tightly coiled hair, your dermatologist may recommend using the shampoo once a week. […] To get seborrheic dermatitis under control, its important to leave the shampoo on your scalp for the amount of time your dermatologist recommends. This gives the medication time to work. […] Dandruff shampoo can also help treat other areas of your body with seborrheic dermatitis, so your dermatologist may also recommend shampooing your beard, face, or another area. […] To prevent flare-ups, patients often continue to use dandruff shampoo once a week.

• #75 Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-treatment

  Youll find many dandruff shampoos. Its important to use the one or two that your dermatologist puts in your treatment plan. Different shampoos work differently. For example, some dandruff shampoos control the overgrowth of yeast that people with seborrheic dermatitis have. Other shampoos help reduce scale. […] Some people find that a shampoo no longer works as well as it once did. If this happens, let your dermatologist know. It may be helpful to rotate dandruff shampoos. […] Should you need a stronger dandruff shampoo, your dermatologist may prescribe: Ciclopirox: This prescription shampoo works to clear the rash, scales, and itch. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved it to treat patients 16 years of age or older who have seborrheic dermatitis on their scalp. Most patients use this shampoo twice a week for 4 weeks, waiting at least 3 days between shampoos. If you have coily hair, your dermatologist may recommend using this shampoo less often.

• #76 Dandruff FAQs Answered By Cosmetic Dermatologists

  https://www.sipderm.com/answering-all-your-dandruff-faqs/

  We consider dandruff a chronic disease, with flares and remissions, which means that likely the shampoos will be needed forever, but there may be times when the condition is not flaring and you may be able to stop. […] Treatment depends on the severity of the condition. Patients with mild seborrheic dermatitis can often be treated with topical shampoos, liquids, or foams. More severe disease may require injectable or temporary oral cortisone. […] It is important to remember that this condition is not particularly curable, but can usually be easily managed with the aforementioned treatment plans.

• #77 Seborrheic Dermatitis: What Is It, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14403-seborrheic-dermatitis

  Seborrheic dermatitis is a common, noncontagious, easy-to-manage skin condition. This type of dermatitis causes itchy red patches and greasy scales on your skin along with white or yellow crusty or powdery flakes on your scalp. […] It’s called dandruff (pityriasis capitis) when it’s on a teenagers or adults scalp. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is an easy condition to diagnose because of its appearance on the affected skin and where it appears on your body. No blood, urine or allergy tests are needed. […] In teenagers and adults, seborrheic dermatitis usually doesn’t disappear on its own without treatment. […] The goal of treatment is to reduce the visible signs of seborrheic dermatitis and itching and redness. […] For mild cases, look for over-the-counter dandruff shampoos that contain selenium, zinc pyrithione or coal tar.

• #78 The Difference Between Dandruff, Scalp Psoriasis, And More | SvensonExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://svenson.com.ph/informative/conditions-that-look-like-dandruff/

  Dandruff is a common scalp issue familiar to many, characterized by flaking and mild itchiness that seems harmless enough. However, distinguishing between dandruff versus more serious scalp problems like scalp psoriasis can be confusing. The appearance of flaky skin on the scalp leads many to assume it’s just dandruff, but other conditions can also mimic these symptoms. […] Dandruff is a common, non-contagious scalp condition marked by white or gray flakes and often itching. It’s typically caused by dry skin or an excess of the yeast-like fungus Malassezia and is easily manageable. […] Despite its prevalence, dandruff is frequently misunderstood versus scalp disorders such as scalp psoriasis. One common dandruff myth is that dandruff results from poor hygiene; however, it’s usually more related to a person’s skin type and sensitivity rather than their cleanliness habits. This misconception often causes people to misdiagnose themselves or mistreat their condition. Understanding these nuances is crucial for effectively managing dandruff and distinguishing it from other, more serious scalp issues.

• #79 The Difference Between Dandruff, Scalp Psoriasis, And More | SvensonExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://svenson.com.ph/informative/conditions-that-look-like-dandruff/

  It’s crucial to differentiate between ordinary dandruff and more severe scalp issues for appropriate treatment. This understanding can help prevent incorrect diagnoses and provide timely medical intervention. […] Knowing when to consult a doctor about dandruff is particularly important if your scalp condition does not improve with over-the-counter treatments, if the flaking is recurrent and localized (restricted to a particular part of the scalp), or if symptoms appear on other parts of your body. These persistent symptoms might indicate a more serious underlying condition that requires professional diagnosis and treatment by a dermatologist. […] Dandruff itself is not typically a sign of cancer. However, the early stages of squamous cell carcinoma can mimic dandruff symptoms. This type of skin cancer may present as a crusty, dry patch on the scalp that recurs in the same spot and does not improve with standard dandruff treatments. An accurate diagnosis from a healthcare provider is also vital. It ensures you receive the appropriate care for your specific condition, whether it’s benign dandruff or something more severe like skin cancer.

• #80 Dandruff Treatment | Advanced Dermatology

  https://www.advanceddermatologypc.com/conditions/dandruff/

  Dandruff is a highly common skin condition that most people will experience at some point in their lives. It is characterized by the shedding of scaly, dried skin cells from the scalp, leading to visible flakes and often accompanied by itching. […] At Advanced Dermatology, P.C., our medical dermatologists are dedicated to helping patients understand the causes of dandruff and providing effective treatment options. […] For dandruff caused by conditions like psoriasis and eczema, a more detailed diagnosis and treatment plan may be necessary. At Advanced Dermatology, P.C., our dermatologists have in-depth experience in diagnosing and treating these underlying conditions. […] Our dermatologists are highly trained and experienced in diagnosing and treating a wide range of skin problems, from common issues like dandruff and acne to more complex conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and skin cancer. We use the latest diagnostic tools and treatment techniques to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective management of your skin concerns.

• #81 Clearfield, UT Severe Dandruff Treatments | Seborrheic Dermatitis

  https://www.hadleydermatology.com/clearfield-ut-dandruff-treatment

  Dealing with severe dandruff can feel frustrating and uncomfortable. This condition often signals an underlying scalp problem, such as seborrheic dermatitis or a fungal infection. […] Our dermatologists perform a detailed scalp examination to identify the root cause of your severe dandruff. We check for inflammation, infection, and other abnormalities to ensure an accurate diagnosis. Understanding the underlying issue allows us to recommend the most effective treatment plan. […] Accurate Diagnosis: We pinpoint the exact cause of your severe dandruff, whether its seborrheic dermatitis, a fungal infection, or another issue.

• #82 West Point, UT Severe Dandruff Treatments | Seborrheic Dermatitis

  https://www.hadleydermatology.com/west-point-dandruff-treatment

  Severe dandruff can be a frustrating and embarrassing condition. It’s often a symptom of an underlying scalp issue, such as seborrheic dermatitis or a fungal infection. […] To determine the underlying cause of your severe dandruff before treatment begins, our West Point, UT, dermatologists will conduct a thorough scalp examination. […] An accurate diagnosis allows us to recommend the most effective treatment. […] We identify the root cause of your severe dandruff, whether its seborrheic dermatitis, a fungal infection, or something else.

• #83 Clearfield, UT Severe Dandruff Treatments | Seborrheic Dermatitis

  https://www.hadleydermatology.com/clearfield-ut-dandruff-treatment

  Dealing with severe dandruff can feel frustrating and uncomfortable. This condition often signals an underlying scalp problem, such as seborrheic dermatitis or a fungal infection. […] Our dermatologists perform a detailed scalp examination to identify the root cause of your severe dandruff. We check for inflammation, infection, and other abnormalities to ensure an accurate diagnosis. Understanding the underlying issue allows us to recommend the most effective treatment plan. […] Accurate Diagnosis: We pinpoint the exact cause of your severe dandruff, whether its seborrheic dermatitis, a fungal infection, or another issue.

• #84 How to treat dandruff

  https://www.aad.org/public/skin-hair-nails/hair-care/how-to-treat-dandruff

  Dandruff is a common scalp condition in which small pieces of dry skin flake off of the scalp. […] Dandruff can develop due to multiple reasons, including some medical conditions, your hair care habits, or oily skin. […] For most people, dandruff does not require medical attention. If your dandruff doesn’t go away after following these tips, or if you develop severe dandruff, partner with a board-certified dermatologist. […] Your dermatologist may prescribe stronger dandruff shampoo or medication. Your dermatologist also knows whether your dandruff is a sign of a medical condition, such as seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, fungal infections of the scalp, or eczema.

• #85 Dandruff: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152844

  Dandruff is a scalp condition that causes flakes of skin to appear. There may also be itching. […] Dandruff is a medical condition. A doctor will recommend suitable treatment for any of these underlying causes. […] Dandruff often stems from Malassezia, a fungus that commonly lives on the scalp and feeds on the oils secreted by hair follicles. […] If dandruff and itching are severe and persistent, or if symptoms worsen, it may be a good idea to see a doctor. They may identify an underlying problem that will respond to a specific treatment. […] Complications rarely occur with dandruff, and most people do not need to consult a doctor. However, sometimes dandruff can indicate a more serious medical condition.

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