Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-1315

  Dandruff, or pityriasis capitis, is the most common symptom of seborrhoeic dermatitis. […] Although it is considered a very common condition, no published epidemiological study evaluating the frequency of dandruff could be found in the literature. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dandruff, scalp pruritus, and other associated symptoms, in the French population. […] The prevalence of dandruff in the French population was high. […] No other study evaluating the prevalence of dandruff among adults could be identified. […] Dandruff is considered as very frequent, and appears to be more frequent among men than women and more frequent among young people than older people. […] Dandruff was initially considered as a possible manifestation of skin sensitivity. […] Dandruff is the most common symptom of seborrhoeic dermatitis.

• #2 Is It Dandruff or Seborrheic Dermatitis?

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/is-it-dandruff-or-seborrheic-dermatitis

  Dandruff is a common condition that affects up to 50% of the population. […] Excess skin oil (sebum) is an underlying contributor to dandruff epidemiology, as illustrated by its preference for males, postpubertal age, and poor hygiene. […] An improper diet may contribute to dandruff, especially if it is low in zinc, B vitamins, or specific types of fats. […] Dandruff also appears to be more common in patients with compromised immune status or Parkinson’s disease and in those recovering from stress-related situations such as a recent heart attack or stroke. […] The etiology of SD is similar to that of dandruff. M. furfur is presumed causal in most patients, especially when a therapeutic trial of topical antifungal medications (e.g., ketoconazole cream) clears the condition and prevents its recurrence, as is often the case.

• #3 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  Comparing with SD, dandruff is much more common, and affects approximately 50% of the general adult population worldwide. It is also more prevalent in males than females. Dandruff starts at puberty, reaches peak incidence and severity at the age of about 20 years, and becomes less prevalent among people over 50. Incidence varies between different ethnic groups: in a study in the U.S. and China, dandruff prevalence was 81-95% in African Americans, 66-82% in Caucasians, and 30-42% in Chinese.

• #4

  https://lupinepublishers.com/respiratory-and-skin-journal/fulltext/clinical-evaluation-of-herbal-active-enriched-shampoo-in-anti-dandruff-treatment.ID.000105.php

  Dandruff is actually caused by a microbes and it is a 100% natural and called namely as a Malassezia. […] Approximately 50% people in the world sensitive to the oleic acid and affected by the dandruff. […] The root cause of dandruff is the single-celled microbe Malassezia globosa, which exists on everyone’s scalp. […] Around 50% of people’s bodies have a negative reaction to the presence of this fungus, causing dandruff. […] Dandruff causes the itchy scalp, dry scalp, inflammation, a red scalp etc. […] Antidandruff shampoo is a completed formula, because it containing combination of surfactant, conditioners, hair softeners and anti dandruff agents. […] Varieties of antidandruff agents are used widely in various antidandruff preparations such as climbazole, zinc pyrithione, octopirox, ketoconazole, selenium sulphide, coal tar etc.

• #5 Seborrheic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1108312-overview

  The prevalence rate of seborrheic dermatitis is 3-5%, with a worldwide distribution. In the United States alone, $300 million is spent annually on dandruff over-the-counter treatments. […] Dandruff, the mildest form of this dermatitis, is probably far more common and is present in an estimated 15-20% of the population. […] Seborrheic dermatitis occurs in persons of all races. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is slightly worse in males than in females. […] The usual onset occurs with puberty. It peaks at age 40 years and is less severe, but present, among older people. In infants, it occurs as cradle cap or, uncommonly, as a flexural eruption or erythroderma.

• #6 Rosemary and neem: an insight into their combined anti-dandruff and anti-hair loss efficacy | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57838-w

  Dandruff, a common scalp disorder characterized by flaking dead skin, is often treated with conventional topical products. […] The economic burden of dandruff is substantial, with annual expenditures exceeding $300 million in the United States alone. […] Dandruff affects almost half of the population, especially adults, it is more prominent in males than females. […] Conventional treatments for dandruff and hair fall (topical/systemic) are extensively employed, these include keratolytic agents, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents. […] The need for novel and reliable methods for dandruff and hair fall management is crucial. […] This study assessed the inhibitory effects of a combined rosemary and neem extract (RN-E) against Malassezia furfur and Trichophyton rubrum, microorganisms implicated in dandruff and hair loss.

• #7

  http://medbox.iiab.me/kiwix/wikipedia_en_medicine_2019-12/A/Dandruff

  Dandruff affects around half of all adults.[5] […] Dandruff affects about half of adults, with males more often affected than females. Onset is usually at puberty, with rates decreasing after the age of 50.

• #8 Dermatoses (Dandruff, Seborrhea, Psoriasis) | Basicmedical Key

  https://basicmedicalkey.com/dermatoses-dandruff-seborrhea-psoriasis/

  Dandruff occurs in approximately 1%3% of the population. There is no gender preference. […] Dandruff is uncommon in children. It generally appears at puberty, reaches a peak in early adulthood, levels off in middle age, and is less prominent after 75 years of age.

• #9 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  SD is a common dermatological disorder in the United States and worldwide. Its incidence peaks during three age periods – in the first three months of life, during puberty, and in adulthood with an apex at 40 to 60 years of age. In infants up to three months of age, SD involves the scalp (termed cradle cap), the face, and diaper area. Incidence can be up to 42%. In adolescents and adults, SD affects the scalp and other seborrheic areas on the face, upper-chest, axillae, and inguinal folds. Incidence is 13% of the general adult population. Men are affected more frequently than women (3.0% vs. 2.6%) in all age groups, suggesting that SD may be associated with sex hormones such as androgens. No apparent differences were observed in SD incidence between ethnic groups. […] SD is more prevalent in immune-compromised patients such as HIV/AIDS patients, organ transplant recipients, and patients with lymphoma. The incidence among HIV patients ranges from 30% to 83%. Most cases of SD in HIV patients are diagnosed with CD4+ T lymphocyte counts between 200 and 500/mm3, and decreased CD4+ counts are often associated with worse SD. Fewer cases of SD were reported when CD4+ T cells were more than 500/mm3. These observations suggest that immunological defects may play a role in SD.

• #10 Avens Publishing Group – Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.avensonline.org/fulltextarticles/JCID-2373-1044-03-0019.html

  SD is a common dermatological disorder in the United States and worldwide. Its incidence peaks during three age periods – in the first three months of life, during puberty, and in adulthood with an apex at 40 to 60 years of age. In infants up to three months of age, SD involves the scalp (termed cradle cap), the face, and diaper area. Incidence can be up to 42%. In adolescents and adults, SD affects the scalp and other seborrheic areas on the face, upper chest, axillae, and inguinal folds. Incidence is 1-3% of the general adult population. Men are affected more frequently than women (3.0% vs. 2.6%) in all age groups, suggesting that SD may be associated with sex hormones such as androgens. No apparent differences were observed in SD incidence between ethnic groups. SD is also associated with neurological disorders and psychiatric diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, neuroleptic induced parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, facial nerve palsy, spinal cord injury and mood depression, chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, hepatitis C virus, and in patients with congenital disorders such as Down syndrome. Furthermore, seborrhea-like dermatitis of the face may also develop in patients treated for psoriasis with psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy.

• #11 Avens Publishing Group – Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.avensonline.org/fulltextarticles/JCID-2373-1044-03-0019.html

  Comparing with SD, dandruff is much more common, and affects approximately 50% of the general adult population worldwide. It is also more prevalent in males than females. Dandruff starts at puberty, reaches peak incidence and severity at the age of about 20 years, and becomes less prevalent among people over 50. Incidence varies between different ethnic groups: in a study in the U.S. and China, dandruff prevalence was 81-95% in African Americans, 66-82% in Caucasians, and 30-42% in Chinese.

• #12 Seborrheic Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551707/

  The worldwide prevalence of SD is around 5%, but most of its noninflammatory variant, dandruff, is probably closer to 50%. […] The prevalence of SD is bimodal, with a peak in the first 3 months of life and from adrenarche to a second peak after the fourth decade. […] In Australian preschool children, SD prevalence was approximately 72% at 3 months, then fell rapidly with an overall incidence of 10%. […] Furthermore, the Rotterdam Study data analysis found that 14% of middle-aged and elderly adults had SD. […] In patients with HIV-AIDS, however, 35% of those with early HIV infection have SD, and the prevalence reaches 85% in patients with AIDS.

• #13 Seborrheic dermatitis in adolescents and adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seborrheic-dermatitis-in-adolescents-and-adults

  Seborrheic dermatitis has a biphasic incidence, occurring in infants between the ages of 2 weeks and 12 months and later during adolescence and adulthood. The estimated global prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis is approximately 4 percent, with higher rates in adults than in infants and children. […] The prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis is increased among individuals with HIV infection, in whom it may be a presenting sign. The prevalence has been estimated to be around 35 percent among patients with early HIV infection and up to 85 percent among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). […] Patients with parkinsonism frequently present with seborrhea (oily skin) and seborrheic dermatitis, both of which may improve with L-DOPA therapy.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/ijmr/fulltext/2014/39030/association_of_malassezia_species_with_dandruff.14.aspx

  Malassezia species implicated with dandruff vary at different geographical locations. The present study was conducted to determine the spectrum and distribution of Malassezia species in dandruff patients and healthy individuals. […] Number of Malassezia spp. retrieved was significantly higher (P0.001) in dandruff cases (84%) as compared to healthy individuals (30%). Isolation of Malassezia spp. was significantly higher (P0.01) in patients from southern India. […] Our results on a limited number of individuals show that Malassezia spp. associated with dandruff varies in different regions of the country and the density of yeasts increases with severity of disease. […] The prevalence of dandruff in population varies between 30-95 per cent. […] Though cases of dandruff are widely prevalent in India, the prevalence of this disease, associated factors including Malassezia species are not studied in Indian population.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/ijmr/fulltext/2014/39030/association_of_malassezia_species_with_dandruff.14.aspx

  In the present study, two geographically different locations were studied. Geographically, northern and southern regions of India are distinct in terms of environmental conditions. […] The isolation rate of Malassezia spp. is known to be highest in the age group of around twenty years when sebaceous glands activity is maximum. […] In conclusion, M. globosa and M. restricta seemed to be the predominant species causing dandruff in Indian population and high density of these species on the scalp was related with the severity of dandruff.

• #16 Epidemiology of Dandruff and Treatment Efficacy | eMediNexus

  https://www.emedinexus.com/post/38086/Epidemiology-of-Dandruff-and-Treatment-Efficacy

  Dandruff is a common chronic scalp problem characterized by skin flaking. Although the condition is not contagious or serious, it can be embarrassing and challenging to treat. […] A study aimed to assess the epidemiology and effectiveness of dandruff treatment among medical students. For this, a cohort study was conducted at Tikrit University College of Medicine between November 2018 to April 2019. A random sample of 72 cases was selected; interviewers collected data through a questionnaire. […] The survey results revealed that most dandruff cases were identified among females aged 20.1 to 23 years. The condition bore a strong genetic association 62.5% of cases reported a family history. Additionally, 68% of the patients resided in rural areas. All participants were willing to undergo treatment.

• #17 Epidemiology of Dandruff and Treatment Efficacy | eMediNexus

  https://www.emedinexus.com/post/38086/Epidemiology-of-Dandruff-and-Treatment-Efficacy

  Overall, 41.66% of the cases responded to ketoconazole treatment within the first week, while 38.88% showed no response. This lack of response could be attributed to poor compliance or other underlying medical conditions. Dandruff incidence was the highest in winter, accounting for 84.72% of cases with no reported incidence in autumn. Conclusively, individuals with oily-scalp type were most commonly affected by dandruff (65.3%). Meanwhile, there was no observed relationship between the frequency of showering and dandruff occurrence. Apart from ketoconazole, 56.94% of cases reported a positive response to cosmetic treatments. […] The findings underscore the prevalence and treatment outcomes of dandruff among medical students, emphasizing the importance of understanding its epidemiology and effective treatment options.

• #18 Epidemiology of Dandruff and Effectiveness of Treatment amon | 66297

  https://www.sysrevpharm.org/abstract/epidemiology-of-dandruff-and-effectiveness-of-treatment-among-tikrit-medical-college-students-66297.html

  Dandruff is a most common chronic scalp problem assigned by flaking of the skin of the scalp. The goal of this project is to assess epidemiology and effectiveness of dandruff treatment among medical students. A cohort study (retro prospective) was conducted Tikrit university college of medicine from 28th November 2018 to 1st April 2019. Among the dandruff survey most of them were females and from 20.1-23 year, there is a strong association between dandruff and family history which represent (62.5%) of cases. (68%) of cases were rural residence. In relation to seasonal incidence (84.72%) occur in winter, while there is no incidence in autumn. Conclusions: The oily scalp was the main type that affected by dandruff (65.3%). Also there was no relationship between number of showering and development of dandruff. […] Other than ketoconazole (56.94%) of cases were responded to cosmetics.

• #19 Epidemiology of Dandruff and Effectiveness of Treatment among Tikrit Medical College Students. | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=09758453&AN=144418963&h=6xCMR%2FXh2ZmU%2FZbvZ4syDM2j4DhmpvpCMMyWCMIDa1tvTOgYHf2rC2vBar5FXw1xdq4qu2Ftgys3JMw6pAe%2Bcg%3D%3D&crl=c

  Epidemiology of Dandruff and Effectiveness of Treatment among Tikrit Medical College Students. […] Dandruff is a most common chronic scalp problem assigned by flaking of the skin of the scalp. […] The goal of this project is to assess epidemiology and effectiveness of dandruff treatment among medical students. […] A cohort study (retro prospective) was conducted Tikrit university college of medicine from 28th November 2018 to 1st April 2019. […] Among the dandruff survey most of them were females and from 20.1-23 year, there is a strong association between dandruff and family history which represent (62.5%) of cases. […] (68%) of cases were rural residence. […] Regarding to ketoconazole response, (41.66%) were responded in the first week, while (38.88%) were non responded to the ketoconazole this may belong to poor compliance and/or other medical conditions. […] In relation to seasonal incidence (84.72%) occur in winter, while there is no incidence in autumn. […] Conclusions: The oily scalp was the main type that affected by dandruff (65.3%). […] Also there was no relationship between number of showering and development of dandruff.

• #20 Prevalence and associated factors for isolated Malassezia species in patients with Dandruff in Mekelle City, Tigrai, Ethiopia | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-06998-z

  Dandruff, a condition caused by lipophilic Malassezia fungi, is an excessive shed of dead skin cells from the scalp. Effective preventive and curative measures of the condition depend on knowledge and understanding of the prevalence of the condition, the common etiologic species, and the associated factors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, common etiologic species, and associated factors of Malassezia infection in Mekelle City, Ethiopia. […] Out of the 217 participants with dandruff, 111 (51.15%) were positive for Malassezia fungi. […] Major risk factors for dandruff include excessive sebum over the scalp, gender, age, anatomic region of scalp formation, and microorganisms. […] The most widely known microorganisms associated with dandruff are lipophilic yeasts belonging to the genus Malassezia.

• #21 Prevalence and associated factors for isolated Malassezia species in patients with Dandruff in Mekelle City, Tigrai, Ethiopia | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-024-06998-z

  The study revealed that more than half of the participants visiting dermatology clinics in Mekelle City for dandruff had Malassezia isolates. The Malassezia fungi isolated from the participants with dandruff were M. globosa, M. furfur, and M. restricta. […] The Malassezia isolates were more common in males than in females and participants aged 20 to 30 years. […] These findings are very helpful for the general public, dandruff patients, and healthcare service delivery agencies in the city and its nearby rural districts to devise better prevention, management, and control measures for Malassezia infections and dandruff diseases.

• #22 Frequency of Different Malassezia Species in Scalp Dandruff – Tarbiat Modares University Journals System – Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology

  http://iem.modares.ac.ir/article-4-4397-en.html

  Frequency of Different Malassezia Species in Scalp Dandruff. […] This genus opportunistically reside in several areas including scalp where under the influence of particular predisposing factors, their proliferation is increased (e.g., high activation of sebaceous glands), and leads to dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis, which together affects 50% of human beings. […] In this study we determined the type and frequency of Malassezia species in scalp dandruff in order to have epidemiologic and therapeutic understanding. […] Conclusion: In view of high prevalence of M. globosa, its invasive characteristics and the role of predisposing factors in the more proliferation of this species in scalp should be considered.

• #23 Molecular Detection and Biological Control of Human Hair Dandruff Causing Microorganism Staphylococcus aureus – Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology

  https://microbiologyjournal.org/molecular-detection-and-biological-control-of-human-hair-dandruff-causing-microorganism-staphylococcus-aureus/

  Human hair dandruff (HHD) is a common unwanted scalp disorder that is prevalent to most human populations all over the world. […] Dandruff is associated with irritating scalp without swelling and its pathogenesis is composed of numerous intrinsic and environmental factors. […] The severity of dandruff varies between mild and severe, where men have higher prevalence and severity. […] Bacteria are more critical than fungi to the formation of dandruff, mostly Staphylococcus and Propionibacteria. […] Xue et al. 2016 reported, Staphylococcus bacterial species are more responsible for the formation of dandruff rather than fungi. […] In previously reported studies, staphylococci bacteria are responsible for dandruff pathogenesis. […] To address this global issue, plants are considered to be a good source of traditional medicine, as are both bioactive and new therapeutic compounds.

• #24 Dandruff Is Associated with Disequilibrium in the Proportion of the Major Bacterial and Fungal Populations Colonizing the Scalp | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058203

  Dandruff is a scalp disorder occurring in about 1750% of human individuals depending on the population tested. […] Here, in a sample of French population, we identified the major bacterial and fungal species present in the scalps of healthy and dandruff subjects and showed that dandruff is significantly associated with a higher amount of both M. restricta and S. epidermidis and a lower amount of P. acnes in dandruff population compared to control population. […] The presence of dandruff is associated with disequilibrium in the proportion of the major bacterial and fungal populations colonizing the scalp. […] Distance-based ANOVA analysis of the differences in the number of bacterial and fungal cells showed a significantly lower amount of P. acnes, a significantly higher amount of M. restricta and S. epidermidis in dandruff scalps than in non-dandruff scalps.

• #25 Dandruff Is Associated with Disequilibrium in the Proportion of the Major Bacterial and Fungal Populations Colonizing the Scalp | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058203

  Dandruff was also associated with changes in the proportion between fungal and bacterial populations. […] The present data show that in contrast to other studies dandruff is not only associated to the higher incidence of one particular Malassezia species but also to differences in the balance between the fungal and bacterial populations on the scalp. […] A modification of the scalp microbial ecology either due to chemicals or changes in the host skin general physiology may improve the dandruff situation of the scalp. […] It will be now essential to study the specific interactions within this microbial community and the ability of the microbiota to interact with the two other etiologic facets of dandruff, which are host susceptibility and sebum metabolization.

• #26 Dandruff is associated with disequilibrium in the proportion of the major bacterial and fungal populations colonizing the scalp – Research – Institut Pasteur

  https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/dandruff-is-associated-with-disequilibrium-in-the-proportion-of-the-major-bacterial-and-fungal-populations-colonizing-the-scalp/

  The bacterial and fungal communities associated with dandruff were investigated using culture-independent methodologies in the French subjects. […] Dandruff was correlated with a higher incidence of M. restricta and S. epidermidis and a lower incidence of P. acnes compared to the control population (p0.05). […] These results suggested for the first time using molecular methods, that dandruff is linked to the balance between bacteria and fungi of the host scalp surface.

• #27 Decoding scalp health and microbiome dysbiosis in dandruff | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592279v1

  A balanced scalp microbiome is crucial for scalp health, yet the mechanisms governing this balance and the etiology of dysbiosis in scalp disorders remain elusive. […] We conducted a detailed investigation of the scalp and hair follicles, in healthy individuals and those with dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis (D/SD). […] It was demonstrated that the microbiome inhabiting hair follicles serves as a reservoir for the scalp microbiome, thereby integrating the scalp, follicle, and the hair into one functional unit. […] Using in vitro models, we further elucidated mechanisms governing the assembly and interactions of the follicular microbiome under healthy and D/SD conditions. […] We show that propionic acid, produced by C. acnes, plays a pivotal role in maintaining microbiome balance, with implications for scalp health, which was validated through a clinical study.

• #28 Decoding scalp health and microbiome dysbiosis in dandruff | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592279v1.full-text

  This suggests that there is a potential reservoir of the scalp microbiome that replenishes the dysbiotic D/SD microbiome after treatment and may extend below the scalp surface. […] However, a detailed description of the hair follicle microbiome in a larger sample size, its potential connection with that of the scalp, and its role in the scalp conditions such as D/SD remain underexplored. […] Furthermore, the ecology and interaction dynamics between the key microbial species and the factors that affect such interactions under both healthy and D/SD conditions are not fully understood. […] This study significantly advances our understanding of microbial ecology in skin and scalp, provides a mechanistic basis of onset of dandruff, and for the first time defines clear signatures for a healthy scalp and hair ecosystem.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13555-024-01288-9

  Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease, but the physical and emotional burden of patients with SD experience has not been well characterized. […] Epidemiological understanding of SD remains limited. […] This impact disproportionately affects specific demographics, such as women, younger individuals, those with higher education levels, and patients with scalp lesions, highlighting the diseases uneven impact across population segments. […] The significant psychological and social challenges faced by patients with SD underscore a critical gap in patient-HCP communication. […] These findings collectively demonstrate the need for a holistic care approach to SD, integrating not only management of the physical signs and symptoms of disease but also addressing the psychological and social burdens faced by patients with SD.

• #30 Dandruff Uae | PDF | Shampoo | United Arab Emirates

  https://www.scribd.com/document/426879766/Dandruff-Uae

  This study aimed to determine the prevalence of self-reported dandruff and associated factors among students, staff and faculty at Gulf Medical University in Ajman, UAE. […] The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study using a questionnaire to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, medical history, personal hygiene, diet, and environmental factors from 717 participants. […] The results found that 46% of participants reported having dandruff. […] The study provides information on the epidemiology of dandruff in this population that can aid in awareness and education.

• #31 Backed by Scalp Science for 60 Years | Head & Shoulders

  https://headandshoulders.com/en-us/whats-new/sixty-years-of-scalp-science

  Expanded understanding of the skin physiology associated with dandruff into molecular biomarker measures. […] Initiated a rapid, simple non-invasive approach to obtain samples, developed a series of biomarkers that differentiated dandruff and non-dandruff conditions, and demonstrated treatment-related effects, including the novel histamine measure. This enabled a new definition of scalp health. […] Development of DNA-based methodology that led to identifying M. globosa as the specific causative organism associated with dandruff, the understanding of lipase activity behind its pathogenic activity and, finally, the description of the complete genomic sequence of the causative organism. […] Advanced the understanding of other aspects of dandruff and treatment, including impact on hair quality: Demonstrated that ZPT dandruff products work continually, and debunked the physiological accommodation myth (no tachyphylaxis). Through both epidemiology and treatment studies, demonstrated that scalp health affects the quality and retention of hair.

• #32 Characterization of the Fungal Microbiota (Mycobiome) in Healthy and Dandruff-Afflicted Human Scalps | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032847

  The microbial etiopathology that is most widely accepted is the presence of a lipophilic yeast belonging to the genus Malassezia. […] Knowledge of the frequency and distribution of potential microbial etiological agents, such as possible pathogenic fungi on the human scalp, is important for understanding the epidemiological cycle of these fungi and their impact on scalp health. […] Our study of the fungal communities on healthy and dandruff-afflicted scalps both confirmed previous findings and provided new information. […] More research on the relationships between those fungal species and dandruff might lead to the identification of causative species.

• #33 Seborrheic dermatitis in adolescents and adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seborrheic-dermatitis-in-adolescents-and-adults/print

  Seborrheic dermatitis has a biphasic incidence, occurring in infants between the ages of 2 weeks and 12 months and later during adolescence and adulthood. The estimated global prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis is approximately 4 percent, with higher rates in adults than in infants and children. […] The prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis is increased among individuals with HIV infection, in whom it may be a presenting sign. The prevalence has been estimated to be around 35 percent among patients with early HIV infection and up to 85 percent among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

• #34 Diagnosis and Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0201/p185.html

  Seborrheic dermatitis is a common skin condition in infants, adolescents, and adults. […] Its prevalence is 1% to 3% in the general population and 34% to 83% in immunocompromised persons. […] It has a bimodal distribution, with peaks at two to 12 months of age and in adolescence and early adulthood. […] It is more common in men and is typically more severe in cold and dry climates and during periods of increased stress. […] The severity of symptoms can be affected by stress and sun exposure, and often has a variable course despite treatment. […] Studies have shown that off-label use of topical calcineurin inhibitors can be as effective as topical antifungal and corticosteroid therapy with a lower adverse effect profile.

• #35 Is It Dandruff or Seborrheic Dermatitis?

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/is-it-dandruff-or-seborrheic-dermatitis

  Seborrheic dermatitis affects approximately 3% to 5% of U.S. citizens, but the incidence is as high as 85% in AIDS patients. […] Patients who do not bathe or shampoo frequently experience higher rates of SD. […] The distribution is symmetrical, making it unusual to have only one side of the body affected and the opposite side completely normal.

• #36

  https://scientifica.umyu.edu.ng/index.php/scientifica/article/view/200

  Dandruff is characterized by patches of loosely attached flakes on the scalp, which are generally accompanied by irritation. […] The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dandruff, Isolation and identification of the pathogens causing the dandruff infection among secondary school students in Katsina State. […] According to the prevalence studies of the selected LGAs, Kankia and Mani Local Governments had the highest prevalence rates of 14.81% and 14.65%, respectively, followed by Daura, Malunfashi, and Funtua with 14.49%, 14.33%, and 14.01%. […] Males (51%) were more affected than females (49%), out of the 420 people polled. […] The prevalence by age shows that the age group 11-20 years has the highest incidence of dandruff infection, with 58.83%, followed by the age groups 1-10 years, with 21.88%, and 21-30 years, with 8.27%. […] The socioeconomic position of the individuals studied was found to be a risk factor for the occurrence of this disease. […] The prevalence of dandruff was highest in villages, followed by towns, with 58% and 42%, respectively.

• #37 Rosemary and neem: an insight into their combined anti-dandruff and anti-hair loss efficacy | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57838-w

  This study presents the development of gel and leave-in anti-dandruff and hair tonic formulations utilizing a standardized, combined ethanolic extract of rosemary herb and neem leaves. […] Our findings suggest that the inclusion of a standardized combination of rosemary herb and neem leaves within a pharmaceutical formulation warrants further exploration as a potential therapeutic strategy for managing dandruff and hair loss.

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