Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  Seborrheic Dermatitis (SD) and dandruff are of a continuous spectrum of the same disease that affects the seborrheic areas of the body. […] Various intrinsic and environmental factors, such as sebaceous secretions, skin surface fungal colonization, individual susceptibility, and interactions between these factors, all contribute to the pathogenesis of SD and dandruff. […] Despite the high prevalence, the pathogenesis of SD and dandruff is not well understood. However, studies have identified several predisposing factors, including fungal colonization, sebaceous gland activity, as well as several factors that confer individual susceptibility. […] Several lines of evidence suggest a pathogenic role for yeasts of the genus Malassezia in SD and dandruff. […] Malassezia are lipophilic yeasts that are found mainly on seborrheic regions of the body.

• #2 What Causes Dandruff and How To Manage It | CeraVe

  https://www.cerave.com/skin-smarts/hair-and-scalp-expertise/what-causes-dandruff

  Dandruff is a scalp condition characterized by flaky, often itchy, skin on the scalp. There are multiple reasons you might experience dandruff, as well as numerous variables that can amplify the symptoms. […] Causes of dandruff include an oily scalp, a fungus known as Malassezia, and sensitivity to certain haircare products. […] You may not think of your head as being covered in fungus, but there’s actually a yeast-like fungus that feeds on oils on the scalps of most adults. This fungus, known as Malassezia, does not cause dandruff on its own, but can play a significant role in its development. […] Sensitivity to hair products is one of the potential causes of dandruff. This makes opting for gentle formulas and paying attention to how your scalp responds essential. […] Stress has been connected to dandruff. While it doesn’t outright cause the condition, it may worsen your symptoms. […] Severe dandruff on your scalp can sometimes be caused by other skin conditions, including eczema or psoriasis.

• #2 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  Studies have detected Malassezia on the scalp of dandruff patients, and higher numbers of Malassezia (M. globosa and M. restricta) correlate with SD appearance/severity. […] Additionally, among the multiple chemical entities that are effective in treating SD and dandruff, such as azoles, hydroxypyridones, allylamines, selenium and zinc, the sole common mechanism of action is antifungal activity. […] Furthermore, Malassezia was shown to have lipase activity, which hydrolyzes human sebum triglycerides and releases unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic and arachidonic acid. […] These metabolites cause aberrant keratinocytes differentiation, resulting in stratum corneum abnormalities such as parakeratosis, intracellular lipid droplets, and irregular corneocyte envelope. […] Such changes lead to disrupted epidermal barrier function and trigger inflammatory response, with or without visible local inflammation.

• #3 Malassezia – How Does The Dandruff Occur | H&S IN

  https://www.headandshoulders.co.in/en-in/healthy-hair-and-scalp/dandruff/dandruff-causes/malassezia-how-the-main-cause-of-dandruff-works

  Dandruff is actually caused by a microbe. Its 100% natural and its found on everyones scalp. The root cause of dandruff is the single-celled microbe Malassezia globosa, which exists on everyones scalp. Around 50% of peoples bodies have a negative reaction to the presence of this fungus, causing dandruff. The natural oils on your scalp, known as sebum, are key requirements to fuel the dandruff-causing microbe. Malassezia feeds off these oils, breaking it down into byproducts, including oleic acid. If youre one of the 50% of people in the world sensitive to oleic acid, youll probably experience dandruff. The body reacts to the presence of oleic acid by increasing the speed at which your skin cells renew. Its an attempt to shed the irritant and is the mechanism that causes flakes. These are all symptoms caused by the bodys response to irritation caused by Malassezia. By understanding how it works, were better able to identify the irritants it produces and work to develop anti-dandruff shampoos which can tackle these irritants and help get rid of dandruff. […] But it doesnt stop there. Were still researching and working hard to not only improve our shampoos, but to also investigate the biochemical changes in skin caused by Malassezia stress.

• #4 A Comprehensive Pathophysiology of Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis – Towards a More Precise Definition of Scalp Health | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-1382

  The outward manifestations of D/SD discussed above are the result of epidermal structural and functional disruption. […] The persistence of these parakeratotic (partially nucleated) cells in the upper SC appears to be a common structural feature of these conditions; the quantity correlates with flaking severity. […] The characteristic lamellar structure formed by ceramides is replaced with a much wider, unstructured lipid material; there are also lipid droplets of undetermined origin or composition within the cellular cytoplasm. […] At the cellular level, evidence for inflammatory activity includes leukocytic infiltration in D/SD. […] This impaired barrier function leads to acceleration of the condition progression, likely disposing the skin to be less effective at blocking the penetration of the inflammatory initiators originating from Malassezia metabolic activity.

• #5 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  In addition, these metabolites induce keratinocytes to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-, thus prolonging the inflammatory response. […] While these observations support a pathogenic role for Malassezia in SD and dandruff, there is also strong evidence suggesting that individual predispositions and host interactions with Malassezia, rather than the mere presence of Malassezia, contribute to SD and dandruff pathogenesis. […] Sebaceous glands (SGs) are distributed over the entire skin surface in humans, except on the palms and soles. […] Sebum production is under hormonal control, and SGs are activated at birth under the influence of maternal androgens via androgen receptors in sebocytes. […] During the period of active sebum secretion, the secretion rate is higher in males and stays high longer, between 30 and 60 years of age; in females, the rate drops fast after menopause.

• #6 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  Thus, SD and dandruff have a strong time correlation with SG activity, with cradle cap after birth, increased incidence throughout the teens, between third and sixth decades and then decreasing. […] However, SD patients may have normal sebum production, and individuals with excessive sebum production sometimes don’t develop SD. […] These findings suggest that while SG activity strongly correlates with SD and dandruff, sebum production by itself is not a decisive cause. […] In summary, multiple predisposing factors have been identified in the pathogenesis of SD and dandruff. The presence and abundance of Malassezia yeast, host epidermal conditions and sebaceous secretion, combined with various other factors, and interactions between these factors, determine an individual’s susceptibility to SD and dandruff.

• #7 What causes dandruff? | Ducray

  https://www.ducray.com/en/dandruff-conditions/causes

  Dandruff is caused quite simply by accelerated cell renewal. Epidermal cells are usually renewed over the space of 21 to 28 days. In the case of dandruff, they are renewed more rapidly, over 5 to 14 days. There is no longer enough time for cells to be eliminated progressively at the surface, and instead they accumulate as a mass of scales (clusters of dead epidermal cells), also called dandruff. The acceleration in cell renewal is caused by a scalp disorder, induced by numerous mechanisms. […] When there is too much [sebum], it promotes growth of a yeast of the genus Malassezia which contributes to the development of dandruff. […] Yeasts of the genus Malassezia are present naturally on the surface of the scalp. In the specific case of dandruff, they proliferate in excess. They are lipophilic, which means they feed on lipophilic nutrients. The lipids contained in sebum can be an excellent source of food for them. The more they feed, the more they develop, which can result in inflammation and irritation, which can in turn cause desquamation.

• #8 What Is Dandruff? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dandruff/guide/

  Dandruff can happen for a number of reasons. […] If you have particularly severe dandruff, its likely to be a mild case of seborrheic dermatitis (SD), according to the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. […] A yeast called Malassezia globosa feeds on oils on the scalp. Some peoples bodies perceive this breakdown of oil as an irritant, so the scalp reacts by upping the speed at which skin cells renew. This can lead to dandruff, notes Amy McMichael, MD, a professor of dermatology and the chair of the department of dermatology at Wake Forest School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. […] But for those with dandruff, this process occurs in a mere two to seven days. […] It’s important to note that even though M. globosa may be the main risk factor for dandruff, researchers have not yet established a causal relationship.

• #9 A Comprehensive Pathophysiology of Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis – Towards a More Precise Definition of Scalp Health | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-1382

  The pathophysiological model that is emerging is based on the established etiological phases of Malassezia metabolism initiating the inflammatory cascade, resulting in scalp skin hyper-proliferation and incomplete corneocyte differentiation that yields an impaired SC barrier. […] These observations, in turn, have led to probing specific molecular mechanisms in the skin, which established the inflammatory nature of the condition, the poor synchronization of proliferation and differentiation and the relatively ineffective barrier function.

• #10 A folliculocentric perspective of dandruff pathogenesis: Could a troublesome condition be caused by changes to a natural secretory mechanism? – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34486144/

  Dandruff is a common scalp condition, which frequently causes psychological distress in those affected. Dandruff is considered to be caused by an interplay of several factors. However, the pathogenesis of dandruff remains under-investigated, especially with respect to the contribution of the hair follicle. […] We hypothesize that the changes and imbalance of yeast and bacterial species, along with increasing proinflammatory sebum by-products, leads to the activation of immune response and inflammation. Hair follicle keratinocytes may then detect these changes in scalp microbiota resulting in the recruitment of leukocytes to the inflammation site. These changes in the scalp skin immune-microenvironment may impact hair follicle immune privilege status, which opens new avenues into exploring the role of the hair follicle in dandruff pathogenesis.

• #11 Scalp Microbiome and Dandruff—Exploring Novel Biobased Esters

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/11/5/174

  Recent data suggest that dandruff might be associated with dysbiosis of the scalp microbiome. […] Dandruff, a common scalp condition affecting around approximately 50% of the global population, is characterized by itchy, flaky skin with white or yellowish scales. […] Although their exact cause is not fully understood, they are suspected to result from various intrinsic and environmental factors, including individual susceptibility, sebaceous secretion, immune response, and the activity of microorganisms. […] Lipophilic Malassezia yeasts have long been regarded as a key causative factor. […] Several lines of evidence suggest a pathogenic role for yeasts of the genus Malassezia in SD and dandruff. […] A direct causal link has been proposed based on the distribution of Malassezia species on the skin in seborrheic locations, such as the face, scalp, and trunk; on the presence of Malassezia on affected skin, often in high numbers; and on the therapeutic response seen to antimycotics.

• #12 Scalp microbiome gets to the root of dandruff – Research Outreach

  https://researchoutreach.org/articles/scalp-microbiome-dandruff/

  The microbiome of a scalp with dandruff differs from that of a healthy scalp. […] The number of bacteria differed both between healthy and dandruff scalps, and between different areas on the same scalp. […] The next step will be to determine just how these changes in the microbiome might be linked to the development of dandruff. […] The increase in the levels of S. capitis and M. restricta is an important indication of microbiome imbalance necessitating an intervention with anti-dandruff technology.

• #13 Molecular Detection and Biological Control of Human Hair Dandruff Causing Microorganism Staphylococcus aureus – Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology

  https://microbiologyjournal.org/molecular-detection-and-biological-control-of-human-hair-dandruff-causing-microorganism-staphylococcus-aureus/

  Human hair dandruff (HHD) is a common disorder of the skin that affects the scalp and creates an unfavorable condition for most of the people over the world. Dandruff is associated with irritating scalp without swelling and its pathogenesis is composed of numerous intrinsic and environmental factors. […] Bacteria are more critical than fungi to the formation of dandruff, mostly Staphylococcus and Propionibacteria. Xue et al. 2016 reported, Staphylococcus bacterial species are more responsible for the formation of dandruff rather than fungi. […] In previously reported studies, staphylococci bacteria are responsible for dandruff pathogenesis. […] In this study, the morphological, physiological, biochemical, antibiotic, antibacterial, antagonistic and molecular tests were performed after the isolation of bacterial strains for the bacterial identification.

• #14 Scalp Microbiome and Dandruff—Exploring Novel Biobased Esters

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/11/5/174

  Improvements are usually accompanied by a reduction in the yeast’s population on the scalp, whereas recolonization leads to disease recurrence. […] Malassezia on human scalps produce lipases as well as other enzymes. […] Lipase/hydrolase activity and the production of free fatty acids have been attributed to a disrupted epidermal barrier function, dehydration of the scalp, and a triggered inflammatory response. […] Interestingly, the precipitation of free fatty acids generated by Malassezia might be a possible explanation for the positive effects of lithium succinate in SD. […] The above-mentioned data imply that SD/dandruff may be a dysbiosis-related skin condition rather than an infectious one. […] Propanediol caprylate is a new option—already found in the final consumer product market—in addition to the remaining conventional agents piroctone olamine, climbazole, and salicylic acid. […] Considering the common practice of combining various anti-dandruff actives, it is worth noting that in vivo additive and synergistic effects using propanediol caprylate in different combinations allow reduction in the concentration of conventional anti-dandruff agents and preservatives.

• #15 Dandruff is associated with the conjoined interactions between host and microorganisms | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep24877

  Recently, another study has demonstrated that the disequilibrium in the proportion of the major bacterial and fungal populations are associated with dandruff. […] The scalp is covered with pilosebaceous units and sweat glands. […] The secretion of sebum is controlled by sebaceous gland activity, which has been reported to have a strong correlation with scalp flaking disorders. […] The relationship between the severity of dandruff and the bacteria suggested that adjusting the equilibrium of the bacteria, particularly by increasing the Propionibacterium and decreasing the Staphylococcus on the scalp, might be a novel way to lessen the severity of dandruff.

• #16 What causes dandruff? | Ducray

  https://www.ducray.com/en/dandruff-conditions/causes

  This variability and sensitivity is specific to each individual, and reflects a predisposition to developing dandruff that it is unfortunately impossible to change. […] Once the causes of dandruff are understood, we can establish an appropriate symptomatic treatment to eliminate it. However, there is unfortunately no cure for dandruff yet, so it may reappear.

• #17 What Is Dandruff? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dandruff/guide/

  Contact dermatitis is skin irritation that occurs due to either an allergen or an irritant, resulting in an itchy, possibly painful rash. […] When dry skin causes dandruff, the flakes are usually smaller and less oily than the flakes caused by SD. […] For those who are already at risk for dandruff, washing infrequently can worsen the condition, says Dr. McMichael. […] Androgen hormones, such as testosterone, stimulate activity in the sebaceous glands. More oil means an increased chance of an inflammatory reaction and dandruff. […] Dandruff occurs more often in men than women. […] SD is more prevalent in individuals whove undergone an organ transplant and those with HIV or AIDS, hepatitis C, or alcoholic pancreatitis. […] Those with Parkinson’s disease, for example, have an impaired autonomic nervous system that helps to control factors like oil gland secretions, which can drive overproduction that leads to dandruff, according to the American Parkinsons Disease Association.

• #18 Is Dandruff Caused by Stress? | Facetté Medical Spa Fort Collins

  https://www.facettemedicalspa.com/is-dandruff-caused-by-stress/

  Dandruff is actually a pretty common scalp condition. It can affect people of all ages and can be caused by a variety of factors. Those who struggle with a dry, flaky scalp know that the conditions can worsen in particularly stressful times. […] One of the most common causes of dandruff is an overgrowth of a naturally occurring fungus called Malassezia. This fungus feeds on the oils produced by your hair follicles, and in some people, it can cause irritation, itching, and flaking. […] While stress is not a direct cause of dandruff, it can worsen the condition. […] When we are under stress, our bodies release a hormone called cortisol. Cortisol can affect the production of sebum, the natural oil that lubricates our skin and hair. An increase in cortisol can cause an overproduction of sebum, which can lead to oily skin and scalp. Excess sebum can also create an environment that is more hospitable to the Malassezia fungus, which can exacerbate dandruff.

• #19 Dandruff: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152844

  Other factors that may increase the risk of developing dandruff include: winter temperature extremes, and possibly a combination of cold weather and overheated rooms, infrequent hair brushing, as brushing helps remove dead skin cells, stress, age, as dandruff is more likely to occur between the teenage years and midlife, hormonal factors, as it is more common in males. […] Dietary factors may play a role. Nutrients that may help include: zinc, if a person has a deficiency, B vitamins, also if a person has a deficiency, a type of omega-6 fat known as gamma linolenic acid, which is present in evening primrose oil. However, there is not enough research evidence to prove that these or other dietary measures can help resolve dandruff.

• #20

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/dandruff/

  Dandruff, a common scalp condition, can arise due to various factors: […] Malassezia’s overgrowth can lead to dandruff. It feeds on the oils secreted by hair follicles, causing irritation. […] Certain skin conditions: Conditions like psoriasis and eczema can also cause flaking and scalp irritation resembling dandruff. […] Stress can exacerbate existing dandruff or contribute to conditions like seborrheic dermatitis. […] Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in hormones, such as during puberty or due to certain medical conditions, can increase oil production and lead to dandruff. […] Genetics: Some individuals are genetically predisposed to having a more oily scalp or being more susceptible to dandruff. […] The exact cause of dandruff is not fully understood, but several factors can contribute to its occurrence. These include an overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus called Malassezia, dry skin, sensitivity to hair care products, hormonal imbalances, stress, and certain medical conditions. […] Over-the-counter medicated shampoos containing active ingredients like zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole, selenium sulfide, or coal tar can help control dandruff symptoms.

• #21 Understanding the Mechanism of Action of the Anti-Dandruff Agent Zinc Pyrithione against Malassezia restricta | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30588-2

  Dandruff is known to be associated with Malassezia restricta. Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) has been used as an ingredient in anti-dandruff treatments. The mechanism of ZPT has been investigated in several studies; however, a non-pathogenic model yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae was most often used. The aim of the present study was to understand how ZPT inhibits the growth of M. restricta. […] Therefore, the results of our study suggest that at least three inhibitory mechanisms are associated with the action of ZPT against M. restricta: (i) an increase in cellular zinc levels, (ii) inhibition of mitochondrial function, and (iii) a decrease in lipase expression. […] Although previous studies have suggested possible mechanisms of action of ZPT against model fungal organisms, they have not clearly explained how ZPT inhibits the growth of Malassezia, which is phylogenetically distant.

• #22 Jupiter® | Elevated Hair Products for Dandruff & Dry Scalp

  https://hellojupiter.com/blogs/news/dandruff-causes?srsltid=AfmBOoqkooXb6Wmg5CIKl3vu171BWjM2HvAgHqXEvk7A391jXLCiuNHN

  Zinc Pyrithione effectively rids your scalp from fungal causes of dandruff in two ways: First, it reduces the number of lipid-promoting enzymes on your scalp. When you get rid of the excess oils, the Malassezia fungus wont grow and multiply. […] And second, the shampoo increases the amount of zinc and copper in the cells of your scalp, which control the yeast and prevent fungal overgrowth. […] When psoriasis is localized to the scalp, Zinc Pyrithione shampoos can help relieve the symptoms. There is evidence that low levels of zinc can cause psoriasis, and experts recommend topically introducing Zinc Pyrithione to target the skin cells and normalize them.

• #23 What causes dandruff and how to get rid of it?‎

  https://davidson.weizmann.ac.il/en/online/askexpert/what-causes-dandruff-and-how-get-rid-it%E2%80%8E

  However, a dedicated treatment targeting the Malassezia fungus often solves the problem of dandruff. […] There are also other hypotheses for the cause of the formation of dandruff, unrelated to the world of bacteria and fungi; prolonged sun exposure, washing hair too often, sensitivity to certain cosmetics, excessive combing, mental stress and increased hormonal activity – these are just some on the list, but there is an insufficient amount of scientific evidence to make a definite connection to dandruff. […] Although the relationship between the presence of fungi and the appearance of dandruff is not entirely understood, these agents are generally useful. […] Zinc helps in balancing the turnover rate of skin cells and the secretion of fatty acids from the sebaceous glands. […] A few studies have shown that after zinc treatment, the concentration of fungi on the scalp significantly decreases.

• #24 Understanding the Mechanism of Action of the Anti-Dandruff Agent Zinc Pyrithione against Malassezia restricta | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30588-2

  Our data suggested that ZPT interferes substantially with mitochondrial functions in M. restricta cells. […] The present study revealed that ZPT treatment downregulated four out of 12 lipase genes (MRES_03205 [MrLIP1] MRES_03670 [MrLIP5], MRES_04670 [MrLIP3], and MRES_16530) in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that inhibition of lipase expression is one of the main mechanisms by which ZPT inhibits M. restricta.

• #25 Dandruff – Canadian Dermatology Association

  https://dermatology.ca/public-patients/diseases-conditions/hair-conditions/dandruff/

  Ketoconazole (e.g. Nizoral) This is an antifungal agent that reduces malessezia on the scalp. […] Ciclopirox olamine (e.g. Loprox lotion, Stieprox) This is another antifungal that reduces the amount of malessezia on the scalp. Its available in prescription strength in both lotion and shampoo products. […] Combination products (Vichy Dercos DS, Ducray Kelual DS, Kerastase Symbiose) These shampoos have a combination of the ingredients listed above to address multiple pathways that can contribute to seborrheic dermatitis.

• #26 Dandruff – Canadian Dermatology Association

  https://dermatology.ca/public-patients/diseases-conditions/hair-conditions/dandruff/

  Shampooing more frequently is probably the most important method of dandruff control. This is because an oily scalp leads to accumulation and uneven shedding of dead skin cells, resulting in unsightly flakes. […] Coal tar (e.g. Neutrogena T/Gel, Denorex) This agent works by slowing skin cell turnover, the rate at which cells grow and are shed. […] Salicylic acid (e.g. Sterex, Sebcur) This exfoliating ingredient helps to loosen and slough off dead skin cells to prevent clumping and flaking. […] Selenium sulphide (e.g. Selsun Blue, Head Shoulders Clinical solution, Versel) The sulphide slows skin cell turnover and may reduce fungus on the scalp. […] Zinc pyrithione (Head Shoulders, Dangard) This agent acts in much the same way as selenium sulphide but is milder and results in less drying out of hair.

• #27 What causes dandruff and how to get rid of it?‎

  https://davidson.weizmann.ac.il/en/online/askexpert/what-causes-dandruff-and-how-get-rid-it%E2%80%8E

  Salicylic acid and sulfur help break down the bonds between dead skin cells, so they are washed away more easily. […] Using tar is useful in the treatment of skin diseases such as psoriasis and dandruff, but it has been difficult to pinpoint the exact mechanism responsible, since tar has a large number of active ingredients. […] One of them is seborrheic dermatitis; a chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands in the skin, characterized by a rash, itching, redness and the appearance of dandruff.

• #28 Dandruff: Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis and Effective Treatments

  https://www.sakraworldhospital.com/symptom-detail/drandruff

  Malassezia: A fungus that naturally lives on the scalp but can overgrow, leading to irritation and increased skin cell turnover. […] Seborrheic Dermatitis: A common skin condition that causes red, greasy skin covered with flaky white or yellow scales. […] Diagnosing dandruff is usually based on the appearance of the scalp and the presence of characteristic symptoms. […] Medicated Shampoos: Contain active ingredients like zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole, selenium sulfide, or coal tar to reduce fungus and control flakes. […] Tar-based Shampoos: Help slow down the rapid growth of skin cells on the scalp. […] Antifungal Creams: If dandruff is caused by fungal overgrowth. […] Dandruff is a common scalp condition that can usually be managed with appropriate treatment and self-care. […] While it may not be curable, symptoms can often be controlled effectively with medicated shampoos, scalp treatments, and adjustments to hair care routines.

• #29 Dandruff: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dandruff-itchy-scalp

  Dandruff results from a dry scalp and can have various causes, including fungus and your shampooing schedule. Treatments like dandruff shampoo typically loosen flakes or target fungal overgrowth. […] Dandruff is commonly related to seborrheic dermatitis (SD), which causes itchy and flaky skin on the scalp. […] Many factors can contribute to the development of dandruff, so pinpointing the exact cause of your itchy, flaky scalp can be difficult. Here are a few likely culprits: fungal colonization on the surface of your skin, a yeast called Malassezia, which can irritate the scalp and cause excess skin cell growth. […] Typical dandruff shampoos include ingredients to loosen the dandruff flakes from the scalp or target the overgrowth of the Malassezia fungus, which may play a role in the development of the dandruff. These ingredients may include: ketoconazole, selenium sulfide, coal tar, zinc pyrithione. […] Dandruff doesn’t usually indicate a more serious health issue. The itching and flaking often respond well to OTC shampoos and treatments.

• #30

  https://medicaljournalssweden.se/actadv/article/view/7405

  Despite an increasing knowledge of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (D/SD), the pathophysiological understanding is still incomplete but suggests a role of Malassezia yeasts in triggering inflammatory and hyper-proliferative epidermal responses. […] Biomarkers representing inflammation, hyper-proliferation and barrier function are all perturbed by the D/SD condition and robustly respond to therapeutic resolution.

• #31 A comprehensive pathophysiology of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis – towards a more precise definition of scalp health – University of Miami

  https://scholarship.miami.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/A-comprehensive-pathophysiology-of-dandruff-and/991031597535702976

  Despite an increasing knowledge of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (D/SD), the pathophysiological understanding is still incomplete but suggests a role of Malassezia yeasts in triggering inflammatory and hyper-proliferative epidermal responses. […] New biomolecular capabilities establish a depth of pathophysiological understanding not previously achievable with traditional means of investigation. […] Biomarkers representing inflammation, hyper-proliferation and barrier function are all perturbed by the D/SD condition and robustly respond to therapeutic resolution.

• #32 Dandruff as explained by forensic science

  https://micro-bites.org/2024/04/03/dandruff-as-explained-by-forensic-science/

  Numerous factors, including over-colonization of Malassezia sp., imbalance in the bacterial species of the scalp, impairment in the functioning of the epidermal barrier, higher production of fatty acid metabolites derived from sebum and squalene peroxidation, and perivascular leukocyte infiltration, are involved in the pathogenesis of dandruff. These factors can cause mild skin inflammation and activate an immune response, either separately or in combination. This leads to the growth of basal layer epidermal keratinocytes (skin cells), which consecutively contributes to the production and shedding of corneocytes (dead skin cells). This condition is clinically characterized as dandruff.

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