Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dandruff – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandruff

  Dandruff is a skin condition of the scalp. Symptoms include flaking and sometimes mild itchiness. The cause is unclear, but believed to involve a number of genetic and environmental factors; the condition may worsen in the winter. It is not due to poor hygiene, and the underlying mechanism involves the excessive growth of skin cells. The cause is unclear but believed to involve a number of genetic and environmental factors. It is hypothesized that for people with dandruff, skin cells may mature and be shed in two to seven days, as opposed to around a month in people without dandruff. According to one study, dandruff has been shown to be possibly the result of three factors: Skin oil, commonly referred to as sebum or sebaceous secretions; The metabolic by-products of skin micro-organisms (most specifically Malassezia yeasts); Individual susceptibility and allergy sensitivity. Older literature cites the fungus Malassezia furfur as the cause of dandruff. In 2007, it was discovered that the responsible agent is a scalp specific fungus, Malassezia globosa, that metabolizes triglycerides present in sebum by the expression of lipase, resulting in the lipid byproduct oleic acid. In individuals affected by dandruff, the levels of Malassezia are 1.5 to 2 times their normal level. It was found that Propionibacterium decreased from 70.8% to 50.2% in the dandruff group, whereas Staphylococcus increased from 26.0% to 43.5%. Microorganisms on the scalp, especially fungi, have been predominantly thought to be the main cause of the development of dandruff, after several studies it was observed that there was not a close association between the bacteria in genus and fungi in species.

• #1 What Causes Dandruff? Common Triggers and Solutions | Head&Shoulders UK

  https://www.headandshoulders.co.uk/en-gb/all-articles/dandruff/causes-of-dandruff/

  Dandruff is caused when 3 things come together: A microbe thats present on everyones scalpcalled Malassezia globosa. This microbe causes dandruff by producing substances which trigger a response in dandruff sufferers, leading to flaking. Heres how it works: Oleic acid is produced as Malassezia globosa breaks down natural oils known as sebum on your scalp and in your hair. Your scalp can become sensitive to oleic acid around 50% of the population are leading to itching, dryness and redness. Your skin cells renew quicker than before, increasing their turnover rate in an attempt to shed the substance. The excess skin cells clump on the surface of the scalp and appear as white flakes in your hair and on your scalp. […] As the Malassezia globosa breaks down the sebum on your scalp it produces oleic acid. And if your scalp is sensitive to it and around 50% of the worlds population is – your scalp can experience the symptoms we know as dandruff.

• #1 What Causes Dandruff? Common Triggers and Solutions | Head&Shoulders UK

  https://www.headandshoulders.co.uk/en-gb/all-articles/dandruff/causes-of-dandruff/

  Dandruff often starts with puberty as your hormones start to change, causing you to produce more scalp oils for Malassezia globosa to thrive on. But it can also appear at other times when your hormones change such as in old age or during times of stress. […] While dandruff itself is caused by sensitivity to the oleic acid produced by a naturally occurring microbe that breaks down scalp oils, there are plenty of other factors that can make it worse. Hormones control oil production, so hormonal changes may increase the amount of sebum on the scalp and therefore cause a dandruff flare-up. This is most likely to happen during puberty. High levels of stress can contribute to dandruff by causing temporary hormonal changes. […] Stress affects everything from your sleep to your patience levels but did you know it takes a toll on your scalp, too? While stress doesn’t actually cause dandruff, it can seriously aggravate it. By weakening your immune systems ability to regulate the naturally occurring microbes that live on your scalp, stress can lead to dryness, flakes and itchiness. […] Zinc, B vitamins and fats all play a crucial role in the health of your scalp, so be sure to fill your plate with a variety of fruits, vegetables and lean meats like fish and poultry to keep your hair and scalp happy and up to 100% flake free.

• #1 One step closer to finding the root cause of dandruff | Unilever

  https://www.unilever.com/news/news-search/2020/one-step-closer-to-finding-the-root-cause-of-dandruff/

  Dandruff can affect around 50% of adults. Until recently, a fungus called Malassezia was considered the main microbial culprit of this irritating scalp condition. As yet, the exact cause of the condition remains unknown. One of the strongest contributing factors, however, is the level of a fungus called Malassezia. Multiple studies have found a link between Malassezia and scalp health, with dandruff scalps consistently showing a marked increase in the abundance of Malassezia. When Malassezia grow too quickly, it disturbs natural skin cell renewal. […] New Unilever research shows bacteria also have a role to play. As expected, the research revealed there were 10 times more Malassezia on dandruff scalps compared to healthy scalps. However, beyond its analysis of the fungal community, the research found new insights on several bacterial species. We discovered that one species in particular, Staphylococcus capitis, was 100 times more abundant on dandruff affected scalps. In short, this means that Malassezia should no longer be considered the sole microbial culprit of dandruff. Neither bacteria nor fungi are solely responsible, explains Sally. We believe both are involved. Our research has revealed that both fungi and bacteria have a part in the development and progression. […] The biggest factor implicated in the prevalence of dandruff is frequency of hair washing. Less washing equals higher incidence of dandruff.

• #1 6 Causes of Dandruff and How to Treat Them – Columbia Skin Clinic

  https://columbiaskinclinic.com/medical-dermatology/6-causes-of-dandruff-and-how-to-treat-them/

  Dandruff is a common condition that can leave the scalp inflamed and itchy. This can cause white flakes dusted across the hair. […] Understanding the causes of dandruff is a crucial step to treating it. […] An oily scalp results from increased production of sebum, the natural oil on your scalp. This can lead to dandruff-producing conditions like seborrheic dermatitis, which is the name of eczema on the scalp. […] The major culprit of dandruff is a fungus called Malassezia. This fungus exists on most adults scalps. It feeds on the oils on your scalp, breaking it down and leaving oleic acid in its place. Many people are sensitive to oleic acid. The body then reacts to this acid by increasing the speed at which skin cells renew. It is an attempt to rid the scalp of the irritant and can cause flakes. […] Skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis can appear in the scalp as well, causing dandruff. Depending on the severity of these skin conditions, over-the-counter treatments may not cover it.

• #1 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  While these observations support a pathogenic role for Malassezia in SD and dandruff, there is also strong evidence suggesting that individual predispositions and host interactions with Malassezia, rather than the mere presence of Malassezia, contribute to SD and dandruff pathogenesis. […] Sebaceous glands (SGs) are distributed over the entire skin surface in humans, except on the palms and soles. […] Thus, SD and dandruff have a strong time correlation with SG activity, with cradle cap after birth, increased incidence throughout the teens, between third and sixth decades and then decreasing. […] These findings suggest that while SG activity strongly correlates with SD and dandruff, sebum production by itself is not a decisive cause. […] The presence and abundance of Malassezia yeast, host epidermal conditions and sebaceous secretion, combined with various other factors, and interactions between these factors, determine an individual’s susceptibility to SD and dandruff.

• #1 Dandruff (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/dandruff.html

  Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis (seh-beh-REE-ik dur-muh-TY-tis). The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is not known, but it’s likely a combination of things like: […] too much skin oil (sebum) in the oil glands and hair follicles […] a type of yeast found on the skin called Malassezia. Stress, cold and dry winter weather, and some hair care products may make dandruff worse. […] Hormone levels are high during the teen years, which causes more oil production. This may be why dandruff usually begins around puberty.

• #1 What causes dandruff? | Ducray

  https://www.ducray.com/en/dandruff-conditions/causes

  Dandruff is caused quite simply by accelerated cell renewal. Epidermal cells are usually renewed over the space of 21 to 28 days. In the case of dandruff, they are renewed more rapidly, over 5 to 14 days. […] The acceleration in cell renewal is caused by a scalp disorder, induced by numerous mechanisms. […] When there is too much [sebum], it promotes growth of a yeast of the genus Malassezia which contributes to the development of dandruff. […] Yeasts of the genus Malassezia are present naturally on the surface of the scalp. In the specific case of dandruff, they proliferate in excess. […] The more they feed, the more they develop, which can result in inflammation and irritation, which can in turn cause desquamation. […] This variability and sensitivity is specific to each individual, and reflects a predisposition to developing dandruff that it is unfortunately impossible to change.

• #1 DANDRUFF: THE MOST COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED SKIN DISEASE

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2887514/

  The non-microbial cause for dandruff is well established. Excessive exposure to sunlight is known to cause desquamation of the scalp. […] Minimal irritation of scalp due to over shampooing, frequent combing, use of certain cosmetic products, dusts and dirt also, to some extent, cause dandruff. […] Many authors presume that host susceptibility factors play a major role in dandruff formation. […] Although there is sufficient evidence on the growth promotion role of various lipids on Malassezia, a clear-cut correlation on the quantitative or qualitative profile of lipids in the infected and control subjects is lacking. […] The adverse reaction such as irritant dermatitis or contact allergic dermatitis may be provoked by the treatment agents also.

• #1 What causes dandruff? | Ducray

  https://www.ducray.com/en/dandruff-conditions/causes

  Some people are therefore „naturally” prone to dandruff, in other words they are particularly likely to develop it, while others will get dandruff in their hair under the influence of various factors. […] If in doubt, do not hesitate to ask your pharmacist or doctor for guidance. […] This increase in scalp sebum promotes growth of Malassezia yeasts. […] These yeasts feed mainly on lipids. They can then cause a reaction, resulting in scalp inflammation, irritation and desquamation. […] However, there is unfortunately no cure for dandruff yet, so it may reappear.

• #1 Dandruff

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/

  Dandruff causes white or grey flakes of skin to appear on the scalp and in the hair. […] Dandruff is not caused by poor hygiene, although it may be more obvious if you do not wash your hair regularly. […] Stress and cold weather may also make dandruff worse. […] The GP can check your scalp for skin conditions that could be causing your dandruff.

• #1 Dandruff in the hair: causes and solutions

  https://www.moncornerb.com/en/content/592-shampoing-bio-pellicules-demangeaisons

  Dandruff, these small fragments of skin that form at the root of the scalp and disperse in our hair can quickly become annoying and pose a problem from an aesthetic point of view. […] The development of dandruff has nothing to do with hygiene, they are only due to a disruption of cell renewal. […] This upheaval in the maintenance of balance is due to a micro-organism called: Malassezia, a fungus living at the root of the scalp which creates inflammation, which accelerates cell renewal. […] It is very likely that you will notice an increase in dandruff during certain hormonal periods since the hormones create sebum, which nourishes the Malassezia and therefore: increases the appearance of dandruff. […] External factors such as atmospheric pollution or free radicals can also accentuate the appearance of dandruff.

• #1 Dandruff: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152844

  Other factors that may increase the risk of developing dandruff include: winter temperature extremes, and possibly a combination of cold weather and overheated rooms, infrequent hair brushing, stress, age, and hormonal factors. […] Dietary factors may play a role. Nutrients that may help include zinc, B vitamins, and a type of omega-6 fat known as gamma linolenic acid.

• #1 Dandruff: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dandruff-itchy-scalp

  Dandruff results from a dry scalp and can have various causes, including fungus and your shampooing schedule. Treatments like dandruff shampoo typically loosen flakes or target fungal overgrowth. […] Dandruff is commonly related to seborrheic dermatitis (SD), which causes itchy and flaky skin on the scalp. Its so common that it affects about half the global adult population. […] Many factors can contribute to the development of dandruff, so pinpointing the exact cause of your itchy, flaky scalp can be difficult. Here are a few likely culprits: secretions from your sebaceous glands, fungal colonization on the surface of your skin, a yeast called Malassezia, which can irritate the scalp and cause excess skin cell growth, not shampooing enough, which may cause skin cells to accumulate and create flakes and itching, shampooing too frequently, which can overdry the scalp, brushing your hair too much or too forcefully, which can create friction with the sensitive skin on the scalp, a reaction to personal care products, or contact dermatitis, which makes your scalp irritated and itchy, sun damage, excessive pressure on the scalp from hats, a diet that is lacking certain nutrients, exposure to dust or dirt.

• #1 5 Causes Of Dandruff (And How To Treat Them) | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2016/11/5-causes-dandruff-treat

  You have dry skin. Dry skin is one of the most common causes of dandruff. […] You arent shampooing enough. While it sounds unhygienic, not shampooing enough could be the cause of your dandruff. […] You are allergic. From grass to peanuts, people are allergic to a wide variety of substances. […] You have a medical condition. Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic medical condition that not only affects the scalp but also other areas of the body where oil glands are present. […] You have a yeast overgrowth. Malassezia is a fungus that lives on the scalp and skin of all people.

• #1 Dandruff in the hair: causes and solutions

  https://www.moncornerb.com/en/content/592-shampoing-bio-pellicules-demangeaisons

  Although we know the development of dandruff, is largely due to the fungus Malassezia or a disease of the scalp. Certain factors of daily life can accentuate the appearance of dandruff. […] In reality, it is the hygiene of life that matters. In the fight against dandruff, opt for a healthy lifestyle and avoid the consumption of tobacco or alcohol. […] Negative emotions considerably weaken the immune defenses, the scalp will therefore be less predisposed to defend itself against the Malassezia fungus responsible for accentuating dandruff. […] Stress can also be a source of excess sebum or excessive sweating, which feeds the yeast and therefore promotes the acceleration of the cell cycle. […] Diet, like stress, has no direct impact on dandruff. […] Dandruff can reach people who wash their hair too often. […] Some shampoos with a purifying action are too aggressive for the scalp, the latter can ignite and create more sebum to protect itself. […] Dandruff in infants is usually called: cradle cap. […] The scalp of babies being colonized by a fungus causes accelerated desquamation of the scalp.

• #1 Dandruff – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dandruff/symptoms-causes/syc-20353850

  Dandruff may have several causes, including: […] A yeastlike fungus (malassezia) that feeds on oils on the scalps of most adults. […] Sensitivity to hair care products (contact dermatitis). […] Other skin conditions, such as psoriasis and eczema.

• #1 Dandruff

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/dandruff/

  Dandruff causes white or grey flakes of skin to appear on the scalp and in the hair. […] Dandruff is not caused by poor hygiene, although it may be more obvious if you do not wash your hair regularly. […] Stress and cold weather may also make dandruff worse. […] A list of conditions that cause dandruff and the main symptoms Symptoms Possible causes Symptoms scaly, itchy and red patches on skin on the scalp, face and other areas of the body Possible causes seborrheic dermatitis Symptoms red or silver rash on the scalp, sometimes with patchy hair loss Possible causes tinea capitis, known as ringworm Symptoms dry, red, flaky and very itchy skin on areas of the body Possible causes eczema Symptoms red, inflamed (irritated) skin. You may also have blisters and cracked skin – reaction to products such as hair dye, sprays, gels or mousses Possible causes contact dermatitis Symptoms red, flaky, crusty and sore patches of skin covered with silvery scales Possible causes psoriasis Symptoms greasy, yellowish crusts on baby’s scalp, eyebrows and nappy area Possible causes cradle cap.

• #1 What Causes Dandruff? – 9 Common Causes & How to treat Dandruff

  https://australian-bodycare.com/blogs/guides/what-causes-dandruff-ghs?srsltid=AfmBOooeZ3Nu1Dg0amPgnTSFsV2Xv7zQnPnR6a7mVqBUTkc02ztMJA-6

  Irritated and oily skin […] This can be caused by conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis. […] Dry skin […] If you suffer from dry skin or have a medical condition such as eczema, it is likely that your scalp will also become dry, flaky and probably also very itchy. […] Not shampooing enough […] If you don’t wash your hair on a regular basis then oils and skin cells can build up on the scalp leading to dandruff. […] Heat and dry air […] Conversely heat can dry the scalp and make dandruff appear worse. […] Air pollution […] Can also contribute to dandruff as chemicals which are circulating in the air can affect the skin and cause irritation or allergic reactions on the skin and scalp which can cause dandruff. […] Stress […] Can worsen any skin condition and impair your immune system.

• #1 What Is Dandruff? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dandruff/guide/

  Androgen hormones, such as testosterone, stimulate activity in the sebaceous glands. […] Dandruff occurs more often in men than women. […] SD is more prevalent in individuals who’ve undergone an organ transplant and those with HIV or AIDS, hepatitis C, or alcoholic pancreatitis. […] Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury are among the conditions that elevate a person’s risk of SD, including dandruff. […] Eczema, rosacea, psoriasis, or acne can trigger or worsen seborrheic dermatitis. […] If you have naturally oily skin, you’re at an elevated risk for seborrheic dermatitis. […] Certain oils that people apply to the scalp can cover the scale but worsen the flaking and itching response, notes McMichael. […] Dandruff occurs because of a buildup of dry skin or oil. Skin conditions like seborrheic dermatitis, a weakened immune system, and certain neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, can also cause dandruff. […] In some cases, yeast, a fungus, can cause dandruff. The yeast feeds on scalp oils, and the body will mistake this breakdown of oils for an irritant.

• #1 Why You’re Getting Dandruff and How to Treat Flakes — Expert Advice | Allure

  https://www.allure.com/story/what-is-dandruff-causes-treatment

  However, there doesn’t need to be an overabundance of yeast to trigger dandruff. „If you are not washing your hair frequently enough, sebum and dead skin cells together can build up and cause dandruff,” Dr. Robinson adds. […] Conversely, over-washing the scalp can also cause the scalp to over-produce oil so there needs to be a balance, explains Kseniya Kobets, MD, a board-certified dermatologist and director of cosmetic dermatology at Montefiore. […] „Eating food high in sugars, unhealthy fats or any food which produces inflammation adds to imbalances in the formation of skin and hair and hair follicles,” says Dr. Graf. […] „Increased levels of stress can trigger dandruff,” she says. When our cortisol, the stress hormone, rises, it triggers inflammation and sebum production. If the sebum builds up on the scalp, that can lead to dandruff.

• #1 Why Do I Have Dandruff? 4 Major Causes You Should Know | SvensonExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://svenson.com.ph/informative/causes-of-dandruff

  Washing your hair too often strips it of its natural oils, leading to dryness. […] Cold, dry air can sap moisture from your scalp, as can prolonged exposure to air conditioning or heaters. […] Not drinking enough water can lead to skin dryness, affecting your scalp. […] Certain habits, particularly those related to your hygiene and diet, are known causes of dandruff: […] Skipping regular hair washes allows oils and skin cells to build up, causing flakes. […] A diet lacking essential nutrients, such as zinc, B vitamins, and healthy fats, can be a reason why you have dandruff. […] Stress-induced hormonal imbalances can cause dandruff by triggering an imbalance that triggers shedding. […] Fragrances in shampoos and conditioners, often derived from a mix of chemicals, can irritate sensitive scalps, leading to dryness and flaking.

• #1 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  Seborrheic Dermatitis (SD) and dandruff are of a continuous spectrum of the same disease that affects the seborrheic areas of the body. […] Various intrinsic and environmental factors, such as sebaceous secretions, skin surface fungal colonization, individual susceptibility, and interactions between these factors, all contribute to the pathogenesis of SD and dandruff. […] Despite such high prevalence, their etiology is not well understood. […] Various intrinsic and environmental factors, such as sebaceous secretions, skin surface fungal colonization, individual susceptibility, and interactions between these factors, all contribute to the pathogenesis. […] Studies have detected Malassezia on the scalp of dandruff patients, and higher numbers of Malassezia (M. globosa and M. restricta) correlate with SD appearance/severity.

• #1 Seborrheic Dermatitis: What Is It, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14403-seborrheic-dermatitis

  Seborrheic dermatitis is a common, noncontagious, easy-to-manage skin condition. This type of dermatitis causes itchy red patches and greasy scales on your skin along with white or yellow crusty or powdery flakes on your scalp. […] Researchers aren’t sure of the exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis. They think there may be many causes. Factors that are thought to play a role include: A type of yeast called Malassezia, which is present on everyone’s skin, but overgrows in some people. An increased level of androgens (a hormone). An increased level of skin lipids. An inflammatory reaction. Family history (dermatitis runs in the family). […] Other factors that trigger or worsen seborrheic dermatitis include: Stress. Cold and dry climate. Oily skin. Using alcohol-based lotions. History of other skin disorders, including rosacea, psoriasis and acne. […] Although there are theories out there, true experts have yet to find that food causes or reduces seborrheic dermatitis. Diet does not affect dandruff.

• #1 Types of Dandruff: Causes, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/types-of-dandruff

  Dandruff is a condition in which dead skin cells on your scalp flake off, often landing on your shoulders and clothing. […] Although dandruff flakes may look alike, they can be caused by several types of scalp conditions. […] Knowing which type of dandruff you have is key to getting rid of the flakes and itchiness and can also help you take steps to treat the underlying cause. […] There are several types of dandruff, each with a unique cause. […] Some common skin conditions, including psoriasis, eczema, and seborrheic dermatitis, can affect your scalp and cause dandruff. […] Seborrheic dermatitis occurs more often in people with oily skin. […] It is a severe form of oily skin dandruff. […] One of the most effective ways to treat dandruff caused by seborrheic dermatitis is with a shampoo that contains zinc pyrithione.

• #1 Dandruff and itching scalp | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/dandruff-and-itching-scalp

  Dandruff affects about 50 per cent of the population. […] Dandruff can cause itching scalp. […] Seborrhoeic dermatitis affects areas with high densities of large oil glands. The inflammation is caused by the body’s reaction to a yeast on the scalp and to products that break down oil produced by the oil gland. […] Psoriasis is a relatively common skin condition that affects about three per cent of the population. It is often confined to the scalp, elbows and knees. While seborrhoeic dermatitis tends to involve almost all the scalp, psoriasis often occurs in small, localised patches of redness with quite prominent thick scaling. Because psoriasis may only occur on the scalp, it can be mistaken for a severe case of dandruff or seborrhoeic dermatitis.

• #1 Types of Dandruff: Causes, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/types-of-dandruff

  Eczema is characterized by patches of flaky, itchy skin, and sometimes a red rash. […] When it appears on your scalp, this inflammatory condition can cause flakes that are usually larger than dry skin dandruff flakes. […] Psoriasis is thought to be an autoimmune condition in which skin cells grow too quickly, causing thick, scaly patches to form on the skin. […] Dandruff can often be treated with an OTC antidandruff shampoo as well as changes to your hair care routine. […] In some cases, prescription shampoos may be necessary to help get rid of those pesky flakes for good.

• #1 Scalp microbiome gets to the root of dandruff – Research Outreach

  https://researchoutreach.org/articles/scalp-microbiome-dandruff/

  Recently, research interest has turned towards a possible role of bacteria in dandruff. […] Neither bacteria nor fungi are solely responsible for dandruff; in fact, both are involved. […] The microbiome of a scalp with dandruff differs from that of a healthy scalp. […] Interestingly, it seems that neither bacteria nor fungi are solely responsible for dandruff; in fact, both are involved. […] The number of bacteria differed both between healthy and dandruff scalps, and between different areas on the same scalp. […] The next step will be to determine just how these changes in the microbiome might be linked to the development of dandruff. […] The increase in the levels of S. capitis and M. restricta is an important indication of microbiome imbalance necessitating an intervention with anti-dandruff technology.

• #2 What Causes Dandruff and How To Manage It | CeraVe

  https://www.cerave.com/skin-smarts/hair-and-scalp-expertise/what-causes-dandruff

  Nearly half of the worlds general population experiences dandruff at one time or another. […] Dandruff is a scalp condition characterized by flaky, often itchy, skin on the scalp. There are multiple reasons you might experience dandruff, as well as numerous variables that can amplify the symptoms. […] Causes of dandruff include an oily scalp, a fungus known as Malassezia, and sensitivity to certain haircare products. […] You may not think of your head as being covered in fungus, but theres actually a yeast-like fungus that feeds on oils on the scalps of most adults. This fungus, known as Malassezia, does not cause dandruff on its own, but can play a significant role in its development. […] Sensitivity to hair products is one of the potential causes of dandruff. […] Stress has been connected to dandruff. […] Severe dandruff on your scalp can sometimes be caused by other skin conditions, including eczema or psoriasis.

• #2 Malassezia – How Does The Dandruff Occur | H&S IN

  https://www.headandshoulders.co.in/en-in/healthy-hair-and-scalp/dandruff/dandruff-causes/malassezia-how-the-main-cause-of-dandruff-works

  Dandruff is actually caused by a microbe. Its 100% natural and its found on everyones scalp. […] The root cause of dandruff is the single-celled microbe Malassezia globosa, which exists on everyones scalp. Around 50% of peoples bodies have a negative reaction to the presence of this fungus, causing dandruff. […] The natural oils on your scalp, known as sebum, are key requirements to fuel the dandruff-causing microbe. Malassezia feeds off these oils, breaking it down into byproducts, including oleic acid. […] If youre one of the 50% of people in the world sensitive to oleic acid, youll probably experience dandruff. The body reacts to the presence of oleic acid by increasing the speed at which your skin cells renew. […] These are all symptoms caused by the bodys response to irritation caused by Malassezia.

• #2 Causes of Dandruff & Reasons | Head & Shoulders Arabia

  https://headandshouldersarabia.com/en/scalp-advice/dandruff-advice/causes-of-dandruff

  The cause of dandruff is a naturally-occurring microbe on the scalp called Malassezia Globosa. […] You’ll find it on everybody’s scalp, although it will only cause dandruff in around 50% of people. […] Malassezia globosa feeds on natural scalp oils called sebum this oil is what keeps your hair and scalp moisturized. […] As the sebum is broken down, it produces a by-product called oleic acid. […] 1 in 2 people are sensitive to oleic acid and the scalp responds by becoming irritated. […] In response to the irritation, the scalp starts to become inflamed, red and itchy. […] The body signals to the brain to shed skin cells faster than usual essentially, an attempt to shed the irritant. This shedding of skin is what causes visible flakes to appear on the scalp, often falling off onto your shoulders.

• #2 What causes dandruff? | Ducray

  https://www.ducray.com/en/dandruff-conditions/causes

  Dandruff is caused quite simply by accelerated cell renewal. Epidermal cells are usually renewed over the space of 21 to 28 days. In the case of dandruff, they are renewed more rapidly, over 5 to 14 days. […] The acceleration in cell renewal is caused by a scalp disorder, induced by numerous mechanisms. […] When there is too much [sebum], it promotes growth of a yeast of the genus Malassezia which contributes to the development of dandruff. […] Yeasts of the genus Malassezia are present naturally on the surface of the scalp. In the specific case of dandruff, they proliferate in excess. […] The more they feed, the more they develop, which can result in inflammation and irritation, which can in turn cause desquamation. […] This variability and sensitivity is specific to each individual, and reflects a predisposition to developing dandruff that it is unfortunately impossible to change.

• #2 DANDRUFF: THE MOST COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED SKIN DISEASE

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2887514/

  The article discuss in detail about the prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of dandruff including the etio-pathology. […] Dandruff is a common scalp disorder affecting almost half of the population at the pre-pubertal age and of any gender and ethnicity. […] The real cause for dandruff formation from the normal physiological spectrum of scaling is yet to be understood. […] There could be several etiopathologic pathways with complex mechanisms, which may cause dandruff. […] The role of lipophilic yeast belonging to the genus Malassezia was widely accepted to play a role in dandruff way back in 1846. […] During dandruff, the levels of Malassezia increase by 1.5 to 2 times its normal level. […] It has been debated that the quantitative microbial assessment of all kinds does not indicate the role of yeast; the abundance that might have been proportional to the volume of scales which it colonizes or be responsible for the altered desquamation.

• #2 Scalp microbiome gets to the root of dandruff – Research Outreach

  https://researchoutreach.org/articles/scalp-microbiome-dandruff/

  Recently, research interest has turned towards a possible role of bacteria in dandruff. […] Neither bacteria nor fungi are solely responsible for dandruff; in fact, both are involved. […] The microbiome of a scalp with dandruff differs from that of a healthy scalp. […] Interestingly, it seems that neither bacteria nor fungi are solely responsible for dandruff; in fact, both are involved. […] The number of bacteria differed both between healthy and dandruff scalps, and between different areas on the same scalp. […] The next step will be to determine just how these changes in the microbiome might be linked to the development of dandruff. […] The increase in the levels of S. capitis and M. restricta is an important indication of microbiome imbalance necessitating an intervention with anti-dandruff technology.

• #2 Dandruff: What It Is, Why It Happens, and How to Manage

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-dandruff-basics

  Overgrowth of a fungus called malassezia is one of the main reasons you develop dandruff. It makes your skin produce extra oil and skin cells. […] Experts think that one of the main contributors to dandruff is the overgrowth of a type of yeast or fungus called malassezia. […] Experts think the overgrowth of a type of yeast or fungus called malassezia is one of the main causes of dandruff. […] Some factors that may play a role include: Overgrowth of a type of yeast called malassezia. It’s normal to have this yeast on your skin, but if it grows out of control, it may trigger a flare of seborrheic dermatitis or dandruff. […] Researchers aren’t exactly sure what causes seborrheic dermatitis or dandruff, but it’s probably a mix of several different factors. […] An increased level of androgen hormones. Higher androgen levels can make your skin produce more oil. […] Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis are probably caused by several different factors working together.

• #2 Dandruff (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/dandruff.html

  Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis. The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is not known, but it’s likely a combination of things like: […] a type of yeast found on the skin called Malassezia. […] Stress, cold and dry winter weather, and some hair care products may make dandruff worse. […] Hormone levels are high during teen years, which causes more oil production. This may be why dandruff usually begins around puberty.

• #2 Dandruff – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandruff

  Dandruff is a skin condition of the scalp. Symptoms include flaking and sometimes mild itchiness. The cause is unclear, but believed to involve a number of genetic and environmental factors; the condition may worsen in the winter. It is not due to poor hygiene, and the underlying mechanism involves the excessive growth of skin cells. The cause is unclear but believed to involve a number of genetic and environmental factors. It is hypothesized that for people with dandruff, skin cells may mature and be shed in two to seven days, as opposed to around a month in people without dandruff. According to one study, dandruff has been shown to be possibly the result of three factors: Skin oil, commonly referred to as sebum or sebaceous secretions; The metabolic by-products of skin micro-organisms (most specifically Malassezia yeasts); Individual susceptibility and allergy sensitivity. Older literature cites the fungus Malassezia furfur as the cause of dandruff. In 2007, it was discovered that the responsible agent is a scalp specific fungus, Malassezia globosa, that metabolizes triglycerides present in sebum by the expression of lipase, resulting in the lipid byproduct oleic acid. In individuals affected by dandruff, the levels of Malassezia are 1.5 to 2 times their normal level. It was found that Propionibacterium decreased from 70.8% to 50.2% in the dandruff group, whereas Staphylococcus increased from 26.0% to 43.5%. Microorganisms on the scalp, especially fungi, have been predominantly thought to be the main cause of the development of dandruff, after several studies it was observed that there was not a close association between the bacteria in genus and fungi in species.

• #2 What causes dandruff? | Ducray

  https://www.ducray.com/en/dandruff-conditions/causes

  Some people are therefore „naturally” prone to dandruff, in other words they are particularly likely to develop it, while others will get dandruff in their hair under the influence of various factors. […] If in doubt, do not hesitate to ask your pharmacist or doctor for guidance. […] This increase in scalp sebum promotes growth of Malassezia yeasts. […] These yeasts feed mainly on lipids. They can then cause a reaction, resulting in scalp inflammation, irritation and desquamation. […] However, there is unfortunately no cure for dandruff yet, so it may reappear.

• #2 Dandruff (Seborrhea) Treatment, Home Remedies, Causes, Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dandruff/article_em.htm

  Dandruff is a common skin condition, not a fungus. […] The exact cause of dandruff is unknown. Possible causes and associations include increased oil production and secretion, and increased numbers of normal skin yeasts. […] Dandruff may also be triggered or made worse by poor hygiene and infrequent shampooing and washing. The immune system may also play a role in dandruff. […] Common triggers (factors that may worsen) of dandruff include the following: Oily skin, Oily scalp, Poor hygiene, Weather (hot and humid or cold and dry), Infrequent washing or shampooing, Poor immune system, Chronic illness, Emotional or mental stress. […] Risk factors for dandruff include the following: People with extreme or severe cases of dandruff often also have other chronic health conditions. Dandruff probably has a small hereditary component making it more common to run in families.

• #2 Dandruff: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152844

  Other factors that may increase the risk of developing dandruff include: winter temperature extremes, and possibly a combination of cold weather and overheated rooms, infrequent hair brushing, stress, age, and hormonal factors. […] Dietary factors may play a role. Nutrients that may help include zinc, B vitamins, and a type of omega-6 fat known as gamma linolenic acid.

• #2 What Causes Dandruff? – 9 Common Causes & How to treat Dandruff

  https://australian-bodycare.com/blogs/guides/what-causes-dandruff-ghs?srsltid=AfmBOooeZ3Nu1Dg0amPgnTSFsV2Xv7zQnPnR6a7mVqBUTkc02ztMJA-6

  Irritated and oily skin […] This can be caused by conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis. […] Dry skin […] If you suffer from dry skin or have a medical condition such as eczema, it is likely that your scalp will also become dry, flaky and probably also very itchy. […] Not shampooing enough […] If you don’t wash your hair on a regular basis then oils and skin cells can build up on the scalp leading to dandruff. […] Heat and dry air […] Conversely heat can dry the scalp and make dandruff appear worse. […] Air pollution […] Can also contribute to dandruff as chemicals which are circulating in the air can affect the skin and cause irritation or allergic reactions on the skin and scalp which can cause dandruff. […] Stress […] Can worsen any skin condition and impair your immune system.

• #2 Got dandruff? Discover the causes and how to get rid of it

  https://www.kerastase.in/discover/Get-Rid-Of-Dandruff-With-Symbiose.html?srsltid=AfmBOopd1AZF8D2pGkwtWv3_kQC-_jy-hC362MglO7HYE6SyX5d1gSgW

  Dandruff is one of the most common scalp concerns among men and women alike. Here we reveal what causes dandruff, as well as the lifestyle factors that trigger flare-ups, plus how to treat dandruff in the short- and long-term with our effective new Symbiose range. […] Most cases of dandruff can be traced to a single-celled microorganism that exists on all scalps called malassezia resticta. It feed on the oils and produces oleic acid, which can irritate some scalps triggering an immune response causing rapid skin cells proliferation leading to irritation, redness and dandruff flakes. […] When the colder temperatures hit, there tends to be less moisture in the air both outside and inside where central heating can dehydrate the skin. This dryness can trigger an overproduction of sebum that the malassezia restricta feeds off causing a dandruff flare-up.

• #2 Dandruff: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152844

  Dandruff is a scalp condition that causes flakes of skin to appear. […] There are various possible causes, including seborrheic dermatitis, allergic reactions, psoriasis, and eczema. An overreaction to Malassezia, a yeast that occurs on the scalp, is among the causes of seborrheic dermatitis. […] Dandruff often stems from Malassezia, a fungus that commonly lives on the scalp and feeds on the oils secreted by hair follicles. […] Malassezia is not usually a problem, but in some people the immune system overreacts to it. This can cause the scalp to become irritated and produce extra skin cells. […] Certain hair care products can irritate the scalp and may cause dandruff. […] Some people say not shampooing enough can cause a buildup of oil and dead skin cells, leading to dandruff. Others say that too much washing will strip away the natural oils.

• #2 Dandruff: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dandruff-itchy-scalp

  Dandruff results from a dry scalp and can have various causes, including fungus and your shampooing schedule. Treatments like dandruff shampoo typically loosen flakes or target fungal overgrowth. […] Dandruff is commonly related to seborrheic dermatitis (SD), which causes itchy and flaky skin on the scalp. Its so common that it affects about half the global adult population. […] Many factors can contribute to the development of dandruff, so pinpointing the exact cause of your itchy, flaky scalp can be difficult. Here are a few likely culprits: secretions from your sebaceous glands, fungal colonization on the surface of your skin, a yeast called Malassezia, which can irritate the scalp and cause excess skin cell growth, not shampooing enough, which may cause skin cells to accumulate and create flakes and itching, shampooing too frequently, which can overdry the scalp, brushing your hair too much or too forcefully, which can create friction with the sensitive skin on the scalp, a reaction to personal care products, or contact dermatitis, which makes your scalp irritated and itchy, sun damage, excessive pressure on the scalp from hats, a diet that is lacking certain nutrients, exposure to dust or dirt.

• #2 Dandruff – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/dandruff

  Dandruff is a harmless, chronic condition that occurs when the scalp becomes dry or greasy and produces white flakes of dead skin that appear in the hair or on the shoulders. […] Dandruff can be caused by a number of things, including dry skin; sensitivity to hair products; and skin conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis or eczema. […] The overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus can also cause dandruff. This overgrowth can be caused by stress, hormones, too much oil on the scalp, or problems with the immune system.

• #2 Dandruff Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/remedies-for-dandruff

  Dandruff is a disorder where the skin on the scalp sheds excess amounts of its top layer. […] There are a variety of reasons that you might end up with dandruff. Some of the most common causes of dandruff include: irritated and oily skin, not shampooing often enough, the presence of a yeast-like fungus called malassezia that likes to feed on scalp oils in most adults, dryness of the scalp, contact dermatitis (itchy skin or rash) caused by touching or being around certain hair products. […] You may be more susceptible to dandruff because of one or more of the following factors: your age, your sex, the presence of certain chronic illnesses.

• #2 Why Do I Have Dandruff? 4 Major Causes You Should Know | SvensonExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://svenson.com.ph/informative/causes-of-dandruff

  Washing your hair too often strips it of its natural oils, leading to dryness. […] Cold, dry air can sap moisture from your scalp, as can prolonged exposure to air conditioning or heaters. […] Not drinking enough water can lead to skin dryness, affecting your scalp. […] Certain habits, particularly those related to your hygiene and diet, are known causes of dandruff: […] Skipping regular hair washes allows oils and skin cells to build up, causing flakes. […] A diet lacking essential nutrients, such as zinc, B vitamins, and healthy fats, can be a reason why you have dandruff. […] Stress-induced hormonal imbalances can cause dandruff by triggering an imbalance that triggers shedding. […] Fragrances in shampoos and conditioners, often derived from a mix of chemicals, can irritate sensitive scalps, leading to dryness and flaking.

• #2 Is Dandruff Caused by Stress? | Facetté Medical Spa Fort Collins

  https://www.facettemedicalspa.com/is-dandruff-caused-by-stress/

  Dandruff is actually a pretty common scalp condition. It can affect people of all ages and can be caused by a variety of factors. Those who struggle with a dry, flaky scalp know that the conditions can worsen in particularly stressful times. […] One of the most common causes of dandruff is an overgrowth of a naturally occurring fungus called Malassezia. This fungus feeds on the oils produced by your hair follicles, and in some people, it can cause irritation, itching, and flaking. […] While stress is not a direct cause of dandruff, it can worsen the condition. […] An increase in cortisol can cause an overproduction of sebum, which can lead to oily skin and scalp. Excess sebum can also create an environment that is more hospitable to the Malassezia fungus, which can exacerbate dandruff. […] Not only that, but stress can also weaken your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight off the fungus that causes dandruff. […] Managing stress: While stress is not a direct cause of dandruff, managing stress can help to reduce the severity of the condition.

• #2 Why You’re Getting Dandruff and How to Treat Flakes — Expert Advice | Allure

  https://www.allure.com/story/what-is-dandruff-causes-treatment

  However, there doesn’t need to be an overabundance of yeast to trigger dandruff. „If you are not washing your hair frequently enough, sebum and dead skin cells together can build up and cause dandruff,” Dr. Robinson adds. […] Conversely, over-washing the scalp can also cause the scalp to over-produce oil so there needs to be a balance, explains Kseniya Kobets, MD, a board-certified dermatologist and director of cosmetic dermatology at Montefiore. […] „Eating food high in sugars, unhealthy fats or any food which produces inflammation adds to imbalances in the formation of skin and hair and hair follicles,” says Dr. Graf. […] „Increased levels of stress can trigger dandruff,” she says. When our cortisol, the stress hormone, rises, it triggers inflammation and sebum production. If the sebum builds up on the scalp, that can lead to dandruff.

• #2 What is dandruff | Causes and Symptoms of Dandruff – Remotederm

  https://remotederm.ca/blog/what-is-dandruff/?srsltid=AfmBOop6zTVcCX_51BvACLMDySNqhSGh50kXlw7d-npa6SALCNmazn-I

  Dandruff can also be exacerbated by certain conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. […] Dandruff and other skin conditions like eczema can be caused by an inflammatory response triggered by a type of fungus called Malassezia, which is found on the skin of all humans. […] Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a skin condition that is characterized by flaky, itchy skin patches and, in some cases, a red rash. […] Oily skin is a risk factor for the development of seborrheic dermatitis, which is a severe form of dandruff. […] Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that is believed to be caused by an autoimmune disorder. […] Dandruff can usually be controlled with proper hair care and the use of anti-dandruff shampoos. […] A healthy diet that is rich in essential nutrients, such as vitamins A, B, and E, can help keep the scalp healthy and prevent dandruff.

• #2 Seborrheic Dermatitis: What Is It, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14403-seborrheic-dermatitis

  Seborrheic dermatitis is a common, noncontagious, easy-to-manage skin condition. This type of dermatitis causes itchy red patches and greasy scales on your skin along with white or yellow crusty or powdery flakes on your scalp. […] Researchers aren’t sure of the exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis. They think there may be many causes. Factors that are thought to play a role include: A type of yeast called Malassezia, which is present on everyone’s skin, but overgrows in some people. An increased level of androgens (a hormone). An increased level of skin lipids. An inflammatory reaction. Family history (dermatitis runs in the family). […] Other factors that trigger or worsen seborrheic dermatitis include: Stress. Cold and dry climate. Oily skin. Using alcohol-based lotions. History of other skin disorders, including rosacea, psoriasis and acne. […] Although there are theories out there, true experts have yet to find that food causes or reduces seborrheic dermatitis. Diet does not affect dandruff.

• #2 Dandruff: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dandruff-itchy-scalp

  Some people may be more predisposed to dandruff than others for unknown reasons. For instance, males tend to have dandruff more often than females. You may have noticed symptoms around puberty, but dandruff can develop at any age. […] People who tend to have oilier hair or live with certain illnesses (such as Parkinsons disease, HIV, or other health conditions or medications that affect the immune system) also have a higher risk. […] Typical dandruff shampoos include ingredients to loosen the dandruff flakes from the scalp or target the overgrowth of the Malassezia fungus, which may play a role in the development of the dandruff. These ingredients may include: ketoconazole, selenium sulfide, coal tar, zinc pyrithione. […] However, the AAD warns against using coal tar shampoo. This shampoo can discolor light hair and make your scalp more sensitive to the sun. If you use it, take extra precautions when exposed to sunlight. […] Dandruff doesn’t usually indicate a more serious health issue. The itching and flaking often respond well to OTC shampoos and treatments.

• #2 What Causes Dandruff? Common Triggers and Solutions | Head&Shoulders UK

  https://www.headandshoulders.co.uk/en-gb/all-articles/dandruff/causes-of-dandruff/

  Dandruff often starts with puberty as your hormones start to change, causing you to produce more scalp oils for Malassezia globosa to thrive on. But it can also appear at other times when your hormones change such as in old age or during times of stress. […] While dandruff itself is caused by sensitivity to the oleic acid produced by a naturally occurring microbe that breaks down scalp oils, there are plenty of other factors that can make it worse. Hormones control oil production, so hormonal changes may increase the amount of sebum on the scalp and therefore cause a dandruff flare-up. This is most likely to happen during puberty. High levels of stress can contribute to dandruff by causing temporary hormonal changes. […] Stress affects everything from your sleep to your patience levels but did you know it takes a toll on your scalp, too? While stress doesn’t actually cause dandruff, it can seriously aggravate it. By weakening your immune systems ability to regulate the naturally occurring microbes that live on your scalp, stress can lead to dryness, flakes and itchiness. […] Zinc, B vitamins and fats all play a crucial role in the health of your scalp, so be sure to fill your plate with a variety of fruits, vegetables and lean meats like fish and poultry to keep your hair and scalp happy and up to 100% flake free.

• #2 What are the Causes of Dandruff | Innovist Blog

  https://innovist.com/blogs/all/the-causes-of-dandruff-understanding-the-condition-and-its-triggers?srsltid=AfmBOopheN37qHftdf_kb_gGWALdO198KJ1Uekgd74HP4GoageCsdg-w

  Poor nutrition, particularly a diet lacking essential nutrients like zinc, B vitamins, and omega-3 fatty acids, can impact the health of the scalp and can the reason for dandruff in hair. […] Stress and emotional factors can influence the health of the scalp and can be the cause of dandruff. […] Certain medical conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease, HIV, and compromised immune systems, can increase the risk of developing dandruff.

• #2 Dandruff Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/dandruff

  Dandruff may also occur due to allergies to certain hair products such as shampoos, hair sprays, hair styling gels, etc. […] Despite the use of anti-dandruff products, there are still chances of recurrence of dandruff once such products are stopped. […] Dietary sufficiency and frequent hydration are also necessary to prevent the development of dandruff.

• #2 Dandruff (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/dandruff.html

  Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis (seh-beh-REE-ik dur-muh-TY-tis). The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is not known, but it’s likely a combination of things like: […] too much skin oil (sebum) in the oil glands and hair follicles […] a type of yeast found on the skin called Malassezia. Stress, cold and dry winter weather, and some hair care products may make dandruff worse. […] Hormone levels are high during the teen years, which causes more oil production. This may be why dandruff usually begins around puberty.

• #2 Dandruff and itching scalp | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/dandruff-and-itching-scalp

  Dandruff affects about 50 per cent of the population. […] Dandruff can cause itching scalp. […] Seborrhoeic dermatitis affects areas with high densities of large oil glands. The inflammation is caused by the body’s reaction to a yeast on the scalp and to products that break down oil produced by the oil gland. […] Psoriasis is a relatively common skin condition that affects about three per cent of the population. It is often confined to the scalp, elbows and knees. While seborrhoeic dermatitis tends to involve almost all the scalp, psoriasis often occurs in small, localised patches of redness with quite prominent thick scaling. Because psoriasis may only occur on the scalp, it can be mistaken for a severe case of dandruff or seborrhoeic dermatitis.

• #2 What Is Dandruff? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dandruff/guide/

  Androgen hormones, such as testosterone, stimulate activity in the sebaceous glands. […] Dandruff occurs more often in men than women. […] SD is more prevalent in individuals who’ve undergone an organ transplant and those with HIV or AIDS, hepatitis C, or alcoholic pancreatitis. […] Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury are among the conditions that elevate a person’s risk of SD, including dandruff. […] Eczema, rosacea, psoriasis, or acne can trigger or worsen seborrheic dermatitis. […] If you have naturally oily skin, you’re at an elevated risk for seborrheic dermatitis. […] Certain oils that people apply to the scalp can cover the scale but worsen the flaking and itching response, notes McMichael. […] Dandruff occurs because of a buildup of dry skin or oil. Skin conditions like seborrheic dermatitis, a weakened immune system, and certain neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, can also cause dandruff. […] In some cases, yeast, a fungus, can cause dandruff. The yeast feeds on scalp oils, and the body will mistake this breakdown of oils for an irritant.

• #2 Types of Dandruff: Causes, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/types-of-dandruff

  Eczema is characterized by patches of flaky, itchy skin, and sometimes a red rash. […] When it appears on your scalp, this inflammatory condition can cause flakes that are usually larger than dry skin dandruff flakes. […] Psoriasis is thought to be an autoimmune condition in which skin cells grow too quickly, causing thick, scaly patches to form on the skin. […] Dandruff can often be treated with an OTC antidandruff shampoo as well as changes to your hair care routine. […] In some cases, prescription shampoos may be necessary to help get rid of those pesky flakes for good.

• #2 Dandruff

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/dandruff/

  Dandruff causes white or grey flakes of skin to appear on the scalp and in the hair. […] Dandruff is not caused by poor hygiene, although it may be more obvious if you do not wash your hair regularly. […] Stress and cold weather may also make dandruff worse. […] A list of conditions that cause dandruff and the main symptoms Symptoms Possible causes Symptoms scaly, itchy and red patches on skin on the scalp, face and other areas of the body Possible causes seborrheic dermatitis Symptoms red or silver rash on the scalp, sometimes with patchy hair loss Possible causes tinea capitis, known as ringworm Symptoms dry, red, flaky and very itchy skin on areas of the body Possible causes eczema Symptoms red, inflamed (irritated) skin. You may also have blisters and cracked skin – reaction to products such as hair dye, sprays, gels or mousses Possible causes contact dermatitis Symptoms red, flaky, crusty and sore patches of skin covered with silvery scales Possible causes psoriasis Symptoms greasy, yellowish crusts on baby’s scalp, eyebrows and nappy area Possible causes cradle cap.

• #2 What Are The Main Causes Of Dandruff? | Nizoral

  https://www.nizoralshampoo.co.uk/dandruff/what-are-the-top-causes-of-dandruff

  Dandruff occurs when this cycle of skin renewal speeds up, causing patches of dead skin to form on the scalp, leading to white flakes in the hair. […] Dandruff is far more common than people think. It isnt caused by poor hygiene but can be more noticeable without regular hair washing. […] Many factors can contribute to a build-up of dandruff such as stress and hair styling products, but the main causes of dandruff are: […] Malassezia is a group of fungi that naturally occurs on the skin surface of humans. […] Tinea capitis is a fungal infection that affects the scalp. […] Eczema can affect any part of the body, but most often affects the hands, creases of elbows and knees, face and scalp, when the scalp is affected it can lead to dandruff. […] Psoriasis is a skin condition that is associated with red, flaky, patches of skin that look like they are covered with silvery scales. […] Allergic contact dermatitis is an allergic reaction to contact with a particular substance such as soap or detergent and usually occurs within a few hours or days of exposure to an allergen or an irritant.

• #2 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  Seborrheic Dermatitis (SD) and dandruff are of a continuous spectrum of the same disease that affects the seborrheic areas of the body. […] Various intrinsic and environmental factors, such as sebaceous secretions, skin surface fungal colonization, individual susceptibility, and interactions between these factors, all contribute to the pathogenesis of SD and dandruff. […] Despite such high prevalence, their etiology is not well understood. […] Various intrinsic and environmental factors, such as sebaceous secretions, skin surface fungal colonization, individual susceptibility, and interactions between these factors, all contribute to the pathogenesis. […] Studies have detected Malassezia on the scalp of dandruff patients, and higher numbers of Malassezia (M. globosa and M. restricta) correlate with SD appearance/severity.

• #2 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4852869/

  While these observations support a pathogenic role for Malassezia in SD and dandruff, there is also strong evidence suggesting that individual predispositions and host interactions with Malassezia, rather than the mere presence of Malassezia, contribute to SD and dandruff pathogenesis. […] Sebaceous glands (SGs) are distributed over the entire skin surface in humans, except on the palms and soles. […] Thus, SD and dandruff have a strong time correlation with SG activity, with cradle cap after birth, increased incidence throughout the teens, between third and sixth decades and then decreasing. […] These findings suggest that while SG activity strongly correlates with SD and dandruff, sebum production by itself is not a decisive cause. […] The presence and abundance of Malassezia yeast, host epidermal conditions and sebaceous secretion, combined with various other factors, and interactions between these factors, determine an individual’s susceptibility to SD and dandruff.

• #2 What is dandruff? How do I get rid of it? Why does it keep coming back? – Connect with UniSA – University of South Australia

  https://unisa.edu.au/connect/enterprise-magazine/articles/2023/what-is-dandruff-how-do-i-get-rid-of-it-why-does-it-keep-coming-back/

  Dandruff is mainly caused by the yeast Malassezia. […] The yeast feeds on sebum, the natural moisturiser secreted by your sebaceous glands to stop your skin drying out. […] As the yeast grows, it releases molecules that irritate the skin and disrupts how the skin normally renews itself. This causes the cells to cluster together, appearing as white flakes. […] The link between dandruff and yeast was made nearly 150 years ago. […] These include the quality of your skin barrier. […] How Malassezia grows also depends on the balance of other microorganisms that live on your skin, such as bacteria. […] Your dandruff is likely to return unless the active ingredients in your shampoo can reach the right spot, at the right concentration, for the right amount of time needed to kill the yeast. […] So this may explain why dandruff keeps on coming back. Your shampoos active ingredient may not reach the yeast that causes your dandruff. […] We dont yet know how we can encourage existing formulations to penetrate deeper into the follicles.

• #3 DANDRUFF: THE MOST COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED SKIN DISEASE

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2887514/

  The article discuss in detail about the prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of dandruff including the etio-pathology. […] Dandruff is a common scalp disorder affecting almost half of the population at the pre-pubertal age and of any gender and ethnicity. […] The real cause for dandruff formation from the normal physiological spectrum of scaling is yet to be understood. […] There could be several etiopathologic pathways with complex mechanisms, which may cause dandruff. […] The role of lipophilic yeast belonging to the genus Malassezia was widely accepted to play a role in dandruff way back in 1846. […] During dandruff, the levels of Malassezia increase by 1.5 to 2 times its normal level. […] It has been debated that the quantitative microbial assessment of all kinds does not indicate the role of yeast; the abundance that might have been proportional to the volume of scales which it colonizes or be responsible for the altered desquamation.

• #3 Causes of Dandruff & Reasons | Head & Shoulders Arabia

  https://headandshouldersarabia.com/en/scalp-advice/dandruff-advice/causes-of-dandruff

  The cause of dandruff is a naturally-occurring microbe on the scalp called Malassezia Globosa. […] You’ll find it on everybody’s scalp, although it will only cause dandruff in around 50% of people. […] Malassezia globosa feeds on natural scalp oils called sebum this oil is what keeps your hair and scalp moisturized. […] As the sebum is broken down, it produces a by-product called oleic acid. […] 1 in 2 people are sensitive to oleic acid and the scalp responds by becoming irritated. […] In response to the irritation, the scalp starts to become inflamed, red and itchy. […] The body signals to the brain to shed skin cells faster than usual essentially, an attempt to shed the irritant. This shedding of skin is what causes visible flakes to appear on the scalp, often falling off onto your shoulders.

• #3 What Is Dandruff? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dandruff/guide/

  Androgen hormones, such as testosterone, stimulate activity in the sebaceous glands. […] Dandruff occurs more often in men than women. […] SD is more prevalent in individuals who’ve undergone an organ transplant and those with HIV or AIDS, hepatitis C, or alcoholic pancreatitis. […] Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury are among the conditions that elevate a person’s risk of SD, including dandruff. […] Eczema, rosacea, psoriasis, or acne can trigger or worsen seborrheic dermatitis. […] If you have naturally oily skin, you’re at an elevated risk for seborrheic dermatitis. […] Certain oils that people apply to the scalp can cover the scale but worsen the flaking and itching response, notes McMichael. […] Dandruff occurs because of a buildup of dry skin or oil. Skin conditions like seborrheic dermatitis, a weakened immune system, and certain neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, can also cause dandruff. […] In some cases, yeast, a fungus, can cause dandruff. The yeast feeds on scalp oils, and the body will mistake this breakdown of oils for an irritant.

• #3 Effective Solutions for Removing Scalp Dandruff and Flakes | Your Guide

  https://www.bioderma.co.uk/your-skin/scalp-and-hair-care/effective-solutions-removing-scalp-dandruff-and-flakes-your-guide

  Dandruff results from the abnormal proliferation of a micro-organism from the Malassezia family, which is a yeast. This phenomenon causes skin cells in the epidermis to renew much too quickly. […] Fatigue, stress, pollution and the winter are factors that can promote or increase malassezia furfur proliferation and thus the appearance of dandruff. […] Genetic predisposition, stress, certain infections (eyes, nose and throat and dental in particular), and the use of certain medicines (lithium, synthetic anti-malarials, beta-blockers, etc.) can play a role in the appearance of severe scales with dry areas. […] Scales can be related to two diseases: seborrhoeic dermatitis and psoriasis. With seborrhoeic dermatitis, scales are caused by the same thing as dandruff (Malassezia yeast proliferation) and have more pronounced clinical signs. Psoriasis is not caused by a fungal proliferation; rather, it is a completely different condition related to a genetic predisposition brought to light by environmental factors.

• #3 What causes dandruff? It’s probably not what you think it is.

  https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/01/20/what-causes-dandruff/71932286007/

  Dandruff is often mistaken for a dry scalp, says Dr. Chris Adigun, a board-certified dermatologist in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. But dandruff and dry scalp are two different conditions. Dandruff flakes are a manifestation of the skin condition seborrheic dermatitis. […] Dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis more broadly is usually caused by an inflammatory reaction to Malassezia furfur, a yeast that lives and grows on everyone’s skin. Adigun says that those who experience this response tend to either grow more yeast on the skin, have skin that just doesn’t like the yeast or some combination of the two. […] A common trigger for seborrheic dermatitis on the scalp is going long periods between shampoos. This allows for the yeast to build up and reach a point that the skin can no longer tolerate. Your body gets to the point where it just can’t tolerate [the yeast]. It becomes inflamed and angry, she adds. […] How often someone needs to wash their hair to prevent dandruff varies by person. Some people can go two weeks before they get seborrheic dermatitis. Other people, they’re going to get raging seborrheic dermatitis on the scalp if they just skip one or two days, says Adigun.

• #3 Dandruff and itching scalp | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/dandruff-and-itching-scalp

  Dandruff affects about 50 per cent of the population. […] Dandruff can cause itching scalp. […] Seborrhoeic dermatitis affects areas with high densities of large oil glands. The inflammation is caused by the body’s reaction to a yeast on the scalp and to products that break down oil produced by the oil gland. […] Psoriasis is a relatively common skin condition that affects about three per cent of the population. It is often confined to the scalp, elbows and knees. While seborrhoeic dermatitis tends to involve almost all the scalp, psoriasis often occurs in small, localised patches of redness with quite prominent thick scaling. Because psoriasis may only occur on the scalp, it can be mistaken for a severe case of dandruff or seborrhoeic dermatitis.

• #3 Dandruff

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Condition_Dandruff_-_Dermatology.xml

  Dandruff is linked to a fungus (Malassezia), which commonly occurs on people’s scalp and body. If the fungus grows too quickly, you can develop dandruff. […] Dandruff is more common in males. It’s more likely in people who: […] have a family member with dandruff. […] People with the following medical conditions are at risk for dandruff: HIV, Parkinson’s disease or other neurological condition.

• #3 Dandruff (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/dandruff.html

  Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis. The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is not known, but it’s likely a combination of things like: […] a type of yeast found on the skin called Malassezia. […] Stress, cold and dry winter weather, and some hair care products may make dandruff worse. […] Hormone levels are high during teen years, which causes more oil production. This may be why dandruff usually begins around puberty.

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