Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Neuroendocrine tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroendocrine-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20354132

  Neuroendocrine tumors are cancers that begin in specialized cells called neuroendocrine cells. […] The exact cause of neuroendocrine tumors isn’t known. These cancers begin in neuroendocrine cells that have traits similar to those of nerve cells and hormone-producing cells. Neuroendocrine tumors begin when neuroendocrine cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. The changes tell the neuroendocrine cells to multiply rapidly and form a tumor. […] Some neuroendocrine tumors grow very slowly. Others are aggressive cancers that invade and destroy normal body tissue or spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

• #2 Neuroendocrine Carcinomas Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/endocrinology/conditions/neuroendocrine-carcinomas

  Cancer forms when gene changes in the neuroendocrine cells cause the cells to grow out of control. […] There are no known environmental or lifestyle factors that specifically cause neuroendocrine carcinomas. […] Some people are born with a disease that makes these gene changes more likely. But, many people with neuroendocrine cancers don’t have a genetic disease. […] The following risk factors can increase your risk of getting a neuroendocrine tumor: A family history of neuroendocrine tumors. Age. Neuroendocrine tumors are very rare in children. Diabetes. This is a risk factor for neuroendocrine tumors in the pancreas. Genetic problems, including neurofibromatosis type 1, multiple endocrine neoplasia (types 1 and 2), Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex. Smoking.

• #3 Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22006-neuroendocrine-tumors-net

  Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) form when neuroendocrine cells begin to divide and multiply uncontrollably. Eventually, they become tumors that can affect the organs where the cells are located. Researchers don’t know what triggers the abnormal cell growth that causes neuroendocrine tumors. […] Researchers have linked NETs to rare inherited syndromes that involve mutations (changes) in certain genes. Your risk of developing a neuroendocrine tumor increases if you have one of these conditions: […] As researchers don’t know what causes NETs, there’s nothing you can do to prevent them. Still, you can understand potential risk factors, like having an inherited condition like multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN).

• #4

  https://content-dev.irisoncology.com/library/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors

  Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors happen when cells in the pancreas develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes, which doctors call mutations, tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes let the cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes many extra cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. Sometimes the cells can break away and spread to other organs, such as the liver. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer. […] In pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the DNA changes happen in hormone-producing cells called islet cells. It’s not clear what causes the changes that lead to cancer. […] Factors that are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors include: A family history of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. If a family member was diagnosed with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, your risk is increased.

• #4

  https://content-dev.irisoncology.com/library/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors

  Syndromes present at birth that increase the risk of tumors. Some syndromes that are passed from parents to children can increase the risk of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Examples of these include multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and tuberous sclerosis. These inherited syndromes are caused by changes in the DNA. These changes allow cells to grow and divide more than needed. […] There’s no way to prevent pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. If you develop this type of cancer, you didn’t do anything to cause it.

• #5 Neuroendocrine Tumors Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/neuroendocrine-tumor

  Neuroendocrine tumors result from DNA mutations that drive changes in cell behavior. […] Medical researchers have yet to determine the exact cause or causes of the mutations. […] There is evidence that genes plays a role in some neuroendocrine tumors. There are several heritable disorders that increase the likelihood of developing this type of cancer: Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN1), Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2), Neurofibromatosis, Tuberous sclerosis, Von Hippel-Lindau disease.

• #6 What Causes Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Scientists dont know exactly what causes most pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs), but they have found several risk factors that can make a person more likely to get this disease. Some of these risk factors affect the DNA of cells in the neuroendocrine system in the pancreas, which can result in abnormal cell growth and may cause cancers to form. […] Although 90% of pNETs are sporadic (random), some people inherit gene changes from their parents that raise their risk of pancreatic NET. Sometimes these gene changes are part of syndromes that increase risks for other health problems, as well. […] Syndromes related to changes in three tumor suppressor genes are responsible for many inherited cases of pNETs: […] Most gene mutations related to neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas are random. If these random mutations occur after a person is born, they are called acquired. These acquired gene mutations sometimes result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals (like those found in tobacco smoke). But often what causes these changes is not known.

• #7

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/neuroendocrine-tumors/prevention.php

  While its unclear what causes neuroendocrine tumors, following neuroendocrine cancer prevention advice may help you lower your risk for the disease. […] While little is known about the exact causes of neuroendocrine tumors, researchers are learning more about neuroendocrine cancer all the time and hope one day to establish neuroendocrine cancer prevention guidelines. […] Researchers are still trying to determine exactly what causes neuroendocrine tumors and why some tumors grow faster than others. […] So far, theyve uncovered only a few known risk factors, including: […] Certain inherited traits, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia and Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, increase your risk for neuroendocrine tumors. However, its estimated that only about 17% of neuroendocrine tumors are caused by an underlying genetic condition, meaning the majority are sporadic.

• #8 FAQ About Neuroendocrine and Carcinoid Tumors | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/treatment/gastrointestinal/programs/neuroendocrine-carcinoid/faq

  Although neuroendocrine tumors have historically been considered rare, the incidence of such tumors has been increasing in the past few decades. […] In rare cases, neuroendocrine tumors may be familial. Certain inherited conditions, including multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 and 2, Von-Hippel Lindau disease, and others, result in multiple family members being affected. […] However, for the majority of neuroendocrine tumors (more than 95%), no clear cause has been identified. Traditional cancer risk factors, like exposure to environmental toxins or smoking, do not appear to be strongly associated with neuroendocrine tumors. […] Our researchers are actively investigating potential environmental or genetic causes for neuroendocrine tumors.

• #9 Neuroendocrine Tumors: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumors

  Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) form in cells that interact with the nervous system or in glands that produce hormones. […] There is no one cause or specific risk factor associated with NETs. There are, however, factors that may raise a persons risk for developing a NET, including: […] Inherited syndromes: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a hereditary condition associated with certain types of NETs, including NETs, GI tract NETs, and pancreatic NETs. Other hereditary conditions related to NETs include Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), and tuberous sclerosis complex. […] Certain diseases can put people at greater risk of developing specific types of NETs. For example, people with diseases that damage the stomach and reduce acid production have a greater risk of developing a NET of the stomach. […] Based on known data, there is no connection between NETs and the environment or diet.

• #10 NET Causes – NETRF

  https://netrf.org/old-for-patients/nets-info/net-causes/

  We don’t know what causes neuroendocrine tumors. Most seem to develop sporadically. NETRF is actively researching the causes of NETs. Some risk factors for neuroendocrine cancers, however, can be passed down in families. […] Most cases of NETs are not associated with hereditary risk factors. Researchers estimate that inherited factors may be associated with 17% of PNETs and in 25% of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Other rates vary by primary site and subtypes of tumors. […] Knowing you have an inherited genetic risk factor won’t always have an impact on your treatment plan, but it can affect how your doctor monitors your health. If a genetic mutation is confirmed, your doctor may order additional testing on a regular basis to look for other risks associated with that risk factor.

• #11 Risks and causes of neuroendocrine cancer| Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/neuroendocrine-tumours-nets/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most neuroendocrine cancers. But there are some risks factors that can increase your risk of developing it. These include inherited conditions such as multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN1) and Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL). […] Most neuroendocrine cancers are not inherited. Doctors call these sporadic cancers. This means they don’t know why you have developed the cancer. There isn’t a known genetic (inherited) link. […] But there are some rare inherited conditions that can run in families. These can increase your risk of developing some types of NET. […] People with MEN1 have a higher risk of developing NETs in the pancreas. The risk increases as you get older. […] NF1 can increase your risk of developing some cancer types. This includes neuroendocrine tumours (NETs).

• #11 Risks and causes of neuroendocrine cancer| Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/neuroendocrine-tumours-nets/risks-causes

  People with VHL have an increased risk of developing different types of tumours. These include pancreatic NETs. […] Researchers think that people with tuberous sclerosis may have a higher risk of developing a pancreatic NET. […] There is some evidence that people with diabetes have an increased risk of developing a pancreatic NET. […] Researchers have found that your risk of developing some types of neuroendocrine cancer might be higher if you have a close relative who has had cancer. […] Some stomach NETs are linked to a condition called atrophic gastritis. This is a long term condition that causes inflammation of the stomach. Research has shown that there is a link between atrophic gastritis and type 1 stomach NET.

• #12 What Are Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)? What are the Symptoms?

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/neuroendocrine-tumors

  Most of the time, doctors don’t know what causes NETs. But you’re more likely to get them if you have certain diseases that run in your family, such as: […] Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. This causes tumors to grow in the pancreas and other organs. […] Neurofibromatosis type 1. This can cause tumors in your adrenal glands. […] Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. It makes tumors and fluid-filled sacs form in many parts of your body.

• #13 Genetic Causes of Neuroendocrine Tumors by Dr. Run Yu – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/genetic-causes-neuroendocrine-tumors-dr-run-yu/

  A common question that patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) ask is whether their NETs are caused by inheriting a defective gene. […] Most patients with pancreatic NETs do not have a clear genetic cause. In a recent study of ours, only about 5% of the patients with pancreatic NETs have a clear genetic cause. The most common genetic syndrome that causes pancreatic NETs is the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). […] The second most common genetic syndrome is the von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL). […] Two other genetic syndromes, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) occasionally cause pancreatic NETs. […] The fifth genetic syndrome, Mahvash disease, which we discovered several years ago based on our clinical practice, causes pancreatic NETs and very high glucagon levels.

• #13 Genetic Causes of Neuroendocrine Tumors by Dr. Run Yu – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/genetic-causes-neuroendocrine-tumors-dr-run-yu/

  In contrast to pancreatic NETs, small bowel carcinoids are not associated with any known genetic syndromes. […] Important clues to a genetic syndrome are young age of diagnosis, one patient having multiple NETs (or other tumors) in one or more organs, family history of similar or different NETs, and endocrine cell hyperplasia and microadenomas in the surgical specimen.

• #14 Risk factors for neuroendocrine tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. But sometimes neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) develop in people who dont have any of the risk factors described below. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for NETs. […] A hereditary condition is a disorder that is passed from a parent to their child through genes. It is caused by a change, or mutation, in one or more genes. The following are rare hereditary conditions that can increase the risk of developing certain types of NETs. […] Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) is caused by an inherited mutation of the MEN1 gene, RET gene or CDKN1B gene. People with MEN can develop many NETs and endocrine gland tumours.

• #14 Risk factors for neuroendocrine tumours | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/risks

  Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is caused by a mutation of VHL gene. People with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome can develop tumours and cysts in different parts of the body. These tumours include NETs, such as pheochromocytomas and pancreatic NETs. […] Neurofibromatosistype 1 is caused by a mutation of the NF1 gene. […] Tuberous sclerosis can cause non-cancerous tumours to form in many organs of the body, including the eyes, skin, brain, lungs, heart and kidneys. People with tuberous sclerosis also have a higher risk of developing NETs. […] Many studies show that a family history of any type of cancer increases your risk of developing a NET, especially if the person with cancer is your first-degree relative (a parent, sibling or child). […] Some studies show that smoking tobacco increases the risk of developing NETs in the stomach, small intestine, pancreas and lungs (specifically atypical carcinoid tumours).

• #15 Causes of Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/neuroendocrine-tumors-causes

  The plain truth is, that experts don’t know exactly what causes neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). But a bunch of things can make you more likely to get them. Doctors call these „risk factors.” […] Some diseases caused by genes that are passed to you through your family can raise your chances of getting a tumor. […] If you have MEN2, you’re more likely to get neuroendocrine tumors such as pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and parathyroid tumors. […] If you have NF1 you’re more likely to get NETs such as carcinoid tumors and pheochromocytoma. […] If you have VHL, you’re also more likely to get pheochromocytoma. […] If you have this condition, you’re more likely to get pancreatic NETs or carcinoid tumors. […] Some types of NETs affect people of certain ages. […] Gender affects your risk for certain NETs.

• #15 Causes of Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/neuroendocrine-tumors-causes

  African Americans are more likely than whites to get carcinoid tumors of the stomach, intestines, and other parts of the GI tract. […] Anything that weakens it, such as HIV or an organ transplant, can raise your risk for NETs. […] If you spend a lot of time outdoors over the years, it can increase your risk for a NET called Merkel cell carcinoma. […] Diseases that affect the way your stomach makes acid can add to your risk for carcinoid tumors. […] Some studies suggest that smoking increases the risk for carcinoid tumors of the small intestine.

• #16 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24594-gastrointestinal-neuroendocrine-tumors

  What causes gastrointestinal endocrine tumors? Medical researchers havent identified a specific cause. Theyve found links between GI NETs and hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid). People with certain inherited conditions and syndromes may develop GI NET. Those conditions and syndromes include: […] Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN): There are two types of MEN. One type (MEN1) causes your thyroid, parathyroid or adrenal glands to be overactive or form tumors. Another type (MEN2) affects your pancreas, pituitary or parathyroid to be overactive or form tumors. […] Von Hippel-Lindau disease: This is a rare condition where benign tumors grow in various parts of your body. […] Neurofibromatosis type 1: This is a rare condition where tumors grow on your skin and nerves, affecting your eyes and other parts of your body. […] Unfortunately, theres no known way to prevent GI NET. Medical researchers have discovered some links between certain hereditary syndromes and/or medical conditions that may increase your risk of developing neuroendocrine tumors.

• #17 Genetic Drivers of Ileal Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/20/5070

  Neuroendocrine tumors are the most common types of tumors within the small intestine, with an incidence of 1.05 per 100,000 in the United States. […] The genetic causes of ileal neuroendocrine tumors (ileal NETs, or I-NETs) have been a mystery. […] In contrast, genomic sequencing of ileal NETs demonstrated a distinct lack of recurrently mutated genes, suggesting that the mechanisms that drive the formation of I-NETs may be quite different than the cell-intrinsic mutations that drive the formation of other tumor types. […] Whole exome sequencing revealed that ileal NETs have one of the lowest mutation rates of any tumor type. […] The low frequency of DNA mutations in I-NETs suggests that these tumors are not promoted by mutagens such as smoking or dietary carcinogens. […] However, a recent study revealed that small intestinal NETs occurred at elevated rates in coal mining communities, suggesting a role for environmental factors.

• #18 Neuroendocrine Tumors – Diagnosis & Disease Information for HCPs

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/neuroendocrine-tumors/

  Although the etiology of neuroendocrine tumors is not fully understood, genetic and environmental factors have been implicated. Some neuroendocrine tumors are associated with inherited syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, neurofibromatosis type 1, and von Hippel-Lindau disease. These genetic conditions involve mutations in various tumor suppressor genes, such as MEN1 and VHL, leading to an increased risk of developing a neuroendocrine tumor. […] Sporadic neuroendocrine tumors, which occur without a clear familial link, may be influenced by chronic conditions such as atrophic gastritis and type 2 diabetes. Some researchers have found that smoking and alcohol consumption might be associated with an increased risk of neuroendocrine tumors in the lung and pancreas. […] The risk of neuroendocrine tumors is higher in certain demographic groups. Individuals with a history of cancer, a family history of cancer, or advanced age (older than 60 years) have an increased risk of developing a neuroendocrine tumor.

• #19 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448101/

  The etiology of GI-NETs is multifactorial and involves a combination of genetic, molecular, and environmental factors. Most GI-NETs are sporadic. NETs of the foregut are associated with genetic syndromes, eg, Von Hippel Lindau and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome, but they are less likely to be responsible for midgut NETs. […] Risk factors associated with GI-NETs include a positive family history of cancer, while lifestyle and metabolic factors may contribute to the development of these tumors. A high body mass index (BMI) and diabetes have been implicated as potential risk factors, possibly due to their association with chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Some evidence has also suggested that cigarette smoking and alcohol use may play a role in increasing the risk of GI-NETs. However, the exact mechanisms remain unclear, and more recent data suggests that several germline mutations may be responsible, at least in part, for some NETs. These risk factors, genetic predispositions, and environmental influences highlight the multifactorial nature of GI-NET pathogenesis.

• #20 Neuroendocrine Tumors: The Silent Cancer on the Rise – Breakthroughs in Diagnosis, Treatment, Survival and Latest 2025 Reaserches – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumors

  Another condition, Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome (VHL), involves mutations in the VHL gene and is linked to the development of pancreatic NETs and pheochromocytomas. […] Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of benign tumors in multiple organs, including the brain, kidneys, and heart, and it also raises the risk for NETs in the pancreas and other sites. […] Lastly, Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a condition marked by nerve sheath tumors, skin changes, and bone abnormalities, and it has been associated with gastrointestinal NETs, especially in the small intestine and duodenum. […] While no direct lifestyle cause of NETs has been identified, some risk factors may contribute: Chronic inflammation: Long-term inflammation in the digestive system may increase the likelihood of developing gastrointestinal NETs.

• #20 Neuroendocrine Tumors: The Silent Cancer on the Rise – Breakthroughs in Diagnosis, Treatment, Survival and Latest 2025 Reaserches – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumors

  Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare and complex cancers that originate from neuroendocrine cells, which have both nerve-like and hormone-producing properties. The exact cause of NETs is not fully understood, but research suggests a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors contribute to their development. […] While most neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arise sporadically, a subset of cases is associated with inherited genetic syndromes. These hereditary conditions significantly increase the lifetime risk of developing NETs and often present with tumors in multiple organ systems. […] One of the most well-known syndromes is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1), which is caused by a mutation in the MEN1 gene. This disorder predisposes individuals to tumors in endocrine glands, particularly the pancreas, pituitary, and parathyroid glands.

• #21 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Several factors can affect a persons chance of getting a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET). […] Smoking comes with health risks, including an increased risk for pNETs. Most research shows that heavy smoking increases risk, but some studies show that any history of smoking could put you at risk. […] Some studies have shown a link between heavy alcohol use and pNETs. This link appears to be mostly related to functioning pNETs rather than non-functioning pNETs. Heavy alcohol use can also lead to conditions such as chronic pancreatitis, which may increase pNET risk. […] PNETs seem to run in some families. In some, the high risk is caused by an inherited syndrome. In other families, the gene causing the increased risk is not known. If family history is a risk factor, it usually involves a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, child), a family history of pNET, or a family history of any cancer.

• #21 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumor/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Inherited gene changes (mutations) can be passed from parent to child. Sometimes these changes result in syndromes that increase risks for other cancers (or other health problems). […] Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and cancers can also be caused by genetic syndromes, such as: Neurofibromatosis, type 1, which is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene. This syndrome leads to an increased risk of many tumors, including somatostatinomas. […] PNETs are more common in people with diabetes. The reason for this is not known. Most of the risk is found in people with type 2 diabetes. […] Chronic pancreatitis, a long-term inflammation of the pancreas, is linked with an increased risk of pancreatic NETs. […] Excess weight or obesity could be a risk factor for pNET. Studies so far are inconclusive. […] Some older studies have suggested that drinking coffee might increase the risk of pNET, but more recent studies have not confirmed this.

• #22 Neuroendocrine Cancer: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/neuroendocrine-cancer-6891989

  Neuroendocrine cancers are growths that develop when hormone-producing cells of the body start to multiply out of control. […] The cause of most neuroendocrine cancers is unknown, and there are no known avoidable risk factors for these tumors. […] Other medical conditions could increase a person’s risk of developing neuroendocrine tumors. For instance, certain digestive diseases that damage the stomach and reduce acid production may increase the risk of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. […] Risk factors for Merkel cell cancers include infection with Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), a common virus, but not much is known about it or how it’s linked to this cancer. […] Genetic conditions sometimes cause neuroendocrine cancers. These include: Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome leads to tumors throughout the body. Neurofibromatosis type 1 causes tumors around nerves. Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes cause tumors in more than one endocrine gland at a time. Hyperparathyroid-jaw tumor syndrome leads to tumors in the parathyroid gland. Paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome can lead to pheochromocytoma.

• #23

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/neuroendocrine-tumor-stages-type-symptoms-causes-and-tests

  Genetic Factors: Some genetic changes are linked to an increased risk of the development of neuroendocrine tumors, such as mutations in genes such as MEN1, RET, and VHL. […] Age: The risk of developing NETs increases with age. […] Sex: Some types of NETs are more common in women than in men, such as pancreatic NETs. […] Exposure to certain substances: Exposure to certain substances can increase the risk of developing NETs such as pesticides and benzene. […] Chronic Inflammation: Chronic inflammation of certain organs such as the pancreas, and stomach may increase the risk of developing neuroendocrine tumors. […] Certain medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and von Hippel-Lindau disease, are associated with an increased risk of developing NETs. […] Many people with these risk factors never develop NETs, and some people with NETs have no identifiable risk factors. Therefore, the exact cause of a neuroendocrine tumor in any given individual may not be fully understood.

• #24

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/neuroendocrine-tumors/

  Another significant risk factor is age. Neuroendocrine tumors tend to occur more frequently in individuals over the age of 60. However, it’s important to note that they can affect people of any age group. Certain medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also increase the likelihood of developing neuroendocrine tumors. Chronic inflammation, such as that caused by inflammatory bowel disease or chronic pancreatitis, has been linked to an increased risk. […] Additionally, exposure to certain chemicals or toxins in the environment may contribute to tumor development. It’s worth mentioning that while these risk factors may increase one’s chances of developing neuroendocrine tumors, they do not guarantee their occurrence. Many individuals without any known risk factors have also been diagnosed with this condition.

• #25 Neuroendocrine Tumors Risk Factors and Prevention | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/neuroendocrine-tumors/risk-factors-and-prevention

  There are no known direct causes for neuroendocrine tumors. Furthermore, there is no evidence that a persons diet or environmental factors can increase the likelihood of developing a neuroendocrine tumor. […] While there are no known lifestyle-based risk factors, your familys medical history and certain conditions can raise your risk of developing a neuroendocrine tumor. […] Those with a family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), including lung neuroendocrine tumors, gastrointestinal tract neuroendocrine tumors and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, have an increased risk of developing neuroendocrine tumors. Certain inherited genetic conditions can increase your risk, such as Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) and tuberous sclerosis complex. […] Those with diseases that damage the stomach and reduce acid production are at greater risk of developing a gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor. […] Because there are no known controllable risk factors for neuroendocrine tumors, there is no way to prevent them.

• #26 Neuroendocrine Cancer Causes | What Causes Neuroendocrine Cancer?

  https://neuroendocrine.org.au/causes/

  In some cases of Merkel cell carcinoma, infection with the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) has been implicated as a contributing factor. […] Hyperplasia is a condition in which there is an abnormal increase in the number of neuroendocrine cells in an organ or tissue. This hyperplasia may progress to the formation of NETs. […] Disruptions in the immune system or immune suppression may contribute to the development of some NETs. […] Some NETs may be associated with pre-existing conditions, such as peptic ulcers in the stomach or duodenum, which may increase the risk of NETs in these specific areas. […] It is important to note that while these factors have been associated with an increased risk of developing NETs, not everyone with these risk factors will develop the tumours, and many cases of NETs occur without an identifiable cause.

• #27 Neuroendocrine Tumors: Location, Causes, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/neuroendocrine-tumors

  Researchers arent entirely sure why some people develop neuroendocrine tumors. Most of these tumors occur in people with no family history. […] Some genetic cancer syndromes increase your risk. These include: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis type 1. […] Other risk factors include: race: White people have a higher risk than Black people of developing neuroendocrine tumors overall, but the risk varies between specific types; gender: Women develop neuroendocrine tumors slightly more often than men; age: Neuroendocrine tumors are rare in childhood; certain medical conditions: Some medical conditions may put you at an increased risk of developing certain types of neuroendocrine tumors. For example, reduced stomach acid production increases the risk of neuroendocrine tumors in the stomach.

• #28 Neuroendocrine tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumor

  Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems. They most commonly occur in the intestine, where they are often called carcinoid tumors, but they are also found in the pancreas, lung, and the rest of the body. […] Neuroendocrine tumors can be seen in several inherited familial syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, neurofibromatosis type 1, tuberous sclerosis, and Carney complex. […] NETs are believed to arise from various neuroendocrine cells whose normal function is to serve at the neuroendocrine interface. Neuroendocrine cells are present not only in endocrine glands throughout the body that produce hormones, but are found in all body tissues.

• #29 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors and Carcinoid Syndrome – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/gastrointestinal-and-pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors-nets/gastrointestinal-neuroendocrine-tumors-and-carcinoid-syndrome

  Endocrinologically active neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the diffuse peripheral endocrine or paracrine system produce various amines and polypeptides with corresponding symptoms and signs, including carcinoid syndrome. Carcinoid syndrome is usually due to endocrinologically active NETs that develop from neuroendocrine cells (mostly in the ileumsee Small Bowel Tumors) and produce serotonin. It can, however, occur as a result of neuroendocrine tumors elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract (particularly the appendix and rectum), pancreas, bronchi, or, rarely, the gonads. Rarely, certain highly malignant tumors (eg, oat cell carcinoma of the lung, pancreatic islet cell carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma) are responsible. […] An intestinal serotonin-producing NET does not usually cause carcinoid syndrome unless hepatic metastases have occurred because metabolic products released by the tumor are rapidly destroyed by blood and liver enzymes in the portal circulation (eg, serotonin by hepatic monoamine oxidase). Hepatic metastases, however, release metabolic products via the hepatic veins directly into the systemic circulation. Metabolic products released by primary pulmonary and ovarian carcinoids bypass the portal route and may similarly induce symptoms. Rare intestinal NETs with only intra-abdominal spread can drain directly into the systemic circulation or the lymphatics and cause symptoms. […] The main substances causing symptoms are serotonin, which causes abdominal cramps and diarrhea, and histamine, which causes flushing.

• #30

  https://journals.lww.com/pancreasjournal/fulltext/2020/10000/differential_diagnosis_of_diarrhea_in_patients.1.aspx

  Patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and carcinoid syndrome experience diarrhea that can have a debilitating effect on quality of life. […] This clinical review and commentary underscore the complexity in identifying the etiology of diarrhea in patients with NETs. […] Similar to delays in confirming a NET diagnosis, delays in determining the etiology of diarrhea in this patient population are common. […] Thus, tools supporting more timely and accurate identification of a specific hormonal syndrome or other cause of chronic diarrhea in a patient with NETs may expedite effective treatment and potentially optimize treatment outcomes. […] Neuroendocrine tumors of the bowel hypersecrete serotonin and other vasoactive peptides such as histamine, prostaglandins, kallikrein, neurokinin, and tachykinins, manifesting as carcinoid syndrome (CS) and typically present in the setting of liver metastases.

• #30

  https://journals.lww.com/pancreasjournal/fulltext/2020/10000/differential_diagnosis_of_diarrhea_in_patients.1.aspx

  Excess serotonin binds to 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the gut to increase motility and fluid/electrolyte secretion into the gut lumen, resulting in carcinoid syndrome diarrhea (CSD). […] Determining the underlying cause of diarrhea can be challenging. […] A review of the literature published over the last decade reveals a paucity of guidance on the differential diagnosis of diarrhea in patients with NETs. […] Here, we aim to discuss the root causes for chronic diarrhea in an individual patient with NETs, using a process that combines a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, stool testing, and other laboratory assessments such that treatment may be adequately tailored to the patient’s needs. […] Long-acting SSAs are considered the first-line treatment for secretory diarrhea associated with CS and act by inhibiting gastric motility and suppressing tumor secretion of serotonin and tachykinin.

• #31 Carcinoid Syndrome due to Neuroendocrine Tumors – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/gastrointestinal-and-pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors/carcinoid-syndrome-due-to-neuroendocrine-tumors

  Neuroendocrine tumors are noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) growths that sometimes produce excessive amounts of hormone-like substances (such as serotonin), sometimes resulting in carcinoid syndrome. […] Neuroendocrine tumors can produce an excess of hormone-like substances, such as serotonin, bradykinin, histamine, and prostaglandins. Excess levels of these substances can sometimes result in a diverse set of symptoms called carcinoid syndrome. […] When neuroendocrine tumors occur in the digestive tract or pancreas, the substances they produce are released into a blood vessel that flows directly to the liver (portal vein), where enzymes destroy them. Therefore, neuroendocrine tumors that originate in the digestive tract generally do not cause symptoms of carcinoid syndrome unless the tumors have spread to the liver.

• #32 Neuroendocrine tumours | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/rare-cancers/neuroendocrine-tumours

  The causes of most neuroendocrine tumours are not known. Some risk factors may include: […] genetic factors some rare inherited diseases can put people at more risk of developing neuroendocrine tumours […] pre-existing conditions such as peptic ulcers or diabetes. […] As the causes of most neuroendocrine tumours are not understood there is no prevention advice specific to this disease.

• #33 Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20167635

  Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors happen when cells in the pancreas develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes, which doctors call mutations, tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes let the cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes many extra cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. Sometimes the cells can break away and spread to other organs, such as the liver. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer. […] In pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the DNA changes happen in hormone-producing cells called islet cells. It’s not clear what causes the changes that lead to cancer. […] There’s no way to prevent pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. If you develop this type of cancer, you didn’t do anything to cause it.

• #34 What Causes Neuroendocrine Tumors? – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/what-causes-neuroendocrine-tumors/

  Certain health conditions can make people more likely to get neuroendocrine tumors. These conditions are often linked with the endocrine system or hormones. For example a disease in the pancreas might increase risk because it makes insulin. […] Doctors see that some illnesses change how cells grow and act. With these changes cells may form tumors over time. This is why knowing your family’s health history is essential. […] Regular check-ups help find risks early on. If you have a condition that raises your tumor risk monitoring is key. This means getting tests as recommended by healthcare professionals. […] Some of these at-risk medical conditions can be managed well with treatment. Keeping such diseases under control may lower your chances of developing tumors. Medication and lifestyle choices play big roles in this management. […] Research continues to uncover which diseases are tied to tumor risks most strongly. As science moves forward we learn better ways to prevent and manage these health issues for everyone’s benefit.

• #35 Female Reproductive System – Neuroendocrine Cancer UK

  https://www.neuroendocrinecancer.org.uk/neuroendocrine-cancer/neuroendocrine-cancer-by-primary-secondary-sites/female-reproductive-system/

  Neuroendocrine cancers of the gynaecological organs represent a diverse and relatively rare group of malignancies, each with unique characteristics and clinical behaviours. These cancers originate from neuroendocrine cells, which are distributed throughout the body and play a vital role in regulating hormonal and nervous system functions. […] We do not know exactly what causes Neuroendocrine Cancer however it is important to follow advice in leading a healthy lifestyle: eat healthily, exercise and avoid smoking and too much alcohol. […] Most Neuroendocrine Cancers do not run in families; however, a number of rare conditions may increase the risk of them developing. Therefore, if other members of the family have been diagnosed with cancer, or have a known genetic condition, it is important that you tell your specialist team about not only your personal medical history, but also any family medical illnesses or conditions.

• #36 What Causes Neuroendocrine Cancer? | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/neuroendocrine-tumors/what-are-neuroendocrine-tumors/risk-factors

  Most neuroendocrine tumors appear to occur at random, without any known cause or risk factors. However, some people with neuroendocrine tumors have inherited genetic mutations that increase their risk for certain cancers. Some inherited genetic syndromes are considered risk factors for neuroendocrine tumors. These syndromes include: […] In addition, certain conditions that affect the body’s ability to produce stomach acid may increase risk for NETs of the stomach. These conditions include: […] If you have one of these risk factors, your doctor may watch you closely. If you are at extremely high risk, your doctor may recommend removing an organ, such as the thyroid, to prevent a neuroendocrine tumor from growing there.

• #37 Neuroendocrine Tumors – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/general-and-gastrointestinal-surgery/services/neuroendocrine-tumors

  In rare cases, neuroendocrine tumors may be inherited but, for the majority of neuroendocrine tumors, no clear cause has been identified. […] Researchers in the Program of Neuroendocrine and Carcinoid Tumors at the Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center are currently actively investigating potential environmental or genetic causes for neuroendocrine tumors.

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