Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378464/

  Neuroendocrine neoplasms are rare tumors that display marked heterogeneity with varying natural history, biological behavior, response to therapy and prognosis. Their management is complex, particularly as a number of them may be associated with a secretory syndrome and involve a variety of options. […] Surgery remains the treatment of choice with an intention to cure while it may also be recommended in some cases of metastatic disease and difficult to control secretory syndromes. Long-acting somatostatin analogs constitute the main treatment for the majority of functioning tumors, whereas specific evolving agents such as telotristat may be used for the control of carcinoid syndrome and related sequelae. […] In patients with advanced disease not amenable to surgical resection, treatment options include locoregional therapies, long-acting somatostatin analogs, molecular targeted agents, radionuclides, chemotherapy and recently immunotherapy, alone or in combination.

• #2

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378464/

  Treatment of NENs has traditionally been considered to be mainly surgical; however, in recent decades there has been a considerable evolution of a number of nonsurgical treatments that have expanded the therapeutic options of these neoplasms. […] As the majority of NENs express SSTRs, long-acting somatostatin analogs (SSAs) play an important role in the treatment of patients with NENs and may result in symptomatic, biochemical and objective responses. […] Systemic treatment of patients with NENs involves also chemotherapy, interferon- and targeted agents such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, everolimus, or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, sunitinib. […] In addition, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a plausible therapeutic option in patients with tumors expressing SSTRs, as it has demonstrated antitumor efficacy and amelioration of refractory hormone secretion syndromes.

• #3 Treatment for neuroendocrine cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/neuroendocrine-tumours-nets/treatment

  Your treatment depends on a number of factors. Treatment options vary for the different types and stages of neuroendocrine cancer. […] The most common treatment option for neuroendocrine cancer is surgery. Other treatment options include somatostatin analogues, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. […] Surgery is the main treatment for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). You might also have surgery as part of your treatment for a neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). […] Somatostatin analogues are medicines that reduce and control high hormone levels. […] Chemotherapy uses anti cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. It’s a common treatment for NECs. Or you might have it for NETs that have spread to other parts of the body. […] Targeted cancer drugs can change the way cells work and help the body to control the growth of NETs. Immunotherapy help the immune system attack cancer.

• #4 8 Innovative Neuroendocrine Tumor Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumors/neuroendocrine-tumor-treatment.html

  Since neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare, finding a care team with experience treating them is especially important. At MD Anderson, we have physicians who specialize in treating neuroendocrine tumors. This gives them incredible experience when designing treatment plans for patients diagnosed with a NET. […] Many of these doctors also conduct research in NETs and are working to develop new treatments for these tumors. As a result, MD Anderson has a large number of clinical trials for NET patients. These offer new treatments that may not be available anywhere else. […] Regardless of location, the preferred treatment for most NETs is surgery to remove the entire tumor. This may cure the patient. […] Most surgeries meant to cure NETs are performed on patients whose disease has not metastasized, or spread. In some cases, though, patients whose disease has metastasized can be effectively cured by surgery that removes the primary tumor and the metastases.

• #5 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gi-neuroendocrine-tumors/patient/gi-neuroendocrine-treatment-pdq

  A gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor is cancer that forms in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. […] Treatment is based on whether the tumor: Can be completely removed by surgery. […] There are different types of treatment for patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. […] The following types of treatment are used: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Hormone therapy. […] Treatment of GI neuroendocrine tumors usually includes surgery. […] Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. […] Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. […] Hormone therapy with a somatostatin analog is a treatment that stops extra hormones from being made.

• #6 Neuroendocrine tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroendocrine-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20465865

  The treatment options for your neuroendocrine tumor will depend on the type of tumor, its location, and whether you’re experiencing signs and symptoms of excess hormones produced by the tumor. […] In general, neuroendocrine tumor treatment options might include: […] Surgery is used to remove the tumor. When possible, surgeons work to remove the entire tumor and some of the healthy tissue that surrounds it. If the tumor can’t be removed completely, it might help to remove as much of it as possible. […] Chemotherapy uses strong drugs to kill tumor cells. It can be given through a vein in your arm or taken as a pill. Chemotherapy might be recommended if there’s a risk that your neuroendocrine tumor might recur after surgery. It might also be used for advanced tumors that can’t be removed with surgery.

• #7 8 Innovative Neuroendocrine Tumor Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumors/neuroendocrine-tumor-treatment.html

  Removing even a portion of a functional tumor can improve quality of life by relieving some hormone-related symptoms. And in some cases where we cant remove the entire tumor, surgery can extend a patients life. […] Most neuroendocrine tumors are slow-growing, so we have time to evaluate all treatment options. […] Keeping surgery as a treatment option for every patient is helpful, especially because chemotherapy isnt effective for everyone. […] When they occur in the gastrointestinal tract, neuroendocrine tumors most commonly spread to the liver. Although the surgery becomes more complex, it can still be an option. […] Its important to understand that a neuroendocrine tumor in the pancreas isnt the same as pancreatic cancer. Even though surgery isnt usually an option for advanced pancreatic cancer, it can be beneficial for patients with advanced pancreas neuroendocrine tumors. […] At MD Anderson, our patients typically recover in the hospital for few days to a week. […] A specialized cancer center like MD Anderson will have the resources to support you throughout your cancer experience, from a pathologist specializing in your tumor type to cutting-edge clinical trials.

• #8 Neuroendocrine Tumor Treatment – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/neuroendocrine-tumors/treatment

  Surgeons at UChicago Medicine are some of the very few nationwide who have mastered complex surgical techniques to remove NETs without removing large parts of the liver. […] These advanced techniques can remove or destroy several dozen tumors without risking damage to normal liver function – even if those tumors are distributed to both sides of the liver. […] When other treatments may not be suitable, cancer cell-killing drugs may be recommended. […] The newest advances in targeted therapy for NETs are available at UChicago Medicine. […] PRRT is an innovative theranostics treatment in which synthetic proteins capable of targeting specific cells are combined with radioactive material. […] UChicago was one of the first centers in the nation to offer this therapy and has since developed a very robust and experienced PRRT treatment program.

• #9 Neuroendocrine Tumor Treatment – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/neuroendocrine-tumors/treatment

  At the University of Chicago Medicine, patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) receive innovative treatments from internationally-renowned specialists in the field, including the newest targeted therapies and surgical techniques that can destroy, remove or shrink even the most advanced tumors. […] Numerous options exist for treating neuroendocrine tumors, and your doctor will help you decide which one will be most effective. […] Surgically removing a neuroendocrine tumor is almost always the preferred option and can often be done even if your cancer has spread to other parts of the body. […] UChicago Medicine physicians emphasize surgical techniques that are proven to minimize the time it takes patients to recover, such as minimally invasive or robotic techniques. […] When neuroendocrine tumors spread outside of their original location, they most commonly seed to the liver. […] NET specialists at UChicago Medicine design a comprehensive treatment plan to destroy and remove NETs using the following techniques:

• #10 Neuroendocrine Tumor Treatment – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/neuroendocrine-tumors/treatment

  Surgeons at UChicago Medicine are some of the very few nationwide who have mastered complex surgical techniques to remove NETs without removing large parts of the liver. […] These advanced techniques can remove or destroy several dozen tumors without risking damage to normal liver function – even if those tumors are distributed to both sides of the liver. […] When other treatments may not be suitable, cancer cell-killing drugs may be recommended. […] The newest advances in targeted therapy for NETs are available at UChicago Medicine. […] PRRT is an innovative theranostics treatment in which synthetic proteins capable of targeting specific cells are combined with radioactive material. […] UChicago was one of the first centers in the nation to offer this therapy and has since developed a very robust and experienced PRRT treatment program.

• #11 Drug therapy for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/treatment/drug-therapy

  Drug therapy is commonly used to treat and manage neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). Drugs are given for different reasons. You may have drug therapy to: […] Somatostatin analogues are drugs that lower the amount of hormones made and released by NETs. They are mainly used to control symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. […] Somatostatin analogues are also used to slow down and control the growth of advanced or metastatic cancer when surgery cant be done. […] Octreotide LAR or lanreotide is standard treatment for the long-term control of symptoms and tumour growth. The drug is given once a month. It is usually taken for as long as it works. It may be taken for the rest of your life. […] Chemotherapy uses anticancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. It is usually only used to treat poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas when other treatments dont work or cant be used.

• #12 Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/neuroendocrine-tumours-nets

  Some NETs are slow-growing and may not change for months or years. If a NET spreads but is not causing symptoms, you may not need treatment straight away. Your doctor will monitor you with regular check-ups. If symptoms develop, you will have the option of treatment. […] Somatostatin analogues are drugs that treat the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. They work by blocking the hormones the tumour makes. They may also control the growth of NETs. You may be given them along with other treatments. […] Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. You may have chemotherapy to treat NETs that have spread. The type of chemotherapy you will have depends on where the NET started in the body. […] Targeted therapies are anti-cancer medicines that interfere with how cancer cells grow and divide. The two main targeted therapy drugs used are sunitinib (Sutent) and everolimus (Afinitor). You take these drugs as capsules or tablets. Other targeted therapies may be available as part of a clinical trial.

• #13 Treatment strategies for advanced neuroendocrine neoplasms: current status and future prospects | Cancer Biology & Medicine

  https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/early/2025/01/02/j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0507

  Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are relatively rare tumors that arise from peptidergic neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Currently, the main treatments for advanced NENs are biological treatments, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and newer treatments that are still under development, such as immunotherapy and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). […] The biological treatments for NETs include interferon- (IFN-) and long-acting somatostatin analogs (SSAs). Currently, IFN- is only recommended in combination with an SSA as a second-line treatment for patients with a refractory NET and carcinoid syndrome. […] Synthetic SSAs are now considered the standard treatment for functional NETs that originate from any anatomic site. […] Two landmark phase III clinical trials (PROMID and CLARINET) showed a statistically significant prolongation of time to progression/progression-free survival (TTP/PFS) upon SSA treatment compared to placebo.

• #14 Drug therapy for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/treatment/drug-therapy

  Drug therapy is commonly used to treat and manage neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). Drugs are given for different reasons. You may have drug therapy to: […] Somatostatin analogues are drugs that lower the amount of hormones made and released by NETs. They are mainly used to control symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. […] Somatostatin analogues are also used to slow down and control the growth of advanced or metastatic cancer when surgery cant be done. […] Octreotide LAR or lanreotide is standard treatment for the long-term control of symptoms and tumour growth. The drug is given once a month. It is usually taken for as long as it works. It may be taken for the rest of your life. […] Chemotherapy uses anticancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. It is usually only used to treat poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas when other treatments dont work or cant be used.

• #15 Drug therapy for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/treatment/drug-therapy

  Targeted therapy uses drugs to target specific molecules (such as proteins) on cancer cells or inside them. […] Targeted therapy may be used to treat advanced well-differentiated pancreatic NETs (pNETs) when surgery cant be done and the cancer continues to grow and spread (progressive). […] Supportive drugs may be used to manage or prevent problems caused by NETs. Some examples of supportive drugs that may be used include: […] Tell your healthcare team if you have any of the side effects listed above or others you think might be from drug therapy. The sooner you tell them of any problems, the sooner they can suggest ways to help you deal with them.

• #16 Chemotherapy and Targeted Treatments – Neuroendocrine Cancer UK

  https://www.neuroendocrinecancer.org.uk/neuroendocrine-cancer/treatments/types-of-treatment/chemotherapy-and-targeted-treatments/

  Current Targeted Molecular Therapies that are used in Neuroendocrine Cancers treat well-differentiated Grade 1-2 Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs) and include: Everolimus (Afinitor) which is a targeted drug that blocks mTOR, a protein in cells that normally helps them grow and divide. […] Everolimus is currently licensed within the UK to treat inoperable non-functioning, well differentiated, Grade 1-2 Neuroendocrine Tumours that start in the pancreas, gastrointestinal system or lung(s) and are showing signs of ongoing growth and / or spread. […] Sunitinib (Sutent) is a targeted drug that works by stopping tumours from developing new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and also blocking growth-stimulating proteins in the cancer cell itself. […] Sunitinib is currently licensed within the UK to treat inoperable non-functioning, well-differentiated, Grade 1-2 Neuroendocrine Tumours that start in the pancreas and is showing signs of ongoing growth and / or spread.

• #17 Chemotherapy and Targeted Treatments – Neuroendocrine Cancer UK

  https://www.neuroendocrinecancer.org.uk/neuroendocrine-cancer/treatments/types-of-treatment/chemotherapy-and-targeted-treatments/

  Current Targeted Molecular Therapies that are used in Neuroendocrine Cancers treat well-differentiated Grade 1-2 Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs) and include: Everolimus (Afinitor) which is a targeted drug that blocks mTOR, a protein in cells that normally helps them grow and divide. […] Everolimus is currently licensed within the UK to treat inoperable non-functioning, well differentiated, Grade 1-2 Neuroendocrine Tumours that start in the pancreas, gastrointestinal system or lung(s) and are showing signs of ongoing growth and / or spread. […] Sunitinib (Sutent) is a targeted drug that works by stopping tumours from developing new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and also blocking growth-stimulating proteins in the cancer cell itself. […] Sunitinib is currently licensed within the UK to treat inoperable non-functioning, well-differentiated, Grade 1-2 Neuroendocrine Tumours that start in the pancreas and is showing signs of ongoing growth and / or spread.

• #18 Targeted Drug Therapy for PNETs | American Cancer Society | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumor/treating/targeted-therapy.html

  Targeted drugs work differently from standard chemotherapy (chemo) drugs. These drugs target specific parts of cancer cells. […] The targeted drugs used to treat pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) by blocking angiogenesis (the growth of new blood vessels that nourish cancers) or other important proteins in cancer cells that help them grow. […] Cabozantinib blocks several tyrosine kinases (cell function regulators such as RET, MET, and VEGFR2) and can help slow tumor growth in different ways. This drug is a pill taken once a day. […] Sunitinib blocks several tyrosine kinases and attacks new blood vessel growth. It has been shown to help slow tumor growth. This drug is a pill taken once a day. […] Everolimus blocks a protein known as mTOR, which normally helps cells grow and divide. Everolimus has been shown to help treat advanced pNETs. Everolimus is a pill taken once a day.

• #19 FDA Approves Dual-Action Drug for Patients with Previously Treated Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors, Backed by Dana-Farber Research | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/newsroom/news-releases/2025/fda-approves-dual-action-drug-for-patients-with-previously-treated-advanced-neuroendocrine-tumors-backed-by-dana-farber-research

  FDA decision establishes cabozantinib as a standard of care treatment for patients with previously treated advanced neuroendocrine tumors. […] Cabozantinib, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with previously treated advanced neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). This represents a new standard of care therapy for this patient population. […] Cabozantinib significantly improved outcomes in this patient population and this FDA approval provides new hope. […] Cabozantinib works by targeting multiple pathways involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis. […] Treatments may include surgery, molecular targeted therapy, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, chemotherapy, or other local treatment approaches depending on the location and stage of the cancer. For patients whose cancer continues to grow and spread after these treatments, better options are urgently needed.

• #20

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378464/

  Treatment of NENs has traditionally been considered to be mainly surgical; however, in recent decades there has been a considerable evolution of a number of nonsurgical treatments that have expanded the therapeutic options of these neoplasms. […] As the majority of NENs express SSTRs, long-acting somatostatin analogs (SSAs) play an important role in the treatment of patients with NENs and may result in symptomatic, biochemical and objective responses. […] Systemic treatment of patients with NENs involves also chemotherapy, interferon- and targeted agents such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, everolimus, or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, sunitinib. […] In addition, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a plausible therapeutic option in patients with tumors expressing SSTRs, as it has demonstrated antitumor efficacy and amelioration of refractory hormone secretion syndromes.

• #21 Advances in Targeted Therapy for Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumours – touchONCOLOGY

  https://touchoncology.com/endocrine-cancers/journal-articles/advances-in-targeted-therapy-for-patients-with-neuroendocrine-tumours/

  The overall survival (OS) for patients with advanced NETs has improved over time, reflecting the increased number of drug licenses and more effective therapeutic options now available. […] Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with lutetium-177-dotatate has become a cornerstone treatment for patients with well-differentiated NETs since its regulatory licensure in 2018;810 however, in this review, we will focus on targeted therapies, both in monotherapy and combination settings. […] The anti-tumour activity of the sunitinib was tested in a two-cohort phase 2 study in patients with extra-pancreatic NETs (epNETs; n=41) and pNETs (n=66). […] Based on the differential anti-tumour activity demonstrated by sunitinib in pNETs, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of sunitinib was launched in patients with this disease.

• #22 Chemotherapy and Targeted Treatments – Neuroendocrine Cancer UK

  https://www.neuroendocrinecancer.org.uk/neuroendocrine-cancer/treatments/types-of-treatment/chemotherapy-and-targeted-treatments/

  Chemotherapy is often the 1st line treatment of choice for poorly differentiated Neuroendocrine Cancer, that is, Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (NEC) from any site. […] It may also be effective in certain Lung and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs) but less helpful for others, therefore other options for treatment are considered in these patients. […] Chemotherapy can be given as a standalone therapy, as a single chemotherapy drug or a combination of chemotherapy drugs but it may also be used to increase tumour cell sensitivity to radiation therapies or be given before and/or after surgery. […] In Neuroendocrine Cancer combination chemotherapy is usually given combinations that may be used include: Streptozocin and Etoposide, Carboplatin or Cisplatin and Etoposide, Capecitabine and Temozolamide (CapTem).

• #23 Chemotherapy and Targeted Treatments – Neuroendocrine Cancer UK

  https://www.neuroendocrinecancer.org.uk/neuroendocrine-cancer/treatments/types-of-treatment/chemotherapy-and-targeted-treatments/

  Chemotherapy is often the 1st line treatment of choice for poorly differentiated Neuroendocrine Cancer, that is, Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (NEC) from any site. […] It may also be effective in certain Lung and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs) but less helpful for others, therefore other options for treatment are considered in these patients. […] Chemotherapy can be given as a standalone therapy, as a single chemotherapy drug or a combination of chemotherapy drugs but it may also be used to increase tumour cell sensitivity to radiation therapies or be given before and/or after surgery. […] In Neuroendocrine Cancer combination chemotherapy is usually given combinations that may be used include: Streptozocin and Etoposide, Carboplatin or Cisplatin and Etoposide, Capecitabine and Temozolamide (CapTem).

• #24 Treatment strategies for advanced neuroendocrine neoplasms: current status and future prospects | Cancer Biology & Medicine

  https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/early/2025/01/02/j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0507

  Currently, immunotherapy for NETs is both a hot topic and a challenge. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as monotherapy has limited efficacy in treating NETs. […] NECs are highly malignant and aggressive, and chemotherapy remains the first-line systemic treatment option. […] The combination of etoposide and cisplatin (EP) or carboplatin (EC) is the standard first-line chemotherapy regimen for advanced or unresectable NECs. […] The efficacy of second-line treatments for NECs has not been established. […] Current research is also focused on combination therapies. […] The treatment of NETs is complicated by the broad organ origins and complex classification and grading systems. […] Future studies should explore the feasibility of treatment sequencing, maintenance therapy, and rechallenge therapy, as well as optimizing combination therapies and integrating other treatment modalities to maximize the efficacy of each drug. […] For poorly differentiated advanced NECs, chemotherapy remains the primary treatment option and some patients may benefit from combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy or immunotherapy alone.

• #25 Neuroendocrine Tumors: Options for Initial Therapy

  https://www.onclive.com/view/neuroendocrine-tumors-options-for-initial-therapy

  Another therapeutic option that has been around for a long time is, of course, standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. […] Where cytotoxic chemotherapy can have a role is in the treatment of advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. There, what we have learned more recently is that the oral chemotherapy drug temozolomide can be quite active. […] In fact, a combination of temozolomide and capecitabine was compared to temozolomide alone in a randomized phase 2 trial. That trial showed that the combination of temozolomide and capecitabine was associated with encouraging response rates in the order of 30% to 40%, improved progression-free survival, and improved overall survival, too. […] Other agents that are effective in neuroendocrine tumors include so-called targeted therapies, molecularly targeted therapies.

• #26 Neuroendocrine tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroendocrine-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20465865

  Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within tumor cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause tumor cells to die. Targeted drug therapy is usually combined with chemotherapy for advanced neuroendocrine tumors. […] PRRT combines a drug that targets cancer cells with a small amount of a radioactive substance. It allows radiation to be delivered directly to the cancer cells. One PRRT drug, lutetium Lu 177 dotatate (Lutathera), is used to treat advanced neuroendocrine tumors. […] If your neuroendocrine tumor releases excess hormones, your doctor might recommend medications to control your signs and symptoms. […] Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams, such as X-rays and protons, to kill tumor cells. Some types of neuroendocrine tumors may respond to radiation therapy. It might be recommended if surgery isn’t an option. […] Other treatments might be available to you depending on your particular situation and your specific type of neuroendocrine tumor.

• #27 Therapy Benefits Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2017/new-treatment-neuroendocrine-tumors

  The currently FDA-approved somatostatin analogues, however, such as octreotide LAR, primarily only stabilize tumors and delay their growth rather than shrink them, Dr. Strosberg explained. […] 177Lu-Dotatate is different from other somatostatin analogues used to treat NETs in an important way: it incorporates a radioactive isotope. […] In the case of 177Lu-Dotatate, however, the radioactive isotope plays a therapeutic role: once delivered to tumor tissue, Dr. Strosberg explained, the drug has a much more substantial cell-killing, or cytotoxic, effect than traditional somatostatin analogues. […] The trial randomly assigned 229 patients with metastatic midgut NETs that were progressing on a somatostatin analogue to receive either 177Lu-Dotatate or high-dose octreotide LAR. […] Overall, 18% of patients in the 177Lu-Dotatate group experienced significant tumor shrinkage, compared with only 3% in the octreotide LAR group.

• #28 Therapy Benefits Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2017/new-treatment-neuroendocrine-tumors

  Results from a clinical trial suggest that a targeted drug thats linked to a radioactive isotope to help kill tumor cells may soon be a new treatment option for some patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). […] Patients in the phase III trial had tumors that were progressing despite treatment with standard first-line therapies. Those who were treated with the new drug, 177Lu-Dotatate, lived substantially longer without their cancer progressing than patients who received high doses of octreotide LAR (Sandostatin LAR Depot). […] The findings also suggest that the drug may improve how long patients live overall. […] Based on earlier data from the trial and smaller trials conducted primarily in Europe, 177Lu-Dotatate is currently being reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with midgut NETs as well as those with NETs in several other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

• #29 Treatment strategies for advanced neuroendocrine neoplasms: current status and future prospects | Cancer Biology & Medicine

  https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/early/2025/01/02/j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0507

  Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are relatively rare tumors that arise from peptidergic neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Currently, the main treatments for advanced NENs are biological treatments, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and newer treatments that are still under development, such as immunotherapy and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). […] The biological treatments for NETs include interferon- (IFN-) and long-acting somatostatin analogs (SSAs). Currently, IFN- is only recommended in combination with an SSA as a second-line treatment for patients with a refractory NET and carcinoid syndrome. […] Synthetic SSAs are now considered the standard treatment for functional NETs that originate from any anatomic site. […] Two landmark phase III clinical trials (PROMID and CLARINET) showed a statistically significant prolongation of time to progression/progression-free survival (TTP/PFS) upon SSA treatment compared to placebo.

• #30 Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/cancer/neuroendocrine-tumors

  Duke surgical oncologists specialize in the removal of neuroendocrine tumors and metastatic cancer. If surgery is an option for you, we’ll work to remove as much of your tumor and additional tissue around your tumor as possible, which can help minimize spread. Sometimes surgery will be performed in coordination with other treatments to ensure we remove as much of the tumor as possible. […] Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation, and cryoablation are minimally invasive techniques that use extreme heat or cold to kill cancer cells. These procedures use a long, thin probe inserted through your skin. Transarterial embolization (TAE), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and transarterial radioembolization (TARE) use a catheter inserted into artery through your groin or wrist to deliver small beads to your tumor. The beads kill cancer cells by blocking blood flow to the tumor or by delivering chemotherapy or radioactive particles into the tumor. […] Intravenous drugs deliver radioactive particles to your tumor to slow or stop growth. Treatment consists of four doses of a radioactive drug every eight weeks.

• #31

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/neuroendocrine-tumors/treatment.php

  Winship pioneered the use of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) in Georgia for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors and remains one of the top centers in the country for the therapy. […] This treatment involves the use of medication taken orally or injected to attack cancer cells throughout the body. […] This type of drug therapy is different from chemotherapy in that it targets a cancers specific gene mutations, selectively targeting cancer cells while producing fewer side effects. […] While not used as a primary neuroendocrine cancer treatment, external beam radiation therapy may be part of your treatment plan for the purpose of symptom reduction. […] At Winship, we strive to deliver the most effective treatment while also minimizing side effects.

• #32 Therapy Benefits Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2017/new-treatment-neuroendocrine-tumors

  The available data suggest that 177Lu-Dotatate „probably does have an effect on [overall] survival,” Dr. Strosberg said. […] „The study findings are significant, and it provides a new alternative treatment” for patients with advanced disease, he said. […] Somatostatin analogues linked to radioactive isotopes can cause serious kidney problems but, to date at least, there has been no evidence of this problem in the NETTER-1 trial. […] Although more patients who received 177Lu-Dotatate experienced side effects, severe toxic effects were limited and manageable, Dr. Strosberg explained.

• #33 Treatments for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/treatment

  If neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) spread, they often spread to the liver (called liver metastases). Liver directed therapy directly targets the cancer in the liver and is often used to treat NETs that have spread to the liver. Liver directed therapy is mainly used when surgery can’t be done. […] Neuroendocrine cancer behaves differently in each person, and a standard follow-up schedule would not work for everyone. People with neuroendocrine cancer should talk to their doctor about a follow-up plan that suits their individual situation. Follow-up care is often shared among the cancer specialists, such as the surgeon, oncologist and endocrinologist, and your family doctor.

• #34 Treatment for neuroendocrine cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/neuroendocrine-tumours-nets/treatment

  PRRT is a type of radioisotope therapy for NETs. It is also called radioligand therapy. It uses a radioactive substance. This is attached to a man made form of a hormone called somatostatin. […] External radiotherapy uses a machine from outside of the body. […] 131 I-MIBG is a type of radioisotope therapy. It uses radioactive iodine attached to a substance called MIBG to kill the neuroendocrine tumour (NET) cells. […] Trans arterial embolisation (TAE) is a treatment to the liver. A specialist doctor injects a substance to block the blood supply to a NET in the liver. […] Radiofrequency and microwave ablation are both treatments to the liver. They use heat made by radiowaves or microwaves to destroy NET cells in the liver. […] You have regular appointments with your doctor or nurse after treatment for neuroendocrine cancer. This is called follow up.

• #35 Neuroendocrine Tumor Treatment – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/neuroendocrine-tumors/treatment

  When surgical removal of liver metastases is not indicated or desired, liver-directed therapies can help treat patients with NET and liver involvement. […] Both TACE and HAE are procedures for treating NETs found in the liver. […] UChicago Medicine is at the forefront of medical and surgical discoveries. […] If you’re seeking a clinical trial targeting neuroendocrine tumors, please check our trials database or speak with your doctor about whether participating in a study is right for you. […] At UChicago Medicine, treatment for NETs often includes surgery, even for tumors that have spread to other organs. […] In addition, we were one of the first centers in the country to offer a promising treatment called Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy, or PRRT. […] PRRT combines a targeting molecule that binds to specific receptors on tumor cells and a radioactive particle that destroys cancer cells. […] PRRT is given to patients through an IV infusion, and has fewer side effects than other chemotherapies.

• #36 Neuroendocrine Tumor Program | UC San Diego Health

  https://health.ucsd.edu/care/cancer/cancers-we-treat/neuroendocrine/

  Look to UC San Diego Health for highly specialized, coordinated care for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). […] UC San Diego Health has more treatment options for NETs than any other hospital system in San Diego. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy Recurring or metastatic cancer may be treated with systemic therapies (such as immunotherapy), which travel throughout the body to kill or weaken cancer cells. Chemotherapy This refers to drugs administered orally or intravenously to kill or weaken cancer cells. Surgical resection Surgery to remove tumors, while leaving healthy tissue intact. In some cases, surgery may be performed through minimally invasive laparoscopy. Radioembolization This treatment uses tiny beads containing the radioactive isotope yttrium Y-90, which are placed inside the tumors blood vessels. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) This targeted therapy involves infusions of a radiotherapy, known as Lutathera or lutetium Lu 177 dotatate. Liver transplantation We are a regional referral center for these life-saving transplant surgeries. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) Chemotherapeutics are injected directly into tumors. Microwave ablation Tumor tissue is destroyed with microwaves. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) Concentrated doses of radiation are precisely delivered to cancer cells using 3D imaging.

• #37 NICE recommends targeted treatment for neuroendocrine cancer in the liver

  https://news.bostonscientific.eu/NICE-recommends-targeted-treatment-for-neuroendocrine-cancer-in-the-liver

  People with neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) in the liver could benefit from a therapy that targets tumours with radiation while limiting exposure to healthy surrounding tissue, according to new guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). […] Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT), a procedure which takes one to two hours, involves injecting tiny radioactive spheres into the artery that takes blood to the liver. These microspheres deliver targeted radiation that kills the cancer cells. […] NICE found that SIRT may result in fewer side effects, faster recovery times, and better quality of life for patients compared with surgery or chemotherapy. […] If there are cases where SIRT cannot completely eradicate the cancer, it can still be used to reduce the tumour size and control symptoms of the disease.

• #38 Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/neuroendocrine-tumours-nets

  Radiotherapy uses high-energy x-rays to destroy cancer cells, while doing as little harm as possible to normal cells. You may have radiotherapy if it is not possible to remove the tumour with surgery, or if it has already spread. […] A hepatic artery embolisation can sometimes shrink NETs in the liver. It can also relieve the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. Hepatic artery embolisation works by reducing blood flow to the tumours. Tumours need a blood supply to survive. […] Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can treat NETs in the liver. It uses laser or radio waves to destroy the cancer cells by heating them to high temperatures. […] Selective internal radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses tiny radioactive beads. It can treat NETs that are found in the liver.

• #39 Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/cancer/neuroendocrine-tumors

  Duke surgical oncologists specialize in the removal of neuroendocrine tumors and metastatic cancer. If surgery is an option for you, we’ll work to remove as much of your tumor and additional tissue around your tumor as possible, which can help minimize spread. Sometimes surgery will be performed in coordination with other treatments to ensure we remove as much of the tumor as possible. […] Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation, and cryoablation are minimally invasive techniques that use extreme heat or cold to kill cancer cells. These procedures use a long, thin probe inserted through your skin. Transarterial embolization (TAE), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and transarterial radioembolization (TARE) use a catheter inserted into artery through your groin or wrist to deliver small beads to your tumor. The beads kill cancer cells by blocking blood flow to the tumor or by delivering chemotherapy or radioactive particles into the tumor. […] Intravenous drugs deliver radioactive particles to your tumor to slow or stop growth. Treatment consists of four doses of a radioactive drug every eight weeks.

• #40 Neuroendocrine Tumor | Ochsner Health

  https://www.ochsner.org/services/neuroendocrine-tumor-program

  Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, usually by keeping the cancer cells from growing, dividing and making more cells. […] Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy delivers high doses of radiation to tumors in the body to destroy or slow their growth and reduce disease side effects. […] Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy X-rays or other particles to destroy tumor cells. […] Neuroendocrine cancer often spreads to the liver. Liver-directed therapies (LDTs) may be used to treat liver metastasis when the tumors are located in an area where surgical removal would be too risky or when a patient is too sick to tolerate the surgery. […] The Ochsner Neuroendocrine Tumor Program has a very aggressive approach to the treatment of NET especially small bowel NETS.

• #41 A Review of Neuroendocrine Cancer – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/for-patients/general-information/a-review-of-neuroendocrine-cancer/

  The role for chemotherapy in patients with non-pancreatic NETs is less clear. Chemotherapy regimens such as CAPTEM or FOLFOX may have some anti-tumor activity in patients with lung NETs or stomach NETs; however, they are not typically utilized for patients with small intestinal NETs. […] PRRT is an approved treatment option for any patient with a gastrointestinal NET with positive somatostatin receptor expression. […] Everolimus is also approved for patients with small intestinal and lung NETs. This drug slows tumor growth but it does not typically cause much tumor shrinkage. […] External beam radiation therapy in patients with neuroendocrine tumors is typically only useful for pain relief (particularly when tumors have spread to the skeletal system and are causing severe pain). […] Besides the various anti-tumor treatments reviewed above, there are many benefits resulting from a nutritious high protein diet, vitamin supplements particularly niacin and mineral supplements (such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and even salt) when these are deficient due to diarrhea. […] There are a significant number of treatments (both currently available and in development) for NETs and carcinoid syndrome though choice of treatment and their applications can be quite complex.

• #42 Treatments for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/treatment

  If you have a neuroendocrine tumour (NET), your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. It will be based on your health and specific information about the cancer. When deciding which treatments to offer for a NET, your healthcare team will consider: […] Surgery is usually used to treat neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). Most people with NETs benefit from surgery when it can be done. The type of surgery you have depends mainly on where the cancer is located. […] Biological therapy is commonly used to treat neuroendocrine cancer. It is also called biotherapy or biological response modifiers (BRMs). […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells. It is not usually used to treat neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). If used, it is usually when the cancer has spread (metastasized).

• #43 Highest-Quality Neuroendocrine Cancer Care Close to You | Providence

  https://www.providence.org/services/cancer/neuroendocrine-cancer

  Stereotactic radiation (SABR/SBRT) is a group of treatments that includes stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and stereotactic ablative radiation (SABR) both of which are adaptations of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for the treatment of targets in the body, but outside the brain. […] Surface-guided radiation therapy (SGRT/SIGRT) is an approach to radiation targeting that offers real-time beam guidance from face and body surface-recognition systems. […] Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) is a radiation planning and treatment technique in which three-dimensional (3D) imaging enables improved targeting for radiation treatment.

• #44 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/gi-neuroendocrine-tumors/patient/gi-neuroendocrine-treatment-pdq

  Treatment for carcinoid syndrome may also be needed. […] New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors may cause side effects. […] Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. […] Follow-up care may be needed. […] Treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine tumors in the stomach may include: Endoscopic surgery (resection) for small tumors. […] Treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine tumors in the colon may include: Surgery (resection) to remove part of the colon and nearby lymph nodes, in order to remove as much of the cancer as possible. […] Treatment of distant metastases of gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine tumors is usually palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. […] Treatment of recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine tumors may include: Surgery (local excision) to remove part or all of the tumor.

• #45 Drug therapy for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/treatment/drug-therapy

  Drug therapy is commonly used to treat and manage neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). Drugs are given for different reasons. You may have drug therapy to: […] Somatostatin analogues are drugs that lower the amount of hormones made and released by NETs. They are mainly used to control symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. […] Somatostatin analogues are also used to slow down and control the growth of advanced or metastatic cancer when surgery cant be done. […] Octreotide LAR or lanreotide is standard treatment for the long-term control of symptoms and tumour growth. The drug is given once a month. It is usually taken for as long as it works. It may be taken for the rest of your life. […] Chemotherapy uses anticancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. It is usually only used to treat poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas when other treatments dont work or cant be used.

• #46 Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22006-neuroendocrine-tumors-net

  Surgery is the most common treatment for a NET. If your tumors are large or have spread, other treatments you might need include: […] Somatostatin analogs are medications that prevent your body from making excess hormones. They can reduce symptoms of functional NETs and slow tumor growth. […] Chemotherapy: This treatment uses several types of drugs to kill cancer cells. […] Targeted therapy: This treatment uses drugs that target certain genes or proteins on cancer cells to kill them. […] Radiation therapy: Specialized forms of internal radiation therapy may be used to treat NET. For example, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) delivers small amounts of a radioactive substance to hormone-secreting NETs. Y-90 treatment delivers radioactive beads to NETs that have spread to your liver.

• #47 A Review of Neuroendocrine Cancer – Carcinoid Cancer Foundation

  https://www.carcinoid.org/for-patients/general-information/a-review-of-neuroendocrine-cancer/

  The role for chemotherapy in patients with non-pancreatic NETs is less clear. Chemotherapy regimens such as CAPTEM or FOLFOX may have some anti-tumor activity in patients with lung NETs or stomach NETs; however, they are not typically utilized for patients with small intestinal NETs. […] PRRT is an approved treatment option for any patient with a gastrointestinal NET with positive somatostatin receptor expression. […] Everolimus is also approved for patients with small intestinal and lung NETs. This drug slows tumor growth but it does not typically cause much tumor shrinkage. […] External beam radiation therapy in patients with neuroendocrine tumors is typically only useful for pain relief (particularly when tumors have spread to the skeletal system and are causing severe pain). […] Besides the various anti-tumor treatments reviewed above, there are many benefits resulting from a nutritious high protein diet, vitamin supplements particularly niacin and mineral supplements (such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and even salt) when these are deficient due to diarrhea. […] There are a significant number of treatments (both currently available and in development) for NETs and carcinoid syndrome though choice of treatment and their applications can be quite complex.

• #48

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378464/

  Treatment of G3 tumors is based on limited evidence and involves surgical resection and chemotherapy, or PRRTs in the case of well-differentiated tumors. […] Furthermore, recently published case series report promising results of immunotherapy while multiple ongoing phase II trials study the activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in NENs. […] A number of parameters need to be considered before deciding the most appropriate therapeutic approach in order to provide a patient tailored therapy. […] Currently there is no established protocol regarding follow up of patients with NENs as evidence-based studies are missing. […] It is recommended to have life-long follow up that varies according to the tissue of origin, the grading and differentiation, the stage, the aggressiveness, the functionality, the surgical outcome and the presence of hereditary disease.

• #49 Chemotherapy and Targeted Treatments – Neuroendocrine Cancer UK

  https://www.neuroendocrinecancer.org.uk/neuroendocrine-cancer/treatments/types-of-treatment/chemotherapy-and-targeted-treatments/

  In Neuroendocrine Cancer chemotherapy is primarily used to treat Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, whereas the named Targeted Molecular Therapies here, are used only in Neuroendocrine Tumours. […] Immunotherapy uses our immune system to fight cancer, by helping the immune system to recognise and attack cancer cells. […] At present the only licensed immunotherapy available in the UK for Neuroendocrine Cancer is Avelumab which is used in the treatment of Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the Skin) that has spread (metastasised). […] Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment where medicine is used to kill cancer cells. […] Targeted Molecular Therapies are drugs or other substances that work against cancer by interfering with specific molecules that are involved in the growth, progression, and spread of cancer.

• #50 Chemotherapy and Targeted Treatments – Neuroendocrine Cancer UK

  https://www.neuroendocrinecancer.org.uk/neuroendocrine-cancer/treatments/types-of-treatment/chemotherapy-and-targeted-treatments/

  In Neuroendocrine Cancer chemotherapy is primarily used to treat Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, whereas the named Targeted Molecular Therapies here, are used only in Neuroendocrine Tumours. […] Immunotherapy uses our immune system to fight cancer, by helping the immune system to recognise and attack cancer cells. […] At present the only licensed immunotherapy available in the UK for Neuroendocrine Cancer is Avelumab which is used in the treatment of Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the Skin) that has spread (metastasised). […] Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment where medicine is used to kill cancer cells. […] Targeted Molecular Therapies are drugs or other substances that work against cancer by interfering with specific molecules that are involved in the growth, progression, and spread of cancer.

• #51 Research Milestone in NETRF-funded Science: CAR T Therapy Clinical Trial Announced for NETs – NETRF

  https://netrf.org/2023/11/20/research-milestone-in-netrf-funded-science-car-t-therapy-clinical-trial-announced-for-nets/

  Over the years, significant progress has been made in cancer immunotherapy, which includes treatments that empower a patient’s own immune system to fight cancer. One promising immunotherapy avenue is the use of CAR T cells, which are T cells engineered to target and kill cancer cells. […] CDH17 has emerged as a promising target for CAR T cell therapy against NETs. Despite CDH17’s presence in healthy intestine cells, the CAR T cells engineered to target CDH17 were able to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells effectively, eliminating the NETs without damaging the essential cells in the body. This selectivity is crucial as it suggests the possibility of treating NETs without the severe side effects that can occur when healthy tissues are mistakenly attacked by the immune system. […] In summary, this new CAR T cell therapy offers a beacon of hope for treating neuroendocrine tumors, potentially leading to new, more effective therapies that could change the outlook for patients with NETs.

• #52 Neuroendocrine Cancer Treatments | NETs Treatment Types

  https://neuroendocrine.org.au/treatments/

  Lutetium-177 Octreotate Therapy (Lutate) is primarily used to treat people with NETs when other types of treatment, such as surgery or chemotherapy, are not suitable or are ineffective. […] Somatostatin analogues (SSAs) are effective in slowing down tumour growth, as well as reducing the release of hormones from neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). […] In recent years, researchers have been exploring the potential of combination therapies, which involve using multiple treatment modalities simultaneously or sequentially. […] In certain instances of neuroendocrine tumours, your healthcare providers might discuss the option of palliative care with you. […] Clinical trials for NETs are medical research studies into new and improved treatments that involve the active participation of patients. […] Your healthcare team will guide you through the treatment process, and you can seek support from various resources to help you navigate this journey.

• #53 Everolimus Plus Lanreotide vs Everolimus Alone in Aggressive Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors – The ASCO Post

  https://ascopost.com/news/may-2025/everolimus-plus-lanreotide-vs-everolimus-alone-in-aggressive-gastroenteropancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors/

  In patients with aggressive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, first-line treatment with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus and the somatostatin analog lanreotide more than doubled the median progression-free survival for patients vs everolimus alone, in the phase III JCOG1901 (STARTER-NET) trial conducted in Japan. […] Everolimus plus lanreotide has the potential to become a new standard first-line treatment of patients with unresectable or recurrent gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in the poor-prognostic population. […] Dr. Hijioka noted that monotherapy with everolimus has been shown to prolong progression-free survival in patients with advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, although median progression-free survival is less than 1 year. […] At a preplanned interim analysis in June 2024, median progression-free survival was 11.5 months with monotherapy vs 29.7 months with the combination therapy.

• #54 Treatment strategies for advanced neuroendocrine neoplasms: current status and future prospects | Cancer Biology & Medicine

  https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/early/2025/01/02/j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0507

  Currently, immunotherapy for NETs is both a hot topic and a challenge. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as monotherapy has limited efficacy in treating NETs. […] NECs are highly malignant and aggressive, and chemotherapy remains the first-line systemic treatment option. […] The combination of etoposide and cisplatin (EP) or carboplatin (EC) is the standard first-line chemotherapy regimen for advanced or unresectable NECs. […] The efficacy of second-line treatments for NECs has not been established. […] Current research is also focused on combination therapies. […] The treatment of NETs is complicated by the broad organ origins and complex classification and grading systems. […] Future studies should explore the feasibility of treatment sequencing, maintenance therapy, and rechallenge therapy, as well as optimizing combination therapies and integrating other treatment modalities to maximize the efficacy of each drug. […] For poorly differentiated advanced NECs, chemotherapy remains the primary treatment option and some patients may benefit from combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy or immunotherapy alone.

• #55 Neuroendocrine Tumors: Options for Initial Therapy

  https://www.onclive.com/view/neuroendocrine-tumors-options-for-initial-therapy

  One additional important class of therapeutic agents for neuroendocrine tumors is one that I also mentioned previously, peptide receptor radiotherapy. This is an interesting approach that has shown very good result and is now FDA approved. The idea here is to take a somatostatin analogue, attach a radioisotope to it, and then use the somatostatin analogue to deliver very targeted radiation therapy to the tumor wherever it might be in the body. This is a highly effective approach for both pancreatic and extra-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. […] Usually, the first choice of treatment is a relatively easy one. It is usually a somatostatin analogue based on the low side effect profile and ease for the patient and efficacy. […] We can use cytotoxic chemotherapy, at least for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. We have got molecularly targeted agents, like the MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) inhibitors, the VEGF inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and now peptide receptor radiotherapy. All of these are active approaches.

• #56 8 Innovative Neuroendocrine Tumor Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumors/neuroendocrine-tumor-treatment.html

  Chemotherapy works by killing fast-growing cells, including cancer cells. […] Targeted therapy, also called precision medicine, is different. It works by stopping or slowing the growth or spread of cancer. […] Radiation therapy uses focused beams of energy to destroy cancer cells. […] Peptide radionuclide therapy is a method of delivering cancer-killing radiation to a tumor. […] Somostatin analogs are drugs that slow tumor growth and help relieve cancer symptoms. […] Liver directed therapies use a catheter sent through an artery to deliver treatments directly to the metastasis. Treatments include chemotherapy and the use of radioactive beads that can kill cancer cells. […] MD Anderson patients have access to clinical trials offering promising new treatments that cannot be found anywhere else.

• #57 Treating Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs) | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/neuroendocrine-tumours-nets/treating-nets/

  Here we look at the common treatment options for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). […] The treatment you have for NETs depends on the tumour type, its size, how fast it is growing and where it is in your body, as well as your age, fitness and overall health, and any symptoms you may have. […] The aim of treatment is to remove the cancer (curative), or to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. […] For some NETs that are low grade and slow growing, your doctor might suggest monitoring the tumour closely rather than starting treatment. This is known as active surveillance. […] Other treatment for NETs may include surgery, radiation therapy, radionuclide therapy, drug therapies (including chemotherapy), and other specific treatments. Treatments can be given alone, in combination or one after the other.

• #58 8 Innovative Neuroendocrine Tumor Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumors/neuroendocrine-tumor-treatment.html

  Chemotherapy works by killing fast-growing cells, including cancer cells. […] Targeted therapy, also called precision medicine, is different. It works by stopping or slowing the growth or spread of cancer. […] Radiation therapy uses focused beams of energy to destroy cancer cells. […] Peptide radionuclide therapy is a method of delivering cancer-killing radiation to a tumor. […] Somostatin analogs are drugs that slow tumor growth and help relieve cancer symptoms. […] Liver directed therapies use a catheter sent through an artery to deliver treatments directly to the metastasis. Treatments include chemotherapy and the use of radioactive beads that can kill cancer cells. […] MD Anderson patients have access to clinical trials offering promising new treatments that cannot be found anywhere else.

• #59 Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/neuroendocrine-tumours-nets

  Some NETs are slow-growing and may not change for months or years. If a NET spreads but is not causing symptoms, you may not need treatment straight away. Your doctor will monitor you with regular check-ups. If symptoms develop, you will have the option of treatment. […] Somatostatin analogues are drugs that treat the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. They work by blocking the hormones the tumour makes. They may also control the growth of NETs. You may be given them along with other treatments. […] Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. You may have chemotherapy to treat NETs that have spread. The type of chemotherapy you will have depends on where the NET started in the body. […] Targeted therapies are anti-cancer medicines that interfere with how cancer cells grow and divide. The two main targeted therapy drugs used are sunitinib (Sutent) and everolimus (Afinitor). You take these drugs as capsules or tablets. Other targeted therapies may be available as part of a clinical trial.

• #60 Neuroendocrine Cancer Treatments | NETs Treatment Types

  https://neuroendocrine.org.au/treatments/

  Lutetium-177 Octreotate Therapy (Lutate) is primarily used to treat people with NETs when other types of treatment, such as surgery or chemotherapy, are not suitable or are ineffective. […] Somatostatin analogues (SSAs) are effective in slowing down tumour growth, as well as reducing the release of hormones from neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). […] In recent years, researchers have been exploring the potential of combination therapies, which involve using multiple treatment modalities simultaneously or sequentially. […] In certain instances of neuroendocrine tumours, your healthcare providers might discuss the option of palliative care with you. […] Clinical trials for NETs are medical research studies into new and improved treatments that involve the active participation of patients. […] Your healthcare team will guide you through the treatment process, and you can seek support from various resources to help you navigate this journey.

• #61 How to Find Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET) Clinical Trials

  https://netrf.org/old-for-patients/nets-info/net-treatment/clinical-trials/

  Clinical trials test the safety and effectiveness of new therapies for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The treatment tested in a clinical trial may not yet be widely available. Participating in a clinical trial can give patients early access to the latest treatment options. It also helps improve care for other patients and families facing NETs. […] Clinical trials occur in phases. If a new treatment is successful in one phase, it will proceed to further testing in the next phase. […] Clinical trials are the final step in a long process that begins with research in a lab. Before any new treatment is used with people in clinical trials, researchers work for many years to understand its effects on cancer cells in the lab and in animals. They also try to figure out the best dose for a treatment, the side effects it may cause, and how its effectiveness compares to other current treatments.

• #62 Neuroendocrine Tumors | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/diseases/neuroendocrine-tumors.html

  NET treatment can vary widely from person to person. Often, we have many options to choose from. […] The safest, most effective and most widely accepted therapies for cancer become the standard of care. For many patients, these form the foundation of treatment. At Fred Hutch, we provide all standard therapies for NETs and know how to select and sequence them to give you the best outcome. […] Our physicians and researchers are always asking how we can make NET treatments better and reduce side effects further. This is why we conduct clinical trials. Through these studies, we are able to offer you therapies not offered everywhere. A trial therapy today may become the new standard of care tomorrow. […] Many neuroendocrine tumors (NET) patients at Fred Hutch receive promising therapies by taking part in clinical trials. These research studies are done by physicians and scientists from Fred Hutch. They test new treatments or new ways to use current treatments.

• #63 Neuroendocrine Tumors | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/diseases/neuroendocrine-tumors.html

  Fred Hutch researchers are looking at two main questions: How can we make NETs treatments more effective? And how can we make treatments less toxic and easier on patients? We are also searching for ways to better tailor treatment to each person we care for. […] We have clinical trials for all types and stages of NETs, from early to advanced. Our studies are testing medicines like targeted therapies and chemotherapy regimens. […] When your care team designs your treatment plan, they offer you the choice to join clinical trials that match your situation. If you take part, you see the same physicians and nurses as you would for standard therapy.

• #64

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378464/

  Treatment of G3 tumors is based on limited evidence and involves surgical resection and chemotherapy, or PRRTs in the case of well-differentiated tumors. […] Furthermore, recently published case series report promising results of immunotherapy while multiple ongoing phase II trials study the activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in NENs. […] A number of parameters need to be considered before deciding the most appropriate therapeutic approach in order to provide a patient tailored therapy. […] Currently there is no established protocol regarding follow up of patients with NENs as evidence-based studies are missing. […] It is recommended to have life-long follow up that varies according to the tissue of origin, the grading and differentiation, the stage, the aggressiveness, the functionality, the surgical outcome and the presence of hereditary disease.

• #65 Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/neuroendocrine-tumours-nets

  A team of specialists will meet to discuss the best possible treatment for you. This is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). They will discuss the results of your tests to plan your treatment. They will look at factors including: […] Your doctor or cancer specialist or nurse will explain the different treatments and their side effects. They will also talk to you about things to think about when making treatment decisions. The main treatment is surgery to remove the tumour. The aim of this is to cure the cancer. If surgery cannot completely remove the NET, treatment will aim to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. […] If you have a functioning NET, there is a risk that an operation can cause carcinoid crisis. Your doctors will try to prevent this and monitor you during treatment.

• #66

• #67 Neuroendocrine tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumor

  Treatments have improved over the past several decades, and outcomes are improving. In malignant carcinoid tumors with carcinoid syndrome, the median survival has improved from two years to more than eight years. […] Detailed guidelines for managing neuroendocrine tumors are available from ESMO, NCCN and a UK panel. […] Even if the tumor has advanced and metastasized, making curative surgery infeasible, surgery often has a role in neuroendocrine cancers for palliation of symptoms and possibly increased lifespan. […] In secretory tumors, somatostatin analogs given subcutaneously or intramuscularly alleviate symptoms by blocking hormone release. […] These medications may also anatomically stabilize or shrink tumors, as suggested by the PROMID study. […] Targeted therapy with everolimus (Afinitor) and sunitinib (Sutent) is approved by the FDA in unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic PanNETs.

• #68 Consensus Guidelines for the Management and Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4304762/

  Progression of liver metastases is the predominant cause of mortality in many NET patients. Median survivals of 24-128 months are reported with treatment. […] In recent years we have witnessed many advances in NET trial design, conduct, and accrual culminating in the FDA approval of two new biologic agents in this disease. […] Generally for neuroendocrine tumors, lines of therapy have not been established. When multiple options are listed, order of listing does not imply order of therapy. Surgical resection should be considered if the majority (90%) of gross disease can be resected safely. Clinical trials should always be considered. […] Follow-up for resected disease is recommended every 3 months for one year, followed by every 6 months. Maximum duration of follow-up is not defined; late recurrence can occur in some patients. Follow-up for advanced disease is recommended every 6-12 weeks.

• #69 Treatments for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/neuroendocrine-tumours/treatment

  If neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) spread, they often spread to the liver (called liver metastases). Liver directed therapy directly targets the cancer in the liver and is often used to treat NETs that have spread to the liver. Liver directed therapy is mainly used when surgery can’t be done. […] Neuroendocrine cancer behaves differently in each person, and a standard follow-up schedule would not work for everyone. People with neuroendocrine cancer should talk to their doctor about a follow-up plan that suits their individual situation. Follow-up care is often shared among the cancer specialists, such as the surgeon, oncologist and endocrinologist, and your family doctor.

• #70

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378464/

  Treatment of G3 tumors is based on limited evidence and involves surgical resection and chemotherapy, or PRRTs in the case of well-differentiated tumors. […] Furthermore, recently published case series report promising results of immunotherapy while multiple ongoing phase II trials study the activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in NENs. […] A number of parameters need to be considered before deciding the most appropriate therapeutic approach in order to provide a patient tailored therapy. […] Currently there is no established protocol regarding follow up of patients with NENs as evidence-based studies are missing. […] It is recommended to have life-long follow up that varies according to the tissue of origin, the grading and differentiation, the stage, the aggressiveness, the functionality, the surgical outcome and the presence of hereditary disease.

• #71 Consensus Guidelines for the Management and Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4304762/

  Progression of liver metastases is the predominant cause of mortality in many NET patients. Median survivals of 24-128 months are reported with treatment. […] In recent years we have witnessed many advances in NET trial design, conduct, and accrual culminating in the FDA approval of two new biologic agents in this disease. […] Generally for neuroendocrine tumors, lines of therapy have not been established. When multiple options are listed, order of listing does not imply order of therapy. Surgical resection should be considered if the majority (90%) of gross disease can be resected safely. Clinical trials should always be considered. […] Follow-up for resected disease is recommended every 3 months for one year, followed by every 6 months. Maximum duration of follow-up is not defined; late recurrence can occur in some patients. Follow-up for advanced disease is recommended every 6-12 weeks.

• #72 Neuroendocrine tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumor

  Treatments have improved over the past several decades, and outcomes are improving. In malignant carcinoid tumors with carcinoid syndrome, the median survival has improved from two years to more than eight years. […] Detailed guidelines for managing neuroendocrine tumors are available from ESMO, NCCN and a UK panel. […] Even if the tumor has advanced and metastasized, making curative surgery infeasible, surgery often has a role in neuroendocrine cancers for palliation of symptoms and possibly increased lifespan. […] In secretory tumors, somatostatin analogs given subcutaneously or intramuscularly alleviate symptoms by blocking hormone release. […] These medications may also anatomically stabilize or shrink tumors, as suggested by the PROMID study. […] Targeted therapy with everolimus (Afinitor) and sunitinib (Sutent) is approved by the FDA in unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic PanNETs.

• #73

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6378464/

  Treatment of G3 tumors is based on limited evidence and involves surgical resection and chemotherapy, or PRRTs in the case of well-differentiated tumors. […] Furthermore, recently published case series report promising results of immunotherapy while multiple ongoing phase II trials study the activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in NENs. […] A number of parameters need to be considered before deciding the most appropriate therapeutic approach in order to provide a patient tailored therapy. […] Currently there is no established protocol regarding follow up of patients with NENs as evidence-based studies are missing. […] It is recommended to have life-long follow up that varies according to the tissue of origin, the grading and differentiation, the stage, the aggressiveness, the functionality, the surgical outcome and the presence of hereditary disease.

• #74 Neuroendocrine Tumors | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/diseases/neuroendocrine-tumors.html

  Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) can begin almost anywhere in the body. They start from cells that make and release hormones. […] We treat hundreds of people with NETs each year. Our experts provide all standard therapies and are national leaders in NET care and research. […] Many of our patients take part in clinical trials. These studies are led by world-renowned physicians from Fred Hutch. Through studies, patients like you get access to promising new therapies that may not be available elsewhere. […] The treatment that is right for you may be different than for someone else. This is true even if you have the same type and stage of cancer. To get the best care, it is important to see a team with NET expertise. […] Fred Hutch physicians with knowledge and experience in all types and stages of NETs design your personalized treatment plan and provide your care.

• #75 Dual-action drug produces positive results in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors, trial finds | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/newsroom/news-releases/2023/dual-action-drug-produces-positive-results-in-patients-with-advanced-neuroendocrine-tumors-trial-finds

  Cabozantinib, which targets tumor cell growth and tumor blood vessel growth, sharply improved progression-free survival over placebo in patients with extra-pancreatic and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. […] Patients treated with the drug, cabozantinib, survived significantly longer with no worsening of their disease than patients who received a placebo. […] The results suggest cabozantinib, which has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for some patients with renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, or thyroid cancer, can benefit patients with neuroendocrine tumors that continue to grow and spread after previous treatment, researchers say. […] Although advances have been made in recent years, there remains a critical need for new and effective therapies for patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors, particularly patients whose cancer has progressed on currently available options, said Chan. Targeting angiogenesis and other growth factor pathways with cabozantinib represents a novel treatment strategy. […] The results of the CABINET trial are very encouraging, said Chan. Cabozantinib significantly improved outcomes in patients with previously treated extra-pancreatic and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and may become a new treatment option for patients.

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