Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign inflammatory dermatosis. […] The precise cause is unknown. […] The etiology of GA has not been defined, and the pathogenetic mechanisms are poorly understood, with the vast majority of cases occurring in patients who are otherwise healthy. […] GA has been hypothesized to be associated with tuberculosis, insect bites, trauma, sun exposure, thyroiditis, vaccinations, and viral infections (eg, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and herpes zoster virus [HZV]). However, these suggested etiologic factors remain unproven as causes. […] Familial cases of GA observed in identical twins and siblings in several generations, along with an association of GA with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotypes, have suggested the possibility of a hereditary component in some cases.

• #2 Etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of granuloma annulare: an update – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23696233/

  Granuloma annulare (GA) is a common cutaneous disorder classically presenting as annular groups of skin-colored to erythematous papules without epidermal change localized to the dorsal hands and/or feet. […] The etiology of GA remains unknown and several systemic associations have been proposed but not proven, including diabetes mellitus, malignancy, thyroid disease, and dyslipidemia. […] This evidence-based review will focus on the advances made in the twenty-first century regarding the etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of GA.

• #3 Granuloma annulare

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/granuloma-annulare

  Granuloma annulare may be a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a component of the dermis or a reaction pattern to numerous triggers. […] Reported triggering events have included many skin infections and infestations, and types of skin trauma. […] There have also been a number of associations reported with systemic conditions including autoimmune thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus, other organ-specific autoimmune diseases, hyperlipidaemia, and rarely with lymphoma, HIV infection and solid tumours. […] Allopurinol has also been cited as a cause of disseminated granuloma annulare.

• #4 Diagnosis and Management of Granuloma Annulare | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1115/p1729.html

  Granuloma annulare is a benign skin condition that typically consists of grouped papules in an enlarging annular shape. Their appearance ranges from flesh colored to erythematous. The etiology is unknown, but the disease usually is self-limited. […] The cause of granuloma annulare is unknown, but it has been reported to follow trauma, malignancy, viral infections (including human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes zoster), insect bites, and tuberculosis skin tests. […] A delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and cell-mediated immune response are hypothesized. […] In one retrospective study, 12 percent of patients with granuloma annulare had diabetes mellitus. […] This study did not have a comparison group, so it is not clear whether the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was higher or lower than in the general population.

• #5

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13671-024-00430-2

  Granuloma annulare (GA) is often considered idiopathic, but many associations and co-morbidities have been observed. The most frequently described connections appear to be between GA and both types of diabetes mellitus or between GA and thyroid diseases. […] It is hypothesized that GA involves an immunologically mediated reaction leading to inflammation around the blood vessels. […] Recently, two studies have aimed to explain the pathogenesis of GA. Both studies describe the role of lymphocytes T and cytokines produced by them. One study reported the upregulation of Th1 and Th2 pathways in GA lesions. Cytokines associated with the Th1 pathway include TNF-, IL-1, IFN-, and IL-12/23p4, while IL-4 and IL-31 are linked to the Th2 pathway. […] Both research groups pay attention to the fact that cytokines involved in GA pathogenesis signal through the JAK-STAT pathway.

• #6

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13671-024-00430-2

  Granuloma annulare (GA) is often considered idiopathic, but many associations and co-morbidities have been observed. The most frequently described connections appear to be between GA and both types of diabetes mellitus or between GA and thyroid diseases. […] It is hypothesized that GA involves an immunologically mediated reaction leading to inflammation around the blood vessels. […] Recently, two studies have aimed to explain the pathogenesis of GA. Both studies describe the role of lymphocytes T and cytokines produced by them. One study reported the upregulation of Th1 and Th2 pathways in GA lesions. Cytokines associated with the Th1 pathway include TNF-, IL-1, IFN-, and IL-12/23p4, while IL-4 and IL-31 are linked to the Th2 pathway. […] Both research groups pay attention to the fact that cytokines involved in GA pathogenesis signal through the JAK-STAT pathway.

• #7 Granuloma Annulare | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688819/all/Granuloma_Annulare

  The etiology of GA remains unknown; however, recent studies have helped to further elucidate its underlying cause. It is hypothesized to be related to upregulation of T-helper (Th) 1 and Th2 pathways in GA lesions. Increased cytokine expression was subsequently noted to include tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, interferon (IFN)-, IL-12/IL-23p40, and IL-31. Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways were also found to be activated in GA. Response by M1 and M2 macrophages was described, which can be related to histopathologic findings of collagen degradation followed by tissue remodeling and mucin deposition, respectively. […] There are reported associations between GA and diabetes mellitus (DM), autoimmune thyroid disease, dyslipidemia, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, systemic lupus erythematosus, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B and C, among others. […] No definite risk factors have been identified.

• #8 Granuloma annulare and possible relation to purified protein derivative administration: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-024-04598-w

  The disease likely has an inflammatory component. […] Granuloma annulare also occurs at sites of healing herpes zoster and verruca vulgaris lesions, lending the suggestion of a viral etiology. […] Immunoglobulin-mediated vasculitis has also been suggested as one possible etiology in granuloma annulare and may explain why pentoxifylline works to treat the disease. […] The presence of infection and chronic disease can worsen the prognosis of this uncommon condition.

• #9 Granuloma Annulare: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17874-granuloma-annulare

  Granuloma annulare is a benign (not harmful), often chronic (long-lasting) skin disorder. Inflammation in your skin causes a raised, discolored rash or lumps under your skin. […] Healthcare providers and medical researchers dont know the exact cause of granuloma annulare. Some research suggests that your immune system might have an inappropriate response to an injury to your skin. […] Healthcare providers and medical researchers also think the following may trigger granuloma annulare: insect bites, certain medications, like allopurinol (Aloprim, Zyloprim), and some diseases, like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C. […] Some people develop granuloma annulare after exposure to environmental triggers, like being out in the sun for a long time. […] Some research suggests that chronic stress may cause granuloma annulare.

• #10 Granuloma Annulare | Pictures, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/granuloma-annulare/

  Granuloma is a rare, chronic, benign skin condition that causes bumps to develop below the skin often in a ring pattern. […] There is no specific cause of granuloma annulare, but the condition seems to be triggered by skin injuries, including: insect bites, infections, skin lesions, skin tests, surgical incisions, vaccinations, sunburns and UV damage, skin injuries. […] In addition to injuries, certain medications seem to increase the risk for developing this condition. While healthy people can develop granuloma annulare, those with thyroid disease and diabetes may be at an increased risk. […] Certain types of cancer and cancer treatments, especially in older adults, may also lead to an increased risk for granuloma annulare, which can be severe and less responsive to treatment.

• #11 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign inflammatory dermatosis. […] The precise cause is unknown. […] The etiology of GA has not been defined, and the pathogenetic mechanisms are poorly understood, with the vast majority of cases occurring in patients who are otherwise healthy. […] GA has been hypothesized to be associated with tuberculosis, insect bites, trauma, sun exposure, thyroiditis, vaccinations, and viral infections (eg, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and herpes zoster virus [HZV]). However, these suggested etiologic factors remain unproven as causes. […] Familial cases of GA observed in identical twins and siblings in several generations, along with an association of GA with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotypes, have suggested the possibility of a hereditary component in some cases.

• #12 Diagnosis and Management of Granuloma Annulare | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1115/p1729.html

  Granuloma annulare is a benign skin condition that typically consists of grouped papules in an enlarging annular shape. Their appearance ranges from flesh colored to erythematous. The etiology is unknown, but the disease usually is self-limited. […] The cause of granuloma annulare is unknown, but it has been reported to follow trauma, malignancy, viral infections (including human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes zoster), insect bites, and tuberculosis skin tests. […] A delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and cell-mediated immune response are hypothesized. […] In one retrospective study, 12 percent of patients with granuloma annulare had diabetes mellitus. […] This study did not have a comparison group, so it is not clear whether the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was higher or lower than in the general population.

• #13 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Some reports have suggested that chronic stress may be a trigger of GA. […] GA also has some predilection for sun-exposed areas and photodamaged skin. […] Finally, some cases of GA or GA-like reactions have been reported after gold therapy and treatment with allopurinol, diclofenac, quinidine, calcitonin, amlodipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, daclizumab, checkpoint inhibitors, and calcium-channel blockers.

• #14 Granuloma Annulare: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17874-granuloma-annulare

  Granuloma annulare is a benign (not harmful), often chronic (long-lasting) skin disorder. Inflammation in your skin causes a raised, discolored rash or lumps under your skin. […] Healthcare providers and medical researchers dont know the exact cause of granuloma annulare. Some research suggests that your immune system might have an inappropriate response to an injury to your skin. […] Healthcare providers and medical researchers also think the following may trigger granuloma annulare: insect bites, certain medications, like allopurinol (Aloprim, Zyloprim), and some diseases, like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C. […] Some people develop granuloma annulare after exposure to environmental triggers, like being out in the sun for a long time. […] Some research suggests that chronic stress may cause granuloma annulare.

• #15 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign inflammatory dermatosis. […] The precise cause is unknown. […] The etiology of GA has not been defined, and the pathogenetic mechanisms are poorly understood, with the vast majority of cases occurring in patients who are otherwise healthy. […] GA has been hypothesized to be associated with tuberculosis, insect bites, trauma, sun exposure, thyroiditis, vaccinations, and viral infections (eg, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and herpes zoster virus [HZV]). However, these suggested etiologic factors remain unproven as causes. […] Familial cases of GA observed in identical twins and siblings in several generations, along with an association of GA with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotypes, have suggested the possibility of a hereditary component in some cases.

• #16 Granuloma annulare and possible relation to purified protein derivative administration: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-024-04598-w

  Granuloma annulare is a noninfectious inflammatory granulomatous skin disease characterized by an erythematous or skin colored annulare plaque. […] Relatively little is known about granuloma annulare’s exact etiology. […] Proposed causal mechanisms of subcutaneous granuloma annulare include physical trauma, infections, immunizations, insect bites, diabetes mellitus, and alterations in the cell-mediated immune responses. […] The exact cause on why a patient gets granuloma annulare is not exactly known. However, granuloma annulare has been associated with diabetes, thyroid disease hyperlipidemia, infections, and mild trauma. […] Other reported potential triggers could be related to drug eruptions, an infection, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other viral infections, subcutaneous injections for desensitization, vaccinations against hepatitis B, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), human papilloma virus, diphtheria, and tetanus.

• #17 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Some reports have suggested that chronic stress may be a trigger of GA. […] GA also has some predilection for sun-exposed areas and photodamaged skin. […] Finally, some cases of GA or GA-like reactions have been reported after gold therapy and treatment with allopurinol, diclofenac, quinidine, calcitonin, amlodipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, daclizumab, checkpoint inhibitors, and calcium-channel blockers.

• #18 Granuloma Annulare: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17874-granuloma-annulare

  Granuloma annulare is a benign (not harmful), often chronic (long-lasting) skin disorder. Inflammation in your skin causes a raised, discolored rash or lumps under your skin. […] Healthcare providers and medical researchers dont know the exact cause of granuloma annulare. Some research suggests that your immune system might have an inappropriate response to an injury to your skin. […] Healthcare providers and medical researchers also think the following may trigger granuloma annulare: insect bites, certain medications, like allopurinol (Aloprim, Zyloprim), and some diseases, like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C. […] Some people develop granuloma annulare after exposure to environmental triggers, like being out in the sun for a long time. […] Some research suggests that chronic stress may cause granuloma annulare.

• #19 Granuloma annulare

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/granuloma-annulare

  Granuloma annulare may be a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a component of the dermis or a reaction pattern to numerous triggers. […] Reported triggering events have included many skin infections and infestations, and types of skin trauma. […] There have also been a number of associations reported with systemic conditions including autoimmune thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus, other organ-specific autoimmune diseases, hyperlipidaemia, and rarely with lymphoma, HIV infection and solid tumours. […] Allopurinol has also been cited as a cause of disseminated granuloma annulare.

• #20 Granuloma Annulare: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17874-granuloma-annulare

  Granuloma annulare is a benign (not harmful), often chronic (long-lasting) skin disorder. Inflammation in your skin causes a raised, discolored rash or lumps under your skin. […] Healthcare providers and medical researchers dont know the exact cause of granuloma annulare. Some research suggests that your immune system might have an inappropriate response to an injury to your skin. […] Healthcare providers and medical researchers also think the following may trigger granuloma annulare: insect bites, certain medications, like allopurinol (Aloprim, Zyloprim), and some diseases, like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C. […] Some people develop granuloma annulare after exposure to environmental triggers, like being out in the sun for a long time. […] Some research suggests that chronic stress may cause granuloma annulare.

• #21 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Some reports have suggested that chronic stress may be a trigger of GA. […] GA also has some predilection for sun-exposed areas and photodamaged skin. […] Finally, some cases of GA or GA-like reactions have been reported after gold therapy and treatment with allopurinol, diclofenac, quinidine, calcitonin, amlodipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, daclizumab, checkpoint inhibitors, and calcium-channel blockers.

• #22 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Some reports have suggested that chronic stress may be a trigger of GA. […] GA also has some predilection for sun-exposed areas and photodamaged skin. […] Finally, some cases of GA or GA-like reactions have been reported after gold therapy and treatment with allopurinol, diclofenac, quinidine, calcitonin, amlodipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, daclizumab, checkpoint inhibitors, and calcium-channel blockers.

• #23 Granuloma annulare on the palms: A clinicopathological study of seven cases – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/granuloma-annulare-on-the-palms-a-clinicopathological-study-of-seven-cases/

  We found collagen tissue alteration like collagen thickening, increased basophilia, loss of normal fibrillary structure and collagenolysis was seen in 2 and 4 out of 7 cases. […] A case of a granulomatous drug reaction with GA-like lesions of the palms as well as the legs in a 64-year-old woman, occurring 13 days after starting amlodipine and clearing within 3 months of drug cessation has been reported. […] In conclusion, GA on palms has got varied clinical presentation, and diagnosis is often missed clinically. Histopathology is important in diagnosis of such cases to avoid unnecessary treatments. Histopathological features seen in our study were comparable to studies on generalized GA. Solar elastosis, elastophagocytosis, peri-neural and peri-eccrine granulomas were additional features found in our study.

• #24 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Some reports have suggested that chronic stress may be a trigger of GA. […] GA also has some predilection for sun-exposed areas and photodamaged skin. […] Finally, some cases of GA or GA-like reactions have been reported after gold therapy and treatment with allopurinol, diclofenac, quinidine, calcitonin, amlodipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, daclizumab, checkpoint inhibitors, and calcium-channel blockers.

• #25 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Some reports have suggested that chronic stress may be a trigger of GA. […] GA also has some predilection for sun-exposed areas and photodamaged skin. […] Finally, some cases of GA or GA-like reactions have been reported after gold therapy and treatment with allopurinol, diclofenac, quinidine, calcitonin, amlodipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, daclizumab, checkpoint inhibitors, and calcium-channel blockers.

• #26 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Some reports have suggested that chronic stress may be a trigger of GA. […] GA also has some predilection for sun-exposed areas and photodamaged skin. […] Finally, some cases of GA or GA-like reactions have been reported after gold therapy and treatment with allopurinol, diclofenac, quinidine, calcitonin, amlodipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, daclizumab, checkpoint inhibitors, and calcium-channel blockers.

• #27 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Some reports have suggested that chronic stress may be a trigger of GA. […] GA also has some predilection for sun-exposed areas and photodamaged skin. […] Finally, some cases of GA or GA-like reactions have been reported after gold therapy and treatment with allopurinol, diclofenac, quinidine, calcitonin, amlodipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, daclizumab, checkpoint inhibitors, and calcium-channel blockers.

• #28 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Some reports have suggested that chronic stress may be a trigger of GA. […] GA also has some predilection for sun-exposed areas and photodamaged skin. […] Finally, some cases of GA or GA-like reactions have been reported after gold therapy and treatment with allopurinol, diclofenac, quinidine, calcitonin, amlodipine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, daclizumab, checkpoint inhibitors, and calcium-channel blockers.

• #29 Granuloma Annulare – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-reactive-skin-disorders/granuloma-annulare

  Etiology of granuloma annulare is unclear, but proposed mechanisms include cell-mediated immunity (type IV), immune complex vasculitis, and an abnormality of tissue monocytes. […] Many diseases, infections, medications, and environmental factors have been reported in patients with granuloma annulare, but any associations are still unclear. […] The condition is twice as prevalent among women. […] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitor therapy has been reported to be effective in treating granuloma annulare but has also been reported as a potential inciting factor in some patients.

• #30 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign inflammatory dermatosis. […] The precise cause is unknown. […] The etiology of GA has not been defined, and the pathogenetic mechanisms are poorly understood, with the vast majority of cases occurring in patients who are otherwise healthy. […] GA has been hypothesized to be associated with tuberculosis, insect bites, trauma, sun exposure, thyroiditis, vaccinations, and viral infections (eg, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and herpes zoster virus [HZV]). However, these suggested etiologic factors remain unproven as causes. […] Familial cases of GA observed in identical twins and siblings in several generations, along with an association of GA with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotypes, have suggested the possibility of a hereditary component in some cases.

• #31 Diagnosis and Management of Granuloma Annulare | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1115/p1729.html

  Granuloma annulare is a benign skin condition that typically consists of grouped papules in an enlarging annular shape. Their appearance ranges from flesh colored to erythematous. The etiology is unknown, but the disease usually is self-limited. […] The cause of granuloma annulare is unknown, but it has been reported to follow trauma, malignancy, viral infections (including human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes zoster), insect bites, and tuberculosis skin tests. […] A delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and cell-mediated immune response are hypothesized. […] In one retrospective study, 12 percent of patients with granuloma annulare had diabetes mellitus. […] This study did not have a comparison group, so it is not clear whether the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was higher or lower than in the general population.

• #32 Diagnosis and Management of Granuloma Annulare | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1115/p1729.html

  Patients with diabetes mellitus had a higher incidence of chronic relapsing granuloma annulare than patients without diabetes. […] A case-control study that included patients with and without diabetes failed to reveal any statistically significant correlation between granuloma annulare and type 2 diabetes. […] Some isolated cases of granuloma annulare found in association with malignant neoplasm have been reported. […] Granuloma annulare has occurred in all stages of HIV infection as well.

• #33 Granuloma annulare

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/granuloma-annulare

  Granuloma annulare may be a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a component of the dermis or a reaction pattern to numerous triggers. […] Reported triggering events have included many skin infections and infestations, and types of skin trauma. […] There have also been a number of associations reported with systemic conditions including autoimmune thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus, other organ-specific autoimmune diseases, hyperlipidaemia, and rarely with lymphoma, HIV infection and solid tumours. […] Allopurinol has also been cited as a cause of disseminated granuloma annulare.

• #34 Granuloma annulare

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/granuloma-annulare/

  Granuloma annulare is inflammation in the deep layer of the skin called the dermis. […] The exact cause is unknown, but some types may be related to other health problems, such as diabetes and thyroid conditions like Graves’ disease. […] You cannot catch granuloma annulare from someone who has it.

• #35 Diagnosis and Management of Granuloma Annulare | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1115/p1729.html

  Patients with diabetes mellitus had a higher incidence of chronic relapsing granuloma annulare than patients without diabetes. […] A case-control study that included patients with and without diabetes failed to reveal any statistically significant correlation between granuloma annulare and type 2 diabetes. […] Some isolated cases of granuloma annulare found in association with malignant neoplasm have been reported. […] Granuloma annulare has occurred in all stages of HIV infection as well.

• #36 Granuloma Annulare | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22400

  Studies suggest that HIV patients are more likely to have generalized granuloma annulare. […] There are also reports of highly atypical presentations of granuloma annulare in patients with HIV. […] Antiretroviral drugs have been found to both improve and exacerbate HIV. […] Patients with new-onset granuloma annulare who have risk factors for HIV should be screened for HIV. […] Also, patients with the generalized type or perforating type of granuloma annulare should be screened for HIV.

• #37 Granuloma annulare

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/granuloma-annulare

  Granuloma annulare may be a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a component of the dermis or a reaction pattern to numerous triggers. […] Reported triggering events have included many skin infections and infestations, and types of skin trauma. […] There have also been a number of associations reported with systemic conditions including autoimmune thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus, other organ-specific autoimmune diseases, hyperlipidaemia, and rarely with lymphoma, HIV infection and solid tumours. […] Allopurinol has also been cited as a cause of disseminated granuloma annulare.

• #38 Granuloma Annulare: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment – Medicine.com

  https://www.medicine.com/condition/granuloma-annulare

  Granuloma annulare is thought to be a delayed hypersensitivity reaction where the immune system reacts to some component of the dermis, causing inflammation. […] The risk of granuloma annulare is increased in people with autoimmune thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, lymphoma, HIV infection, and solid tumors.

• #39 Diagnosis and Management of Granuloma Annulare | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/1115/p1729.html

  Patients with diabetes mellitus had a higher incidence of chronic relapsing granuloma annulare than patients without diabetes. […] A case-control study that included patients with and without diabetes failed to reveal any statistically significant correlation between granuloma annulare and type 2 diabetes. […] Some isolated cases of granuloma annulare found in association with malignant neoplasm have been reported. […] Granuloma annulare has occurred in all stages of HIV infection as well.

• #40 Granuloma annulare // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/granuloma-annulare

  Granuloma annulare is not clear what causes granuloma annulare. Sometimes it’s triggered by: […] Minor skin injuries and some medicines might trigger the condition. […] Granuloma annulare can be related to diabetes or thyroid disease, most often when you have many bumps all over the body. It may, rarely, be related to cancer, especially in older people whose granuloma annulare is severe, doesn’t respond to treatment or returns after cancer treatment.

• #41 Granuloma annulare

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/granuloma-annulare

  Granuloma annulare may be a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a component of the dermis or a reaction pattern to numerous triggers. […] Reported triggering events have included many skin infections and infestations, and types of skin trauma. […] There have also been a number of associations reported with systemic conditions including autoimmune thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus, other organ-specific autoimmune diseases, hyperlipidaemia, and rarely with lymphoma, HIV infection and solid tumours. […] Allopurinol has also been cited as a cause of disseminated granuloma annulare.

• #42 Granuloma Annulare: Causes and Treatments

  https://dermatlanta.com/blog/granuloma-annulare-causes-and-treatments/

  What causes granuloma annulare? Unfortunately, the true cause of the condition is unknown. Reactions to certain medications/vaccinations, minor skin injuries, and excessive sun exposure can be triggers for some people. For others, animal or insect bites may cause the condition to form. Granuloma annulare has also been associated with auto-immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous, and Addison’s disease.

• #43

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40257-013-0029-5

  Chronic hepatitis C virus infection associated with a generalized granuloma annulare. […] Granuloma annulare associated with prostate cancer. […] Granuloma annulare temporally associated with carcinoma of the breast. […] Generalized granuloma annulare associated with granulomatous mycosis fungoides. […] Granuloma annulare associated with Hodgkins disease. […] Widespread granuloma annulare and Hodgkins disease. […] Generalized granuloma annulare and non-Hodgkins lymphoma. […] Localized granuloma annulare associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in a patient with a positive family history for autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II. […] Localized granuloma annulare and autoimmune thyroiditis in adult women: a case control study. […] Dyslipidemia in granuloma annulare. […] Does infection play a role in the pathogenesis of granuloma annulare?

• #44 Granuloma Annulare: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1123031-overview

  Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign inflammatory dermatosis. […] The precise cause is unknown. […] The etiology of GA has not been defined, and the pathogenetic mechanisms are poorly understood, with the vast majority of cases occurring in patients who are otherwise healthy. […] GA has been hypothesized to be associated with tuberculosis, insect bites, trauma, sun exposure, thyroiditis, vaccinations, and viral infections (eg, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and herpes zoster virus [HZV]). However, these suggested etiologic factors remain unproven as causes. […] Familial cases of GA observed in identical twins and siblings in several generations, along with an association of GA with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotypes, have suggested the possibility of a hereditary component in some cases.

• #45 Granuloma Annulare: Understanding the Condition, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options — Elemental Healing Solutions

  https://elementalhealingsolutions.com/blog/granuloma-annulare-understanding-the-condition-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options

  Granuloma Annulare (GA) is a relatively rare, benign skin condition characterized by the formation of ring-like lesions. Although the exact cause remains unclear, a combination of immune system dysfunction and environmental triggers is suspected. […] The exact cause of Granuloma Annulare remains unknown, but there are several factors that are thought to contribute to its development. Research suggests a multifactorial etiology involving both genetic predisposition and environmental triggers: […] Granuloma Annulare is thought to be an immune-mediated condition. The body’s immune system may mistakenly attack its own skin cells, leading to the characteristic inflammatory response. […] There is evidence to suggest that individuals with a family history of GA may be at a higher risk of developing the condition. Genetic predispositions may make some individuals more susceptible to immune system malfunctions.

• #46 Granuloma annulare: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/granuloma-annulare-causes

  Medical records indicate that this skin condition is more common in females than males. […] Some studies, however, have found that people with certain diseases, such as an HIV infection, may be more likely to develop granuloma annulare. […] Its still unclear what causes this skin condition. Through studying granuloma annulare, scientists have learned that many things can trigger it. […] Granuloma annulare may also be more common if someone has a disease, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), thyroid disease, or diabetes. Not everyone who has one of these diseases will develop granuloma annulare. […] Before we know for sure what causes granuloma annulare, more research is needed.

• #47 Granuloma Annulare – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-reactive-skin-disorders/granuloma-annulare

  Etiology of granuloma annulare is unclear, but proposed mechanisms include cell-mediated immunity (type IV), immune complex vasculitis, and an abnormality of tissue monocytes. […] Many diseases, infections, medications, and environmental factors have been reported in patients with granuloma annulare, but any associations are still unclear. […] The condition is twice as prevalent among women. […] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitor therapy has been reported to be effective in treating granuloma annulare but has also been reported as a potential inciting factor in some patients.

• #48 Granuloma Annulare | Dermatology and Skin Health – Dr. Mendese

  https://dermskinhealth.com/conditions/granuloma-annulare/

  Granuloma annulare is a skin condition that commonly affects children and young adults. […] Its not clear what causes granuloma annulare and is categorized as an idiopathic skin disease. However, dermatologists say that there are several factors that can trigger the development of skin lesions and raised bumps. Some of the possible causes of granuloma annulare are: insect and animal bites, viral infections, trauma or injury to the skin, sun exposure, thyroid disease, diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and certain oral medications. […] Dermatologists believe that women are more prone to developing granuloma annulare than men. As with any chronic skin condition, frequent stress can be a potential trigger for granuloma annulare. Excess sun exposure and having photo-damaged skin can also increase your risk for developing this skin problem.

• #49 Granuloma Annulare: Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment Options

  https://www.westlakedermatology.com/blog/granuloma-annulare-treatment-options/

  Granuloma annulare is a harmless, chronic skin condition that occurs primarily in children and young adults. […] Researchers have yet to find a specific cause for granuloma annulare, but the condition is often triggered by skin injuries. The rash-like skin bumps may appear after skin trauma, insect bites, infections or sunburn. […] Anyone can develop granuloma annulare, but it’s far more common in children and young adults. Women are also more likely to develop granuloma annulare than men. […] Since the exact cause is not yet understood, there is no known way to prevent granuloma annulare. Avoiding skin injury or sunburn and protecting the overall health of your immune system can lower your risk of developing this inflammatory skin condition.

• #50 Granuloma annulare | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/granuloma-annulare?lang=us

  Granuloma annulare is a benign idiopathic inflammatory disorder of the dermis, characterized by formation of dermal papules in young children. […] Granuloma annulare most commonly seen in kids between 2-12 years old and usually it occurs in extremities. One typical location is pretibial when the lesion is subcutaneous.

• #51 Granuloma Annulare – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-reactive-skin-disorders/granuloma-annulare

  Etiology of granuloma annulare is unclear, but proposed mechanisms include cell-mediated immunity (type IV), immune complex vasculitis, and an abnormality of tissue monocytes. […] Many diseases, infections, medications, and environmental factors have been reported in patients with granuloma annulare, but any associations are still unclear. […] The condition is twice as prevalent among women. […] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitor therapy has been reported to be effective in treating granuloma annulare but has also been reported as a potential inciting factor in some patients.

• #52 Granuloma Annulare: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/granuloma-annulare-pro

  Granuloma annulare is a benign inflammatory condition of unknown aetiology with dermal papules and annular plaques. […] Aetiology is essentially not known. Associations with systemic illnesses including diabetes, thyroid disease, malignancy and hyperlipidaemia have been suggested but not proven. […] It is thought to be due to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to some part of the dermis with inflammation mediated by tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha).

• #53 Granuloma Annulare – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-reactive-skin-disorders/granuloma-annulare

  Etiology of granuloma annulare is unclear, but proposed mechanisms include cell-mediated immunity (type IV), immune complex vasculitis, and an abnormality of tissue monocytes. […] Many diseases, infections, medications, and environmental factors have been reported in patients with granuloma annulare, but any associations are still unclear. […] The condition is twice as prevalent among women. […] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitor therapy has been reported to be effective in treating granuloma annulare but has also been reported as a potential inciting factor in some patients.

• #54 Granuloma Annulare – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-reactive-skin-disorders/granuloma-annulare

  Etiology of granuloma annulare is unclear, but proposed mechanisms include cell-mediated immunity (type IV), immune complex vasculitis, and an abnormality of tissue monocytes. […] Many diseases, infections, medications, and environmental factors have been reported in patients with granuloma annulare, but any associations are still unclear. […] The condition is twice as prevalent among women. […] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitor therapy has been reported to be effective in treating granuloma annulare but has also been reported as a potential inciting factor in some patients.

• #55 Granuloma Annulare: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/granuloma-annulare-pro

  Granuloma annulare is a benign inflammatory condition of unknown aetiology with dermal papules and annular plaques. […] Aetiology is essentially not known. Associations with systemic illnesses including diabetes, thyroid disease, malignancy and hyperlipidaemia have been suggested but not proven. […] It is thought to be due to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to some part of the dermis with inflammation mediated by tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha).

• #56 Granuloma Annulare | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688819/all/Granuloma_Annulare

  The etiology of GA remains unknown; however, recent studies have helped to further elucidate its underlying cause. It is hypothesized to be related to upregulation of T-helper (Th) 1 and Th2 pathways in GA lesions. Increased cytokine expression was subsequently noted to include tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, interferon (IFN)-, IL-12/IL-23p40, and IL-31. Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways were also found to be activated in GA. Response by M1 and M2 macrophages was described, which can be related to histopathologic findings of collagen degradation followed by tissue remodeling and mucin deposition, respectively. […] There are reported associations between GA and diabetes mellitus (DM), autoimmune thyroid disease, dyslipidemia, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, systemic lupus erythematosus, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B and C, among others. […] No definite risk factors have been identified.

• #57 Granuloma Annulare | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688819/all/Granuloma_Annulare

  The etiology of GA remains unknown; however, recent studies have helped to further elucidate its underlying cause. It is hypothesized to be related to upregulation of T-helper (Th) 1 and Th2 pathways in GA lesions. Increased cytokine expression was subsequently noted to include tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, interferon (IFN)-, IL-12/IL-23p40, and IL-31. Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways were also found to be activated in GA. Response by M1 and M2 macrophages was described, which can be related to histopathologic findings of collagen degradation followed by tissue remodeling and mucin deposition, respectively. […] There are reported associations between GA and diabetes mellitus (DM), autoimmune thyroid disease, dyslipidemia, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, systemic lupus erythematosus, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B and C, among others. […] No definite risk factors have been identified.

• #58 Etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of granuloma annulare: an update – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23696233/

  Granuloma annulare (GA) is a common cutaneous disorder classically presenting as annular groups of skin-colored to erythematous papules without epidermal change localized to the dorsal hands and/or feet. […] The etiology of GA remains unknown and several systemic associations have been proposed but not proven, including diabetes mellitus, malignancy, thyroid disease, and dyslipidemia. […] This evidence-based review will focus on the advances made in the twenty-first century regarding the etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of GA.

• #59 Granuloma annulare – BAD Patient Hub

  https://www.skinhealthinfo.org.uk/condition/granuloma-annulare/

  Granuloma annulare is caused by inflammation in the deep layer of the skin, called the dermis. The reason for this reaction is not known. […] Research is ongoing to establish the link between granuloma annulare and other conditions such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia (abnormal blood fat levels) and thyroid disease. […] It is not infectious or contagious and is not due to allergies.

• #60 Granuloma annulare – BAD Patient Hub

  https://www.skinhealthinfo.org.uk/condition/granuloma-annulare/

  Granuloma annulare is caused by inflammation in the deep layer of the skin, called the dermis. The reason for this reaction is not known. […] Research is ongoing to establish the link between granuloma annulare and other conditions such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia (abnormal blood fat levels) and thyroid disease. […] It is not infectious or contagious and is not due to allergies.

• #61 Granuloma annulare

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/granuloma-annulare/

  Granuloma annulare is inflammation in the deep layer of the skin called the dermis. […] The exact cause is unknown, but some types may be related to other health problems, such as diabetes and thyroid conditions like Graves’ disease. […] You cannot catch granuloma annulare from someone who has it.

• #62 Granuloma annulare: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/granuloma-annulare-causes

  Medical records indicate that this skin condition is more common in females than males. […] Some studies, however, have found that people with certain diseases, such as an HIV infection, may be more likely to develop granuloma annulare. […] Its still unclear what causes this skin condition. Through studying granuloma annulare, scientists have learned that many things can trigger it. […] Granuloma annulare may also be more common if someone has a disease, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), thyroid disease, or diabetes. Not everyone who has one of these diseases will develop granuloma annulare. […] Before we know for sure what causes granuloma annulare, more research is needed.

Zobacz więcej