Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return/cdc-20385691

  In partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, some of the pulmonary veins incorrectly send blood to the heart’s upper right chamber. That chamber is called the right atrium. Usually, oxygen-rich blood flows from the pulmonary veins to the upper left heart chamber, as shown on the left. […] Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return is a rare heart condition that’s present at birth. That means it is a congenital heart defect. […] Most patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) need surgery. Surgery to repair the heart may be needed if: […] A person with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return needs regular health checkups for life to check for complications. It’s best to see a doctor who is trained in congenital heart diseases. This type of doctor is called a congenital cardiologist.

• #2 Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (PAPVR)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24580-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is a congenital heart disorder that causes abnormal blood flow from your lungs to your heart. One or more pulmonary veins return oxygen-rich blood to the wrong side of your heart. This blood recirculates through your lungs instead of out to your body. Symptoms include shortness of breath and fatigue. […] PAPVR affects people differently depending on how much blood goes to the wrong place. You may have a mild form of the condition and never develop symptoms. But if you do develop symptoms or complications, healthcare providers can manage your condition. Surgery is typically successful at treating PAPVR and helping you live a long and healthy life. […] Some children and adults need PAPVR repair surgery to reroute blood flow through their heart. Children diagnosed with PAPVR are more likely than adults to need surgery. This is because they often have additional heart disorders that require surgical treatment.

• #2 Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (PAPVR)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24580-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return

  Many people don’t need surgery. If your PAPVR is mild, your provider will keep an eye on the situation. If you develop symptoms or signs of complications, your provider may recommend surgery at that point. […] Living with congenital heart disease can be stressful. It’s important to remember to take one day at a time. Here are some general tips you can follow: Establish care with a cardiologist who specializes in adult congenital heart disease. They’ll monitor your condition through regular check-ups and testing. […] If your child has PAPVR, ask their provider how best to care for them. Your child may need to follow special guidelines for exercise or other activities, particularly if they also have other forms of congenital heart disease.

• #2 Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (PAPVR)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24580-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return

  Providers only recommend surgery if it’s necessary to ease symptoms or prevent complications. You or your child may need surgery if PAPVR is causing significant left-to-right shunting. This means a considerable amount of blood that should go out to your body is recirculating through your right heart and lungs. This can cause uncomfortable symptoms or lead to complications (like PAH or heart failure). Your provider will use imaging tests to determine the extent of shunting. […] Surgery can typically treat PAPVR successfully. It’s important to speak with your provider about the details of your surgery and what it will accomplish. The techniques can vary depending on the anatomy of your heart and pulmonary veins. In general, surgeons aim to reroute blood flow so that oxygen-rich blood ends up in your left heart chambers.

• #3 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return: A case series with management approach

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6456451/

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is a rare congenital anomaly that results in a left-to-right shunt. […] Management plans include close observation, surgical repair, and treatment with pulmonary artery vasodilator therapies. […] In the asymptomatic patients with low shunt fraction and no evidence of RV dysfunction, conservative management is recommended with close monitoring. […] Development of symptoms, RV enlargement, or presence of significant left to right shunt (Qp/Qs1.5) are the main indications for surgical repair which can lead to rapid and enduring cure. […] Surgical outcomes for PAPVR are generally excellent with a low complication rate. […] With continued left to right shunt, pulmonary vascular remodeling can progress with subsequent increase of PVR and development of pulmonary hypertension.

• #3 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return: A case series with management approach

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6456451/

  In patients with an indication for surgical repair of PAPVR, the 2018 adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) guidelines recommends the systolic PA pressure to be 50% of the systemic pressure and the PVR to be1/3 of systemic vascular resistance. […] For example, patients with significant shunt may respond to the vasodilator agent with a decrease in PVR and an increase in pulmonary flow resulting in no significant change in mean pulmonary artery pressure. […] In this situation, pulmonary artery vasodilator therapies should be considered. […] In conclusion, PAPVR is rare and it is often a silent congenital anomaly. In some patients, pulmonary over-circulation will eventually result in dyspnea with exertion and development of PAH. Evaluating patients for step up in oxygen saturation during the RHC is imperative to avoid misdiagnosing this potentially curable condition. Early surgical repair is the treatment of choice in symptomatic patients. In advanced cases with severe pulmonary hypertension, we recommend early and aggressive pulmonary vasodilator therapy.

• #4 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return is a rare heart condition that’s present at birth. That means it is a congenital heart defect. […] Symptoms of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) can include trouble breathing or fatigue. Sometimes, there are no noticeable symptoms. […] Call your baby’s healthcare professional if the baby has trouble breathing or other symptoms of PAPVR. […] To diagnose partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), a healthcare professional does a physical exam and listens to the heart and lungs. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard if there is a hole in the heart. […] Most patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) need surgery. Surgery to repair the heart may be needed if: A lot of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood mixes in the heart. The right side of the heart is a lot larger than usual. […] A person with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return needs regular health checkups for life to check for complications. It’s best to see a doctor who is trained in congenital heart diseases. This type of doctor is called a congenital cardiologist.

• #5 Digital Scholarship@UNLV

  https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/som_fac_articles/467/

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) involves abnormal return of blood to the heart and several variants have been described. […] PAPVR is a rare disorder that has been reported as 0.4-0.7% based on autopsy data. […] The patient was managed with medical therapy noting improvement in her symptoms. […] Although rare the diagnosis of PAPVR should be considered during the evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. […] Fortunately, not all cases require surgical intervention. […] PAPVR is a rare and silent congenital anomaly leading to pulmonary hypertension.

• #6 Anomalous pulmonary venous connection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_pulmonary_venous_connection

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (or Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage or Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return) is a congenital defect where the left atrium is the point of return for the blood from some (but not all) of the pulmonary veins. […] It is less severe than total anomalous pulmonary venous connection which is a life-threatening anomaly requiring emergent surgical correction, usually diagnosed in the first few days of life. Partial anomalous venous connection may be diagnosed at any time from birth to old age. The severity of symptoms, and thus the likelihood of diagnosis, varies significantly depending on the amount of blood flow through the anomalous connections. In less severe cases, with smaller amounts of blood flow, diagnosis may be delayed until adulthood, when it can be confused with other causes of pulmonary hypertension. […] It is sometimes treated with surgery, which involves rerouting blood from the right atrium into the left atrium with a patch or use of the Warden procedure. However, interest is increasing in catheter-based interventional approaches, as well as medical therapy for less severe cases.

• #7 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return is a rare heart problem that’s present at birth. That means it is a congenital heart defect. […] In PAPVR, blood flows from the lungs into the upper right heart chamber, called the right atrium. Extra blood flows to the right side of the heart. This may cause swelling of the right heart chambers. […] Symptoms depend on whether there are other heart problems. A common symptom of PAPVR is breathing trouble. […] Surgery to repair the heart may be needed if: A lot of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood mixes in the heart. The condition causes many lung infections. […] A person with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return needs regular health checkups for life to check for complications. It’s best to see a health care provider who is trained in congenital heart diseases. This type of provider is called a congenital cardiologist.

• #8 Isolated Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection: Development of Volume Overload and Elevated Estimated Pulmonary Pressure in Adults – Journal of Clinical Imaging Science

  https://clinicalimagingscience.org/isolated-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-connection-development-of-volume-overload-and-elevated-estimated-pulmonary-pressure-in-adults/

  Isolated PAPVC has association with the development of pulmonary hypertension in adults, approaching statistically significant p value. Because isolated PAPVC is a clinically significant independent risk factor, it should be actively treated to prevent the development of pulmonary hypertension later in life, which may result in severe clinical consequences. […] Isolated PAPVC involving a single pulmonary lobe can cause right-sided cardiac volume overload and development of pulmonary hypertension in adults. The presence of a partial anomalous venous connection should be actively searched through cross-sectional imaging, such as CT, and follow-ups at regular intervals. The number of pulmonary lobes involved and the source of shunted blood among these lobes have only a moderate association with age at the development of the right cardiac chamber overload, indicating the importance of other possible unknown factors contributing to the development of pulmonary hypertension.

• #9 Abnormal chest X-ray leading to diagnosis of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/18960/html

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is a rare condition that often goes undiagnosed due to lack of symptoms and is sometimes diagnosed during cardiac work-up for other abnormalities or, like in our case, during radiologic examination for unrelated illness. […] Maintaining clinical suspicion based on subtle clinical and radiologic findings is important as early recognition can prevent long-term complications such as pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. […] Diagnosis is confirmed with echocardiogram and cardiac CT. Cardiac MRI can further elucidate anatomy. […] Surgical management is reserved for persons with a hemodynamically significant left-to-right shunt (a ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow greater than 2:1), those with recurrent pulmonary infections, or during surgical repair of other major cardiac lesions. […] It is, therefore, crucial that once diagnosed, patients maintain follow-up with a cardiologist to monitor for signs of cardiac dysfunction.

• #10 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20359714/

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return is a rare heart condition thats present at birth. That means it is a congenital heart defect. […] In partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, some of the pulmonary veins incorrectly send blood to the hearts upper right chamber. That chamber is called the right atrium. Usually, oxygen-rich blood flows from the pulmonary veins to the upper left heart chamber, as shown on the left. […] Symptoms of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) can include trouble breathing or fatigue. Sometimes, there are no noticeable symptoms. […] Call your babys healthcare professional if the baby has trouble breathing or other symptoms of PAPVR. […] To diagnose partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), a healthcare professional does a physical exam and listens to the heart and lungs. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard if there is a hole in the heart.

• #10 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20359714/

  Most patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) need surgery. Surgery to repair the heart may be needed if: A lot of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood mixes in the heart. The right side of the heart is a lot larger than usual. […] A person with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return needs regular health checkups for life to check for complications. Its best to see a doctor who is trained in congenital heart diseases. This type of doctor is called a congenital cardiologist.

• #11 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return | Radiology Case | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/cases/partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return-6?lang=us

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is a rare congenital cardiovascular condition in which some of the pulmonary veins, but not all, drain into the systemic circulation rather than into the left atrium. […] Complications: Patients with large shunts may present with symptoms of dyspnea, chest pain and palpitations, signs like tachycardia and murmur can be encountered. Cases of secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension have been reported. […] Scimitar syndrome is characterized by a hypoplastic lung that is drained by an anomalous vein into the systemic venous system. It is a type of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return and is one of the several findings in congenital pulmonary venolobar syndrome. […] It is essentially a combination of pulmonary hypoplasia and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR). It almost exclusively occurs on the right side.

• #12 Lower Extremity Edema: Long Term Complication of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Repair | Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

  https://scmr.org/cases-of-scmr/number-18-03/

  A 57 year old woman with a history of sinus venosus atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) repaired in childhood presented to the adult congenital heart disease clinic with junctional rhythm and significant lower extremity swelling. […] She was unable to control her lower extremity edema with a torsemide and metolazone combination. […] After anomalous pulmonary venous return repair, it is important to evaluate for both pulmonary venous obstruction and systemic venous obstruction. […] Although lower extremity edema is an unusual presentation for SVC obstruction, the patient developed a “pop off” by draining through the hemiazygous and eventually into the IVC. […] The goal of partial anomalous venous return repair is to divert the pulmonary veins back to the left atrium and systemic veins to the right atrium.

• #12 Lower Extremity Edema: Long Term Complication of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Repair | Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

  https://scmr.org/cases-of-scmr/number-18-03/

  Long term complications after anomalous pulmonary venous return repair include SVC stenosis, pulmonary vein obstruction, sinus node dysfunction or atrial arrhythmias. […] Our patient has a SVC obstruction at the azygous arch, with upper body venous return via the hemiazygous vein to the inferior vena cava.

• #13 Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return: Nadia’s Story | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/stories/partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return-nadia-s-story

  A follow-up test, a fetal echocardiogram, revealed the baby had a partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), a serious heart defect in which some of the pulmonary veins carry blood from the lungs to the right side of the heart rather than the left, as is typical. […] After a thorough examination and a review of test results, Dr. Cohen told Eva and Kit that the baby would require heart surgery after birth, but it likely would not be needed immediately. […] At that time, Nadia weighed only 18 pounds, and was below the lowest line on the growth curve for her age. […] In July 2017, when Nadia was 21 months old, she underwent surgery at CHOP to repair the abnormal connections between the pulmonary veins and other veins so blood could only flow into the left atrium. […] Nadia spent three days in the hospital recovering.

• #14 Unusual presentation of a patient with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections without a septal defect: a case report and literature review | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12245-025-00809-3

  Partial anomalous pulmonary vein connections (PAPVC) are rare congenital abnormalities in which one or more pulmonary veins drain into the right atrium. This pathological condition may present in various ways, such as chest pain and dyspnea, or it may be diagnosed incidentally. […] The findings in this structural cardiac abnormality are nonspecific and can be missed, and misdiagnosis is relatively common. However, patients with symptoms such as chest pain, dyspnea, increased pulmonary artery pressure, and right ventricle dilation should undergo surgical treatment to avoid more serious complications, such as heart failure. […] Detection of PAPVC is not straightforward in many cases and often requires evaluation with various imaging techniques for accurate diagnosis. Therefore, physicians encountering undefined causes of chest pain or dyspnea should consider multiple imaging modalities. Follow-up is also important, as certain groups of patients may require surgical treatment to prevent complications.

• #14 Unusual presentation of a patient with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections without a septal defect: a case report and literature review | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12245-025-00809-3

  The management of PAPVC depends on clinical findings, hemodynamic characteristics, and anatomical features. Therapeutic options include (1) follow-up, (2) medical management, (3) surgical treatment, and (4) transcatheter interventional procedures. Corrective intervention is indicated in the following situations: the presence of significant symptoms related to this anomaly, a significant left-to-right shunt indicated by a Qp/Qs ratio greater than 2, or imaging evidence showing right ventricular (RV) dilation or RV volume overload. […] Open surgical correction remains the gold standard treatment for these patients. However, selected patients undergoing percutaneous transcatheter modification have demonstrated excellent outcomes.

• #15 Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/897686-treatment

  Intermittent follow-up to assess right heart size and pressures and cardiac function and rhythm is necessary in patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) who do not undergo surgical treatment. With a significant shunt, the pulmonary artery pressures can be elevated, and pulmonary vascular resistance can increase with age. […] Postoperatively, possible obstruction of the pulmonary veins and superior vena cava (SVC) should be evaluated with echocardiography. […] Regular electrocardiography (ECG) and 24-hour ambulatory ECG are also indicated to monitor for atrial arrhythmias.

• #15 Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/897686-treatment

  One school of thought claims that all children should undergo repair because of the exceptionally low morbidity and mortality following this surgical procedure. Others suggest that appropriate criteria include a significant left-to-right shunt (Qp:Qs of about 2:1 or more) or such as an entire lung that anomalously drains, before recommending surgery. […] Operative technique depends on the site of the anomalous vein or veins. The usual approach is a midline sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass. Surgical treatment of associated lesions may be necessary. […] Routine postoperative care of the patient who has undergone cardiac surgery for PAPVC should be performed. Pain control should be optimal to reduce the risk of atelectasis. […] Anticipate early extubation unless contraindications are recognized; these include excessive chest tube drainage, hemodynamic instability, and oversedation. Encourage early mobilization. Monitor for atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and sinus node dysfunction.

• #15 Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/897686-treatment

  Medical therapy of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is not indicated for asymptomatic patients. Heart failure in adults can be managed with diuretics, cardiac glycosides, afterload reduction, and beta blockade. Arrhythmias should be appropriately treated. […] If necessary, patients should be transferred to an institution skilled in pediatric cardiology and pediatric cardiac surgery for assessment and treatment. […] No limitation on activity is necessary in the pediatric patient. […] No specific diet is recommended or prohibited. […] Advise patient and parents regarding long-term risks if a large shunt remains unrepaired. If pulmonary hypertension has developed, outline the risks of pregnancy, including death. […] Definitive treatment for partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is surgical repair. Indications for surgical repair are controversial.

• #16 Southwest Journal of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep – Imaging – Medical Image of the Week: Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

  http://www.swjpcc.com/imaging/2014/10/8/medical-image-of-the-week-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous.html

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is a rare congenital defect which results in a left-to-right shunt. […] Diagnosis can be made with echocardiography, angiography, right heart catheterization, or computed tomography. […] Clinical manifestations occur when there is significant shunting and include syncope, right heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension.

• #17 250. ACHD: Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (PAPVR) with Dr. Ian Harris

  https://www.cardionerds.com/250-achd-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return-papvr-with-dr-ian-harris/

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return refers to anomalies in which one or more (but not all) of the pulmonary veins connects to a location other than the left atrium. This causes left to right shunting which may have hemodynamic and therefore clinical significance, warranting repair in some patients. […] A surgical correction is recommended for patients with PAPVR when functional capacity is impaired and RV enlargement is present, there is a net left-to-right shunt sufficiently large to cause physiological sequelae (aka: ratio of pulmonary flow (Qp) to systemic flow (Qs) is 1.5:1), PA systolic pressure is less than 50% systemic pressure and pulmonary venous resistance is less than one third of systemic venous resistance. […] Surgical repair involves intracaval baffling of the left atrium (Warden procedure) or direct reimplantation of the anomalous pulmonary vein into the left atrium. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis is typically not needed unless patients are less than 6 months from recent surgery, have residual defect at the patch margin or prior history of infective endocarditis.

• #18 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return/

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is a rare heart defect that’s present at birth (congenital heart defect). This condition may also be called partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC). […] In this heart defect, some but not all of the lung blood vessels (pulmonary veins) are attached to the wrong place in the heart. […] Surgery may be needed if there is a large amount of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood mixing in the heart, or if the condition causes many lung infections. If surgery for another heart condition is needed, surgeons may repair this heart defect at the same time. […] Children will need regular follow-up appointments with pediatric cardiologists. Adults with this heart defect will need lifelong care and regular follow-up appointments with doctors trained in congenital heart conditions (adult congenital cardiologists) to monitor for any changes in their condition.

• #19 Robotic-assisted two-patch repair of right partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection and sinus venosus defect – JTCVS Techniques

  https://www.jtcvstechniques.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30383-7/fulltext

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) consists of an abnormal drainage of 1 or more pulmonary veins into the systemic venous system. […] Surgical repair can be successfully achieved via caval division and reconnection (Warden procedure), or a 2-patch technique to close the ASD while baffling the anomalous pulmonary venous return to the left atrium and expanding the cavoatrial confluence. […] Surgical repair of PAPVC and ASD using a 2-patch technique requires creating a baffle to direct anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to directly enter the left atrium and a second patch so as not obstruct the SVC or pulmonary veins. […] Robotically assisted right PAPVC and ASD repair with a 2-patch technique can be performed safely in the adult.

• #20 Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection with Ventricular Septal Defect and Intact Atrial Septum – Journal of Cardiac Critical Care TSS

  https://jcardcritcare.org/partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-connection-with-ventricular-septal-defect-and-intact-atrial-septum/

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is a rare congenital cardiac abnormality in which the pulmonary veins drain into the right atrium directly or the superior vena cava 90% of PAPVC are accompanied by atrial septal defect. However, PAPVC with ventricular septal defect is a rare entity. […] The treatment of choice for PAPVC is surgical repair. Pre-school age is the ideal time to perform surgery on a child with PAPVC. The technique of repair depends on the number and size of anomalous veins. The Warden technique or modified Warden technique is most commonly used for PAPVC repair. […] PAPVC is usually associated with ASD; in a few cases, PAPVC could be an isolated condition without any mixing of blood. PAPVC can also present with associated ASD, VSD and pulmonary stenosis.

• #21 Partial and Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections and Associated Defects | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4471-4619-3_43

  Anomalous pulmonary venous return is a relatively rare congenital cardiac malformation in which the pulmonary veins do not return to the left atrium. […] PAPVR requires surgical correction whenever diagnosis is made or whenever the patient becomes symptomatic, not necessarily during the neonatal period. […] Patients with non-scimitar PAPVR do well with a 0 % early mortality and less than 1 % late mortality. […] The management of pulmonary vein obstruction continues to be the largest obstacle to successful management of anomalous pulmonary venous return.

• #22 Partial and Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/heart-health/partial-and-total-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-connection/

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is a condition that affects the flow of blood from the lungs to the heart. […] The surgical correction of PAPVC generally works well, with a low rate of complications and typically an immediate relief from symptoms. […] If PAPVC, or Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection, is left untreated, it can cause high blood pressure in the lungs and failure of the right side of the heart over time. […] The treatment for Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (PAPVC) depends on the presence of symptoms, significant left to right shunt, or right ventricular dysfunction. If these factors are not present, patients can usually be monitored without surgery. However, most patients with PAPVC of the sinus venosus type will likely need surgery between the ages of 2 and 4. […] If left untreated, larger shifts of blood from the left to the right side of the heart can lead to changes in the vessels in the lungs and develop into high blood pressure within these vessels (pulmonary hypertension).

• #23 Partners in Care | Atrial Septal Defect With Partial Anomalous…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/atrial-septal-defect-with-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return

  Your care team will include pediatric cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, interventional cardiologists, critical care specialists, hospitalists, anesthesiologists, perfusionists, nurses, advanced practice providers, social workers, psychologists, child life specialists, dietitians, physical and occupational therapists, pharmacists, and more, who work together to provide unparalleled care for patients every step of the way.

• #24 Case Study: Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (PAPVR) and Bicuspid Aortic Valve, Nonin Medical’s SenSmartTM Universal Oximetry – Nonin

  https://www.nonin.com/resource/case-study-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return-papvr-and-bicuspid-aortic-valve-nonin-medicals-sensmarttm-universal-oximetry/?srsltid=AfmBOook5fbvRzQK8EIOd2z_EeqXKxEx9X-Fjs8prmhFLdv01F6OPirc

  Patient: Two year old, 10.6 kilogram (kg), white male […] Diagnosis: Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) and bicuspid aortic valve […] It is common practice in cases of this type to place a venous return cannula in the inferior vena cava (IVC), and to place a ligature to snare the cannula in place […] This case represents an event where renal bed ischemia due to an IVC cannula obstruction was detected by NIRS. The SenSmart NIRS monitor alerted the clinicians to the obstructed IVC cannula soon after it occurred, allowing time for a simple and timely maneuver to relieve this obstruction, potentially preventing a hypoxic insult to the kidneys, liver or intestines.

• #25 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return/

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is a rare heart defect that’s present at birth (congenital heart defect). This condition may also be called partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC). […] If you aren’t having symptoms or if there isn’t much mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood, surgery may not be needed to treat this condition. […] Surgery may be needed if there is a large amount of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood mixing in the heart, or if the condition causes many lung infections. […] To repair this defect, surgeons generally reconnect the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. Surgeons will also close the hole in the heart if there is one. […] Children will need regular follow-up appointments with pediatric cardiologists. Adults with this heart defect will need lifelong care and regular follow-up appointments with doctors trained in congenital heart conditions (adult congenital cardiologists) to monitor for any changes in their condition.

• #26 PAPVR Repair Surgery | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/cardiology/conditions/treatments/surgical/papvr-repair/

  Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) repair surgery is often, but not always, necessary to treat PAPVR. […] Many, but not all, children with this condition will need PAPVR repair surgery. If only one pulmonary vein is anomalous, it may not cause issues. Surgery can be put off until the child is bigger and older. However, if two veins drain into the right side of the heart, creating more work for the right side, the right side may enlarge, or dilate. This can cause various issues, including heart failure or dysrhythmias. Children with this issue will need surgery earlier in life. […] In a PAPVR repair, Norton Children’s Heart Institute pediatric cardiothoracic surgeons typically will perform some combination of disconnecting and reconnecting the veins. The surgeons also may construct a patch to redirect the oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. […] Norton Children’s Heart Institute specialists expect children who have had surgery to correct PAPVR to live long and active lives after their repair.

• #27 Management of Total Left Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

  https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/management-of-total-left-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-connection.html

  Partially anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is a rare congenital anomaly in which one or more of the pulmonary veins are confluent with the systemic venous system. […] PAPVR historically does not have an associated untreated mortality rate, however, predisposes an individual to developing several complications such as fatigue, early exertional dyspnea, right ventricular dilation, tricuspid and pulmonary valve insufficiency, atrial arrhythmia, reduced ejection fraction, and pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) which can be lethal. […] Patients with or without symptoms and PAPVR with a Qp: Qs >1.5, moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR), pulmonary insufficiency, and dysfunction of the right ventricle are all indicated for surgical treatment to mitigate progressive right ventricular failure and irreversible pulmonary vascular disease.

• #28

  https://scholars.duke.edu/individual/pub1369639

  Anomalous pulmonary venous return is a relatively rare congenital cardiac malformation in which the pulmonary veins do not return to the left atrium. […] PAPVR requires surgical correction whenever diagnosis is made or whenever the patient becomes symptomatic, not necessarily during the neonatal period. […] The management of pulmonary vein obstruction continues to be the largest obstacle to successful management of anomalous pulmonary venous return.

• #29 What Is Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/heart-circulatory-health/partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return

  The immediate detection and care of symptoms is critical in preventing symptoms from progressing and the onset of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. When examining unusual etiologies in patients with chronic cough, computed tomography (CT) of the chest might be better than plain radiography. In cases when individuals develop symptoms, immediate surgical repair is the optimum way of treatment.

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