Choroba pageta kości
Etiologia i przyczyny

Choroba Pageta kości (osteitis deformans) to przewlekłe zaburzenie metaboliczne charakteryzujące się nieprawidłową przebudową kostną, gdzie dochodzi do nadmiernej i nieuporządkowanej resorpcji oraz tworzenia tkanki kostnej. Etiologia jest wieloczynnikowa, z dominującą rolą czynników genetycznych, zwłaszcza mutacji w genie SQSTM1, obecnych u 40-50% pacjentów z rodzinnym występowaniem oraz u 5-10% sporadycznych przypadków. Mutacje w genach TNFRSF11A i TNFRSF11B również wpływają na rozwój choroby, przy czym dziedziczenie ma charakter autosomalny dominujący z niepełną penetracją. Ryzyko zachorowania jest 7-10-krotnie wyższe u krewnych osób chorych. Choroba manifestuje się głównie u osób powyżej 40. roku życia, z nieznaczną przewagą mężczyzn, i wykazuje wyraźne zróżnicowanie geograficzne, częściej występując w populacjach europejskich, zwłaszcza w Wielkiej Brytanii, Europie Środkowej, Ameryce Północnej, Australii i Nowej Zelandii.

Etiologia choroby Pageta kości

Choroba Pageta kości (osteitis deformans) jest przewlekłym zaburzeniem metabolicznym kości, charakteryzującym się nieprawidłowym procesem przebudowy kostnej, w którym dochodzi do nadmiernego i nieuporządkowanego tworzenia oraz resorpcji tkanki kostnej. Dokładna przyczyna choroby Pageta kości pozostaje nieznana, jednak badania wskazują na złożoną interakcję czynników genetycznych i środowiskowych12.

Czynniki genetyczne

Czynniki genetyczne odgrywają kluczową rolę w predyspozycji do choroby Pageta. Uważa się, że osoby, które rozwijają tę chorobę, dziedziczą warianty jednego lub więcej genów regulujących aktywność osteoklastów, powodując zwiększoną resorpcję kości. Jest to odpowiedzialne za wzmożoną przebudowę kostną typową dla tej choroby3.

Najważniejszymi genami powiązanymi z chorobą Pageta są:

  • SQSTM1 (Sekwestosom 1) – najistotniejszy gen predysponujący do choroby Pageta. Nieprawidłowości w SQSTM1 zidentyfikowano u 40-50% osób z rodzinnym występowaniem choroby Pageta oraz u 5-10% osób bez wywiadu rodzinnego45. Około 80% osób z patogennymi wariantami SQSTM1 rozwija chorobę Pageta do siódmej dekady życia6.
  • TNFRSF11A – koduje receptor aktywatora czynnika jądrowego kappa-B (RANK), kluczowy dla generowania i aktywności osteoklastów78. Mutacje w tym genie są przyczyną wczesnej postaci choroby Pageta9.
  • TNFRSF11B – zwiększa ryzyko klasycznej postaci choroby, szczególnie u kobiet10.
  • Inne geny – badania wskazują, że zmienności genetyczne w określonych regionach chromosomu 2, chromosomu 5 i chromosomu 10 mogą przyczyniać się do ryzyka choroby11.

Dziedziczenie choroby Pageta ma charakter autosomalny dominujący z niepełną penetracją. Około 15-40% pacjentów z chorobą Pageta zgłasza dodatni wywiad rodzinny1213. Ryzyko rozwoju choroby Pageta jest 7-10 razy wyższe u krewnych osób dotkniętych tą chorobą w porównaniu z krewnymi osób, które nie mają tej choroby14.

Czynniki środowiskowe

Czynniki środowiskowe również odgrywają rolę w chorobie Pageta, o czym świadczy fakt, że w ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat częstość występowania i nasilenie choroby znacznie się zmniejszyły w wielu krajach, przy czym jest to najbardziej zauważalne w regionach, które wcześniej miały wysoką częstość występowania, takich jak Wielka Brytania15.

Proponowane czynniki środowiskowe obejmują:

  • Infekcje wirusowe – istnieje hipoteza, że choroba Pageta może być związana z zakażeniem wirusowym kości. Szczególnie podejrzewane są wirusy z rodziny paramyksowirusów, w tym:
    • Wirus odry1617
    • Syncytialny wirus oddechowy (RSV)18
    • Wirus nosówki psiej19
  • Niedobór wapnia lub witaminy D w diecie – może potencjalnie odgrywać rolę jako czynnik środowiskowy w chorobie Pageta. Niedobór witaminy D i niedostateczna ilość wapnia w diecie mogą nasilać chorobę, powodując wtórną nadczynność przytarczyc, która aktywuje osteoklasty i zwiększa obrót kostny2021.
  • Ekspozycja na toksyny środowiskowe – zaproponowano, że toksyczność spowodowana ekspozycją na dymy ze spalania węgla bitumicznego w otwartych paleniskach może być czynnikiem wyzwalającym chorobę Pageta2223.
  • Powtarzający się stres mechaniczny na kości – mechaniczne obciążenie może odgrywać rolę w powstawaniu choroby Pageta2425.
  • Urazy szkieletu – mogą stanowić czynnik ryzyka u osób genetycznie predysponowanych26.

Teoria infekcji wirusowej

Jedną z wiodących hipotez etiologicznych w chorobie Pageta jest teoria infekcji wirusowej. Obecność inkluzji w osteoklastach przypominających cząsteczki związane z paramyksowirusami doprowadziła do hipotezy etiologii wirusowej27.

Dowody wspierające teorię wirusową obejmują:

  • Obecność antygenów wirusowych w osteoklastach pacjentów z chorobą Pageta, wykrytych różnymi metodami przez liczne zespoły badawcze28.
  • W Stanach Zjednoczonych najczęściej wykrywanym antygenem u pacjentów z chorobą Pageta jest antygen wirusa odry29.
  • Badania z użyciem mikroskopii elektronowej potwierdziły obecność jądrowych i cytoplazmatycznych ciałek inkluzyjnych przypominających wirusy w osteoklastach pageckich, które przypominają nukleokapsydy paramyksowirusów30.
  • Białka pochodzące z syncytialnego wirusa oddechowego i wirusa odry są obecne w osteoklastach pageckich i w komórkach uzyskanych z hodowli kości pageckich31.

Jednak teoria wirusowa pozostaje kontrowersyjna. Dowody dotyczące pochodzenia tych inkluzji są sprzeczne, a początkowe wykazanie cząstek wirusowych w osteoklastach lub krążących komórkach krwi nie zostało powtórzone w późniejszych badaniach32. Nie ma również zgodności co do ich roli. Analiza odpowiedzi przeciwciał na różne wirusy (paramyksowirusy: odra, syncytialny wirus oddechowy, wirus nosówki psiej, świnka, różyczka lub ospa wietrzna) nie została powiązana z chorobą Pageta ani jej nasileniem33.

Warto zauważyć, że częstość występowania choroby Pageta zmniejszyła się w ciągu ostatnich 25 lat. Niektórzy naukowcy powiązali wzrost szczepień w wielu krajach i wynikający z tego spadek liczby osób z odrą ze spadającymi wskaźnikami choroby Pageta34.

Teoria unifikacyjna

Teoria, która wydaje się najbardziej realna w zrozumieniu złożoności etiopatogenezy choroby Pageta, zakłada, że może istnieć podatność genetyczna związana z udziałem różnych, jeszcze niepotwierdzonych, czynników środowiskowych, które prowadzą do rozwoju choroby na przestrzeni lat. Ta teoria znana jest jako teoria unifikacyjna35.

Te czynniki środowiskowe, oprócz działania na pacjentów z predyspozycją genetyczną, mogą również prowadzić do lokalnych zmian epigenetycznych u innych pacjentów bez takiej predyspozycji. Te zmiany epigenetyczne mogłyby tłumaczyć heterogeniczną prezentację choroby u każdego pacjenta, chociaż nie zostało to jeszcze udowodnione36.

Czynniki demograficzne i geograficzne

Choroba Pageta wykazuje wyraźne wzorce geograficzne i demograficzne, co dodatkowo podkreśla rolę zarówno czynników genetycznych, jak i środowiskowych:

  • Wiek – choroba Pageta jest rzadka u osób poniżej 40 roku życia, a ryzyko jej rozwoju wzrasta wraz z wiekiem3738.
  • Płeć – choroba nieznacznie częściej dotyka mężczyzn niż kobiety39.
  • Pochodzenie etniczne i geografia – choroba Pageta jest bardziej powszechna w:
    • Populacjach o pochodzeniu europejskim40
    • Wielkiej Brytanii (szczególnie Anglii i Szkocji)41
    • Europie Środkowej i Grecji42
    • Ameryce Północnej, Australii i Nowej Zelandii43
  • Rzadkość w określonych populacjach – choroba jest rzadka wśród:
    • Skandynawów4445
    • Populacji azjatyckich (Chiny, Japonia, Indie)4647
    • Osób pochodzenia afrykańskiego48

Mechanizmy patofizjologiczne

Na poziomie komórkowym, choroba Pageta jest wynikiem zaburzenia funkcji osteoklastów, komórek odpowiedzialnych za resorpcję tkanki kostnej. W chorobie Pageta osteoklasty są większe i bardziej aktywne niż zwykle, co prowadzi do szybszego niszczenia kości49.

Proces patofizjologiczny obejmuje:

  • Nadmierną aktywność osteoklastów – prowadzi do zwiększonej resorpcji kości50.
  • Kompensacyjną odpowiedź osteoblastów – próbujących naprawić uszkodzoną kość, co prowadzi do szybszego tworzenia nowej kości51.
  • Nieprawidłowe tworzenie kości – powstająca kość jest większa, ale słabsza i nieprawidłowo ukształtowana52.

Rozwój choroby Pageta kości może być związany z deregulacją autofagii, procesu katabolicznego odpowiedzialnego za degradację uszkodzonych organelli, białek cytoplazmatycznych i agregatów białkowych53.

Podsumowanie etiologii

Choroba Pageta kości jest złożonym zaburzeniem o wieloczynnikowej etiologii. Chociaż dokładna przyczyna pozostaje nieznana, dostępne dowody wskazują na ważną rolę zarówno czynników genetycznych, jak i środowiskowych. Mutacje w genach regulujących aktywność osteoklastów, szczególnie w SQSTM1, są silnie powiązane z chorobą, podczas gdy czynniki środowiskowe, takie jak infekcje wirusowe, niedobory dietetyczne i ekspozycja na toksyny, mogą działać jako wyzwalacze u osób genetycznie predysponowanych.

Zmniejszenie częstości występowania i nasilenia choroby w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach sugeruje, że wpływ niektórych czynników środowiskowych mógł się zmniejszyć lub nawet zaniknąć. Jednakże spadek zachorowalności nie powinien być pretekstem do zaniechania badań nad chorobą Pageta, lecz raczej powinien być powodem do dalszych poszukiwań, aby lepiej zrozumieć jej patogenezę54.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Paget Bone Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430805/
    Paget disease is a skeletal growth disorder in which abnormalities such as unusual bone growth can occur in several multifactorial ways. […] The cause of Paget disease remains unknown, but there are genetic and environmental associations. […] Some literature sources suggest that the family of paramyxoviruses solely causes Paget disease of the bone. […] However, many studies have determined that the osteoclast generation of a unique cytokine found exclusively in the bone marrow of patients diagnosed with Paget disease may be the primary insult. This cytokine is known as IL-6. […] A strong genetic predisposition to the disorder has been determined based on population studies. […] Besides finding an association between HLA markers, siblings are at high risk for developing the disorder.
  • #2 Paget’s Disease of Bone – Symptoms & Causes| NIAMS
    https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/pagets-disease-bone
    Pagets disease of bone is a chronic (long-lasting) disorder that causes bones to grow larger and become weaker than normal. […] Certain factors may increase your risk for Pagets disease: […] Pagets disease is uncommon in people under age 40, and the chance of developing the disease increases as you age. […] Pagets disease is more common in certain geographical areas, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe in people of Anglo-Saxon descent. […] Pagets disease commonly occurs in families. […] Doctors do not know the cause of Pagets disease. However, researchers suspect that environmental factors and genes play a role in the development of the disease. […] Scientists have identified changes in genes that may increase the chance someone could develop Pagets disease. […] Researchers are studying how certain viruses also may cause the disease in people who already have risk factors for Pagets disease.
  • #3 Paget’s disease – causes | Paget’s Association
    https://paget.org.uk/pagets-disease/what-is-pagets-and-how-is-it-managed/causes/
    Pagets disease is the second most common metabolic bone disease after osteoporosis. Approximately 1% of people in the UK, over the age of 55 years, are thought to be affected. […] There are still some uncertainties about the causes of Pagets disease, but it is generally believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental influences. […] Genetic factors play a key role in predisposing to Pagets disease. It is thought that people who develop Pagets disease inherit variations in one or more genes that regulate osteoclast activity, causing bone resorption to be increased. This is thought to be responsible for the increased bone remodelling that is typical of the disease. The most important predisposing gene for Pagets is called Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1). Abnormalities of SQSTM1 have been identified in 40% to 50% of people with a family history of Pagets disease and also in 5% to 10% of people who have no family history.
  • #4 Paget’s disease – causes | Paget’s Association
    https://paget.org.uk/pagets-disease/what-is-pagets-and-how-is-it-managed/causes/
    Pagets disease is the second most common metabolic bone disease after osteoporosis. Approximately 1% of people in the UK, over the age of 55 years, are thought to be affected. […] There are still some uncertainties about the causes of Pagets disease, but it is generally believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental influences. […] Genetic factors play a key role in predisposing to Pagets disease. It is thought that people who develop Pagets disease inherit variations in one or more genes that regulate osteoclast activity, causing bone resorption to be increased. This is thought to be responsible for the increased bone remodelling that is typical of the disease. The most important predisposing gene for Pagets is called Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1). Abnormalities of SQSTM1 have been identified in 40% to 50% of people with a family history of Pagets disease and also in 5% to 10% of people who have no family history.
  • #5 Paget disease of bone: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/paget-disease-of-bone/
    Paget disease of bone is a disorder that causes bones to grow larger and weaker than normal. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors likely play a role in causing Paget disease of bone. Researchers have identified changes in several genes that increase the risk of the disorder. Other factors, including infections with certain viruses, may be involved in triggering the disease in people who are at risk. However, the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of Paget disease of bone remains unclear. […] Researchers have identified variations in three genes that are associated with Paget disease of bone: SQSTM1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFRSF11B. Mutations in the SQSTM1 gene are the most common genetic cause of classic Paget disease of bone, accounting for 10 to 50 percent of cases that run in families and 5 to 30 percent of cases in which there is no family history of the disease. Variations in the TNFRSF11B gene also appear to increase the risk of the classic form of the disorder, particularly in women. TNFRSF11A mutations cause the early-onset form of Paget disease of bone.
  • #6 Paget Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334607-overview
    Paget disease is a localized disorder of bone remodeling that typically begins with excessive bone resorption followed by an increase in bone formation. […] Although the etiology of Paget disease is unknown, both genetic and environmental contributors have been suggested. […] A familial link for Paget disease was first reported by Pick in 1883, who described a father-daughter pair with Paget disease. […] Approximately 40% of persons with Paget disease report a family history of the disease, although the true prevalence of the disease is likely higher. […] Variants of several genes, such as SQSTM1, VCP, and OPTN, have been linked with Paget disease; for example, approximately 80% of individuals who carry pathogenic variants in SQSTM1 develop Paget disease by their seventh decade of life.
  • #7 Paget disease of bone: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/paget-disease-of-bone/
    Paget disease of bone is a disorder that causes bones to grow larger and weaker than normal. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors likely play a role in causing Paget disease of bone. Researchers have identified changes in several genes that increase the risk of the disorder. Other factors, including infections with certain viruses, may be involved in triggering the disease in people who are at risk. However, the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of Paget disease of bone remains unclear. […] Researchers have identified variations in three genes that are associated with Paget disease of bone: SQSTM1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFRSF11B. Mutations in the SQSTM1 gene are the most common genetic cause of classic Paget disease of bone, accounting for 10 to 50 percent of cases that run in families and 5 to 30 percent of cases in which there is no family history of the disease. Variations in the TNFRSF11B gene also appear to increase the risk of the classic form of the disorder, particularly in women. TNFRSF11A mutations cause the early-onset form of Paget disease of bone.
  • #8 Paget’s disease of bone – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_bone
    Paget’s disease of bone (commonly known as Paget’s disease or, historically, osteitis deformans) is a condition involving cellular remodeling and deformity of one or more bones. The exact cause is unknown, although leading theories indicate both genetic and acquired factors. […] Paget’s disease may be caused by a slow virus infection (i.e., paramyxoviridae) present for many years before symptoms appear. […] There is a hereditary factor in the development of Paget’s disease of bone. […] About 40-50% of people with the inherited version of Paget’s disease have a mutation in the gene SQSTM1, which encodes a protein, called p62, that is involved in regulating the function of osteoclasts (bone cells). […] Paget’s disease of bone is associated with mutations in RANK.
  • #9 Paget disease of bone: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/paget-disease-of-bone/
    Paget disease of bone is a disorder that causes bones to grow larger and weaker than normal. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors likely play a role in causing Paget disease of bone. Researchers have identified changes in several genes that increase the risk of the disorder. Other factors, including infections with certain viruses, may be involved in triggering the disease in people who are at risk. However, the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of Paget disease of bone remains unclear. […] Researchers have identified variations in three genes that are associated with Paget disease of bone: SQSTM1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFRSF11B. Mutations in the SQSTM1 gene are the most common genetic cause of classic Paget disease of bone, accounting for 10 to 50 percent of cases that run in families and 5 to 30 percent of cases in which there is no family history of the disease. Variations in the TNFRSF11B gene also appear to increase the risk of the classic form of the disorder, particularly in women. TNFRSF11A mutations cause the early-onset form of Paget disease of bone.
  • #10 Paget disease of bone: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/paget-disease-of-bone/
    Paget disease of bone is a disorder that causes bones to grow larger and weaker than normal. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors likely play a role in causing Paget disease of bone. Researchers have identified changes in several genes that increase the risk of the disorder. Other factors, including infections with certain viruses, may be involved in triggering the disease in people who are at risk. However, the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of Paget disease of bone remains unclear. […] Researchers have identified variations in three genes that are associated with Paget disease of bone: SQSTM1, TNFRSF11A, and TNFRSF11B. Mutations in the SQSTM1 gene are the most common genetic cause of classic Paget disease of bone, accounting for 10 to 50 percent of cases that run in families and 5 to 30 percent of cases in which there is no family history of the disease. Variations in the TNFRSF11B gene also appear to increase the risk of the classic form of the disorder, particularly in women. TNFRSF11A mutations cause the early-onset form of Paget disease of bone.
  • #11 Paget disease of bone: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/paget-disease-of-bone/
    Researchers are looking for additional genes that may influence a person’s chances of developing Paget disease of bone. Studies suggest that genetic variations in certain regions of chromosome 2, chromosome 5, and chromosome 10 appear to contribute to disease risk. However, the associated genes on these chromosomes have not been identified.
  • #12 Paget’s Disease of Bone Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications, Prevention
    https://www.medicinenet.com/pagets_disease/article.htm
    Paget’s disease is believed to be a disease of a particular cell that is responsible for bone resorption, the osteoclast. […] It is not known what causes Paget’s disease. […] Recently, certain genes have been associated with Paget’s disease, including the Sequestrosome 1 gene on chromosome 5. […] Virus infection may be necessary to trigger Paget’s disease in people who have inherited the genetic tendency to develop the condition by having these genes. […] Paget’s disease is inherited in approximately one-third of patients. Therefore, it is not uncommon for a patient with the condition to have a family history of the disease.
  • #13 Paget’s Disease of Bone
    https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/rheumatology/pagets-disease-of-bone/
    The exact cause of PDB is uncertain. However, available data suggest that genetic factors or viral infection, or both, might play a pathogenic role. PDB tends to aggregate in families, and between 14% and 25% of family members of patients with Pagets disease eventually contract the disease. […] Other studies have also suggested that a viral infection might play a role in the etiology of PDB. […] The theory for a viral basis originated from a study showing that both the nuclei and cytoplasm of osteoclasts from patients with PDB contained uncharacterized viral particles not found in normal osteoclasts. […] A subsequent study using electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclear and cytoplasmic virus-like inclusion bodies in pagetic osteoclasts that resembled paramyxoviral nucleocapsids.
  • #14 Paget’s disease | EBSCO Research Starters
    https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/pagets-disease
    Paget’s disease, also known as osteitis deformans, is a chronic disorder affecting the bones, characterized by excessive and abnormal bone formation. […] The exact cause remains unknown, but it is believed to involve genetic factors, with a familial predisposition observed in many patients, as well as potential links to viral infections. […] CAUSES: Unknown; possibly viral infection and genetic factors. […] The cause of this disease is under investigation. Genetic factors are a major component. Between 15 and 40 percent of all patients with Pagets disease have a positive family history of the disease, and the risk of developing Pagets disease is seven to ten times higher in relatives of those who have Pagets disease compared with relatives of those who do not have this disease. […] Mutations in the genes that encode RANK, OPG, or p62 cause various inherited forms of Pagets disease with varying severities and times when the disease manifests itself.
  • #15 Paget’s disease – causes | Paget’s Association
    https://paget.org.uk/pagets-disease/what-is-pagets-and-how-is-it-managed/causes/
    Environmental factors also play a role in Pagets disease, as evidenced by the fact, that over the last few decades, the frequency and severity of the disease have declined in many countries, and is most marked in regions that previously had a high prevalence, such as the UK. Various environmental triggers have been suggested, including dietary calcium or vitamin D deficiency, exposure to environmental toxins, repetitive mechanical stress on the bone, skeletal trauma and slow viral infections. Despite this, researchers have yet to discover which environmental factors influence the development of Pagets disease.
  • #16 Paget’s disease of bone: Symptoms, causes, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177668
    Pagets disease appears to run in families. According to the American College of Rheumatology, more than one family member has the disorder in 30 percent of cases. […] Another suggestion is that the disorder possibly occurs due to infection by the measles virus during childhood. Recent studies put forward that measles might alter the mechanism of bone formation, leading to Pagets disease. […] However, researchers have not yet uncovered a clear connection between the virus and Pagets disease. […] Evidence suggests that the number of people with Pagets disease has been decreasing over the last 25 years. Some scientists have linked the increase in vaccination in many countries and the resulting drop in the number of people with measles to falling rates of Pagets disease. […] While researchers are still exploring the causes of Pagets disease, some believe that it has links to the measles virus, as scientists have found traces of the disease in bone affected by Pagets disease. The disorder has also become less common as the rate of measles has also declined.
  • #17 Paget’s disease of bone – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pagets-disease-of-bone
    Paget’s disease is a chronic (long term) bone disorder where your bones become weakened and deformed. […] The exact cause of Paget’s disease is not known, but risk factors include older age, family history, certain ethnic backgrounds and some viruses. […] The exact causes of Paget’s disease are not completely understood. […] There are some known risk factors that increase your chance of having Paget’s disease: Genetics: You are more likely to develop Paget’s disease if a close family member has had it. Ethnicity: It is more common in people from England, Scotland, Central Europe, Greece and in countries settled by European migrants such as Australia and New Zealand. Past illness: If you previously were infected with a viral infection of measles, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or paramyxovirus you are at a higher risk. Environmental exposures: Exposure to wood fire heating during childhood can increase your risk. Older age: As you get older, you have a greater chance of developing Paget’s disease.
  • #18 Paget’s disease of bone – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pagets-disease-of-bone
    Paget’s disease is a chronic (long term) bone disorder where your bones become weakened and deformed. […] The exact cause of Paget’s disease is not known, but risk factors include older age, family history, certain ethnic backgrounds and some viruses. […] The exact causes of Paget’s disease are not completely understood. […] There are some known risk factors that increase your chance of having Paget’s disease: Genetics: You are more likely to develop Paget’s disease if a close family member has had it. Ethnicity: It is more common in people from England, Scotland, Central Europe, Greece and in countries settled by European migrants such as Australia and New Zealand. Past illness: If you previously were infected with a viral infection of measles, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or paramyxovirus you are at a higher risk. Environmental exposures: Exposure to wood fire heating during childhood can increase your risk. Older age: As you get older, you have a greater chance of developing Paget’s disease.
  • #19 Paget’s Disease of the Bone Causes | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/bones-joints-and-muscles/pagets-disease-of-the-bone/causes.html
    What causes Paget’s disease of bone? The cause of Paget’s disease is not clear. But it may be related to: […] Genetics. You’re more likely to get Paget’s disease if your parents, brothers, or sisters have it. […] Viruses. The viruses linked to measles in people and distemper in dogs have been found in the bones of people with Paget’s disease. But there’s no proof that these viruses cause this disease.
  • #20 Paget’s disease – causes | Paget’s Association
    https://paget.org.uk/pagets-disease/what-is-pagets-and-how-is-it-managed/causes/
    Environmental factors also play a role in Pagets disease, as evidenced by the fact, that over the last few decades, the frequency and severity of the disease have declined in many countries, and is most marked in regions that previously had a high prevalence, such as the UK. Various environmental triggers have been suggested, including dietary calcium or vitamin D deficiency, exposure to environmental toxins, repetitive mechanical stress on the bone, skeletal trauma and slow viral infections. Despite this, researchers have yet to discover which environmental factors influence the development of Pagets disease.
  • #21 Updates on Paget’s Disease of Bone
    https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2339
    In addition to the genetic causes of PDB, researchers have hypothesized potential infection with paramyxoviruses as an alternate etiology. This notion originated from the discovery that osteoclasts in the pagetic bone frequently contain nuclear inclusions that resemble paramyxoviruses. Several studies have reported on the identification of viral mRNA or protein in samples taken from PDB patients utilizing biotechnological amplification methods. However, they were unable to find any similar mRNA or protein in the control samples. […] Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency may possibly play a role as an environmental factor in PDB, since the prevalence of PDB is higher in regions of the UK with prevalent vitamin D deficiency. A low calcium diet and vitamin D insufficiency are thought to worsen severity by causing secondary hyperparathyroidism, which is expected to activate osteoclasts and increase bone turnover.
  • #22 Paget Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334607-overview
    An environmental trigger for Paget disease has long been considered but never proven. […] Most recently, toxicity from exposure to the fumes from burning of bituminous coal in open hearths has been hypothesized as an environmental trigger. […] The cause of Paget disease is unknown. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated. […] Studies of potential genetic markers for Paget disease have found an association between human leukocyte antigenA (HLA-A), HLA-B, and HLA-C (class I) and clinical evidence of disease. […] The development of Paget disease of bone may be related to a deregulation of autophagy, a catabolic process responsible for the degradation of damaged organelles, cytoplasmic proteins, and protein aggregates. […] Environmental factors also may contribute to the pathogenesis of Paget disease.
  • #23 Paget Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334607-overview
    A leading hypothesis for an infectious etiology in Paget disease is the slow virus theory. […] Exposure to the fumes from burning of bituminous coal in open hearths for domestic heating has been proposed as an etiologic factor in Paget disease. […] The possibility of an inflammatory cause of Paget disease is supported by evidence of clinical improvement after treatment with anti-inflammatory medications.
  • #24 Paget’s disease – causes | Paget’s Association
    https://paget.org.uk/pagets-disease/what-is-pagets-and-how-is-it-managed/causes/
    Environmental factors also play a role in Pagets disease, as evidenced by the fact, that over the last few decades, the frequency and severity of the disease have declined in many countries, and is most marked in regions that previously had a high prevalence, such as the UK. Various environmental triggers have been suggested, including dietary calcium or vitamin D deficiency, exposure to environmental toxins, repetitive mechanical stress on the bone, skeletal trauma and slow viral infections. Despite this, researchers have yet to discover which environmental factors influence the development of Pagets disease.
  • #25 Paget’s Disease of Bone | Wagdy W. Kades, M.D., Inc.
    https://www.kadesmd.com/pagets-disease-of-bone.php
    Paget’s disease of bone, or Paget’s disease, is a chronic disorder that interferes with bone metabolism, causing bones to grow too large and become fragile. […] The precise cause of Paget’s disease has not been determined, but the risk of developing the disorder increases with age and family history of the disease. […] Some researchers speculate that the disorder is precipitated by a viral infection within the bones, causing symptoms to appear years later, and that a hereditary weakness predisposes some people to develop the problem, since several genes have been linked to Paget’s disease. […] There is also some evidence that Paget’s may be an autoimmune disorder.
  • #26 Paget’s disease of bone | Causes, symptoms, treatments
    https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/pagets-disease-of-bone/
    Its not yet known exactly what causes Pagets disease but the genes passed on through families may play a part. […] Lifestyle factors, such as poor diet, or bone injury early in life, may trigger the development of Pagets disease in people who already have a genetic risk.
  • #27 Paget’s disease of bone: 1877–2023. Etiology, and management of a disease on epidemiologic transition | Medicina Clínica (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-clinica-english-edition–462-articulo-pagets-disease-bone-18772023-etiology-S2387020623003352
    Several possible environmental factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of PDB, although there is no clear evidence for any of them. One of the most documented environmental factors is the involvement of viral infections. The presence of inclusions in osteoclasts reminiscent of paramyxovirus-related particles has led to the hypothesis of viral aetiology. Evidence for the origin of these inclusions is conflicting, with the initial demonstration of viral particles in osteoclasts or in circulating blood cells not being replicated in subsequent studies. There is no agreement on their role. Nor has the analysis of antibody response to different viruses (paramyxoviruses: measles, respiratory syncytial virus, canine distemper virus, mumps, rubella or varicella zoster) been associated with PDB or its severity. The elicitation of PDB-like changes in laboratory or mouse models by infusion of measles virus or its nucleocapsid supports the theory of viral origin.
  • #28 Diagnosis and Treatment of Paget’s Disease of Bone | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0515/p2069.html
    Paget’s disease of bone (also known as osteitis deformans) is a nonmalignant disease involving accelerated bone resorption followed by deposition of dense, chaotic, and ineffectively mineralized bone matrix. […] Although the etiology of Paget’s disease is unknown, studies have provided some support for both viral and hereditary causes. Viral antigens have been detected in affected osteoclasts by numerous methods and research teams. In the United States, the measles virus antigen is most commonly detected in patients with Paget’s disease. […] A positive family history is reported in as many as 40 percent of patients with Paget’s disease. Much attention has been focused on a pagetic susceptibility locus at human chromosome 18q.
  • #29 Diagnosis and Treatment of Paget’s Disease of Bone | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0515/p2069.html
    Paget’s disease of bone (also known as osteitis deformans) is a nonmalignant disease involving accelerated bone resorption followed by deposition of dense, chaotic, and ineffectively mineralized bone matrix. […] Although the etiology of Paget’s disease is unknown, studies have provided some support for both viral and hereditary causes. Viral antigens have been detected in affected osteoclasts by numerous methods and research teams. In the United States, the measles virus antigen is most commonly detected in patients with Paget’s disease. […] A positive family history is reported in as many as 40 percent of patients with Paget’s disease. Much attention has been focused on a pagetic susceptibility locus at human chromosome 18q.
  • #30 Paget’s Disease of Bone
    https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/rheumatology/pagets-disease-of-bone/
    The exact cause of PDB is uncertain. However, available data suggest that genetic factors or viral infection, or both, might play a pathogenic role. PDB tends to aggregate in families, and between 14% and 25% of family members of patients with Pagets disease eventually contract the disease. […] Other studies have also suggested that a viral infection might play a role in the etiology of PDB. […] The theory for a viral basis originated from a study showing that both the nuclei and cytoplasm of osteoclasts from patients with PDB contained uncharacterized viral particles not found in normal osteoclasts. […] A subsequent study using electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nuclear and cytoplasmic virus-like inclusion bodies in pagetic osteoclasts that resembled paramyxoviral nucleocapsids.
  • #31 Paget’s Disease of Bone
    https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/rheumatology/pagets-disease-of-bone/
    Proteins derived from the respiratory syncytial virus and measles virus are present in pagetic osteoclasts and in cells obtained from pagetic bone cultures. […] Although supported by some studies, this viral hypothesis remains controversial, but it does suggest that the development of PDB might result from a latent viral infection of osteoclasts in a genetically susceptible person.
  • #32 Paget’s disease of bone: 1877–2023. Etiology, and management of a disease on epidemiologic transition | Medicina Clínica (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-clinica-english-edition–462-articulo-pagets-disease-bone-18772023-etiology-S2387020623003352
    Several possible environmental factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of PDB, although there is no clear evidence for any of them. One of the most documented environmental factors is the involvement of viral infections. The presence of inclusions in osteoclasts reminiscent of paramyxovirus-related particles has led to the hypothesis of viral aetiology. Evidence for the origin of these inclusions is conflicting, with the initial demonstration of viral particles in osteoclasts or in circulating blood cells not being replicated in subsequent studies. There is no agreement on their role. Nor has the analysis of antibody response to different viruses (paramyxoviruses: measles, respiratory syncytial virus, canine distemper virus, mumps, rubella or varicella zoster) been associated with PDB or its severity. The elicitation of PDB-like changes in laboratory or mouse models by infusion of measles virus or its nucleocapsid supports the theory of viral origin.
  • #33 Paget’s disease of bone: 1877–2023. Etiology, and management of a disease on epidemiologic transition | Medicina Clínica (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-clinica-english-edition–462-articulo-pagets-disease-bone-18772023-etiology-S2387020623003352
    Several possible environmental factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of PDB, although there is no clear evidence for any of them. One of the most documented environmental factors is the involvement of viral infections. The presence of inclusions in osteoclasts reminiscent of paramyxovirus-related particles has led to the hypothesis of viral aetiology. Evidence for the origin of these inclusions is conflicting, with the initial demonstration of viral particles in osteoclasts or in circulating blood cells not being replicated in subsequent studies. There is no agreement on their role. Nor has the analysis of antibody response to different viruses (paramyxoviruses: measles, respiratory syncytial virus, canine distemper virus, mumps, rubella or varicella zoster) been associated with PDB or its severity. The elicitation of PDB-like changes in laboratory or mouse models by infusion of measles virus or its nucleocapsid supports the theory of viral origin.
  • #34 Paget’s disease of bone: Symptoms, causes, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177668
    Pagets disease appears to run in families. According to the American College of Rheumatology, more than one family member has the disorder in 30 percent of cases. […] Another suggestion is that the disorder possibly occurs due to infection by the measles virus during childhood. Recent studies put forward that measles might alter the mechanism of bone formation, leading to Pagets disease. […] However, researchers have not yet uncovered a clear connection between the virus and Pagets disease. […] Evidence suggests that the number of people with Pagets disease has been decreasing over the last 25 years. Some scientists have linked the increase in vaccination in many countries and the resulting drop in the number of people with measles to falling rates of Pagets disease. […] While researchers are still exploring the causes of Pagets disease, some believe that it has links to the measles virus, as scientists have found traces of the disease in bone affected by Pagets disease. The disorder has also become less common as the rate of measles has also declined.
  • #35 Paget’s disease of bone: 1877–2023. Etiology, and management of a disease on epidemiologic transition | Medicina Clínica (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-clinica-english-edition–462-articulo-pagets-disease-bone-18772023-etiology-S2387020623003352
    In any case, the theory that seems most feasible in order to understand the complexity of the aetiopathogenesis of PDB is that there may be a genetic susceptibility associated with the participation of different, as yet unconfirmed, environmental factors that lead to the development of the disease over the course of years. This theory is known as the unified theory. These environmental factors, in addition to acting on patients with a genetic predisposition, could also lead to local epigenetic changes in other patients without such a predisposition. These epigenetic changes could account for the heterogeneous presentation of the disease in each patient, although this has not yet been demonstrated.
  • #36 Paget’s disease of bone: 1877–2023. Etiology, and management of a disease on epidemiologic transition | Medicina Clínica (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-clinica-english-edition–462-articulo-pagets-disease-bone-18772023-etiology-S2387020623003352
    In any case, the theory that seems most feasible in order to understand the complexity of the aetiopathogenesis of PDB is that there may be a genetic susceptibility associated with the participation of different, as yet unconfirmed, environmental factors that lead to the development of the disease over the course of years. This theory is known as the unified theory. These environmental factors, in addition to acting on patients with a genetic predisposition, could also lead to local epigenetic changes in other patients without such a predisposition. These epigenetic changes could account for the heterogeneous presentation of the disease in each patient, although this has not yet been demonstrated.
  • #37 Paget’s Disease of Bone – Symptoms & Causes| NIAMS
    https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/pagets-disease-bone
    Pagets disease of bone is a chronic (long-lasting) disorder that causes bones to grow larger and become weaker than normal. […] Certain factors may increase your risk for Pagets disease: […] Pagets disease is uncommon in people under age 40, and the chance of developing the disease increases as you age. […] Pagets disease is more common in certain geographical areas, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe in people of Anglo-Saxon descent. […] Pagets disease commonly occurs in families. […] Doctors do not know the cause of Pagets disease. However, researchers suspect that environmental factors and genes play a role in the development of the disease. […] Scientists have identified changes in genes that may increase the chance someone could develop Pagets disease. […] Researchers are studying how certain viruses also may cause the disease in people who already have risk factors for Pagets disease.
  • #38 Paget’s Disease of Bone – OrthoInfo – AAOS
    https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/pagets-disease-of-bone
    Paget’s disease of bone is a chronic disease of the skeleton. In healthy bone, a process called remodeling removes old pieces of bone and replaces them with new, fresh bone. Pagets disease causes this process to shift out of balance, resulting in new bone that is abnormally shaped, weak, and brittle. Pagets disease most often affects older people, occurring in approximately 2 to 3% of the population over the age of 55. […] The cause of Pagets disease is not known, but doctors have identified a number of risk factors that make someone more likely to develop the disease. These include: […] Genetics. Pagets disease tends to run in families. In as many as 25 to 40% of cases, another relative will also have the disease. […] Age. Paget’s disease occurs only rarely in people under the age of 40. It is more common as people age.
  • #39 Paget’s Disease — Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments | MHA
    https://muscha.org/pagets-disease/
    Pagets disease of bone causes abnormal enlargement and weakening of bone. […] The reason for this accelerated bone growth is unknown. A combination of genetic and environmental factors (e.g. a virus) are suspected. […] While the cause of Pagets disease is unknown, risk factors include: genetics you’re more likely to develop it if you have a family history of Pagets disease. […] Pagets disease tends to affect people over the age of 50. It affects slightly more men than women.
  • #40 Paget’s Disease of the Bone: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21929-pagets-disease-of-the-bone
    Pagets disease of the bone is a rare chronic bone disorder in which there’s excessive and disordered bone turnover with both excessive resorption and formation. […] Researchers and healthcare providers dont know the exact cause of Pagets disease of the bone. They believe its caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Pagets disease of the bone is more common in European populations, including those living in England, Italy and Spain. Its rare among Scandinavians and non-European immigrants living in Europe.
  • #41 Paget’s Disease Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/paget_disease/article_em.htm
    Paget’s disease of the bone is the second most common bone disorder in elderly patients. […] The exact cause of Paget’s disease remains uncertain. Several theories have been suggested, including a viral cause (such as paramyxovirus including measles, respiratory syncytial virus, or human parainfluenza virus). […] There is also thought to be a genetic link for Paget’s disease with a possible autosomal dominant inheritance. […] Certain genes have been identified that increase the risk of Pagets disease. […] Pagets disease is common in England, Scotland, Central Europe, and Greece, as well as in countries and cities settled by European immigrants, such as those in Australia, Canada, and the United States.
  • #42 Paget’s Disease Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/paget_disease/article_em.htm
    Paget’s disease of the bone is the second most common bone disorder in elderly patients. […] The exact cause of Paget’s disease remains uncertain. Several theories have been suggested, including a viral cause (such as paramyxovirus including measles, respiratory syncytial virus, or human parainfluenza virus). […] There is also thought to be a genetic link for Paget’s disease with a possible autosomal dominant inheritance. […] Certain genes have been identified that increase the risk of Pagets disease. […] Pagets disease is common in England, Scotland, Central Europe, and Greece, as well as in countries and cities settled by European immigrants, such as those in Australia, Canada, and the United States.
  • #43 Paget’s Disease of Bone – Symptoms & Causes| NIAMS
    https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/pagets-disease-bone
    Pagets disease of bone is a chronic (long-lasting) disorder that causes bones to grow larger and become weaker than normal. […] Certain factors may increase your risk for Pagets disease: […] Pagets disease is uncommon in people under age 40, and the chance of developing the disease increases as you age. […] Pagets disease is more common in certain geographical areas, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe in people of Anglo-Saxon descent. […] Pagets disease commonly occurs in families. […] Doctors do not know the cause of Pagets disease. However, researchers suspect that environmental factors and genes play a role in the development of the disease. […] Scientists have identified changes in genes that may increase the chance someone could develop Pagets disease. […] Researchers are studying how certain viruses also may cause the disease in people who already have risk factors for Pagets disease.
  • #44 Paget’s Disease of the Bone: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21929-pagets-disease-of-the-bone
    Pagets disease of the bone is a rare chronic bone disorder in which there’s excessive and disordered bone turnover with both excessive resorption and formation. […] Researchers and healthcare providers dont know the exact cause of Pagets disease of the bone. They believe its caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Pagets disease of the bone is more common in European populations, including those living in England, Italy and Spain. Its rare among Scandinavians and non-European immigrants living in Europe.
  • #45 Paget’s Disease of Bone – OrthoInfo – AAOS
    https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/pagets-disease-of-bone
    Ancestry. It is more common in people of Anglo-Saxon descent and those who live in certain geographic areas, such as the United States, England, Australia, New Zealand, and Western Europe. It is not common in Scandinavia, China, Japan, or India. […] Environmental factors. Some studies suggest that certain environmental exposures may play a role in the development of Paget’s disease. This has not been proven definitively, however. […] While there are no known ways to prevent Paget’s disease from occurring, eating a healthy diet with sufficient calcium and vitamin D, and getting regular exercise, are important components in maintaining skeletal health and joint mobility.
  • #46 Paget’s Disease of Bone – OrthoInfo – AAOS
    https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/pagets-disease-of-bone
    Ancestry. It is more common in people of Anglo-Saxon descent and those who live in certain geographic areas, such as the United States, England, Australia, New Zealand, and Western Europe. It is not common in Scandinavia, China, Japan, or India. […] Environmental factors. Some studies suggest that certain environmental exposures may play a role in the development of Paget’s disease. This has not been proven definitively, however. […] While there are no known ways to prevent Paget’s disease from occurring, eating a healthy diet with sufficient calcium and vitamin D, and getting regular exercise, are important components in maintaining skeletal health and joint mobility.
  • #47 Paget’s Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans) | Veterans Affairs Canada
    https://www.veterans.gc.ca/en/mental-and-physical-health/mental-health-and-wellness/compensation-illness-or-injury/disability-benefits/entitlement-eligibility-guidelines/az-index/pagets-disease-bone-osteitis-deformans
    Paget’s Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans) is a disease of bone marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at bone formation, resulting in weakened and deformed bones of increased mass. […] Paget’s Disease represents an imbalance of bone formation and resorption. It typically begins with excessive bone resorption followed by excessive bone formation. […] Some data suggests a significant genetic component; however, the results may be confounded by the fact that family members may be exposed to the same environmental factors. […] While there is some indication of a viral etiology for Paget’s Disease, there is a lack of sound medical evidence at this time to implicate any external agent, disease or environmental influence in the development of Paget’s Disease of the bone. […] The disease is virtually non-existent in Japan and other parts of eastern Asia.
  • #48 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Pagets-disease-of-the-bone.aspx
    Pagets disease is a rare disorder of the bone affecting the rate of formation and destruction of various bones of the skeleton. The exact causes of this condition are unclear. […] The cause of Paget’s disease is unknown. Genetics play an important role in development of this disease. This is evident because people of the Anglo Saxon descent are more at risk of this condition. […] Similarly those of African or Asian origin rarely are affected by Pagets disease. Thus Paget’s disease occurs more commonly in European populations and their descendants. […] Genes are said to be activated when exposure to a virus. It may be present in as many as 25 percent to 40 percent of the direct descendants of someone with the disease. […] Environmental conditions are also responsible for causation of this disease. This is evident by the fact that those who live in certain geographic areas, like Northern and western Europe, the United States, Australia and New Zealand are more at risk.
  • #49 Paget’s disease | Endocrine Conditions
    https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/pagets-disease/
    Pagets disease is a common, chronic bone disorder which may have no symptoms or it may cause pain, deformity and bone fracture. […] What causes Pagets disease? […] In Pagets disease, the internal structure of bones is disrupted, resulting in possible deformity and weakening. […] In Pagets disease the osteoclasts are bigger and more active than usual and break down bone more rapidly. […] A number of genes have been identified, an important one being Sequestosome 1, (SQSTM1) with abnormalities in this gene accounting for 2050% of cases of family-related disease. […] Abnormalities in three other genes, which are involved in regulating the rate of bone repair, also appear to play a large part in the risk of developing Pagets disease.
  • #50
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pagets-disease-bone/
    Paget’s disease of bone disrupts the normal cycle of bone renewal, causing bones to become weakened and possibly deformed. […] In Paget’s disease of bone, something goes wrong with the osteoclast cells and they start to absorb bone at a much faster rate than usual. […] It’s not clear what triggers this, but you’re at a higher risk if you have a family history of Paget’s disease of bone. You may inherit a genetic fault that means you’re much more likely to develop the condition.
  • #51 Paget’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | Arthritis Foundation
    https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/pagets-disease
    Paget’s disease of the bone occurs when an error in the normal process of bone breakdown and rebuilding causes new bone to grow faster than normal resulting in weak and misshapen bones. […] The cause of Pagets disease is unknown. Doctors think it is a combination of environmental factors, such as an infection and genetic factors.
  • #52 Paget disease of the bone Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/paget-disease-of-the-bone
    Paget disease is a disorder that involves abnormal bone destruction and regrowth. This results in deformity of the affected bones. […] The cause of Paget disease is unknown. It may be due to genetic factors, but also could be due to a viral infection early in life or hypersensitivity to vitamin D. […] In people with Paget disease, there is an abnormal breakdown of bone tissue in specific areas. This is followed by abnormal bone formation. The new area of bone is larger, but weaker. The new bone is also filled with new blood vessels.
  • #53 Paget Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334607-overview
    An environmental trigger for Paget disease has long been considered but never proven. […] Most recently, toxicity from exposure to the fumes from burning of bituminous coal in open hearths has been hypothesized as an environmental trigger. […] The cause of Paget disease is unknown. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated. […] Studies of potential genetic markers for Paget disease have found an association between human leukocyte antigenA (HLA-A), HLA-B, and HLA-C (class I) and clinical evidence of disease. […] The development of Paget disease of bone may be related to a deregulation of autophagy, a catabolic process responsible for the degradation of damaged organelles, cytoplasmic proteins, and protein aggregates. […] Environmental factors also may contribute to the pathogenesis of Paget disease.
  • #54 Paget’s disease of bone: 1877–2023. Etiology, and management of a disease on epidemiologic transition | Medicina Clínica (English Edition)
    https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-clinica-english-edition–462-articulo-pagets-disease-bone-18772023-etiology-S2387020623003352
    Pagets disease of bone (PDB) is characterised by the alteration, in one or several bone locations, of the equilibrium between bone formation and bone resorption. This imbalance results in a disorganized, widened bone, in many cases with increased bone density, although more fragile. A genetic predisposition for PDB could explain between 5 and 40% of the cases. Different environmental factors should explain the rest of the cases. PDB was classically considered the second most common metabolic bone disease. However, in recent decades there has been a marked decrease in both incidence and clinical severity. These changes have led to believe that the influence of some environmental factor may have diminished or even disappeared. This decrease in incidence should not be an excuse for abandoning PDB research, but rather it should be the reason to remain searching to try to understand better its pathogenesis.