Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of celiac disease – Dr. Schär Institute

  https://www.drschaer.com/us/institute/a/prevalence-celiac-disease

  Celiac disease is one of the most common intolerances in the world. Data from screening studies reveals that approximately 1% of the population is affected worldwide. […] Celiac disease was long regarded as a rare childhood disease. 20 years ago the prevalence was thought to be between 1:1000 and 1:2000. […] A study published by Catassi and colleagues in 2014 revealed that the incidence of celiac disease has increased fivefold in the last 25 years. Europe and the United States, where the diet is traditionally based on foods containing gluten, are among the regions with the highest prevalence. […] Although it is understood that the prevalence of celiac disease in North America is approximately 1%, only approximately 10-15% of these cases are actually diagnosed. […] The larger portion of the celiac disease population remains unseen, or under the water line of the iceberg.

• #2 Celiac disease: Prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3496881/

  Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common diseases, resulting from both environmental (gluten) and genetic factors [human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes]. The prevalence of CD has been estimated to approximate 0.5%-1% in different parts of the world. […] The world distribution of CD seems to have followed the mankind wheat consumption and the migratory flows. […] In the last few years a number of studies in different populations have been carried out using molecular genetics methods to identify genes causing CD. […] The overall prevalence of CD is highly dependent on the HLA DQ2/DQ8 typing and gluten consumption. The population with positive HLA typing for celiac have high chances of developing celiac symptoms when on high gluten consumption. However, the population with diabetes, autoimmune disorder or relatives of CD individuals have even higher risk for the development of CD, since they share the same HLA typing.

• #3 Prevalence of Celiac disease in Saudi Arabia: meta-analysis

  https://www.oatext.com/prevalence-of-celiac-disease-in-saudi-arabia-meta-analysis.php

  Aim: Meta-analysis for the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in Saudi Arabia (SA). […] The current study represents the first and only meta-analysis concerning the prevalence of CD in SA. Prevalence of biopsy-proven CD (1.4%) was lower than the seroprevalence (2.7%), but with higher heterogeneity. […] The Meta-analysis (for four articles) showed that seroprevalence of CD in SA (one serology at least) (by fixed model) is 2.7% (95% CI = 2.4%3.0%) with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0.00), while the prevalence of Biopsy-Proven CD (for two articles) is 1.4% (95% CI = 1.2%1.7%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 59.3). […] Some limitation was noted. Including the limited number of studies; only four articles for meta-analysis, two studies of them only reported the seroprevalence, but not the prevalence of the biopsy proven, only few studies (two) reported prevalence of biopsy-proven CD, which could not be established properly, mostly because 30-60% of seropositive individuals refused to undergo a biopsy.

• #4 Review article: Epidemiology of coeliac disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35815830/

  Coeliac disease has been thought to affect mainly people of European origin but subsequently many studies revealed that it affects people living in North America, Oceania, South America, Asia as well as Africa. […] The global pooled seroprevalence and prevalence of biopsy-confirmed coeliac disease are 1.4% and 0.7% respectively. […] The systematic reviews, based on many population-based data, suggest that both the prevalence and the incidence of coeliac disease has increased over past three decades, which may be attributable not only to an increase in the detection rate (improvement in diagnostic tests, simplification of diagnostic criteria and increase in awareness about the disease) but also because of modernisation and globalisation related changes in the dietary practices including increase in the use of convenience food and dietary gluten. […] In this review, we have reviewed and summarised the literature, up till year 2021, related to the global and continent-wise epidemiology and risk factors associated with coeliac disease.

• #5 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  Globally coeliac disease affects between 1 in 100 and 1 in 170 people. Rates, however, vary between different regions of the world from as few as 1 in 300 to as many as 1 in 40. In the United States it is thought to affect between 1 in 1,750 (defined as clinical disease including dermatitis herpetiformis with limited digestive tract symptoms) to 1 in 105 (defined by presence of IgA TG in blood donors). Due to variable signs and symptoms it is believed that about 85% of people affected are undiagnosed. The percentage of people with clinically diagnosed disease (symptoms prompting diagnostic testing) is 0.050.27% in various studies. However, population studies from parts of Europe, India, South America, Australasia and the USA (using serology and biopsy) indicate that the percentage of people with the disease may be between 0.33 and 1.06% in children (but 5.66% in one study of children of the predisposed Sahrawi people) and 0.181.2% in adults. Among those in primary care populations who report gastrointestinal symptoms, the rate of coeliac disease is about 3%. In Australia, approximately 1 in 70 people have the disease. The rate amongst adult blood donors in Iran, Israel, Syria and Turkey is 0.60%, 0.64%, 1.61% and 1.15%, respectively.

• #6 Celiac Disease (Sprue): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171805-overview

  The frequency of celiac disease in the United States is relatively low, about 1 case in 3000 persons. Estimates suggest that approximately 1% of the Western population is affected, but celiac disease is underdiagnosed in most affected people. […] Because the historical prevalence and long-term outcome of undiagnosed celiac disease were unknown, Rubio-Tapia et al collected serologic information on three cohorts: 9133 healthy young adults from whom sera were collected between 1948 and 1954, and 12,768 gender-matched subjects from two recent cohorts, one whose years of birth were similar to those of members of the first cohort, and the other whose age at sampling was similar. […] A 2018 systematic review and meta-analysis noted that celiac disease is a global public health concern. The overall prevalence of this condition is 1.4% on the basis of serologic findings and 0.7% on the basis of biopsy findings. However, specific national population-based prevalence studies are needed because the prevalence of celiac disease varies with factors such as sex, age, and location.

• #7 The Second Highest Prevalence of Celiac Disease Worldwide: Genetic and Metabolic Insights in Southern Brazilian Mennonites

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/5/1026

  Celiac disease (CD), despite its high morbidity, is an often-underdiagnosed autoimmune enteropathy. […] The global CD seroprevalence is 1.4% (95% CI = 1.1–1.7%), with the highest seroprevalence reported to date being 5.6% in the isolated Saharawi people of Western Sahara. […] The prevalence of biopsy-confirmed CD is 0.7% (95% CI = 0.5–0.9%), with the highest prevalence in Europe (0.8%) and Oceania (0.8%) and the lowest prevalence in South America (0.4%); the prevalence is 0.24% (1:417) in Curitiba, the capital city of Paraná state in Brazil. […] The CD seroprevalence among Southern Brazilian Mennonites was impressively high: 3.47% (approximately 1:29). […] Even if taking into account only biopsy-confirmed CD, the 1.32% frequency in Mennonites contrasts with the global prevalence of the disease, which ranges from 0.5% (1:200) to 1.0% (1:100).

• #8 Emergence of Celiac disease and Gluten-related disorders in Asia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm20140

  Celiac disease (CeD) is a systemic, immune-mediated enteropathy, which is triggered by gluten protein in genetically susceptible individuals. CeD, once thought to be an uncommon disease, is now recognized to affect approximately 40-60 million people globally. […] The epidemiology of CeD is different in different parts of Asia due to the heterogeneity of population, genetics, economic condition, and dietary habits. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence based on serological tests of CeD in Asian countries was 1.6% among 47,873 participants. The pooled prevalence of biopsy proven CeD was 0.5% in 43,955 individuals. […] The interest in CeD in China was sparked by a systematic review and meta-analysis of the predisposing genes for CeD done by Yuan et al who had predicted that CeD should not be uncommon in China.

• #9 Review article: Epidemiology of coeliac disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35815830/

  Coeliac disease has been thought to affect mainly people of European origin but subsequently many studies revealed that it affects people living in North America, Oceania, South America, Asia as well as Africa. […] The global pooled seroprevalence and prevalence of biopsy-confirmed coeliac disease are 1.4% and 0.7% respectively. […] The systematic reviews, based on many population-based data, suggest that both the prevalence and the incidence of coeliac disease has increased over past three decades, which may be attributable not only to an increase in the detection rate (improvement in diagnostic tests, simplification of diagnostic criteria and increase in awareness about the disease) but also because of modernisation and globalisation related changes in the dietary practices including increase in the use of convenience food and dietary gluten. […] In this review, we have reviewed and summarised the literature, up till year 2021, related to the global and continent-wise epidemiology and risk factors associated with coeliac disease.

• #10 Epidemiology | Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University Medical Center

  https://celiacdiseasecenter.columbia.edu/celiac-disease/epidemiology/

  Celiac disease occurs in adults and children at rates approaching 1% of the population, and is recognized around the world; not only throughout Europe and in countries populated by those of European ancestry (such as Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and South American countries) but also in the Middle East, Asia, Central America, Caribbean and North Africa. This high prevalence rate is based on serologic screening studies using sensitive and specific antibody tests. The bulk of those with celiac disease are undiagnosed, though the rate of diagnosis is increasing. […] Approximately 5% of patients may develop refractory celiac disease or refractory sprue. Refractory sprue is defined as a condition in which villous atrophy and symptoms persist despite a gluten free diet. […] The recognition of specific lymphocyte markers on intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) has allowed the definition of normal or typical celiac disease from refractory celiac disease that may have a poor prognosis. Refractory celiac disease may be divided into two categories based on these lymphocyte markers: Type I has normal lymphocyte markers. These patients while sick usually respond to various medications that include steroids or immunosupressants. They do not go on to develop lymphoma. Type II has abnormal lymphycytes that fail to express normal lymphocyte markers and may well be clonally expanded. This is rare. When present, however, patients are usually very sick and have an overall poor prognosis with progression to lymphoma not uncommonly. Patients usually require treatment with steroids and immunosupressants. However, in view of the poor outlook, innovative therapies are being sought. These include biological agents and stem cell transplant.

• #11 The Second Highest Prevalence of Celiac Disease Worldwide: Genetic and Metabolic Insights in Southern Brazilian Mennonites

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/5/1026

  Celiac disease (CD), despite its high morbidity, is an often-underdiagnosed autoimmune enteropathy. […] The global CD seroprevalence is 1.4% (95% CI = 1.1–1.7%), with the highest seroprevalence reported to date being 5.6% in the isolated Saharawi people of Western Sahara. […] The prevalence of biopsy-confirmed CD is 0.7% (95% CI = 0.5–0.9%), with the highest prevalence in Europe (0.8%) and Oceania (0.8%) and the lowest prevalence in South America (0.4%); the prevalence is 0.24% (1:417) in Curitiba, the capital city of Paraná state in Brazil. […] The CD seroprevalence among Southern Brazilian Mennonites was impressively high: 3.47% (approximately 1:29). […] Even if taking into account only biopsy-confirmed CD, the 1.32% frequency in Mennonites contrasts with the global prevalence of the disease, which ranges from 0.5% (1:200) to 1.0% (1:100).

• #12 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english

  The risk of having celiac disease is much greater in first-degree relatives (up to 10%) and lesser in second-degree relatives, as well in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus and other autoimmune diseases, Down syndrome, and a number of other associated diseases. […] The highest celiac disease prevalence in the world has been identified in a specific Western Saharan population, at 5.6% almost ten times higher than in most European countries. […] Other studies have demonstrated that the number of new cases of celiac disease found in a specific period in a given population (the incidence) is increasing (in North America and Europe). […] The ratio of diagnosed to undiagnosed cases of celiac disease varies from country to country (one to two in Finland, one to 10 in the United States, Argentina, and Germany). […] There is an urgent need to increase awareness among primary-care physicians and pediatricians about the wide diversity of clinical manifestations and the role of serological testing in the diagnosis of celiac disease.

• #13 Epidemiology of celiac disease – Dr. Schär Institute

  https://www.drschaer.com/us/institute/a/prevalence-celiac-disease

  Celiac disease is one of the most common intolerances in the world. Data from screening studies reveals that approximately 1% of the population is affected worldwide. […] Celiac disease was long regarded as a rare childhood disease. 20 years ago the prevalence was thought to be between 1:1000 and 1:2000. […] A study published by Catassi and colleagues in 2014 revealed that the incidence of celiac disease has increased fivefold in the last 25 years. Europe and the United States, where the diet is traditionally based on foods containing gluten, are among the regions with the highest prevalence. […] Although it is understood that the prevalence of celiac disease in North America is approximately 1%, only approximately 10-15% of these cases are actually diagnosed. […] The larger portion of the celiac disease population remains unseen, or under the water line of the iceberg.

• #14 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  Celiac disease is a serious genetic autoimmune disease that damages the small intestine’s villi and interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food. […] An estimated 1 in 133 Americans, or about 1% of the population, has celiac disease. However, recent screening studies point to a potentially higher prevalence than 1% in the United States. […] A mass screening program of children in Italy found the prevalence of celiac disease to be 1.6%. […] In Finland, the prevalence of celiac disease has been estimated at 1.99% of the population. […] A meta-analysis found the global incidence of celiac disease “significantly” increasing. It noted that a “genuine increase in CD incidence is occurring beyond diagnostic improvements, most likely due to environmental factors.” It also found the “pooled global prevalence of celiac disease was 1.4%.”

• #15 Global Celiac Disease (CD) Market Insights, Epidemiology

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/09/28/2099717/0/en/Global-Celiac-Disease-CD-Market-Insights-Epidemiology-and-Market-Forecasts-2017-2019-2020-2030.html

  The total prevalent population of Celiac Disease in the 7 major markets was found to be 6,334,993 in 2017. […] The total 7MM diagnosed prevalent cases of Celiac Disease in 2017 were 1,303,459 out of which the highest diagnosed prevalent cases of this disease were seen in the United States, which was 661,244. […] In the United States the maximum number of cases of Celiac Disease were found in the age group of 19-39 with 241,354 cases in 2017, while the lowest number of cases were found in the age group 80 with 13,224 cases in 2017. […] In the EU5 countries the total prevalent population of Celiac Disease was found to be maximum in Germany with 738,357 cases, followed by the United Kingdom with 650,676 cases in 2017. […] In Japan, the prevalence of CD was found to be 65,148 in 2017. […] It is estimated that 1 in 133 Americans or about 1% of the American population develop CD, which means at least 3 million people in the United States are living with CD.

• #16 Celiac disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Celiac_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide, the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 500 to 1000 per 100,000 individuals. In United States, the prevalence of celiac disease is approximately 710 per 100,000 individuals. The overall prevalence of celiac disease has been increasing in United States from 170 per 100,000 individuals in 1988 to 440 per 100,000 individuals in 2012. In Europe the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 1000 per 100,000 individuals. The Scandinavian countries, Ireland, and the United Kingdom population tended to show a higher prevalence of celiac disease of approximately 1000 to 1500 per 100,000 individuals. In Australia the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 400 per 100,000 individuals. In New Zealand the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 1200 per 100,000 individuals. In India the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 300 per 100,000 individuals. In North Africa, Algeria with its refugees in the Sahara desert have the highest prevalence of celiac disease at 5600 per 100,000 individuals.

• #17 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  Celiac disease is a serious genetic autoimmune disease that damages the small intestine’s villi and interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food. […] An estimated 1 in 133 Americans, or about 1% of the population, has celiac disease. However, recent screening studies point to a potentially higher prevalence than 1% in the United States. […] A mass screening program of children in Italy found the prevalence of celiac disease to be 1.6%. […] In Finland, the prevalence of celiac disease has been estimated at 1.99% of the population. […] A meta-analysis found the global incidence of celiac disease “significantly” increasing. It noted that a “genuine increase in CD incidence is occurring beyond diagnostic improvements, most likely due to environmental factors.” It also found the “pooled global prevalence of celiac disease was 1.4%.”

• #18 The Second Highest Prevalence of Celiac Disease Worldwide: Genetic and Metabolic Insights in Southern Brazilian Mennonites

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/5/1026

  The Mennonite CD prevalence is actually close to that in Finland (2.13%), which is also genetically isolated. […] Ten individuals were identified as celiac by our serological screening, representing 47.6% of undiagnosed cases (almost 1:2). […] The failure to detect the disease, coupled with failure to treat it, may lead to severe comorbidities such as osteoporosis, sterility, neurological and psychiatric disorders, small bowel adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, and carcinoma of the esophagus, as well as increased morbidity. […] Through our questionnaire, we identified predisposed individuals who may benefit from early intervention, such as those with iron-deficiency anemia, weight loss, and chronic abdominal pain. […] Approximately 9% of individuals reported a family history of CD, 5.79% for FDRs and 3.25% for SDRs.

• #19 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  Celiac disease is a serious genetic autoimmune disease that damages the small intestine’s villi and interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food. […] An estimated 1 in 133 Americans, or about 1% of the population, has celiac disease. However, recent screening studies point to a potentially higher prevalence than 1% in the United States. […] A mass screening program of children in Italy found the prevalence of celiac disease to be 1.6%. […] In Finland, the prevalence of celiac disease has been estimated at 1.99% of the population. […] A meta-analysis found the global incidence of celiac disease “significantly” increasing. It noted that a “genuine increase in CD incidence is occurring beyond diagnostic improvements, most likely due to environmental factors.” It also found the “pooled global prevalence of celiac disease was 1.4%.”

• #20 About coeliac disease – Coeliac UK

  https://www.coeliac.org.uk/information-and-support/coeliac-disease/about-coeliac-disease/

  With a prevalence of 1 in 100, hundreds of thousands of people in the UK have coeliac disease. But there are half a million who don’t know it and may still be struggling with unexplained symptoms. […] Coeliac disease is common and affects 1 in 100 people. However only 36% who have the condition have been diagnosed which means there are currently nearly half a million people who have coeliac disease but dont yet know. […] Research is currently underway to find out more about the genes behind coeliac disease and how more knowledge could help us stop the condition in its tracks.

• #21

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/coeliac-disease/

  Coeliac disease is a common condition. It affects around 1 in every 100 people in Ireland. […] Reported cases of coeliac disease are 2 to 3 times higher in women than men. […] Routine testing for coeliac disease is not done in Ireland. […] Testing is usually only recommended for people most at risk of developing it.

• #22 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  Globally coeliac disease affects between 1 in 100 and 1 in 170 people. Rates, however, vary between different regions of the world from as few as 1 in 300 to as many as 1 in 40. In the United States it is thought to affect between 1 in 1,750 (defined as clinical disease including dermatitis herpetiformis with limited digestive tract symptoms) to 1 in 105 (defined by presence of IgA TG in blood donors). Due to variable signs and symptoms it is believed that about 85% of people affected are undiagnosed. The percentage of people with clinically diagnosed disease (symptoms prompting diagnostic testing) is 0.050.27% in various studies. However, population studies from parts of Europe, India, South America, Australasia and the USA (using serology and biopsy) indicate that the percentage of people with the disease may be between 0.33 and 1.06% in children (but 5.66% in one study of children of the predisposed Sahrawi people) and 0.181.2% in adults. Among those in primary care populations who report gastrointestinal symptoms, the rate of coeliac disease is about 3%. In Australia, approximately 1 in 70 people have the disease. The rate amongst adult blood donors in Iran, Israel, Syria and Turkey is 0.60%, 0.64%, 1.61% and 1.15%, respectively.

• #23 Coeliac disease – Coeliac Australia

  https://coeliac.org.au/learn/coeliac-disease/

  Approximately 1 in 70 Australians have coeliac disease. However, only 20% of this number are diagnosed. This means the vast majority of Australians who have coeliac disease don’t yet know it. […] Long term health problems, such as osteoporosis, liver disease, infertility and a higher chance of developing other autoimmune conditions, can occur if a diagnosis of coeliac disease is overlooked or delayed. A diagnosis of coeliac disease and treatment with the gluten free diet reduced the risk of any long term complications. […] Coeliac disease is a disease that can develop at any age. It affects both men and women of all ethnicities. […] Both genetic and environmental factors are important in coeliac disease development. […] Environmental factors play an important role in triggering coeliac disease to develop in those who are ‘genetically predisposed’.

• #24 Celiac disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Celiac_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide, the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 500 to 1000 per 100,000 individuals. In United States, the prevalence of celiac disease is approximately 710 per 100,000 individuals. The overall prevalence of celiac disease has been increasing in United States from 170 per 100,000 individuals in 1988 to 440 per 100,000 individuals in 2012. In Europe the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 1000 per 100,000 individuals. The Scandinavian countries, Ireland, and the United Kingdom population tended to show a higher prevalence of celiac disease of approximately 1000 to 1500 per 100,000 individuals. In Australia the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 400 per 100,000 individuals. In New Zealand the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 1200 per 100,000 individuals. In India the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 300 per 100,000 individuals. In North Africa, Algeria with its refugees in the Sahara desert have the highest prevalence of celiac disease at 5600 per 100,000 individuals.

• #25 Emergence of Celiac disease and Gluten-related disorders in Asia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm20140

  The pooled average annual incidence of CeD has been rising by 7.5% per year over the past several decades. […] The pathogenesis of CeD involves a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Based on the prevalence of the high risk categories in these factors, hotspots of the world for CeD can be identified. […] The two most populous countries of the world, India and China, also grow the maximum amount of wheat grains. […] The successful management of CeD is primarily dependent on a combination of factors involving the understanding of disease by the patient as well as following the prescribed dietary restrictions.

• #26 Emergence of Celiac disease and Gluten-related disorders in Asia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?volume=27&number=3&spage=337

  The pooled average annual incidence of CeD has been rising by 7.5% per year over the past several decades. […] The pathogenesis of CeD involves a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Based on the prevalence of the high risk categories in these factors, hotspots of the world for CeD can be identified. […] The two most populous countries of the world, India and China, also grow the maximum amount of wheat grains. […] In conclusion, the total number of patients with CeD in Asia, because of large its population, is likely to overtake the total numbers of patients in rest of the world. There is a need to recognize presence of CeD in Asian countries, and such Asian countries should start preparing to handle the emerging epidemic of CeD in Asia.

• #27 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86224

  Epidemiological research conducted in areas thought to be free of CD, including the Middle East, South Asia, Africa, and South America, has indicated that the disease was previously under-diagnosed in these regions. […] The prevalence of CD in Middle Eastern countries among low-risk populations is similar to that reported in Western countries, but is higher in high-risk populations, such as those with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). […] The overall prevalence of CD is highly dependent on HLA-DQ2/DQ8 typing and gluten consumption. […] Globally, the prevalence of CD ranges from approximately 0.51% in different regions of the world. However, exact prevalence rates may vary substantially in specific populations.

• #28 Prevalence of Celiac disease in Saudi Arabia: meta-analysis

  https://www.oatext.com/prevalence-of-celiac-disease-in-saudi-arabia-meta-analysis.php

  Aim: Meta-analysis for the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in Saudi Arabia (SA). […] The current study represents the first and only meta-analysis concerning the prevalence of CD in SA. Prevalence of biopsy-proven CD (1.4%) was lower than the seroprevalence (2.7%), but with higher heterogeneity. […] The Meta-analysis (for four articles) showed that seroprevalence of CD in SA (one serology at least) (by fixed model) is 2.7% (95% CI = 2.4%3.0%) with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0.00), while the prevalence of Biopsy-Proven CD (for two articles) is 1.4% (95% CI = 1.2%1.7%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 59.3). […] Some limitation was noted. Including the limited number of studies; only four articles for meta-analysis, two studies of them only reported the seroprevalence, but not the prevalence of the biopsy proven, only few studies (two) reported prevalence of biopsy-proven CD, which could not be established properly, mostly because 30-60% of seropositive individuals refused to undergo a biopsy.

• #29 Review article: Epidemiology of coeliac disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35815830/

  Coeliac disease has been thought to affect mainly people of European origin but subsequently many studies revealed that it affects people living in North America, Oceania, South America, Asia as well as Africa. […] The global pooled seroprevalence and prevalence of biopsy-confirmed coeliac disease are 1.4% and 0.7% respectively. […] The systematic reviews, based on many population-based data, suggest that both the prevalence and the incidence of coeliac disease has increased over past three decades, which may be attributable not only to an increase in the detection rate (improvement in diagnostic tests, simplification of diagnostic criteria and increase in awareness about the disease) but also because of modernisation and globalisation related changes in the dietary practices including increase in the use of convenience food and dietary gluten. […] In this review, we have reviewed and summarised the literature, up till year 2021, related to the global and continent-wise epidemiology and risk factors associated with coeliac disease.

• #30 Incidence of Celiac Disease Steadily Increasing | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the Foundation

  https://celiac.org/2020/02/20/incidence-of-celiac-disease-steadily-increasing/

  Over the past few decades, the incidence of celiac disease has increased in many Western countries. A recent review of the existing literature co-authored by Celiac Disease Foundation Young Investigator Award recipient Benjamin Lebwohl, MD, MS, found that overall, the incidence of celiac disease has been rising since the second half of the 20th century into the 21st century in nearly every country where data on the disease are available. […] The review looked at data from past research on the incidence (the rate of new cases in a population during a specific period of time) of celiac disease in the overall population, among both children and adults. The studies included in the analysis were based in Europe, North America, and Oceania. […] The researchers found that in the 21st century, the incidence of celiac disease was higher among women and children when compared to men. The incidence of celiac disease among women was 17.4 per 100,000 person-years (meaning that among 100,000 women followed for one year, a bit over 17 will be diagnosed with celiac disease), compared to 7.8 per 100,000 person-years among men. Celiac disease incidence among children was 21.3 per 100,000 person-years, compared to 12.9 per 100,000 person-years in adults.

• #31 Epidemiology of celiac disease – Dr. Schär Institute

  https://www.drschaer.com/us/institute/a/prevalence-celiac-disease

  Celiac disease is one of the most common intolerances in the world. Data from screening studies reveals that approximately 1% of the population is affected worldwide. […] Celiac disease was long regarded as a rare childhood disease. 20 years ago the prevalence was thought to be between 1:1000 and 1:2000. […] A study published by Catassi and colleagues in 2014 revealed that the incidence of celiac disease has increased fivefold in the last 25 years. Europe and the United States, where the diet is traditionally based on foods containing gluten, are among the regions with the highest prevalence. […] Although it is understood that the prevalence of celiac disease in North America is approximately 1%, only approximately 10-15% of these cases are actually diagnosed. […] The larger portion of the celiac disease population remains unseen, or under the water line of the iceberg.

• #32 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  Historically, coeliac disease was thought to be rare, with a prevalence of about 0.02%, which is approximately 1 in 50 of more recent estimates of prevalence. The reason for the recent increases in the number of reported cases is unclear. It may be at least in part due to changes in diagnostic practice. There also appears to be an approximately 4.5 fold true increase that may be due to less exposure to bacteria and other pathogens in Western environments. In the United States, the median age at diagnosis is 38 years. Roughly 20 percent of individuals with coeliac disease are diagnosed after 60 years of age.

• #33 Frontiers | Disease specific symptoms indices in patients with celiac disease—A hardly recognised entity

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.944449/full

  Background: Celiac disease (CD) was considered a rare disease before and was perceivably only limited to children but now affects almost 1–2% of the global population. This abrupt increase in prevalence is due to advancements in diagnostic criteria and medical facilities but still many countries lack the basic data that can assess the severity of this health issue. […] The prevalence of CD has been increasing with the passage of time (0.6% from 1991 to 2000 and 0.8% from 2000 to 2016) but still missing data from developing countries, such as Pakistan. A systemic review and meta-analysis conducted to assess the global prevalence of CD suggested various readings including a 1.4% seroprevalence of CD based on 275,818 individuals (95% CI; confidence interval, 1.1–1.7%) but Asia was among the highest CD prevalent region (1.8%) from the whole.

• #34 Coeliac Disease (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/coeliac-disease-pro

  Coeliac disease epidemiology […] Prevalence is approximately 1 in 100 people in the UK. However, only 10-20% will have been diagnosed as having coeliac disease. Coeliac disease affects all ethnic groups. […] One study found a four-fold increase in the incidence of coeliac disease in the UK between 1990 and 2011, with the highest incidence in those aged 50-69 years. […] The prevalence of coeliac disease has increased over the past 50 years. This is thought to be due partly to the increased use of diagnostic tools and the screening of people at high risk.

• #35 Epidemiology of celiac disease – Dr. Schär Institute

  https://www.drschaer.com/us/institute/a/prevalence-celiac-disease

  Celiac disease is one of the most common intolerances in the world. Data from screening studies reveals that approximately 1% of the population is affected worldwide. […] Celiac disease was long regarded as a rare childhood disease. 20 years ago the prevalence was thought to be between 1:1000 and 1:2000. […] A study published by Catassi and colleagues in 2014 revealed that the incidence of celiac disease has increased fivefold in the last 25 years. Europe and the United States, where the diet is traditionally based on foods containing gluten, are among the regions with the highest prevalence. […] Although it is understood that the prevalence of celiac disease in North America is approximately 1%, only approximately 10-15% of these cases are actually diagnosed. […] The larger portion of the celiac disease population remains unseen, or under the water line of the iceberg.

• #36 Incidence of Celiac Disease Steadily Increasing | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the Foundation

  https://celiac.org/2020/02/20/incidence-of-celiac-disease-steadily-increasing/

  Examination over time shows that these incidence rates are increasing, with an average of 7.5% increase per year over the past several decades. Because the incidence of celiac disease is studied by examining only diagnosed patients, this does not take into account people who remain undiagnosed; there is evidence from other studies that the total number of people with celiac disease (not just diagnosed cases) has increased over time. […] There are some possible explanations for the increase in the incidence of celiac disease. The introduction of blood testing towards the end of the 20th century has made diagnosing celiac disease easier and more cost-effective. Additionally, an increase in awareness among physicians has led to evaluating patients with “non-classical” symptoms, rather than only testing patients with traditional gastrointestinal symptoms. The difference in diagnosis rates between men and women may be related to differences in how men and women utilize healthcare, since some screening studies in adults show similar rates of celiac disease in men and women.

• #37 Emergence of Celiac disease and Gluten-related disorders in Asia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm20140

  The pooled average annual incidence of CeD has been rising by 7.5% per year over the past several decades. […] The pathogenesis of CeD involves a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Based on the prevalence of the high risk categories in these factors, hotspots of the world for CeD can be identified. […] The two most populous countries of the world, India and China, also grow the maximum amount of wheat grains. […] The successful management of CeD is primarily dependent on a combination of factors involving the understanding of disease by the patient as well as following the prescribed dietary restrictions.

• #38 Review article: Epidemiology of coeliac disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35815830/

  Coeliac disease has been thought to affect mainly people of European origin but subsequently many studies revealed that it affects people living in North America, Oceania, South America, Asia as well as Africa. […] The global pooled seroprevalence and prevalence of biopsy-confirmed coeliac disease are 1.4% and 0.7% respectively. […] The systematic reviews, based on many population-based data, suggest that both the prevalence and the incidence of coeliac disease has increased over past three decades, which may be attributable not only to an increase in the detection rate (improvement in diagnostic tests, simplification of diagnostic criteria and increase in awareness about the disease) but also because of modernisation and globalisation related changes in the dietary practices including increase in the use of convenience food and dietary gluten. […] In this review, we have reviewed and summarised the literature, up till year 2021, related to the global and continent-wise epidemiology and risk factors associated with coeliac disease.

• #39 Epidemiology of celiac disease – Dr. Schär Institute

  https://www.drschaer.com/us/institute/a/prevalence-celiac-disease

  Celiac disease is one of the most common intolerances in the world. Data from screening studies reveals that approximately 1% of the population is affected worldwide. […] Celiac disease was long regarded as a rare childhood disease. 20 years ago the prevalence was thought to be between 1:1000 and 1:2000. […] A study published by Catassi and colleagues in 2014 revealed that the incidence of celiac disease has increased fivefold in the last 25 years. Europe and the United States, where the diet is traditionally based on foods containing gluten, are among the regions with the highest prevalence. […] Although it is understood that the prevalence of celiac disease in North America is approximately 1%, only approximately 10-15% of these cases are actually diagnosed. […] The larger portion of the celiac disease population remains unseen, or under the water line of the iceberg.

• #40 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations-of-celiac-disease-in-adults

  Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults […] Celiac disease, also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a common immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the small intestine caused by sensitivity to dietary gluten and related proteins in genetically predisposed individuals. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease will be reviewed here. Its management and the use of antibodies for diagnosis are presented separately. […] Celiac disease is an immune disorder triggered by an environmental agent (the gluten component of wheat and related cereals) in genetically predisposed individuals. The genetic basis of celiac disease is supported by the frequent intrafamilial occurrence and the remarkably close association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8 gene locus. More than 99 percent of individuals with celiac disease have HLA DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the general population of most countries. Homozygosity for HLA DQ2 has been associated with an increased risk for celiac disease and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. It has been estimated that the HLA contribution to the development of celiac disease among siblings is 36 percent. Thus, another gene or genes at an HLA-unlinked locus must also participate. Moreover, novel genetic and especially epigenetic factors that increase the risk or severity of celiac disease have been identified. Celiac disease is associated with a number of autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease. A particular association was found with chromosome 15q26, which contains a type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus, and with chromosome 5q and possibly 11q.

• #41 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations-of-celiac-disease-in-adults

  Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults […] Celiac disease, also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a common immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the small intestine caused by sensitivity to dietary gluten and related proteins in genetically predisposed individuals. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease will be reviewed here. Its management and the use of antibodies for diagnosis are presented separately. […] Celiac disease is an immune disorder triggered by an environmental agent (the gluten component of wheat and related cereals) in genetically predisposed individuals. The genetic basis of celiac disease is supported by the frequent intrafamilial occurrence and the remarkably close association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8 gene locus. More than 99 percent of individuals with celiac disease have HLA DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the general population of most countries. Homozygosity for HLA DQ2 has been associated with an increased risk for celiac disease and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. It has been estimated that the HLA contribution to the development of celiac disease among siblings is 36 percent. Thus, another gene or genes at an HLA-unlinked locus must also participate. Moreover, novel genetic and especially epigenetic factors that increase the risk or severity of celiac disease have been identified. Celiac disease is associated with a number of autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease. A particular association was found with chromosome 15q26, which contains a type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus, and with chromosome 5q and possibly 11q.

• #42 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations-of-celiac-disease-in-adults

  Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults […] Celiac disease, also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a common immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the small intestine caused by sensitivity to dietary gluten and related proteins in genetically predisposed individuals. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease will be reviewed here. Its management and the use of antibodies for diagnosis are presented separately. […] Celiac disease is an immune disorder triggered by an environmental agent (the gluten component of wheat and related cereals) in genetically predisposed individuals. The genetic basis of celiac disease is supported by the frequent intrafamilial occurrence and the remarkably close association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8 gene locus. More than 99 percent of individuals with celiac disease have HLA DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the general population of most countries. Homozygosity for HLA DQ2 has been associated with an increased risk for celiac disease and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. It has been estimated that the HLA contribution to the development of celiac disease among siblings is 36 percent. Thus, another gene or genes at an HLA-unlinked locus must also participate. Moreover, novel genetic and especially epigenetic factors that increase the risk or severity of celiac disease have been identified. Celiac disease is associated with a number of autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease. A particular association was found with chromosome 15q26, which contains a type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus, and with chromosome 5q and possibly 11q.

• #43 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86224

  Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the small bowel that is triggered by exposure to dietary gluten. […] The main scope of this chapter is to explore and present the prevalence of CD worldwide as well as trends in diagnosis over recent years. […] The prevalence of CD is approximately 0.51% in different regions of the world. […] Certain population groups are also at high risk of developing CD, including first- or second-degree relatives of individuals with CD and those with diabetes or autoimmune disorders. […] The prevalence of CD has been estimated to range from 0.51% in different parts of the world. […] Mass screening for CD in four general European populations revealed a prevalence of 1%. […] Interestingly, research shows that there is an increased prevalence of CD among women compared to men, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.8, thereby indicating that women are diagnosed two to three times more frequently than men.

• #44

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/coeliac-disease/

  Coeliac disease is a common condition. It affects around 1 in every 100 people in Ireland. […] Reported cases of coeliac disease are 2 to 3 times higher in women than men. […] Routine testing for coeliac disease is not done in Ireland. […] Testing is usually only recommended for people most at risk of developing it.

• #45 Celiac disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/celiac-disease/

  Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Prevalence: in the US 1:150. […] The disease can occur at any age. […] Peak incidence is bimodal: At 812 months (or 23 months following the first exposure to gluten through diet containing wheat) and in the third to fourth decade of life. […] Race: more common in individuals of northern European descent.

• #46 Celiac Disease (Sprue): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171805-overview

  Approximately 3 million people in Europe and another 3 million people in the United States are estimated to be affected by celiac disease. Celiac disease is prevalent in European countries with temperate climates. The highest prevalence of celiac disease is in Ireland and Finland and in places to which Europeans emigrated, notably North America and Australia. In these populations, celiac disease affects approximately 1 in 100 individuals. The incidence of celiac disease is increasing among certain populations in Africa (Sahrawi population), Asia (India), and the Middle East. […] Celiac disease is most prevalent in Western Europe and the United States, with an increasing incidence in Africa and Asia. Females are affected slightly more than males. […] The age distribution of patients with celiac disease is bimodal, the first at 8-12 months and the second in the third to fourth decades. The mean age at diagnosis is 8.4 years (range, 1-17 y). […] Approximately 20% of patients with celiac disease are older than 60 years.

• #47 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations-of-celiac-disease-in-adults

  Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults […] Celiac disease, also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a common immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the small intestine caused by sensitivity to dietary gluten and related proteins in genetically predisposed individuals. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease will be reviewed here. Its management and the use of antibodies for diagnosis are presented separately. […] Celiac disease is an immune disorder triggered by an environmental agent (the gluten component of wheat and related cereals) in genetically predisposed individuals. The genetic basis of celiac disease is supported by the frequent intrafamilial occurrence and the remarkably close association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8 gene locus. More than 99 percent of individuals with celiac disease have HLA DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the general population of most countries. Homozygosity for HLA DQ2 has been associated with an increased risk for celiac disease and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. It has been estimated that the HLA contribution to the development of celiac disease among siblings is 36 percent. Thus, another gene or genes at an HLA-unlinked locus must also participate. Moreover, novel genetic and especially epigenetic factors that increase the risk or severity of celiac disease have been identified. Celiac disease is associated with a number of autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease. A particular association was found with chromosome 15q26, which contains a type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus, and with chromosome 5q and possibly 11q.

• #48 In time: celiac disease – some current aspects of epidemiology and research | Revista Paulista de Pediatria (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-paulista-pediatria-english-edition–409-articulo-in-time-celiac-disease–S2359348216000427

  One must conclude that we still do not know what factors can safely reduce the risk of DC in genetically predisposed individuals. Other study hypotheses, such as intrauterine exposure, infections or other environmental factors need to be evaluated in search for the correct answer. […] Another very important aspect in the current concept of CD is autoimmunity. It is now well recognized that CD is associated with other autoimmune diseases and the prevalence of CD in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is higher than in the general population. […] The disclosure of the potential association between gluten intake and diseases has been broadly disseminated in the media. In addition to the non-celiac sensitivity to gluten, a good number of famous personalities have announced their decision to adopt a gluten-free diet to lose weight or to feel good.

• #49 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86224

  Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the small bowel that is triggered by exposure to dietary gluten. […] The main scope of this chapter is to explore and present the prevalence of CD worldwide as well as trends in diagnosis over recent years. […] The prevalence of CD is approximately 0.51% in different regions of the world. […] Certain population groups are also at high risk of developing CD, including first- or second-degree relatives of individuals with CD and those with diabetes or autoimmune disorders. […] The prevalence of CD has been estimated to range from 0.51% in different parts of the world. […] Mass screening for CD in four general European populations revealed a prevalence of 1%. […] Interestingly, research shows that there is an increased prevalence of CD among women compared to men, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.8, thereby indicating that women are diagnosed two to three times more frequently than men.

• #50 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #51 Monitoring and follow-up of coeliac disease – Coeliac Australia

  https://coeliac.org.au/article/monitoring-and-follow-up-of-coeliac-disease/

  Coeliac disease is a serious medical condition that requires an individualised long-term follow-up plan to maintain health and to reduce the risk of complications. […] Upon diagnosis, it is important to learn the skills needed to follow a gluten free diet, screen for associated conditions, and screen family members for coeliac disease. […] Treatment goals are to reverse the damaging effects of gluten, resolve symptoms, improve quality of life and monitor for complications. […] Ongoing medical review is important to ensure these treatment goals are met. […] Immediate family members of someone with coeliac disease have a 1 in 10 chance of also having the condition. Family members should be screened for coeliac disease using the coeliac serology blood test. […] Up to 75% of adults with coeliac disease will have reduced bone mineral density at diagnosis. Treatment with a gluten free diet can significantly improve bone density, particularly within the first year.

• #52

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/celiac-disease-and-its-epidemiology-pathophysiology-treatment-and-management-21107.html

  Celiac infection, otherwise called „celiac sprue”, is an ongoing incendiary problem of the small digestive system, produkowany przez spożycie produktów zawierających gluten u osób wrażliwych. Celiac sickness jest czymś więcej niż rzadkim problemem, z globalną częstością występowania wynoszącą około 1%. […] Częstość występowania celiac disease w populacji wynosi około 0,5% do 1%. Zarówno rzeczywista częstość występowania, jak i wykrywanie oraz diagnoza wzrosły w ciągu ostatnich 10 do 20 lat. […] W pierwszej linii członków rodziny osób dotkniętych celiac disease ryzyko wynosi 1 na 10.

• #53 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #54 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #55 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #56 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #57 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english

  Celiac disease is common throughout the world, and its prevalence has significantly increased over the past 20 years. […] There has been a substantial increase in the numbers of new cases of celiac disease, partly due to better diagnostic tools and thorough screening of individuals considered to be at high risk for the disorder. […] Celiac disease still represents a statistical iceberg, with far more undiagnosed than diagnosed cases. […] The prevalence in Western countries is around 1% of the general population, but it is substantially increasing in other parts of the world. […] The female-to-male ratio has been variably reported, with prospective population studies rating from 1 : 3 to 1.5 : 1. […] Celiac disease is now known to affect all age groups, including the elderly; more than 70% of new patients are diagnosed above the age of 20 years.

• #58 Epidemiology of celiac disease – Dr. Schär Institute

  https://www.drschaer.com/us/institute/a/prevalence-celiac-disease

  Celiac disease is one of the most common intolerances in the world. Data from screening studies reveals that approximately 1% of the population is affected worldwide. […] Celiac disease was long regarded as a rare childhood disease. 20 years ago the prevalence was thought to be between 1:1000 and 1:2000. […] A study published by Catassi and colleagues in 2014 revealed that the incidence of celiac disease has increased fivefold in the last 25 years. Europe and the United States, where the diet is traditionally based on foods containing gluten, are among the regions with the highest prevalence. […] Although it is understood that the prevalence of celiac disease in North America is approximately 1%, only approximately 10-15% of these cases are actually diagnosed. […] The larger portion of the celiac disease population remains unseen, or under the water line of the iceberg.

• #59 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  It is estimated that up to 83% of Americans who have celiac disease are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with other conditions. […] 6-10 years is the average time a person waits to be correctly diagnosed. […] Celiac disease can lead to several other disorders, including infertility, reduced bone density, neurological disorders, some cancers, and other autoimmune diseases. […] Over a four-year period, people with undiagnosed celiac disease cost an average of $3,964 more than healthy individuals. […] One in five children with celiac disease isn’t healing on the gluten-free diet. […] It has been estimated that 5-22% of people with celiac disease have an immediate family member (first-degree relative) who also has celiac disease. However, a retrospective study by the Mayo Clinic found that 44% of screened first-degree relatives had celiac disease. […] Up to 6% of Americans have non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] There are no pharmaceutical treatments or cures for celiac disease. […] A 100% gluten-free diet is the only existing treatment for celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity today.

• #60 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  It is estimated that up to 83% of Americans who have celiac disease are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with other conditions. […] 6-10 years is the average time a person waits to be correctly diagnosed. […] Celiac disease can lead to several other disorders, including infertility, reduced bone density, neurological disorders, some cancers, and other autoimmune diseases. […] Over a four-year period, people with undiagnosed celiac disease cost an average of $3,964 more than healthy individuals. […] One in five children with celiac disease isn’t healing on the gluten-free diet. […] It has been estimated that 5-22% of people with celiac disease have an immediate family member (first-degree relative) who also has celiac disease. However, a retrospective study by the Mayo Clinic found that 44% of screened first-degree relatives had celiac disease. […] Up to 6% of Americans have non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] There are no pharmaceutical treatments or cures for celiac disease. […] A 100% gluten-free diet is the only existing treatment for celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity today.

• #61 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english

  The risk of having celiac disease is much greater in first-degree relatives (up to 10%) and lesser in second-degree relatives, as well in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus and other autoimmune diseases, Down syndrome, and a number of other associated diseases. […] The highest celiac disease prevalence in the world has been identified in a specific Western Saharan population, at 5.6% almost ten times higher than in most European countries. […] Other studies have demonstrated that the number of new cases of celiac disease found in a specific period in a given population (the incidence) is increasing (in North America and Europe). […] The ratio of diagnosed to undiagnosed cases of celiac disease varies from country to country (one to two in Finland, one to 10 in the United States, Argentina, and Germany). […] There is an urgent need to increase awareness among primary-care physicians and pediatricians about the wide diversity of clinical manifestations and the role of serological testing in the diagnosis of celiac disease.

• #62 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  It is estimated that up to 83% of Americans who have celiac disease are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with other conditions. […] 6-10 years is the average time a person waits to be correctly diagnosed. […] Celiac disease can lead to several other disorders, including infertility, reduced bone density, neurological disorders, some cancers, and other autoimmune diseases. […] Over a four-year period, people with undiagnosed celiac disease cost an average of $3,964 more than healthy individuals. […] One in five children with celiac disease isn’t healing on the gluten-free diet. […] It has been estimated that 5-22% of people with celiac disease have an immediate family member (first-degree relative) who also has celiac disease. However, a retrospective study by the Mayo Clinic found that 44% of screened first-degree relatives had celiac disease. […] Up to 6% of Americans have non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] There are no pharmaceutical treatments or cures for celiac disease. […] A 100% gluten-free diet is the only existing treatment for celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity today.

• #63 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  It is estimated that up to 83% of Americans who have celiac disease are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with other conditions. […] 6-10 years is the average time a person waits to be correctly diagnosed. […] Celiac disease can lead to several other disorders, including infertility, reduced bone density, neurological disorders, some cancers, and other autoimmune diseases. […] Over a four-year period, people with undiagnosed celiac disease cost an average of $3,964 more than healthy individuals. […] One in five children with celiac disease isn’t healing on the gluten-free diet. […] It has been estimated that 5-22% of people with celiac disease have an immediate family member (first-degree relative) who also has celiac disease. However, a retrospective study by the Mayo Clinic found that 44% of screened first-degree relatives had celiac disease. […] Up to 6% of Americans have non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] There are no pharmaceutical treatments or cures for celiac disease. […] A 100% gluten-free diet is the only existing treatment for celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity today.

• #64 Monitoring and follow-up of coeliac disease – Coeliac Australia

  https://coeliac.org.au/article/monitoring-and-follow-up-of-coeliac-disease/

  Coeliac disease is a serious medical condition that requires an individualised long-term follow-up plan to maintain health and to reduce the risk of complications. […] Upon diagnosis, it is important to learn the skills needed to follow a gluten free diet, screen for associated conditions, and screen family members for coeliac disease. […] Treatment goals are to reverse the damaging effects of gluten, resolve symptoms, improve quality of life and monitor for complications. […] Ongoing medical review is important to ensure these treatment goals are met. […] Immediate family members of someone with coeliac disease have a 1 in 10 chance of also having the condition. Family members should be screened for coeliac disease using the coeliac serology blood test. […] Up to 75% of adults with coeliac disease will have reduced bone mineral density at diagnosis. Treatment with a gluten free diet can significantly improve bone density, particularly within the first year.

• #65 Celiac Disease Management & Monitoring | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/living-with-celiac-disease/management/

  Currently, the only treatment for celiac disease is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. Eating gluten, even in very small amounts, can damage the intestine. […] The American Gastroenterological Association and the American College of Gastroenterology recommend regular healthcare follow-up with a physician and dietitian for those with celiac disease. This care is seen as critical in providing patients with accurate information about the gluten-free diet, which is currently the only treatment for celiac disease, and improving adherence to it. […] Regular monitoring with blood tests can help to answer the following questions: Is the small intestine healing? Am I being followed and screened for common nutritional deficiencies and associated diseases? Am I getting better? Am I being exposed to gluten? […] Healthcare follow-up can include blood tests that measure celiac disease antibodies and are the best available tool to indicate ongoing intestinal damage. When needed a follow-up biopsy might also be done.

• #66 Coeliac disease – Coeliac Australia

  https://coeliac.org.au/learn/coeliac-disease/

  Everyone diagnosed with coeliac disease must follow a gluten-free diet; this is the only treatment for coeliac disease. Following a gluten free diet allows the body to heal and symptoms to resolve. […] Coeliac disease is a lifelong diagnosis; if gluten is reintroduced to the diet, relapse will occur.

• #67 Monitoring and follow-up of coeliac disease – Coeliac Australia

  https://coeliac.org.au/article/monitoring-and-follow-up-of-coeliac-disease/

  Coeliac disease is a serious medical condition that requires an individualised long-term follow-up plan to maintain health and to reduce the risk of complications. […] Upon diagnosis, it is important to learn the skills needed to follow a gluten free diet, screen for associated conditions, and screen family members for coeliac disease. […] Treatment goals are to reverse the damaging effects of gluten, resolve symptoms, improve quality of life and monitor for complications. […] Ongoing medical review is important to ensure these treatment goals are met. […] Immediate family members of someone with coeliac disease have a 1 in 10 chance of also having the condition. Family members should be screened for coeliac disease using the coeliac serology blood test. […] Up to 75% of adults with coeliac disease will have reduced bone mineral density at diagnosis. Treatment with a gluten free diet can significantly improve bone density, particularly within the first year.

• #68 Monitoring and follow-up of coeliac disease – Coeliac Australia

  https://coeliac.org.au/article/monitoring-and-follow-up-of-coeliac-disease/

  Coeliac disease is a serious medical condition that requires an individualised long-term follow-up plan to maintain health and to reduce the risk of complications. […] Upon diagnosis, it is important to learn the skills needed to follow a gluten free diet, screen for associated conditions, and screen family members for coeliac disease. […] Treatment goals are to reverse the damaging effects of gluten, resolve symptoms, improve quality of life and monitor for complications. […] Ongoing medical review is important to ensure these treatment goals are met. […] Immediate family members of someone with coeliac disease have a 1 in 10 chance of also having the condition. Family members should be screened for coeliac disease using the coeliac serology blood test. […] Up to 75% of adults with coeliac disease will have reduced bone mineral density at diagnosis. Treatment with a gluten free diet can significantly improve bone density, particularly within the first year.

• #69 Celiac Disease Management & Monitoring | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/living-with-celiac-disease/management/

  Currently, the only treatment for celiac disease is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. Eating gluten, even in very small amounts, can damage the intestine. […] The American Gastroenterological Association and the American College of Gastroenterology recommend regular healthcare follow-up with a physician and dietitian for those with celiac disease. This care is seen as critical in providing patients with accurate information about the gluten-free diet, which is currently the only treatment for celiac disease, and improving adherence to it. […] Regular monitoring with blood tests can help to answer the following questions: Is the small intestine healing? Am I being followed and screened for common nutritional deficiencies and associated diseases? Am I getting better? Am I being exposed to gluten? […] Healthcare follow-up can include blood tests that measure celiac disease antibodies and are the best available tool to indicate ongoing intestinal damage. When needed a follow-up biopsy might also be done.

• #70 Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00872-2

  Currently, it is suggested that patients be monitored on a yearly basis, but intervals can be shortened in the case of non-responsive CeD. […] Despite the absence of guidelines, clinical evaluations and varied investigations are routinely performed for CeD monitoring. […] Overall, the current published literature suggests that dietetic and nutritional evaluations of GFD adherence should be standardized and, ideally, used in combination with other non-invasive methods of GFD adherence. […] The evaluation of T cells in blood has been considered a tool for CeD detection after a short-term gluten challenge in patients on a GFD without a clear diagnosis. […] The need for duodenal biopsies in CeD follow-up has been debated. […] Current evidence suggests that the resolution of clinical symptom status is the most reliable prognostic factor in CeD, even though these clinical parameters do not reliably correlate with complete mucosal healing. […] In summary, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that clinical outcomes are substantially altered because of routine re-biopsy in adult patients with CeD.

• #71 Monitoring and follow-up of coeliac disease – Coeliac Australia

  https://coeliac.org.au/article/monitoring-and-follow-up-of-coeliac-disease/

  Review appointments should occur approximately every 3-6 months until you are well. […] Once you are symptom free, have normal nutrient levels and normal coeliac serology (and if done, a normal small bowel biopsy result), follow-up can be extended to once every 1–2 years. […] Coeliac serology blood tests (tTG, DGP, total IgA) should be repeated. […] Your specialist may consider repeating a gastroscopy with small intestinal biopsies to confirm healing of your small intestine and adequacy of the gluten free diet. […] The bone density scan should be repeated every five years, or more frequently if required. […] Remain a member of Coeliac Australia – this will ensure that you are kept up-to-date with the most accurate and credible information on coeliac disease and the gluten free diet.

• #72 Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00872-2

  Currently, it is suggested that patients be monitored on a yearly basis, but intervals can be shortened in the case of non-responsive CeD. […] Despite the absence of guidelines, clinical evaluations and varied investigations are routinely performed for CeD monitoring. […] Overall, the current published literature suggests that dietetic and nutritional evaluations of GFD adherence should be standardized and, ideally, used in combination with other non-invasive methods of GFD adherence. […] The evaluation of T cells in blood has been considered a tool for CeD detection after a short-term gluten challenge in patients on a GFD without a clear diagnosis. […] The need for duodenal biopsies in CeD follow-up has been debated. […] Current evidence suggests that the resolution of clinical symptom status is the most reliable prognostic factor in CeD, even though these clinical parameters do not reliably correlate with complete mucosal healing. […] In summary, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that clinical outcomes are substantially altered because of routine re-biopsy in adult patients with CeD.

• #73 Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00872-2

  Coeliac disease (CeD) is an immunological disease triggered by the consumption of gluten contained in food in individuals with a genetic predisposition. […] Although the criteria for diagnosis of this disease are well defined, the monitoring phase has been studied less and there is a lack of specific guidelines for this phase. […] The proposed guidelines, endorsed by the North American and European coeliac disease scientific societies, make recommendations for best practices in monitoring patients with CeD based on the available evidence. […] The rapidly growing CeD population and the clear gaps in the current care of patients with CeD suggest the need to develop guidelines for CeD monitoring. […] Studies have revealed substantial variability in monitoring practices across different countries, highlighting a lack of consistent follow-up for patients with CeD.

• #74 Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00872-2

  Coeliac disease (CeD) is an immunological disease triggered by the consumption of gluten contained in food in individuals with a genetic predisposition. […] Although the criteria for diagnosis of this disease are well defined, the monitoring phase has been studied less and there is a lack of specific guidelines for this phase. […] The proposed guidelines, endorsed by the North American and European coeliac disease scientific societies, make recommendations for best practices in monitoring patients with CeD based on the available evidence. […] The rapidly growing CeD population and the clear gaps in the current care of patients with CeD suggest the need to develop guidelines for CeD monitoring. […] Studies have revealed substantial variability in monitoring practices across different countries, highlighting a lack of consistent follow-up for patients with CeD.

• #75 Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00872-2

  Currently, it is suggested that patients be monitored on a yearly basis, but intervals can be shortened in the case of non-responsive CeD. […] Despite the absence of guidelines, clinical evaluations and varied investigations are routinely performed for CeD monitoring. […] Overall, the current published literature suggests that dietetic and nutritional evaluations of GFD adherence should be standardized and, ideally, used in combination with other non-invasive methods of GFD adherence. […] The evaluation of T cells in blood has been considered a tool for CeD detection after a short-term gluten challenge in patients on a GFD without a clear diagnosis. […] The need for duodenal biopsies in CeD follow-up has been debated. […] Current evidence suggests that the resolution of clinical symptom status is the most reliable prognostic factor in CeD, even though these clinical parameters do not reliably correlate with complete mucosal healing. […] In summary, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that clinical outcomes are substantially altered because of routine re-biopsy in adult patients with CeD.

• #76 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  It is estimated that up to 83% of Americans who have celiac disease are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with other conditions. […] 6-10 years is the average time a person waits to be correctly diagnosed. […] Celiac disease can lead to several other disorders, including infertility, reduced bone density, neurological disorders, some cancers, and other autoimmune diseases. […] Over a four-year period, people with undiagnosed celiac disease cost an average of $3,964 more than healthy individuals. […] One in five children with celiac disease isn’t healing on the gluten-free diet. […] It has been estimated that 5-22% of people with celiac disease have an immediate family member (first-degree relative) who also has celiac disease. However, a retrospective study by the Mayo Clinic found that 44% of screened first-degree relatives had celiac disease. […] Up to 6% of Americans have non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] There are no pharmaceutical treatments or cures for celiac disease. […] A 100% gluten-free diet is the only existing treatment for celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity today.

• #77 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease in Iran: A Review | Rostami Nejad | Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases (MEJDD)

  http://www.mejdd.org/index.php/mejdd/article/view/169

  Celiac disease (CD) was traditionally believed to be a chronic enteropathy, almost exclusively affecting people of European origin. […] The availability of new, simple, very sensitive and specific serological tests has shown that CD is as common in Middle Eastern countries as in Europe, Australia and New Zealand where the major dietary staple is wheat. A high prevalence of CD has been found in Iran, in both the general population and the at-risk groups, i.e. patients with type 1 diabetes or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). […] In developing countries, serological testing in at risk groups is necessary for early identification of celiac patients. Clinical studies show that presentation with non-specific symptoms or a lack of symptoms is as common in the Middle East as in Europe. […] The implementation of gluten free diet (GFD) is a major challenge for both patients and clinicians in Iran, especially since commercial gluten-free products are not available in this area.

• #78 Monitoring and follow-up of coeliac disease – Coeliac Australia

  https://coeliac.org.au/article/monitoring-and-follow-up-of-coeliac-disease/

  Coeliac disease is a serious medical condition that requires an individualised long-term follow-up plan to maintain health and to reduce the risk of complications. […] Upon diagnosis, it is important to learn the skills needed to follow a gluten free diet, screen for associated conditions, and screen family members for coeliac disease. […] Treatment goals are to reverse the damaging effects of gluten, resolve symptoms, improve quality of life and monitor for complications. […] Ongoing medical review is important to ensure these treatment goals are met. […] Immediate family members of someone with coeliac disease have a 1 in 10 chance of also having the condition. Family members should be screened for coeliac disease using the coeliac serology blood test. […] Up to 75% of adults with coeliac disease will have reduced bone mineral density at diagnosis. Treatment with a gluten free diet can significantly improve bone density, particularly within the first year.

• #79 Epidemiological, clinical, and histological presentation of celiac disease in Northwest China

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i12/1272.htm

  CD is caused by gluten in susceptible subjects, however, its etiology is not fully understood. […] We evaluated the relationship between H. pylori infection and CD and found that H. pylori-positive CD patients demonstrated more severe mucosal damage than H. pylori-negative CD patients. […] Early diagnosis of CD can reduce the long-term and persistent damage caused by gluten to the intestinal tract and whole body, thus resulting in better patient prognosis. […] The prevalence of CD is higher in the Uyghur and Kazak populations. Therefore, physicians should be aware of the risk of developing CD in regional populations. […] H. pylori infection may be related to CD severity, which warrants further study.

• #80 Global epidemiology of celiac disease – Bykova – Almanac of Clinical Medicine

  https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/753

  The review presents the data on the prevalence of celiac disease in various world regions. The numbers of patients with celiac disease continues to rise every year. According to some authors, this is to be related not only to improvement in diagnosis, but to other extrinsic factors, as well, that require additional studies. In the 1980s the prevalence of this disease was 1.05%, and by the beginning of 2000s, it amounted to 1.99%. In particular, from 1993 to 2002 in Britain its incidence increased from 6 to 13.3 per 100,000. […] Both raised awareness of doctors and conduction of epidemiological studies play a decisive role in the improvement of the diagnosis of celiac disease. The information cumulated up to now makes it possible to conclude that the highest diagnostic rates of celiac disease can be found in the risk groups. They include 1st and 2nd degree relatives of patients with celiac disease, patients with autoimmune disorders (type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroiditis); those with clinical signs of an intestinal disorder, such as chronic diarrhea, as well as patients with anemia, osteoporosis and high transaminase levels of unknown origin. According to the Finnish epidemiological study, the prevalence of celiac disease, depending on the risk group, may vary from 6.6 to 16.3%. The guidelines by the American College of Gastroenterology, British Society of Gastroenterology, North-American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, and the Russian Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease in Adults and Children all recommend thorough examination of patients from the risk groups. Active diagnosis of celiac disease (screening) has been recognized as one of the approaches to primary prevention to autoimmune disorders and cancer.

• #81 Review article: Epidemiology of coeliac disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35815830/

  Coeliac disease has been thought to affect mainly people of European origin but subsequently many studies revealed that it affects people living in North America, Oceania, South America, Asia as well as Africa. […] The global pooled seroprevalence and prevalence of biopsy-confirmed coeliac disease are 1.4% and 0.7% respectively. […] The systematic reviews, based on many population-based data, suggest that both the prevalence and the incidence of coeliac disease has increased over past three decades, which may be attributable not only to an increase in the detection rate (improvement in diagnostic tests, simplification of diagnostic criteria and increase in awareness about the disease) but also because of modernisation and globalisation related changes in the dietary practices including increase in the use of convenience food and dietary gluten. […] In this review, we have reviewed and summarised the literature, up till year 2021, related to the global and continent-wise epidemiology and risk factors associated with coeliac disease.

• #82 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86224

  Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the small bowel that is triggered by exposure to dietary gluten. […] The main scope of this chapter is to explore and present the prevalence of CD worldwide as well as trends in diagnosis over recent years. […] The prevalence of CD is approximately 0.51% in different regions of the world. […] Certain population groups are also at high risk of developing CD, including first- or second-degree relatives of individuals with CD and those with diabetes or autoimmune disorders. […] The prevalence of CD has been estimated to range from 0.51% in different parts of the world. […] Mass screening for CD in four general European populations revealed a prevalence of 1%. […] Interestingly, research shows that there is an increased prevalence of CD among women compared to men, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.8, thereby indicating that women are diagnosed two to three times more frequently than men.

• #83 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english

  The risk of having celiac disease is much greater in first-degree relatives (up to 10%) and lesser in second-degree relatives, as well in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus and other autoimmune diseases, Down syndrome, and a number of other associated diseases. […] The highest celiac disease prevalence in the world has been identified in a specific Western Saharan population, at 5.6% almost ten times higher than in most European countries. […] Other studies have demonstrated that the number of new cases of celiac disease found in a specific period in a given population (the incidence) is increasing (in North America and Europe). […] The ratio of diagnosed to undiagnosed cases of celiac disease varies from country to country (one to two in Finland, one to 10 in the United States, Argentina, and Germany). […] There is an urgent need to increase awareness among primary-care physicians and pediatricians about the wide diversity of clinical manifestations and the role of serological testing in the diagnosis of celiac disease.

• #84 In time: celiac disease – some current aspects of epidemiology and research | Revista Paulista de Pediatria (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-paulista-pediatria-english-edition–409-articulo-in-time-celiac-disease–S2359348216000427

  In spite of the great progress in research and knowledge, CD remains a fascinating disease, with an undeniable genetic component, but also environmental factors that are not completely known. In the near future, new developments are expected in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, which will teach us how to better help our patients.

• #85 The Second Highest Prevalence of Celiac Disease Worldwide: Genetic and Metabolic Insights in Southern Brazilian Mennonites

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/5/1026

  The absence of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 was also formerly observed by others in Brazilian patients. […] The glutathione pathway seems more affected in Mennonites with CD before compliance to a GFD. Further identification of other associated genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors shall help define the CD risk of this population and lay the foundations of future strategies of preventive medicine.

• #86 In time: celiac disease – some current aspects of epidemiology and research | Revista Paulista de Pediatria (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-paulista-pediatria-english-edition–409-articulo-in-time-celiac-disease–S2359348216000427

  In spite of the great progress in research and knowledge, CD remains a fascinating disease, with an undeniable genetic component, but also environmental factors that are not completely known. In the near future, new developments are expected in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, which will teach us how to better help our patients.

• #87 Global Celiac Disease (CD) Market Insights, Epidemiology

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/09/28/2099717/0/en/Global-Celiac-Disease-CD-Market-Insights-Epidemiology-and-Market-Forecasts-2017-2019-2020-2030.html

  However, 97% of these cases remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with other conditions. […] Lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) has been proved to promote mucosal healing, reduce serum levels of celiac antibodies, improve protein-energy deficiencies, improve bone health, and lead to increases in body fat. […] The dynamics of the CD market is anticipated to change in the coming years owing to the expected launch of emerging therapies during the forecast period of 2020-2030.

Zobacz więcej