Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pericarditis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352510

  Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the thin, saclike tissue surrounding the heart. This tissue is called the pericardium. Pericarditis often causes sharp chest pain. The chest pain occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other. […] Chest pain is the most common symptom of pericarditis. It usually feels sharp or stabbing. But some people have dull, achy or pressure-like chest pain. Most often, pericarditis pain is felt behind the breastbone or on the left side of the chest. The pain may: Spread to the left shoulder and neck, or to both shoulders. Get worse when coughing, lying down or taking a deep breath. Get better when sitting up or leaning forward. […] The specific symptoms depend on the type of pericarditis. Pericarditis is grouped into different categories, according to the pattern of symptoms and how long symptoms last. Acute pericarditis begins suddenly but doesn’t last longer than four weeks. Future episodes can occur. It may be hard to tell the difference between acute pericarditis and pain due to a heart attack. Recurrent pericarditis occurs about 4 to 6 weeks after a bout of acute pericarditis. No symptoms happen in between. Incessant pericarditis lasts about 4 to 6 weeks but less than three months. The symptoms continue over this whole time. Chronic constrictive pericarditis usually develops slowly and lasts longer than three months.

• #1 Pericarditis: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is inflammation of the lining around the heart that can cause pain and is often caused by a viral infection. […] About 85% to 90% of people with pericarditis have chest pain as a symptom. […] The pain from pericarditis is typically sharp and may worsen as you take deep breaths. […] Your symptoms may vary depending on the type of pericarditis you have. […] Recovery from pericarditis takes time. It may take weeks for symptoms to completely resolve in some cases. […] Most cases of pericarditis are mild and without complications. However, there can be complications with chronic pericarditis, including fluid buildup and constriction or scarring of the pericardium. […] Full recovery can take up to 5 to 7 years for those with multiple recurrences.

• #1 Pericarditis – causes, symptoms & treatment – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is inflammation of the lining around the heart. The most common symptom of pericarditis is chest pain or discomfort. Although pericarditis can be long-lasting, most people recover within weeks. […] If you have pericarditis, the most common symptom is chest pain. This chest pain may: feel sharp or stabbing (however some people have dull, pressure-like chest-pain); be felt on the left-hand side of the chest or behind your breastbone; may spread to your shoulder and arms; get worse when coughing, swallowing, lying down (especially on your left side) or taking a deep breath; get better when leaning forward. […] Other pericarditis symptoms include: having a high temperature; feeling hot and shivery; feeling sick; feeling light-headed; shortness of breath. […] Most people recover from pericarditis within a few weeks, but for some it can take several months. […] Dealing with ongoing pericarditis symptoms can be tough, but it is possible to live a normal life with the right support.

• #1 Pericarditis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pericarditis/

  The main symptom of pericarditis is chest pain. […] The chest pain usually: feels sharp or stabbing, spreads to your shoulders, arms or tummy, gets worse when you breathe in deeply, swallow, cough or lie down (especially when you lie down on your left side), gets better when you lean forward. […] You may also feel hot and shivery or have a high temperature, cough or painful joints. […] If you get pericarditis, it often follows a viral infection like a cold or flu. […] Treatment for pericarditis will depend on what’s causing it. You may be given anti-inflammatory painkillers, such as ibuprofen, to help ease symptoms like pain. […] Most people feel better within a few weeks.

• #1 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Pericarditis | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/pericarditis/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-pericarditis

  A common symptom of acute pericarditis is a sharp, stabbing chest pain, usually coming on quickly. It’s often in the middle or left side of the chest, and there may be pain in one or both shoulders. […] Fever is another common symptom of acute pericarditis. Other symptoms are weakness, trouble breathing and coughing. Palpitations, which are feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering or beating too hard or too fast, may occur. This can be a sign of deeper heart tissue involvement. […] Chronic pericarditis often causes tiredness, coughing and shortness of breath. Chest pain is sometimes absent with this type of pericarditis. Severe cases of chronic pericarditis can lead to swelling in the stomach, feet, ankles and legs and hypotension (low blood pressure).

• #1 Pericarditis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pericarditis

  The symptoms of pericarditis are similar to those of a heart attack and can include chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath. […] The symptoms of pericarditis can be similar to those of a heart attack and can include chest pain, shortness of breath and palpitations. It is always important to seek medical help as soon as possible if you experience these symptoms. […] Depending on the type of pericarditis you have, symptoms can vary and can include: sharp and stabbing chest pains, pain radiating into the left shoulder and arm, pain that gets worse if you’re lying down or taking deep breaths, a fever, sweating and chills, feeling short of breath or trouble breathing, dizziness, feeling faint, dry cough, palpitations or a racing heart, which can be a sign of an abnormal heart rhythm.

• #1 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Pericarditis usually develops suddenly and may last from weeks up to several months. The condition usually clears up after three months, but sometimes attacks can come and go for years. […] Pericarditis symptoms include chest pain that is sharp and stabbing. […] You also may feel the need to bend over or hold your chest to breathe more comfortably. […] Other pericarditis symptoms include pain in your back, neck or left shoulder, trouble breathing when you lie down, a dry cough, palpitations, anxiety or fatigue, fever, and swelling of your legs, feet and ankles in severe cases. […] Swelling in your feet, legs and ankles or shortness of breath every time you exert yourself may be a symptom of constrictive pericarditis. […] If you have any symptoms of acute pericarditis, call your doctor right away.

• #1 Pericarditis in Children | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/patients/child/encyclopedia/symptoms/peri

  Children may not be able to describe that they have „chest pain” or be able to explain how they feel. Sometimes, non-specific symptoms such as irritability, loss of appetite, or fatigue will be all that the child is able to express. […] The symptoms of pericarditis may resemble other medical conditions or heart problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis.

• #1 Pericarditis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-inflammation/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is usually acute; it develops suddenly and may last a few weeks to a few months before clearing up and can affect anyone. The most common symptom of pericarditis is sharp chest pain. […] The most common type of pericarditis is acute pericarditis. […] Sharp chest pain is the most common symptom of acute pericarditis, which might feel like a heart attack. […] The most common symptom of pericarditis is chest pain which can be severe. […] Symptoms of pericarditis include: Sharp chest pain, Fever, Weakness or fatigue, Trouble breathing, Heart palpitations, Dry cough, Swelling in the feet, ankles, and legs.

• #1 Pericarditis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pericarditis

  Symptoms of acute pericarditis can last from one to three weeks. Chronic pericarditis lasts three months or longer. […] Symptoms of constrictive pericarditis can include: fatigue, feeling short of breath or trouble breathing, dizziness, feeling faint, swelling of the abdomen or lower legs (due to fluid build up), heart palpitations (due to an abnormal heart rhythm). […] The symptoms of pericarditis may not appear for some weeks or months after the heart attack.

• #1 What Is Pericarditis? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/pericarditis/what-is-pericarditis

  Acute pericarditis – symptoms last less than four to six weeks. […] Incessant pericarditis – symptoms last more than four to six weeks but less than three months despite therapy. […] Chronic pericarditis – symptoms last for more than three months. […] Recurrent pericarditis – when pericarditis develops for a second time after having no symptoms for at least four weeks. […] Among those treated for acute pericarditis, 15% to 30% may experience the condition again if not treated with the medication colchicine.

• #1 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  You should respond to treatment within a week, but you could be taking medicine for two weeks. Recovery from surgery takes longer. It can take weeks or months for a full recovery from pericarditis. […] Acute pericarditis lasts less than four to six weeks. Incessant pericarditis lasts longer than that but shorter than three months. Chronic pericarditis lasts more than three months. About 15% to 30% of people with pericarditis have repeat episodes of pericarditis that come and go for many years. […] The outlook is very good for people with acute pericarditis who receive treatment. Most people make a full recovery. If you have a mild case, it may get better with rest. Without treatment, some people can end up with chronic pericarditis.

• #1 Manage Pericarditis Symptoms: Guide to Signs and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/pericarditis/guide/symptoms/

  Most people with recurrent pericarditis experience the same symptoms as they did with their first episode of pericarditis. […] Chronic pericarditis generally means that the condition lasts more than six months. […] If symptoms are present, they can include the following: Tiredness or fatigue, Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, Chest pain, usually behind the breastbone or on the left side, Discomfort while lying down, Chest fullness, Lightheadedness or feeling faint. […] Severe cases of chronic effusive pericarditis may cause hypotension, or low blood pressure, as well as buildups of fluid in the stomach and in the feet, ankles, and legs (edema). […] Chronic constrictive pericarditis may cause the following symptoms: Difficulty breathing, Weakness and fatigue, Fluid buildup in the stomach and extremities, Abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

• #1 Pericarditis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pericarditis?content_id=CON-20303937

  The specific symptoms depend on the type of pericarditis. Pericarditis is grouped into different categories, according to the pattern of symptoms and how long symptoms last. […] Acute pericarditis begins suddenly but doesn’t last longer than four weeks. Future episodes can occur. It may be hard to tell the difference between acute pericarditis and pain due to a heart attack. […] Recurrent pericarditis occurs about 4 to 6 weeks after a bout of acute pericarditis. No symptoms happen in between. […] Incessant pericarditis lasts about 4 to 6 weeks but less than three months. The symptoms continue over this whole time. […] Chronic constrictive pericarditis usually develops slowly and lasts longer than three months.

• #1 Pericarditis – constrictive: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001103.htm

  When you have constrictive pericarditis, the inflammation causes the covering of the heart to become thick and rigid. This makes it hard for the heart to expand properly when it beats. As a result, the heart chambers don’t fill up with enough blood. Blood backs up behind the heart, causing heart swelling and other symptoms of heart failure. […] Symptoms of chronic constrictive pericarditis include: […] Difficulty breathing (dyspnea) that develops slowly and gets worse […] Fatigue […] Long-term swelling (edema) of the legs and ankles […] Swollen abdomen […] Weakness.

• #1 Constrictive Pericarditis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22373-constrictive-pericarditis

  The symptoms of constrictive pericarditis include: Shortness of breath (dyspnea). Chest pain. Fatigue. Dizziness. Swelling (especially in the abdomen and lower legs) from fluid buildup. Loss of muscle mass. Loss of appetite and feeling full even when eating very little. […] Constrictive pericarditis is usually a chronic (long-term) problem, but it is treatable in most cases, especially with early diagnosis. […] When your heart can’t expand enough to fill up with blood, it struggles to pump enough to meet your body’s needs. To compensate, the filling pressures increase, which leads to heart failure. […] The outlook for this condition depends on the cause, the severity of your case, the treatments involved and any other health conditions you might have. […] Because this condition often happens alongside or because of severe or deadly conditions, the outlook is often negative. This is especially true when it happens because of radiation therapy or when you also have: Advanced kidney disease or kidney failure. Heart failure. Liver disease. Pulmonary hypertension. […] However, most people recover and do well. Nearly 80% of the people who have surgery for this condition live at least five years, and nearly 60% live at least 10 years.

• #1 Constrictive Pericarditis: Symptoms & Causes – Orange County

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/heart-vascular/specialty-programs/heart-failure-program/conditions/constrictive-pericarditis/

  In the early stages of the disease, the symptoms of constrictive pericarditis can be mild. Some people with the condition may experience no symptoms at all. […] However, as the disease progresses, the reduced blood flow and cardiac restriction that is characteristic of constrictive pericarditis can cause a range of serious symptoms. These may include: […] Shortness of breath (dyspnea): One of the most common symptoms of constrictive pericarditis, shortness of breath is caused by the inability of the heart to fully expand and pump enough blood. […] Weakness and fatigue: Also caused by reduced blood flow and compromised heart function, which can lead to a general feeling of tiredness and lack of energy. […] Elevated jugular venous pressure: Most patients with constrictive pericarditis are found to have elevated blood pressure in the jugular vein during a physical examination by physicians.

• #1 Pericarditis: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193320

  Pericarditis can cause sharp pain in the chest. […] Symptoms of pericarditis include palpitations, a dry cough, and pain in the shoulder. […] The symptoms of pericarditis can include the following: sharp pain in the chest, sometimes central, other times to the left, that may decrease in intensity when sitting up and leaning forward, palpitations, shortness of breath, especially when reclining, minor fever, general weakness, swelling of the abdomen or legs, a cough, pain in the shoulder. […] If pericarditis is left untreated, it can get worse and become a more severe condition. […] Complications of pericarditis include: Cardiac tamponade: If too much fluid builds up in the pericardium, it can put additional pressure on the heart, preventing it from filling with blood. This can cause a fatal drop in blood pressure if left untreated.

• #1 Pericarditis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/Pericardium/Prcrdts.htm

  Pericardial Effusions are present in 60% of Pericarditis cases (with most being small effusions, 1 cm wide) […] Uncommon in Viral Pericarditis or idiopathic Pericarditis (5-15%) […] May occur with even small Pericardial Effusions that accumulate rapidly […] Occurs in 60% of exudative cases listed above (esp. Bacterial or Uremic Pericarditis) […] Myocarditis occurs in up to one third of Pericarditis cases.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Complications-of-Pericarditis.aspx

  It is difficult to exactly measure the span of chronic effusive pericarditis spread since the symptoms are not clear in most cases; however, some of the symptoms are chest pain, lightheadedness, hiccups, and shortness of breath. […] The common symptoms of constrictive pericarditis are: Swelling in the legs and abdomen, Shortness of breath, Nausea and vomiting, Fatigue, Abdominal pain. […] The drop in blood pressure can cause blurred vision, nausea, confusion, and weakness. […] Sudden death is a serious complication of this condition, whereas chronic heart failure comes as a long-term complication. […] The most problematic complication of acute pericarditis is recurrent or relapsing pericarditis. A pericardial pain recurs when a pericarditis patient shows a relapse of the condition after disruption of the treatment or after recovery from an initial attack.

• #1 Pericarditis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditis

  Symptoms typically include sudden onset of sharp chest pain, which may also be felt in the shoulders, neck, or back. The pain is typically less severe when sitting up and more severe when lying down or breathing deeply. Other symptoms of pericarditis can include fever, weakness, palpitations, and shortness of breath. The onset of symptoms can occasionally be gradual rather than sudden. […] Symptoms usually improve in a few days to weeks but can occasionally last months. Complications can include cardiac tamponade, myocarditis, and constrictive pericarditis. […] Pericarditis can progress to pericardial effusion and eventually cardiac tamponade. This can be seen in people who are experiencing the classic signs of pericarditis but then show signs of relief, and progress to show signs of cardiac tamponade which include decreased alertness and lethargy, pulsus paradoxus (decrease of at least 10 mmHg of the systolic blood pressure upon inspiration), low blood pressure (due to decreased cardiac index), (jugular vein distention from right sided heart failure and fluid overload), distant heart sounds on auscultation, and equilibration of all the diastolic blood pressures on cardiac catheterization due to the constriction of the pericardium by the fluid.

• #1 Pericarditis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/pericarditis/

  Constrictive pericarditis may be transient or chronic. Where the condition is chronic, a pericardiectomy is typically the only effective treatment. […] This condition involves fluid accumulating slowly between the two layers of the pericardium without necessarily leading to cardiac tamponade. Symptoms may include chest pain, lightheadedness and shortness of breath. […] Cardiac tamponade seems to be more common in cases of pericarditis caused by tuberculosis or cancer. Symptoms may develop suddenly (within minutes or hours) and can include: Weakness, Faintness, Fatigue, Nausea, Severe shortness of breath, Palpitations (the feeling that the heart is skipping a beat or pounding), Confusion, Low blood pressure with blurred vision and fainting, Loss of consciousness.

• #1 Pericarditis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000214

  Acute pericarditis is a clinical diagnosis. […] Symptoms include sharp, severe retrosternal chest pain worse with inspiration and a supine position. […] The classic physical finding is a pericardial friction rub. A low-grade fever may be present. […] Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening complication of acute pericarditis. These patients require urgent pericardiocentesis. […] Complications include chronic recurrent pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis.

• #1 Pericarditis: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193320

  Constrictive pericarditis: This is a rare byproduct of pericarditis. Constrictive pericarditis involves a permanent thickening and scarring of the pericardium. This causes a hardening of the tissues and restricts the heart from working properly, potentially leading to swelling in the feet and legs and shortness of breath. […] It can take between a few days and a few months to recover. However, most people make a full recovery.

• #1 Pericarditis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/myocarditis-and-pericarditis/pericarditis

  In post-MI syndrome, pericardial effusion can occur with fever, friction rub, pleurisy, pleural effusions, and joint pain. This syndrome usually occurs within 10 days to 2 months after MI. It is usually mild but may be severe. […] The clinical findings of cardiac tamponade are similar to those of cardiogenic shock: decreased cardiac output, low systemic arterial pressure, tachycardia, and dyspnea. […] Fibrosis or calcification rarely causes symptoms unless constrictive pericarditis develops. The only early abnormalities may be elevated ventricular diastolic, atrial, pulmonary, and systemic venous pressures. Symptoms and signs of peripheral venous congestion (eg, peripheral edema, neck vein distention, hepatomegaly) may appear with an early diastolic sound (pericardial knock), often best heard during inspiration.

• #1 What Is Pericarditis? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/pericarditis/what-is-pericarditis

  A common symptom of pericarditis is chest pain, caused by the sac’s layers becoming inflamed and possibly rubbing against the heart. Chest pain from pericarditis can come on suddenly. It is often in the middle or left side of the chest, and there may be pain in one or both shoulders. Unlike pain from a heart attack, chest pain from pericarditis is usually a sharp, stabbing pain. […] Pericarditis can be acute, meaning it happens suddenly and typically doesn’t last long. Or the condition may be „chronic,” meaning that it lasts for longer than three months and may take longer to treat. […] Both types of pericarditis can disrupt your heart’s normal function. In rare cases, pericarditis can have very serious consequences. […] Recovery time from pericarditis may vary depending on the type of condition, the cause and the patient’s health. Consultation with a health care professional can determine this.

• #1 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  The overall prognosis for acute pericarditis is excellent, with most patients experiencing complete recovery. Up to 30% of patients who are not treated with colchicine may experience recurrent pericarditis. Constrictive pericarditis is exceedingly rare following idiopathic acute pericarditis, occurring in less than 1% of cases. However, the risk of constrictive pericarditis increases with specific etiologies, particularly purulent bacterial or tuberculosis pericarditis, where it may rise to as high as 30%. […] Cardiac tamponade, the most feared acute complication, rarely occurs after idiopathic pericarditis but is more commonly associated with malignancy and infectious causes of pericarditis.

• #1 Pericarditis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Why Timely Management Matters.

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/blog/pericarditis-diagnosis-treatment

  Skipping, slowing, or racing heartbeat […] Shortness of breath […] During late stages, stiffening of the pericardium can restrict the pumping function of the heart and lead to swelling of abdomen and legs, called constrictive pericarditis […] Cardiac tamponade, pressure around the heart caused by pericardial effusion. […] About 15-30% of patients will get pericarditis a second time. The second case and beyond will likely be more severe and will increase the risk of chronic, potentially debilitating symptoms. Patients who get it a second time have a 50% risk of developing it a third time. The more times you have it, the more severe and lengthy each case typically becomes. […] Many patients may develop pericardial effusion (or fluid around the heart) during their pericarditis episodes. When the size of this fluid or effusion is large and when it builds up quickly, it the ability of the heart to fill with blood can be restricted.

• #1 Heart Inflammation – Pericarditis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-inflammation/pericarditis

  Symptoms of pericarditis can feel like a heart attack or other serious health problem. If you have chest pain or severe shortness of breath, or your symptoms get worse, call 9-1-1 or seek medical help right away. Pericarditis symptoms include: […] Chest pain that feels sharp, gets worse with breathing, and feels better with sitting up and leaning forward […] Irregular, fast heartbeat called pericardial friction rub […] Shortness of breath […] Pain in the neck or shoulders that can be mild or severe […] Fever.

• #1 Acute pericarditis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/pericarditis/

  Continuation for one month beyond the resolution of chest pain might reduce the risk of future constrictive pericarditis. […] Acute pericarditis is generally exquisitely sensitive to steroid therapy. […] There is a high risk of recurrent pericarditis (especially when weaning off steroids). […] Major predictors: Fever 38C. […] Subacute onset. […] Large pericardial effusion (20 mm end-diastolic depth). […] Cardiac tamponade. […] Lack of response to aspirin/NSAIDs after at least one week of therapy. […] Minor predictors: Concomitant myocarditis (perimyocarditis). […] Immunosuppression. […] Trauma. […] Oral anticoagulant.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?Hwid=hw169330

  The main symptom is a sharp pain in the centre or left side of your chest. The pain may spread to the shoulder blade. For some people, this pain is dull instead of sharp. It may be worse when you lie down or take a deep breath. The pain usually gets better if you lean forward or sit up. […] Other symptoms may include a mild fever, weakness, and feeling very tired. […] Pericarditis usually isn’t dangerous. But your chest pain could be caused by something more serious, like a heart attack. Getting diagnosed and treated early can help keep pericarditis from leading to other problems. That’s why you should call a doctor right away if you have any kind of sudden chest pain.

• #1 Acute Pericarditis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0401/p553.html

  A pericardial friction rub, which is highly specific and pathognomonic for acute pericarditis, occurs in up to 85% of patients, but its absence does not exclude the diagnosis. […] Electrocardiographic changes caused by significant pericardial inflammation occur in approximately 90% of patients with acute pericarditis. […] Diagnosis requires at least two of the following criteria: characteristic sharp, pleuritic chest pain; pericardial friction rub; suggestive changes on electrocardiography; and a new or worsening pericardial effusion.

• #1 Pericarditis ECG Changes • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/pericarditis-ecg-library/

  Inflammation of the pericardium secondary to infection, localised injury or systemic disorders producing characteristic chest pain, dyspnoea and serial ECG changes. […] Chest pain is often retrosternal in nature, pleuritic, and positional (relieved by sitting forward, worse lying flat). […] There may be an associated pericardial friction rub, or ECG evidence of a pericardial effusion. […] Widespread ST segment changes occur due to involvement of the underlying epicardium (i.e. myopericarditis). […] Pericarditis is classically associated with ECG changes that evolve through four stages. […] Stage 1 widespread STE and PR depression with reciprocal changes in aVR (occurs during the first two weeks). […] Stage 2 normalisation of ST changes; generalised T wave flattening (1 to 3 weeks). […] Stage 3 flattened T waves become inverted (3 to several weeks). […] Stage 4 ECG returns to normal (several weeks onwards). […] Less than 50% of patients progress through all four classical stages and evolution of changes may not follow this typical pattern.

• #1 Diagnosing Pericarditis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1101/p1695.html

  In cardiac tamponade, the ECG shows electrical alternans as the heart floats in relation to the recording leads. Chronic constrictive pericarditis presents with low voltage of the QRS complex and diffuse flattening or inversion of the T waves. Atrial fibrillation occurs in one third of patients with pericardial disease.

• #1 Pericarditis: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment | ClinCaseQuest

  https://clincasequest.hospital/pericarditis/

  Pericarditis is the most common form of pericardial disease worldwide and is typically encountered in young and middle-aged people. […] A 55-year-old woman presents with chest pain. She reports the chest pain started several days ago and describes it as sharp and brief. […] Chest pain (85% to 90% of cases) that usually radiates to the trapezius ridge of the left shoulder or arm and resembles ischaemic pain. However, retrosternal pain in acute pericarditis is mainly sharp and pleuritic, which augments in the supine position with cough and deep inspiration. Conversely, it usually subsides in the upright position and by leaning forward due to decrease of the pressure on the parietal pericardium. […] The major risk factors associated with poor prognosis after multivariate analysis include: high fever [38C (100.4F)], subacute course (symptoms over several days without a clear-cut acute onset), evidence of large pericardial effusion (i.e. diastolic echo-free space 20 mm), cardiac tamponade and failure to respond within 7 days to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

• #1 Patient education: Pericarditis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pericarditis-beyond-the-basics

  Pericarditis SYMPTOMS […] The most common sign of acute pericarditis is chest pain, usually worsened when taking a deep breath. This pleuritic chest pain begins suddenly, is often sharp, and is felt over the front of the chest. […] Dull, crushing chest pain, similar to that of a heart attack, can also occur. The pain may decrease in intensity when sitting up and may radiate around the shoulder to the upper back. Some people with pericarditis and pericardial effusion develop a fever. […] Approximately 15 to 30 percent of people with sudden onset (acute) pericarditis have either recurrent or persistent disease, frequently with a pericardial effusion. This risk is reduced in people who initially take colchicine and in those without a known cause of pericarditis (idiopathic pericarditis). […] Signs and symptoms of recurrent pericarditis are the same as those in the initial episode.

• #1 Pericarditis in Children | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/patients/child/encyclopedia/symptoms/peri

  Pericarditis is an inflammation or infection of the pericardium, the thin sac (membrane) that surrounds the heart. When the pericardium becomes inflamed, the amount of fluid between its two layers increases, compressing the heart and interfering with the heart’s ability to function properly. […] The following are the most common symptoms of pericarditis. However, everyone experiences symptoms differently. Symptoms may include chest pain that: […] Can be felt especially behind the breastbone, and sometimes beneath the clavicle (collarbone), neck and left shoulder […] Is a sharp, piercing pain over the center or left side of the chest that increases as the child takes a deep breath […] A low-grade fever […] Irritability […] Fatigue […] Loss of appetite […] Irregular heartbeat.

• #1 Pericarditis in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pericarditis-children

  The following are the most common symptoms of pericarditis. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: […] Chest pain that is often described as a sharp pain in the middle or left chest and often positional (person feels better sitting forward) […] A low-grade fever […] Irregular heartbeat […] Shortness of breath […] Heart palpitations […] Fainting […] In young children, it can present with vomiting or abdominal pain. […] The symptoms of pericarditis may resemble other medical conditions or heart problems. Always consult your child’s healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #1 Pericarditis – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pericarditis/

  The main symptom of pericarditis is chest pain. Frequently, the pain is sharp. Often, it gets worse when the child lies down or breathes deeply and gets better when they sit up and lean forward. […] A child with pericarditis may also: Feel weak or more tired than normal, Have trouble breathing, Have a fever (at least 100 F or 37.8 C by mouth). […] Pericarditis often gets better on its own after a few days or weeks. Depending on how severe it is, the doctor may suggest that your child get extra rest and take an over-the-counter medicine to help relieve their pain and inflammation. In more painful or severe cases, the doctor may prescribe stronger medicines for inflammation.

• #1 Pericarditis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/pericarditis/

  The most common symptom of pericarditis is chest pain. This may develop suddenly and be experienced as a sharp, stabbing sensation behind the breastbone on the left side of the body. However, for some people there may be a constant, steady pain, or more of a dull ache or feeling of pressure. […] Individuals experiencing pericarditis may also present with: Fever, Fatigue or weakness, Shortness of breath (particularly if cardiac tamponade develops), Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing, Rapid heartbeat, Palpitations (the feeling that the heart is skipping a beat or pounding), Nausea, Chills, Cough, Swelling of the legs or abdomen, Low blood pressure (in severe cases). […] Most cases of acute pericarditis are mild and clear up on their own within a few days to a number of weeks with rest and medication to reduce the inflammation. However, roughly 20 to 50 percent of people treated for acute pericarditis may go on to develop recurrent pericarditis, which requires long-term treatment.

• #2 Pericarditis: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is inflammation of the lining around the heart that can cause pain and is often caused by a viral infection. […] About 85% to 90% of people with pericarditis have chest pain as a symptom. […] The pain from pericarditis is typically sharp and may worsen as you take deep breaths. […] Your symptoms may vary depending on the type of pericarditis you have. […] Recovery from pericarditis takes time. It may take weeks for symptoms to completely resolve in some cases. […] Most cases of pericarditis are mild and without complications. However, there can be complications with chronic pericarditis, including fluid buildup and constriction or scarring of the pericardium. […] Full recovery can take up to 5 to 7 years for those with multiple recurrences.

• #2 Pericarditis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/Pericardium/Prcrdts.htm

  Exercise intolerance […] Fatigue […] Prodrome (if infectious) […] Fever […] Malaise […] Myalgias […] Pleuritic Chest Pain occurs in 90 to 95% of cases […] Timing: Abrupt onset over 5-10 minutes, lasting for hours to days […] Quality: Sharp Pleuritic Chest Pain […] Region: Substernal Chest Pain or left precordial Chest Pain […] Radiation […] Neck, Jaw or Shoulder (similar to Myocardial Infarction radiation) […] Ridge of trapezius (Very specific for Pericarditis) […] Modifying Factors […] Not relieved with Nitroglycerin […] Pleuritic Chest Pain […] Provoked by Swallowing, inspiration, cough […] Worse while lying down supine […] Better while sitting, leaning forward […] Symptoms typically subsides within 2 weeks […] Recurrence in 15% (up to one third of patients) in a few months after initial episode

• #2 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Pericarditis usually develops suddenly and may last from weeks up to several months. The condition usually clears up after three months, but sometimes attacks can come and go for years. […] Pericarditis symptoms include chest pain that is sharp and stabbing. […] You also may feel the need to bend over or hold your chest to breathe more comfortably. […] Other pericarditis symptoms include pain in your back, neck or left shoulder, trouble breathing when you lie down, a dry cough, palpitations, anxiety or fatigue, fever, and swelling of your legs, feet and ankles in severe cases. […] Swelling in your feet, legs and ankles or shortness of breath every time you exert yourself may be a symptom of constrictive pericarditis. […] If you have any symptoms of acute pericarditis, call your doctor right away.

• #2 Pericarditis | The Texas Heart Institute®

  https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/pericarditis-2/

  Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, causing the amount of fluid between the two layers of the pericardium to increase. This increased fluid presses on the heart and restricts its pumping action. […] The main symptom of pericarditis is a sharp, stabbing pain in the center or the left side of your chest. (In some cases, the pain may be dull.) The pain may spread to your neck or left shoulder and can worsen when you take a deep breath. The pain is usually lessened if you are sitting up or leaning forward but can worsen when you lie down. […] If you have had acute pericarditis, meaning the infection has happened recently, you will usually recover within 1 to 3 weeks. Chronic pericarditis may last for several months.

• #2 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Pericarditis | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/health-topics/pericarditis/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-pericarditis

  A common symptom of acute pericarditis is a sharp, stabbing chest pain, usually coming on quickly. It’s often in the middle or left side of the chest, and there may be pain in one or both shoulders. […] Fever is another common symptom of acute pericarditis. Other symptoms are weakness, trouble breathing and coughing. Palpitations, which are feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering or beating too hard or too fast, may occur. This can be a sign of deeper heart tissue involvement. […] Chronic pericarditis often causes tiredness, coughing and shortness of breath. Chest pain is sometimes absent with this type of pericarditis. Severe cases of chronic pericarditis can lead to swelling in the stomach, feet, ankles and legs and hypotension (low blood pressure).

• #2 Pericarditis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pericarditis

  The symptoms of pericarditis are similar to those of a heart attack and can include chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath. […] The symptoms of pericarditis can be similar to those of a heart attack and can include chest pain, shortness of breath and palpitations. It is always important to seek medical help as soon as possible if you experience these symptoms. […] Depending on the type of pericarditis you have, symptoms can vary and can include: sharp and stabbing chest pains, pain radiating into the left shoulder and arm, pain that gets worse if you’re lying down or taking deep breaths, a fever, sweating and chills, feeling short of breath or trouble breathing, dizziness, feeling faint, dry cough, palpitations or a racing heart, which can be a sign of an abnormal heart rhythm.

• #2 Pericarditis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/pericarditis-leaflet

  Pericarditis typically causes chest pain as its main symptom. […] Typical symptoms of pericarditis include chest pain and high temperature (fever). […] The pain: Is usually in the middle of the chest or slightly left of centre. […] May feel sharp and stabbing but may be a persistent steady pain. […] May spread to the neck and/or shoulders. […] Typically gets worse on taking a deep breath, swallowing, coughing, or lying down. […] May ease on sitting up or leaning forward. […] Breathlessness may also be a symptom, especially if cardiac tamponade develops. […] Most people with viral or idiopathic pericarditis recover fully within a few weeks, without any complications or longer-term effects. […] In some cases the symptoms return 'on and off’ for several months. […] Pericarditis caused by heart attack or injury usually settles over one to two weeks.

• #2 Acute Pericarditis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/pericardial-disease-and-myocarditis/acute-pericarditis

  Acute pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium (the flexible 2-layered sac that envelops the heart) that begins suddenly, is often painful, and causes fluid and blood components such as fibrin, red blood cells, and white blood cells to enter the pericardial space. […] Fever and chest pain, which is sharp, varies with position and movement, and occasionally may feel like a heart attack, are common symptoms. […] Usually acute pericarditis causes sharp chest pain, which often extends to the left shoulder and sometimes down the left arm. The pain may be similar to that of a heart attack, except that it tends to be made worse by lying down, swallowing food, coughing, or even deep breathing. […] The accumulating fluid or blood in the pericardial space puts pressure on the heart, interfering with its ability to pump blood. If the pressure is too high, cardiac tamponade—a potentially fatal condition—may occur.

• #2 What Are the Symptoms of Pericarditis?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pericarditis-symptoms-8605139

  Generalized weakness, malaise (feeling unwell), and fatigue are commonly seen in pericarditis. […] Trouble breathing, or dyspnea, is another possible symptom of pericarditis and may be accompanied by an increasing respiratory rate (tachypnea). […] A dry cough is another symptom of pericarditis, although it rarely occurs alone, without chest pain, fever, or trouble breathing. […] Heart palpitations, the sensation of a fluttering, irregular, or pounding heartbeat, are also possible symptoms of pericarditis. […] Symptoms of chronic pericarditis include tiredness, coughing, and shortness of breath. Chest pain may or may not be present. […] Key symptoms and signs of constrictive pericarditisa severe form of chronic pericarditisinclude: Swelling (edema), especially in the ankles and legs, Fluid accumulation in the belly (ascites), Loss of appetite, Fatigue, Trouble breathing, Light-headedness from low blood pressure (hypotension).

• #2 Pericarditis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pericarditis

  Chest pain is almost always present. The pain: […] You may have fever, chills, or sweating if the condition is caused by an infection. […] Other symptoms may include: Anxiety, Breathing difficulty when lying down, Dry cough, Fatigue. […] Pericarditis can range from mild illness that gets better on its own, to a life-threatening condition. Fluid buildup around the heart and poor heart function can complicate the disorder. […] The outcome is good if pericarditis is treated right away. Most people recover in 2 weeks to 3 months. However, pericarditis may come back. This is called recurrent, or chronic, if symptoms or episodes continue. […] Scarring and thickening of the sac-like covering and the heart muscle may occur when the problem is severe. This is called constrictive pericarditis. It can cause long-term problems similar to those of heart failure.

• #2 Manage Pericarditis Symptoms: Guide to Signs and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/pericarditis/guide/symptoms/

  Pericarditis is an inflammation and swelling of the thin, saclike tissue (called the pericardium) that protects the heart. In addition to chest pain, symptoms of pericarditis include fever, weakness, coughing, trouble breathing, and heart palpitations. Pericarditis usually develops suddenly and may last for a few weeks or months. In some people, bouts of pericarditis can come and go for years. […] Chest pain that comes on very suddenly is the most common symptom of pericarditis. About 5 percent of all emergency room visits related to chest pain are acute pericarditis. […] Other symptoms of pericarditis depend on whether it is acute or chronic. However, fatigue and difficulty breathing are possible symptoms of any type of pericarditis. […] Other symptoms of acute pericarditis include: Fever, Shortness of breath, Fast heartbeat or heart palpitations, Muscle aches and pains, Hiccups or trouble swallowing, Dry cough, Anxiety or fatigue, Swelling of the legs, feet, and ankles (in severe cases).

• #2 What Is Pericarditis? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/pericarditis/what-is-pericarditis

  Acute pericarditis – symptoms last less than four to six weeks. […] Incessant pericarditis – symptoms last more than four to six weeks but less than three months despite therapy. […] Chronic pericarditis – symptoms last for more than three months. […] Recurrent pericarditis – when pericarditis develops for a second time after having no symptoms for at least four weeks. […] Among those treated for acute pericarditis, 15% to 30% may experience the condition again if not treated with the medication colchicine.

• #2 Pericarditis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pericarditis?content_id=CON-20303937

  The specific symptoms depend on the type of pericarditis. Pericarditis is grouped into different categories, according to the pattern of symptoms and how long symptoms last. […] Acute pericarditis begins suddenly but doesn’t last longer than four weeks. Future episodes can occur. It may be hard to tell the difference between acute pericarditis and pain due to a heart attack. […] Recurrent pericarditis occurs about 4 to 6 weeks after a bout of acute pericarditis. No symptoms happen in between. […] Incessant pericarditis lasts about 4 to 6 weeks but less than three months. The symptoms continue over this whole time. […] Chronic constrictive pericarditis usually develops slowly and lasts longer than three months.

• #2 Chronic Pericarditis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/pericardial-disease-and-myocarditis/chronic-pericarditis

  Chronic pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium (the flexible 2-layered sac that envelops the heart) that begins gradually, is long-lasting, and results in fluid accumulation in the pericardial space or thickening of the pericardium. […] Symptoms may include shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. […] Symptoms include Shortness of breath, Coughing, Fatigue. […] Shortness of breath and coughing occur because the high pressure in the veins of the lungs forces fluid into the air sacs. […] Fatigue occurs because the abnormal pericardium interferes with the heart’s pumping action, so that the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. […] Other common symptoms are accumulation of fluid in the abdomen (ascites) and in the legs (edema). […] Chronic effusive pericarditis may cause few symptoms if fluid accumulates slowly. […] However, if fluid accumulates rapidly, or the pericardium is not able to stretch sufficiently, the heart can become compressed and cardiac tamponade may occur.

• #2 Recurrent Pericarditis

  https://www.arcalyst.com/recurrent-pericarditis

  Recurrent pericarditis is when a pericarditis flare happens again more than 4 weeks after the first one. Flares of recurrent pericarditis can happen repeatedly. […] Symptoms of pericarditis may share similar symptoms with a first or one-time episode of pericarditis, but recurrent pericarditis may need to be treated differently. […] MAIN SYMPTOM: Chest pain, which may be so severe that it can be mistaken for a heart attack. The pain may get worse when breathing in or lying down. The pain tends to get better when sitting up and leaning forward. […] Even though a first or one-time episode and recurrent pericarditis may feel the same, they have different causes. Recurrent pericarditis may require different treatments to relieve pain and prevent future flares. […] With each recurrent pericarditis flare, the time in between flares decreases.

• #2 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/pericarditis-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Over time, too much inflammation can thicken your pericardium. If the sac around your heart gets too stiff, your heart may not be able to fill and pump blood to the rest of your body. […] Signs and symptoms of constrictive pericarditis may include: Swelling in your legs and belly, Shortness of breath, Tiredness, Chest pain, Dizziness, Feeling full fast, Loss of appetite. […] Most people get completely better, but it’s possible for your symptoms to come and go for years, even if they go away for a while. Around 20% to 50% of people who get pericarditis will have repeat episodes of it.

• #2 Recurrent Pericarditis – Myocarditis Foundation

  https://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/pericarditis/recurrent/

  Individuals who see their symptoms return after a four or six-week period are usually diagnosed with recurrent pericarditis. […] Most people with recurrent pericarditis develop the same symptoms from their initial experience with pericarditis, but with less intensity. The primary indicator of this condition is a piercing pain in the chest that exacerbates with coughing, lying down, and deep breathing. This pain often progresses to the neck, shoulders, or upper back, creating discomfort in multiple areas throughout the body. You may also encounter numerous other symptoms, including: […] Pericardial effusion, or a build-up of fluid between the heart and pericardium, low-grade fever, coughing, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, swollen legs, feet, or abdomen, tiredness, depression or anxiety.

• #2 Pericarditis: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193320

  Constrictive pericarditis: This is a rare byproduct of pericarditis. Constrictive pericarditis involves a permanent thickening and scarring of the pericardium. This causes a hardening of the tissues and restricts the heart from working properly, potentially leading to swelling in the feet and legs and shortness of breath. […] It can take between a few days and a few months to recover. However, most people make a full recovery.

• #2 Pericarditis – constrictive: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001103.htm

  When you have constrictive pericarditis, the inflammation causes the covering of the heart to become thick and rigid. This makes it hard for the heart to expand properly when it beats. As a result, the heart chambers don’t fill up with enough blood. Blood backs up behind the heart, causing heart swelling and other symptoms of heart failure. […] Symptoms of chronic constrictive pericarditis include: […] Difficulty breathing (dyspnea) that develops slowly and gets worse […] Fatigue […] Long-term swelling (edema) of the legs and ankles […] Swollen abdomen […] Weakness.

• #2 Constrictive Pericarditis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22373-constrictive-pericarditis

  The symptoms of constrictive pericarditis include: Shortness of breath (dyspnea). Chest pain. Fatigue. Dizziness. Swelling (especially in the abdomen and lower legs) from fluid buildup. Loss of muscle mass. Loss of appetite and feeling full even when eating very little. […] Constrictive pericarditis is usually a chronic (long-term) problem, but it is treatable in most cases, especially with early diagnosis. […] When your heart can’t expand enough to fill up with blood, it struggles to pump enough to meet your body’s needs. To compensate, the filling pressures increase, which leads to heart failure. […] The outlook for this condition depends on the cause, the severity of your case, the treatments involved and any other health conditions you might have. […] Because this condition often happens alongside or because of severe or deadly conditions, the outlook is often negative. This is especially true when it happens because of radiation therapy or when you also have: Advanced kidney disease or kidney failure. Heart failure. Liver disease. Pulmonary hypertension. […] However, most people recover and do well. Nearly 80% of the people who have surgery for this condition live at least five years, and nearly 60% live at least 10 years.

• #2 Constrictive Pericarditis: Symptoms & Causes – Orange County

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/heart-vascular/specialty-programs/heart-failure-program/conditions/constrictive-pericarditis/

  Swelling in the legs and ankles: The impaired heart function can also cause peripheral edema, which is fluid buildup in the legs and ankles. […] Abdominal swelling: Ascites is swelling or distention of the abdomen that can be caused by cardiac dysfunction. Ascites can sometimes compress the stomach, leading to a feeling of fullness even after only a light meal. […] Cardiac tamponade: Cardiac tamponade is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition in which excess fluid fills the pericardium, which prevents the heart from fully filling with blood during beats. […] Pericardial rub: Usually heard during an examination by a physician, pericardial rub is a sound created by the pericardium rubbing against the heart because the heart is constricted by the stiff, inflexible pericardium.

• #2 Constrictive Pericarditis: Symptoms & Causes – Orange County

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/heart-vascular/specialty-programs/heart-failure-program/conditions/constrictive-pericarditis/

  Liver issues, including liver enlargement. […] Pericardial knock: Another cardiac sound used by physicians during diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis, pericardial knock is a high-pitched sound caused by the heart being unable to fill up with blood. […] Chest pain, neck or left shoulder pain: Dull, aching or sharp pain in the upper chest occurs in many patients with the condition. In some cases, the pain lessens when patients sit upright or lean forward, and gets worse if they take a deep breath or lie down. […] Heart Palpitations, which can feel like a fluttering, rapid or irregular heartbeat. […] Pleural effusion, which is a buildup of fluid in the layers of the pleura, the thin membranes that line the lungs and the inner walls of the chest cavity.

• #2 Pericarditis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000214

  Acute pericarditis is a clinical diagnosis. […] Symptoms include sharp, severe retrosternal chest pain worse with inspiration and a supine position. […] The classic physical finding is a pericardial friction rub. A low-grade fever may be present. […] Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening complication of acute pericarditis. These patients require urgent pericardiocentesis. […] Complications include chronic recurrent pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis.

• #2 Acute Pericarditis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/heart-health/acute-pericarditis/

  For symptoms that last more than three months, the condition becomes chronic, which can lead to constrictive pericarditis. Constrictive pericarditis is a condition where chronic inflammation of the pericardium leads to stiffening of the pericardial sac, which restricts the heart’s ability to fill properly as it is beating in the chest. If not properly treated, it can lead to heart failure. […] Acute pericarditis can develop suddenly and cause sharp chest pain, similar to a heart attack. Symptoms usually last less than four to six weeks; however, the condition can return, or become chronic, which could lead to complications such as constrictive pericarditis and pericardial effusion.

• #2 Pericarditis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/myocarditis-and-pericarditis/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, often with fluid accumulation in the pericardial space. Symptoms include chest pain or tightness, often worsened by deep breathing. Cardiac output may be greatly reduced if cardiac tamponade or constrictive pericarditis develops. […] Acute pericarditis tends to cause chest pain, fever, and a pericardial rub, sometimes with dyspnea. The first evidence can be tamponade, with hypotension, shock, or pulmonary edema. […] Symptoms and signs vary depending on the severity of inflammation and the amount and rate of fluid accumulation. Even a large amount of pericardial fluid may be asymptomatic if it develops slowly (eg, over months). […] Acute disease may resolve completely, resolve and reoccur (up to 30% of acute cases) or become subacute or chronic.

• #2 Chronic Pericarditis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pericarditis

  Typically, there is a very gradual onset (usually months, occasionally days). The pericardium becomes thickened and fibrotic (and later 'eggshell’ calcification may be visible on CXR): In the early stages signs are subtle and easily missed. In advanced disease the patient may be ill with jaundice, cachexia and muscle wasting. Similar to right heart failure, commonly dyspnoea (which may be relatively slight), peripheral oedema, JVP elevated (classically with a prominent y descent (Friedreich’s sign), and doesn’t fall with inspiration (Kussmaul’s sign). Additionally, there may be pulsatile hepatomegaly (in as many as 70% of patients), reduced apical impulse and a pericardial 'knock’ (early diastolic sound). […] Long-term survival after pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis is related to the underlying aetiology and overall clinical condition of the patient. There is a relatively good survival in patients with idiopathic constrictive pericarditis. Prognosis is strongly linked to the underlying cause but long-term survival is more likely with surgery and the best results are achieved if surgery is offered early.

• #2 Acute pericarditis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/pericarditis/

  Continuation for one month beyond the resolution of chest pain might reduce the risk of future constrictive pericarditis. […] Acute pericarditis is generally exquisitely sensitive to steroid therapy. […] There is a high risk of recurrent pericarditis (especially when weaning off steroids). […] Major predictors: Fever 38C. […] Subacute onset. […] Large pericardial effusion (20 mm end-diastolic depth). […] Cardiac tamponade. […] Lack of response to aspirin/NSAIDs after at least one week of therapy. […] Minor predictors: Concomitant myocarditis (perimyocarditis). […] Immunosuppression. […] Trauma. […] Oral anticoagulant.

• #2 Pericarditis: What is it, Symptoms, Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/pericarditis

  Most cases of pericarditis resolve on their own, but complications can arise, especially if left untreated. The most severe complications include recurrent chest pain (affecting up to 30% of patients), life-threatening fluid buildup around the heart (in 3% of patients), and chronic heart failure due to constriction (in 1-2% of patients). Rest is essential for a full recovery, and following the prescribed treatment plan can significantly reduce the risk of pericarditis recurring. […] Many patients respond to treatment within a week, but it’s important to complete the treatment plan for the length of time prescribed. Recovery from surgery could take even longer, usually several weeks or months.

• #2 Pericarditis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/pericarditis-a-to-z

  Pericarditis in people with autoimmune disease is more likely to recur and/or persist. […] Most people with acute pericarditis recover within 2 to 4 weeks. Recurrence of acute pericarditis occurs in about 20 percent of the people who have unexplained pericarditis. […] Pericarditis in people with autoimmune disease may come and go, depending on course of the underlying medical illness.

• #2 Pericarditis | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/pericarditis

  The most common symptom of pericarditis is chest pain. People describe it as sharp, stabbing or severe, and sometimes as aching and overwhelming. It usually occurs on the left side of the chest and can radiate to the left shoulder and neck. Other symptoms may include: […] Seek medical care immediately if you have chest pain that is new, worsening or constant. […] Often pericarditis will go away on its own in a period of days to weeks or even months. If it is left untreated however, it can cause complications.

• #2 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  The overall prognosis for acute pericarditis is excellent, with most patients experiencing complete recovery. Up to 30% of patients who are not treated with colchicine may experience recurrent pericarditis. Constrictive pericarditis is exceedingly rare following idiopathic acute pericarditis, occurring in less than 1% of cases. However, the risk of constrictive pericarditis increases with specific etiologies, particularly purulent bacterial or tuberculosis pericarditis, where it may rise to as high as 30%. […] Cardiac tamponade, the most feared acute complication, rarely occurs after idiopathic pericarditis but is more commonly associated with malignancy and infectious causes of pericarditis.

• #2 Heart Inflammation – Pericarditis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-inflammation/pericarditis

  Symptoms of pericarditis can feel like a heart attack or other serious health problem. If you have chest pain or severe shortness of breath, or your symptoms get worse, call 9-1-1 or seek medical help right away. Pericarditis symptoms include: […] Chest pain that feels sharp, gets worse with breathing, and feels better with sitting up and leaning forward […] Irregular, fast heartbeat called pericardial friction rub […] Shortness of breath […] Pain in the neck or shoulders that can be mild or severe […] Fever.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?Hwid=hw169330

  The main symptom is a sharp pain in the centre or left side of your chest. The pain may spread to the shoulder blade. For some people, this pain is dull instead of sharp. It may be worse when you lie down or take a deep breath. The pain usually gets better if you lean forward or sit up. […] Other symptoms may include a mild fever, weakness, and feeling very tired. […] Pericarditis usually isn’t dangerous. But your chest pain could be caused by something more serious, like a heart attack. Getting diagnosed and treated early can help keep pericarditis from leading to other problems. That’s why you should call a doctor right away if you have any kind of sudden chest pain.

• #2 What is Pericarditis? – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/pericarditis

  The most common symptom of pericarditis is chest pain. […] For most people this will be a sharp, stabbing pain, but it may also be a dull, aching pain. […] The pain may: radiate into the left shoulder, neck and arm […] worsen when laying down, coughing, or breathing deeply. […] Other symptoms include: shortness of breath, sweating and chills, fever, feeling faint or dizzy, fatigue, heart palpitations, cough, swelling of the legs or abdomen. […] Symptoms of pericarditis may mimic other common conditions such as heart attack, so it is important to seek medical advice immediately. […] Treatment for pericarditis will depend on the severity and type of pericarditis. […] Those with acute pericarditis should seek appropriate treatment to reduce the risk of recurring pericarditis, chronic pericarditis or complications associated with pericarditis.

• #2 Pericarditis ECG Changes • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/pericarditis-ecg-library/

  Inflammation of the pericardium secondary to infection, localised injury or systemic disorders producing characteristic chest pain, dyspnoea and serial ECG changes. […] Chest pain is often retrosternal in nature, pleuritic, and positional (relieved by sitting forward, worse lying flat). […] There may be an associated pericardial friction rub, or ECG evidence of a pericardial effusion. […] Widespread ST segment changes occur due to involvement of the underlying epicardium (i.e. myopericarditis). […] Pericarditis is classically associated with ECG changes that evolve through four stages. […] Stage 1 widespread STE and PR depression with reciprocal changes in aVR (occurs during the first two weeks). […] Stage 2 normalisation of ST changes; generalised T wave flattening (1 to 3 weeks). […] Stage 3 flattened T waves become inverted (3 to several weeks). […] Stage 4 ECG returns to normal (several weeks onwards). […] Less than 50% of patients progress through all four classical stages and evolution of changes may not follow this typical pattern.

• #2 Acute Pericarditis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0401/p553.html

  A pericardial friction rub, which is highly specific and pathognomonic for acute pericarditis, occurs in up to 85% of patients, but its absence does not exclude the diagnosis. […] Electrocardiographic changes caused by significant pericardial inflammation occur in approximately 90% of patients with acute pericarditis. […] Diagnosis requires at least two of the following criteria: characteristic sharp, pleuritic chest pain; pericardial friction rub; suggestive changes on electrocardiography; and a new or worsening pericardial effusion.

• #2 Pericarditis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/pericarditis

  Characteristic clinical findings in pericarditis include pleuritic chest pain and pericardial friction rub on auscultation of the left lower sternal border. […] Typical symptoms include sharp, retrosternal pains (98.3% of cases) that may radiate to the patients neck or arm in a similar manner to angina at times. […] Aggravation of the pain with deep inspiration and supine positioning are hallmark features. […] A pericardial frictional rub is an important, yet uncommon, and often fleeting finding seen only in approximately 35% of cases. […] The development of cardiac tamponade is not dependent on the quantity of fluid accumulated, but rather on the rate of fluid accumulation in the pericardium. […] A classical clinical feature is Becks triad hypotension, elevated JVP and muffled heart sounds. […] Pulsus paradoxus is one of the key clinical features of cardiac tamponade, when measured correctly. […] Cardiac tamponade occurs when the abnormal accumulation of pericardial fluid creates pressure and causes impairment in diastolic filling of the heart.

• #2 Pericarditis in Children | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/patients/child/encyclopedia/symptoms/peri

  Children may not be able to describe that they have „chest pain” or be able to explain how they feel. Sometimes, non-specific symptoms such as irritability, loss of appetite, or fatigue will be all that the child is able to express. […] The symptoms of pericarditis may resemble other medical conditions or heart problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis.

• #2 Pericarditis in Children | UVA Health Children’s

  https://childrens.uvahealth.com/services/pediatric-heart-center/pericarditis

  Your child may experience a sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or lying down. This common symptom often starts over the left side or center of the chest and spreads to the neck and left shoulder. […] Other symptoms may include: Shortness of breath, Coughing, Fever and chills, Pain when swallowing, Weakness and fatigue, Irritability, Loss of appetite, Irregular heartbeat. […] Acute inflammatory pericarditis usually improves with treatment within a few weeks or months. Pericarditis caused by chronic inflammatory diseases, like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, may last longer or occur again.

• #2 Pericarditis: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment | ClinCaseQuest

  https://clincasequest.hospital/pericarditis/

  Most patients with acute pericarditis (generally those with presumed viral or idiopathic pericarditis) have a good long-term prognosis. […] Approximately 15-30% of patients with idiopathic acute pericarditis who are not treated with colchicine will develop either recurrent or incessant disease, while colchicine may halve the recurrence rate.

• #2 Pericarditis | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/pericarditis

  For most patients with an acute episode of pericarditis, the outlook is good, and patients are able to return to their normal daily activities within several weeks without any long-term consequences. However, for about 1/3 of patients who have had one acute episode, there will be recurrent episodes or flares. For many of these patients, this can seriously affect their quality of life. In part, this is due to the chronic chest pain, but for many patients it is also living with the unpredictability of when another flare may strike. With adequate treatment, however, this can be minimized.

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