Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Pericarditis: Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9122084/

  Acute pericarditis is the most common inflammatory heart disorder, ahead of acute myocarditis and infective endocarditis. In the Western world, the incidence of acute pericarditis in the general population is estimated at approximately 27.7 cases per 100,000 subjects per year, whereas the standardized incidence rate of hospital admissions for pericarditis is 3.32 cases per 100,000 person-years. […] The incidence of complications depends largely on the underlying etiology (higher in secondary forms), certain patient characteristics (age and sex), and treatment choice (such as use of glucocorticoids). […] In the developing countries, the most common form of pericarditis is tuberculous, which accounts for approximately 70-80% of cases with the rate increasing to 90% in HIV-positive patients.

• #2 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of acute pericarditis is approximately 27.7 per 100,000 individuals annually. The recurrence of pericarditis is seen in almost 30% of patients after first episode of disease. The mortality rate of acute pericarditis is approximately 1.1% in developed countries. Patients of all age groups may develop acute pericarditis. Although it commonly affects people in 20 to 50 years of age. Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. It usually follows respiratory infections, most commonly echovirus or coxsackie virus. In children, it is most commonly caused by adenovirus or coxsackie virus. In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB.

• #3 Pericarditis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116442/all/Pericarditis

  Incidence is approximately 27.7 cases per 100,000 per year (1). […] After the first episode of acute pericarditis, about 30% of patients will experience recurrence within next 18 months.

• #4 Acute Pericarditis: Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9122084/

  Acute pericarditis is the most common inflammatory heart disorder, ahead of acute myocarditis and infective endocarditis. In the Western world, the incidence of acute pericarditis in the general population is estimated at approximately 27.7 cases per 100,000 subjects per year, whereas the standardized incidence rate of hospital admissions for pericarditis is 3.32 cases per 100,000 person-years. […] The incidence of complications depends largely on the underlying etiology (higher in secondary forms), certain patient characteristics (age and sex), and treatment choice (such as use of glucocorticoids). […] In the developing countries, the most common form of pericarditis is tuberculous, which accounts for approximately 70-80% of cases with the rate increasing to 90% in HIV-positive patients.

• #5 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of hospitalization for acute pericarditis was estimated to be 3.32 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] Men are more commonly affected by acute pericarditis than women. […] Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. […] In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB. It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic pericardiocentesis in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa, while the same accounts for 4% of cases in developed countries.

• #6 Estimating the US pericarditis prevalence using National Health Encounter Surveillance Databases – Analysis Group

  https://www.analysisgroup.com/Insights/publishing/estimating-the-us-pericarditis-prevalence-using-national-health-encounter-surveillance-databases/

  To obtain a nationally representative annualized estimate of the prevalence of pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium) in the United States (US) in order to better understand the potential burden on the health care system. […] Data from NAMCS/NHAMCS (2007-2016) yielded an average annualized estimate of 125,209 patients with pericarditis, resulting in a pooled average annualized prevalence estimate of 40 patients with pericarditis per 100,000 persons. […] Data from NIS (2007-2016) yielded an average annualized estimate of 34,441 patients with pericarditis, resulting in a pooled average annualized prevalence estimate of 11 hospitalized patients with pericarditis per 100,000 persons. […] Extrapolation of these results based on the March 2020 population estimates from the US Census Bureau of 329,436,928 resulted in an estimated US prevalence of pericarditis to be approximately 160,000. […] Despite certain methodologic limitations, our analysis of data from nationally representative sources support that pericarditis is a rare disease affecting substantially fewer than 200,000 persons in the US.

• #7 Pericarditis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericarditis?lang=us

  Pericarditis is the most common pericardial disease worldwide and accounts for about 0.1-0.2% of all hospital admissions and about 5% of chest pain admissions to the emergency department 1-4. […] At the time the article was created Yuranga Weerakkody had no recorded disclosures. […] At the time the article was last revised Arlene Campos had no financial relationships to ineligible companies to disclose.

• #8 Pericarditis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericarditis?case_id=pericardial-calcification-2

  Pericarditis is the most common pericardial disease worldwide and accounts for about 0.1-0.2% of all hospital admissions and about 5% of chest pain admissions to the emergency department 1-4. […] Etiologies can be divided into infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic) and non-infectious causes (autoimmune, neoplastic and metabolic), with infections accounting for two-thirds of cases and non-infectious causes for the remaining third 1,5.

• #9 Recurrent Pericarditis for Professionals – Professional Heart Daily | American Heart Association

  https://professional.heart.org/en/education/recurrent-pericarditis-for-professionals

  Pericarditis is inflammation of the fibroelastic pericardial sac. Acute pericarditis has been observed in ≈0.1% of hospitalized patients and 5% of patients admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of noncardiac chest pain. […] This webinar provides key takeaways for initial diagnosis and clinical evaluation strategies in recurrent pericarditis. […] Approximately 40,000 patients in the U.S. seek treatment for recurrent pericarditis. […] The Addressing Recurrent Pericarditis initiative is a multifaceted effort to improve diagnosis, treatment and quality of life for patients experiencing this disease. Through this initiative, a cohort of health care champions will participate in a learning collaborative model to identify gaps in and barriers to care, better understand the patient pathway, create best practices and disseminate these insights nationally.

• #10 Acute Pericarditis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85826

  Pericarditis is diagnosed in nearly 0.1% of hospital admissions and 5% of the patients admitted to emergency department with noncardiac chest pain. […] The incidence of acute pericarditis is nearly 27.7/100,000 individuals per year. In developed countries, mortality rate of the disease is 1.1%. Acute pericarditis can be developed in all age groups, however, it is common in patients age between 20 and 50 years. Racial predilection is not defined related to disease. Men are more commonly affected than women. Most of the cases with pericarditis is idiopathic. In developed countries the main reasons of the acute pericarditis are viral infections and malignancies. Tuberculosis and HIV infections are the common causes of pericarditis in developing countries.

• #11 Acute pericarditis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/pericarditis/

  Pericarditis may occur at any age but is more common among younger people and men. (35595949) […] Pericarditis accounts for ~5% of emergency department presentations for nonischemic chest pain. (Gaggin 2021) […] One-third of patients will have a recurrence within 1.5 years. (Gaggin 2021) […] 15% of patients with acute pericarditis also have concomitant myocarditis. (38702128)

• #12 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of hospitalization for acute pericarditis was estimated to be 3.32 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] Men are more commonly affected by acute pericarditis than women. […] Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. […] In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB. It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic pericardiocentesis in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa, while the same accounts for 4% of cases in developed countries.

• #13 Acute Pericarditis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2024/0500/acute-pericarditis.html

  Acute pericarditis is defined as inflammation of the pericardium and occurs in approximately 4.4% of patients who present to the emergency department for nonischemic chest pain, with a higher prevalence in men. […] Patients with a higher risk of complications should be admitted to the hospital for further workup and treatment. […] Kumar N, Pandey A, Jain P, et al. Acute pericarditis-associated hospitalization in the USA: a nationwide analysis, 20032012. […] Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF. Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa.

• #14 Acute pericarditis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/pericarditis/

  Pericarditis may occur at any age but is more common among younger people and men. (35595949) […] Pericarditis accounts for ~5% of emergency department presentations for nonischemic chest pain. (Gaggin 2021) […] One-third of patients will have a recurrence within 1.5 years. (Gaggin 2021) […] 15% of patients with acute pericarditis also have concomitant myocarditis. (38702128)

• #15 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of acute pericarditis is approximately 27.7 per 100,000 individuals annually. The recurrence of pericarditis is seen in almost 30% of patients after first episode of disease. The mortality rate of acute pericarditis is approximately 1.1% in developed countries. Patients of all age groups may develop acute pericarditis. Although it commonly affects people in 20 to 50 years of age. Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. It usually follows respiratory infections, most commonly echovirus or coxsackie virus. In children, it is most commonly caused by adenovirus or coxsackie virus. In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB.

• #16 Acute Pericarditis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85826

  Pericarditis is diagnosed in nearly 0.1% of hospital admissions and 5% of the patients admitted to emergency department with noncardiac chest pain. […] The incidence of acute pericarditis is nearly 27.7/100,000 individuals per year. In developed countries, mortality rate of the disease is 1.1%. Acute pericarditis can be developed in all age groups, however, it is common in patients age between 20 and 50 years. Racial predilection is not defined related to disease. Men are more commonly affected than women. Most of the cases with pericarditis is idiopathic. In developed countries the main reasons of the acute pericarditis are viral infections and malignancies. Tuberculosis and HIV infections are the common causes of pericarditis in developing countries.

• #17 Pericarditis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditis

  About 30% of people with viral pericarditis or pericarditis of an unknown cause have one or several recurrent episodes. […] Pericarditis is an uncommon cause of chest pain. […] About 3 per 10,000 people are affected per year. […] Those most commonly affected are males between the ages of 20 and 50. […] Up to 30% of those affected have more than one episode.

• #18 Acute Pericarditis: Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9122084/

  Among all comers with acute pericarditis, it is estimated that at least 1 high-risk criterion is found in approximately 15% of total cases. […] The prognosis of acute pericarditis largely depends on the underlying etiology. It is excellent in cases of idiopathic pericarditis, whereas it is ominous in cases of malignant involvement of the pericardium (either in the form of primary or metastatic tumor). […] A major challenge in the management of acute pericarditis is the identification of patients prone to recurrences. An aggressive treatment of these patients is recommended with administration of the highest tolerable dose of anti-inflammatory treatment along with colchicine, serial CRP measurement before dose tapering, and eventually treatment guidance by CMR as well as recourse to novel therapies such as anti-IL-1 agents.

• #19

  https://journals.lww.com/cardiologyinreview/fulltext/2022/03000/clinical_burden_and_unmet_need_in_recurrent.2.aspx

  Acute pericarditis (AP) is the most common condition affecting the pericardium, and the majority (66-90%) of cases in the United States and the developed world are of viral or idiopathic origin. […] Most pericarditis episodes manifest as a single event and resolve without complication. Recurrent pericarditis (RP), by contrast, is diagnosed when an index acute episode is followed by a symptom-free period of at least 4-6 weeks, followed by a subsequent episode. RP has been reported to occur in 15-30% of pericarditis patients, some of whom go on to experience multiple recurrences. […] In addition to recurrent, incessant, and chronic pericarditis, clinical evidence demonstrates that pericarditis is associated with serious and potentially life-threatening complications, such as cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis.

• #20 The Paradigm Shift in the Management of Recurrent Pericarditis

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2022/12/19/14/52/The-Paradigm-Shift-in-the-Management-of-Recurrent-Pericarditis

  Pericarditis is the most common pericardial disease. It leads to 5.4-26 hospitalizations/100,000 persons per year in the United States (US).1 The spectrum of pericarditis consists of acute, incessant, chronic, recurrent, and constrictive pericarditis. Recurrent pericarditis affects 15-30% of patients with acute pericarditis; 50% of these patients suffer from multiple recurrences.2 Management of this chronic debilitating condition involves a combination of anti-inflammatory therapies, with treatment lasting up to 4.7-6.2 years in difficult-to-treat patients.3 […] Guidelines recommend echocardiography as the first imaging test for all pericardial diseases.4,6 Other imaging modalities such as CMR have traditionally been reserved for unclear cases. However, lately, CMR sequencing has been used to provide pericardial characterization by detailing the anatomy and quantifying pericardial inflammation. The presence of T2 and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) has a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 99% for diagnosing recurrent pericarditis.7

• #21 The Paradigm Shift in the Management of Recurrent Pericarditis

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2022/12/19/14/52/The-Paradigm-Shift-in-the-Management-of-Recurrent-Pericarditis

  Pericarditis is the most common pericardial disease. It leads to 5.4-26 hospitalizations/100,000 persons per year in the United States (US).1 The spectrum of pericarditis consists of acute, incessant, chronic, recurrent, and constrictive pericarditis. Recurrent pericarditis affects 15-30% of patients with acute pericarditis; 50% of these patients suffer from multiple recurrences.2 Management of this chronic debilitating condition involves a combination of anti-inflammatory therapies, with treatment lasting up to 4.7-6.2 years in difficult-to-treat patients.3 […] Guidelines recommend echocardiography as the first imaging test for all pericardial diseases.4,6 Other imaging modalities such as CMR have traditionally been reserved for unclear cases. However, lately, CMR sequencing has been used to provide pericardial characterization by detailing the anatomy and quantifying pericardial inflammation. The presence of T2 and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) has a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 99% for diagnosing recurrent pericarditis.7

• #22 Recurrent Pericarditis for Professionals – Professional Heart Daily | American Heart Association

  https://professional.heart.org/en/education/recurrent-pericarditis-for-professionals

  Pericarditis is inflammation of the fibroelastic pericardial sac. Acute pericarditis has been observed in ≈0.1% of hospitalized patients and 5% of patients admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of noncardiac chest pain. […] This webinar provides key takeaways for initial diagnosis and clinical evaluation strategies in recurrent pericarditis. […] Approximately 40,000 patients in the U.S. seek treatment for recurrent pericarditis. […] The Addressing Recurrent Pericarditis initiative is a multifaceted effort to improve diagnosis, treatment and quality of life for patients experiencing this disease. Through this initiative, a cohort of health care champions will participate in a learning collaborative model to identify gaps in and barriers to care, better understand the patient pathway, create best practices and disseminate these insights nationally.

• #23 Acute pericarditis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/pericarditis/

  Pericarditis may occur at any age but is more common among younger people and men. (35595949) […] Pericarditis accounts for ~5% of emergency department presentations for nonischemic chest pain. (Gaggin 2021) […] One-third of patients will have a recurrence within 1.5 years. (Gaggin 2021) […] 15% of patients with acute pericarditis also have concomitant myocarditis. (38702128)

• #24 The Paradigm Shift in the Management of Recurrent Pericarditis

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2022/12/19/14/52/The-Paradigm-Shift-in-the-Management-of-Recurrent-Pericarditis

  Pericarditis is the most common pericardial disease. It leads to 5.4-26 hospitalizations/100,000 persons per year in the United States (US).1 The spectrum of pericarditis consists of acute, incessant, chronic, recurrent, and constrictive pericarditis. Recurrent pericarditis affects 15-30% of patients with acute pericarditis; 50% of these patients suffer from multiple recurrences.2 Management of this chronic debilitating condition involves a combination of anti-inflammatory therapies, with treatment lasting up to 4.7-6.2 years in difficult-to-treat patients.3 […] Guidelines recommend echocardiography as the first imaging test for all pericardial diseases.4,6 Other imaging modalities such as CMR have traditionally been reserved for unclear cases. However, lately, CMR sequencing has been used to provide pericardial characterization by detailing the anatomy and quantifying pericardial inflammation. The presence of T2 and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) has a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 99% for diagnosing recurrent pericarditis.7

• #25 Pericarditis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pericarditis/

  Accounts for 5% of pediatric ED presentations with chest pain […] Diagnosis of pericarditis is the same as for adults. […] Treatment of pericarditis is similar in children and adults.

• #26 Pericarditis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617023/all/Pericarditis?q=Pericarditis

  Infectious pericarditis is more frequently seen in children 13 years of age, with predominance in children 2 years of age. […] 2 to 3/1,000 hospitalized children have pericarditis. […] Adolescent males constitute the majority of children hospitalized with idiopathic or viral pericarditis. […] Postpericardiotomy syndrome occurs in ~510% of children following uncomplicated cardiac surgery, particularly when the atrium has been entered.

• #27 Pericarditis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617023/all/Pericarditis?q=Pericarditis

  Infectious pericarditis is more frequently seen in children 13 years of age, with predominance in children 2 years of age. […] 2 to 3/1,000 hospitalized children have pericarditis. […] Adolescent males constitute the majority of children hospitalized with idiopathic or viral pericarditis. […] Postpericardiotomy syndrome occurs in ~510% of children following uncomplicated cardiac surgery, particularly when the atrium has been entered.

• #28 Pericarditis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericarditis?case_id=pericardial-calcification-2

  Pericarditis is the most common pericardial disease worldwide and accounts for about 0.1-0.2% of all hospital admissions and about 5% of chest pain admissions to the emergency department 1-4. […] Etiologies can be divided into infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic) and non-infectious causes (autoimmune, neoplastic and metabolic), with infections accounting for two-thirds of cases and non-infectious causes for the remaining third 1,5.

• #29 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of acute pericarditis is approximately 27.7 per 100,000 individuals annually. The recurrence of pericarditis is seen in almost 30% of patients after first episode of disease. The mortality rate of acute pericarditis is approximately 1.1% in developed countries. Patients of all age groups may develop acute pericarditis. Although it commonly affects people in 20 to 50 years of age. Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. It usually follows respiratory infections, most commonly echovirus or coxsackie virus. In children, it is most commonly caused by adenovirus or coxsackie virus. In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB.

• #30 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of hospitalization for acute pericarditis was estimated to be 3.32 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] Men are more commonly affected by acute pericarditis than women. […] Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. […] In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB. It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic pericardiocentesis in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa, while the same accounts for 4% of cases in developed countries.

• #31 Acute Pericarditis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85826

  Pericarditis is diagnosed in nearly 0.1% of hospital admissions and 5% of the patients admitted to emergency department with noncardiac chest pain. […] The incidence of acute pericarditis is nearly 27.7/100,000 individuals per year. In developed countries, mortality rate of the disease is 1.1%. Acute pericarditis can be developed in all age groups, however, it is common in patients age between 20 and 50 years. Racial predilection is not defined related to disease. Men are more commonly affected than women. Most of the cases with pericarditis is idiopathic. In developed countries the main reasons of the acute pericarditis are viral infections and malignancies. Tuberculosis and HIV infections are the common causes of pericarditis in developing countries.

• #32

  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120028/pericarditis

  Epidemiology […] Incidence […] common 1/10,000 annual incidence […] viral pericarditis […] accounts for 70-90% of cases […] idiopathic pericarditis […] accounts for 10-30% of cases […] Demographics […] typically affects adults between the ages of 20-50 […] risk factors include […] previous myocardial infarction […] viral, bacterial, or fungal infection […] kidney failure or ESRD

• #33 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of acute pericarditis is approximately 27.7 per 100,000 individuals annually. The recurrence of pericarditis is seen in almost 30% of patients after first episode of disease. The mortality rate of acute pericarditis is approximately 1.1% in developed countries. Patients of all age groups may develop acute pericarditis. Although it commonly affects people in 20 to 50 years of age. Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. It usually follows respiratory infections, most commonly echovirus or coxsackie virus. In children, it is most commonly caused by adenovirus or coxsackie virus. In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB.

• #34 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of acute pericarditis is approximately 27.7 per 100,000 individuals annually. The recurrence of pericarditis is seen in almost 30% of patients after first episode of disease. The mortality rate of acute pericarditis is approximately 1.1% in developed countries. Patients of all age groups may develop acute pericarditis. Although it commonly affects people in 20 to 50 years of age. Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. It usually follows respiratory infections, most commonly echovirus or coxsackie virus. In children, it is most commonly caused by adenovirus or coxsackie virus. In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB.

• #35

  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120028/pericarditis

  Epidemiology […] Incidence […] common 1/10,000 annual incidence […] viral pericarditis […] accounts for 70-90% of cases […] idiopathic pericarditis […] accounts for 10-30% of cases […] Demographics […] typically affects adults between the ages of 20-50 […] risk factors include […] previous myocardial infarction […] viral, bacterial, or fungal infection […] kidney failure or ESRD

• #36 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  In developing countries, mycobacterium tuberculosis accounts for at least 70% of acute pericarditis cases. […] Notably, in the setting of acute pericarditis, pericardial effusions (newly appearing or increasing in size) are included in the four main diagnostic criteria for acute pericarditis. […] Pericardial effusion in acute pericarditis is observed in ~60% of causes and is mostly mild (~80% of cases). […] On the other hand, non-infectious causes of pericardial effusions include cancer (10–25%), iatrogenic causes (15–20%), and autoimmune/auto-inflammatory diseases (5–15%), while tuberculosis is the most common cause (>60%) in endemic areas. […] Despite extensive diagnostic work-up, unfortunately half of the cases in the Western world are finally classified as idiopathic, while in the subgroup of chronic, large, asymptomatic, idiopathic, non-inflammatory effusions, the possibility of unveiling a specific etiology is as low as 7%.

• #37 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  It is worth reporting that two additional causes of pericardial effusions emerged quite recently. […] The first is SARS-CoV-2 infection, which emerged as an important cause of pericardial effusion during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Notably, pericardial effusions, inflammatory or not, may appear either in the setting of coronavirus infection or less frequently upon vaccination against COVID-19, especially with mRNA vaccine platforms. […] A reasonable (although quite arbitrary) timeslot required to characterize a newly detected effusion as SARS-CoV-2 or vaccine-related is 4–6 weeks. […] The second challenging cause is anticancer therapy in the era of the widespread use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. […] Pericardial effusion in cancer patients may be caused by the neoplastic invasion of the pericardium, irradiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunosuppression predisposing to infections, including acute pericarditis.

• #38 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  It is worth reporting that two additional causes of pericardial effusions emerged quite recently. […] The first is SARS-CoV-2 infection, which emerged as an important cause of pericardial effusion during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Notably, pericardial effusions, inflammatory or not, may appear either in the setting of coronavirus infection or less frequently upon vaccination against COVID-19, especially with mRNA vaccine platforms. […] A reasonable (although quite arbitrary) timeslot required to characterize a newly detected effusion as SARS-CoV-2 or vaccine-related is 4–6 weeks. […] The second challenging cause is anticancer therapy in the era of the widespread use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. […] Pericardial effusion in cancer patients may be caused by the neoplastic invasion of the pericardium, irradiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunosuppression predisposing to infections, including acute pericarditis.

• #39 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of acute pericarditis is approximately 27.7 per 100,000 individuals annually. The recurrence of pericarditis is seen in almost 30% of patients after first episode of disease. The mortality rate of acute pericarditis is approximately 1.1% in developed countries. Patients of all age groups may develop acute pericarditis. Although it commonly affects people in 20 to 50 years of age. Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. It usually follows respiratory infections, most commonly echovirus or coxsackie virus. In children, it is most commonly caused by adenovirus or coxsackie virus. In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB.

• #40 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of hospitalization for acute pericarditis was estimated to be 3.32 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] Men are more commonly affected by acute pericarditis than women. […] Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. […] In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB. It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic pericardiocentesis in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa, while the same accounts for 4% of cases in developed countries.

• #41 Acute Pericarditis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85826

  Pericarditis is diagnosed in nearly 0.1% of hospital admissions and 5% of the patients admitted to emergency department with noncardiac chest pain. […] The incidence of acute pericarditis is nearly 27.7/100,000 individuals per year. In developed countries, mortality rate of the disease is 1.1%. Acute pericarditis can be developed in all age groups, however, it is common in patients age between 20 and 50 years. Racial predilection is not defined related to disease. Men are more commonly affected than women. Most of the cases with pericarditis is idiopathic. In developed countries the main reasons of the acute pericarditis are viral infections and malignancies. Tuberculosis and HIV infections are the common causes of pericarditis in developing countries.

• #42 Acute Pericarditis: Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9122084/

  Acute pericarditis is the most common inflammatory heart disorder, ahead of acute myocarditis and infective endocarditis. In the Western world, the incidence of acute pericarditis in the general population is estimated at approximately 27.7 cases per 100,000 subjects per year, whereas the standardized incidence rate of hospital admissions for pericarditis is 3.32 cases per 100,000 person-years. […] The incidence of complications depends largely on the underlying etiology (higher in secondary forms), certain patient characteristics (age and sex), and treatment choice (such as use of glucocorticoids). […] In the developing countries, the most common form of pericarditis is tuberculous, which accounts for approximately 70-80% of cases with the rate increasing to 90% in HIV-positive patients.

• #43 Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis (CCP) in Africa: Epidemiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Surgical Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/65998

  Chronic constrictive pericarditis (CCP) is not rare in Africa with tuberculosis as the most common etiology. […] In Africa, the frequency of acute pericarditis varies widely with geographical location ranging from 2 to 11.3% among patients admitted in a hospital for cardiovascular diseases; it affects mostly young male population with an average age between 26 and 42 years old and tuberculosis as the most frequent etiology from 33 to 69.5% in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Noubiap et al. have reported a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of pericardial diseases in Africa confirming clearly that tuberculosis remains as the leading cause of pericardial diseases in African Resource-Limited Settings with poor outcome marked by a mortality rate between 18 and 25% including a very high one of 40% within 6 months among patients with HIV/AIDS positive. […] In Africa, and in literature overall, the epidemiological pattern, incidence, and prevalence of CCP are not well elucidated. […] Nevertheless, it is known that tuberculosis is the most frequent etiology of constrictive pericarditis in Africa and emerging countries (40-90%).

• #44 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of hospitalization for acute pericarditis was estimated to be 3.32 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] Men are more commonly affected by acute pericarditis than women. […] Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. […] In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB. It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic pericardiocentesis in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa, while the same accounts for 4% of cases in developed countries.

• #45 Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/epidemiology-of-pericardial-effusions-at-a-large-academic-hospital-in-south-africa/68B0547F33263B73BC7A68428F3FFB7C

  The aim was to establish the prevalence of large pericardial effusions in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, and to determine the incidence of various types of effusions. A total of 233 patients presented with large pericardial effusions. […] Tuberculous pericarditis was the most common cause of pericardial effusions (695%, n=162). It was concluded that tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of pericarditis in this province of South Africa. The prevalence of TB confounded by HIV co-infection is steadily increasing, burdening the health-care facilities.

• #46 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of hospitalization for acute pericarditis was estimated to be 3.32 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] Men are more commonly affected by acute pericarditis than women. […] Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. […] In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB. It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic pericardiocentesis in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa, while the same accounts for 4% of cases in developed countries.

• #47

  http://hsd-fmsb.org/index.php/hra/article/view/5529

  Infectious pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardial leaflets, which may or may not be associated with an effusion due to a micro-organism. […] This was a retrospective study of patients hospitalised for infectious pericarditis in the cardiology department of the Niamey National Hospital from January to December 2019. […] During the study period of one year, 20 cases were found, giving a hospital prevalence of 3.19%. […] The main aetiology was tuberculosis (40%). […] The outcome was unfavourable in 60% of cases, with cardiac tamponade the main complication (40%). […] In-hospital mortality was 25%. […] Infectious pericarditis in Niamey is tuberculous in origin in 40% of cases. It usually affects males in their forties, with a mortality rate of one in four patients.

• #48 Constrictive pericarditis – prevalence, causes and clinical presentation

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Constrictive-pericarditis-prevalence-causes-and-clinical-presentation

  The true prevalence of CP remains to be defined. […] It is known to occur in 0.2-0.4% of patients who have undergone cardiac surgery and has been assessed to occur in less than 1% of cases after idiopathic pericarditis. […] In the developed world it most commonly occurs after idiopathic pericarditis, followed by prior cardiac surgery and exposure to prior chest radiotherapy. […] The true incidence of tuberculous CP in the developing world is, in all likelihood, underestimated owing to the challenge in establishing a definite diagnosis of TBP during the effusive stage of the disease. […] It is currently estimated to be 31.65 cases per 1,000 person years, and is second only to purulent disease as a cause of constriction at 52.74 cases per 1,000 person years. […] Resurgence in tuberculous CP in developed nations is very likely given the increase in refugees to these areas from the developing world. […] Iatrogenic CP may also become more common with the increased uptake of invasive electrophysiology procedures within the pericardial space.

• #49 Acute Pericarditis: Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9122084/

  Acute pericarditis is the most common inflammatory heart disorder, ahead of acute myocarditis and infective endocarditis. In the Western world, the incidence of acute pericarditis in the general population is estimated at approximately 27.7 cases per 100,000 subjects per year, whereas the standardized incidence rate of hospital admissions for pericarditis is 3.32 cases per 100,000 person-years. […] The incidence of complications depends largely on the underlying etiology (higher in secondary forms), certain patient characteristics (age and sex), and treatment choice (such as use of glucocorticoids). […] In the developing countries, the most common form of pericarditis is tuberculous, which accounts for approximately 70-80% of cases with the rate increasing to 90% in HIV-positive patients.

• #50

  https://journals.lww.com/cardiologyinreview/fulltext/2022/03000/clinical_burden_and_unmet_need_in_recurrent.2.aspx

  There are no US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for acute or recurrent pericarditis, nor are there US treatment guidelines. The painful nature of AP episodes coupled with the lack of evidence-based treatment options suggests that the clinical, health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL), and economic burden and unmet need in RP could be substantial. […] The aim of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to identify and summarize publications on the clinical, HRQOL, and economic burden of pericarditis, focusing on recurrent and complicated disease. […] The studies that were reviewed reported on several key complications of acute and/or recurrent pericarditis. Pericardial effusion was reported in 16 of the studies reviewed, with a mean prevalence of 54.7%. […] Cardiac tamponade (CT) occurred in a weighted average of 12.7% of patients across 10 real-world studies; this figure was consistent for the US-only studies, given that the weighted average was driven heavily by 1 large US study of hospitalized patients.

• #51 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  In developing countries, mycobacterium tuberculosis accounts for at least 70% of acute pericarditis cases. […] Notably, in the setting of acute pericarditis, pericardial effusions (newly appearing or increasing in size) are included in the four main diagnostic criteria for acute pericarditis. […] Pericardial effusion in acute pericarditis is observed in ~60% of causes and is mostly mild (~80% of cases). […] On the other hand, non-infectious causes of pericardial effusions include cancer (10–25%), iatrogenic causes (15–20%), and autoimmune/auto-inflammatory diseases (5–15%), while tuberculosis is the most common cause (>60%) in endemic areas. […] Despite extensive diagnostic work-up, unfortunately half of the cases in the Western world are finally classified as idiopathic, while in the subgroup of chronic, large, asymptomatic, idiopathic, non-inflammatory effusions, the possibility of unveiling a specific etiology is as low as 7%.

• #52 Pericardial Disease in Patients with Cancer: Clinical Insights on Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/20/3466

  Pericardial disease is a common complication in patients with cancer and is usually associated with an unfavorable prognosis. In necropsy series of patients with cancer, pericardial involvement was observed from 2% to 15–30% of the time. […] About 5–10% of acute pericarditis may be secondary to an underlying oncologic process, resulting in a poor prognosis of oncologic disease. However, the real prevalence of pericarditis in cancer patients remains uncertain and probably underdiagnosed. […] Pericardial effusion is a relatively common incidental finding in cancer patients and entails poor prognosis and an advanced stage of the disease. Cancer treatment is responsible for about 30% of cases of pericardial effusion, although the percentage could be higher with the increased use of immunotherapy.

• #53

  https://journals.lww.com/cardiologyinreview/fulltext/2022/03000/clinical_burden_and_unmet_need_in_recurrent.2.aspx

  There are no US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for acute or recurrent pericarditis, nor are there US treatment guidelines. The painful nature of AP episodes coupled with the lack of evidence-based treatment options suggests that the clinical, health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL), and economic burden and unmet need in RP could be substantial. […] The aim of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to identify and summarize publications on the clinical, HRQOL, and economic burden of pericarditis, focusing on recurrent and complicated disease. […] The studies that were reviewed reported on several key complications of acute and/or recurrent pericarditis. Pericardial effusion was reported in 16 of the studies reviewed, with a mean prevalence of 54.7%. […] Cardiac tamponade (CT) occurred in a weighted average of 12.7% of patients across 10 real-world studies; this figure was consistent for the US-only studies, given that the weighted average was driven heavily by 1 large US study of hospitalized patients.

• #54

  http://hsd-fmsb.org/index.php/hra/article/view/5529

  Infectious pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardial leaflets, which may or may not be associated with an effusion due to a micro-organism. […] This was a retrospective study of patients hospitalised for infectious pericarditis in the cardiology department of the Niamey National Hospital from January to December 2019. […] During the study period of one year, 20 cases were found, giving a hospital prevalence of 3.19%. […] The main aetiology was tuberculosis (40%). […] The outcome was unfavourable in 60% of cases, with cardiac tamponade the main complication (40%). […] In-hospital mortality was 25%. […] Infectious pericarditis in Niamey is tuberculous in origin in 40% of cases. It usually affects males in their forties, with a mortality rate of one in four patients.

• #55

  https://journals.lww.com/cardiologyinreview/fulltext/2022/03000/clinical_burden_and_unmet_need_in_recurrent.2.aspx

  There are no US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for acute or recurrent pericarditis, nor are there US treatment guidelines. The painful nature of AP episodes coupled with the lack of evidence-based treatment options suggests that the clinical, health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL), and economic burden and unmet need in RP could be substantial. […] The aim of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to identify and summarize publications on the clinical, HRQOL, and economic burden of pericarditis, focusing on recurrent and complicated disease. […] The studies that were reviewed reported on several key complications of acute and/or recurrent pericarditis. Pericardial effusion was reported in 16 of the studies reviewed, with a mean prevalence of 54.7%. […] Cardiac tamponade (CT) occurred in a weighted average of 12.7% of patients across 10 real-world studies; this figure was consistent for the US-only studies, given that the weighted average was driven heavily by 1 large US study of hospitalized patients.

• #56 Constrictive Pericarditis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157096-overview

  As with many diseases that once were predominantly infectious in origin, the clinical spectrum of constrictive pericarditis has changed. Approximately 9% of patients with acute pericarditis from any cause go on to develop constrictive physiology. The true frequency is dependent on the incidence of the specific causes of pericarditis, but given that acute pericarditis is clinically diagnosed in only 1 in 1000 hospital admissions, the frequency of a diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis is likely to be less than 1 in 10,000 admissions. […] In a 2019 report of annual trends of patients admitted to US hospitals with constrictive pericarditis from 2005 to 2014, investigators found a stable prevalence of 9-10 cases per million. […] In the developing world, infectious etiologies remain more prominent (tuberculosis has the highest total incidence).

• #57 Constrictive pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Constrictive_pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Constriction can occur after almost any pericardial process. […] The likelihood of a constrictive pericarditis diagnosis is less than 10 in 100,000 hospital admissions considering only 9% of acute pericarditis patients develop pericardial constriction. […] This disease is more prevalent in males with a male-to-female ratio of 3:1. […] Constrictive pericarditis has been documented in people 8-70 years of age, with a median of 61 years of age. […] Incidence rates of constrictive pericarditis per person years observed were as follows: Idiopathic/viral pericarditis 76 cases per 100,000 person years, Connective tissue disease/pericardial injury 440 cases per 100,000 person years, Malignant pericarditis 633 cases per 100,000 person years, Tuberculous pericarditis 3165 cases per 100,000 person years, Purulent pericarditis 5274 cases per 100,000 person years.

• #58 Constrictive pericarditis – prevalence, causes and clinical presentation

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Constrictive-pericarditis-prevalence-causes-and-clinical-presentation

  The true prevalence of CP remains to be defined. […] It is known to occur in 0.2-0.4% of patients who have undergone cardiac surgery and has been assessed to occur in less than 1% of cases after idiopathic pericarditis. […] In the developed world it most commonly occurs after idiopathic pericarditis, followed by prior cardiac surgery and exposure to prior chest radiotherapy. […] The true incidence of tuberculous CP in the developing world is, in all likelihood, underestimated owing to the challenge in establishing a definite diagnosis of TBP during the effusive stage of the disease. […] It is currently estimated to be 31.65 cases per 1,000 person years, and is second only to purulent disease as a cause of constriction at 52.74 cases per 1,000 person years. […] Resurgence in tuberculous CP in developed nations is very likely given the increase in refugees to these areas from the developing world. […] Iatrogenic CP may also become more common with the increased uptake of invasive electrophysiology procedures within the pericardial space.

• #59 Constrictive pericarditis – prevalence, causes and clinical presentation

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Constrictive-pericarditis-prevalence-causes-and-clinical-presentation

  The true prevalence of CP remains to be defined. […] It is known to occur in 0.2-0.4% of patients who have undergone cardiac surgery and has been assessed to occur in less than 1% of cases after idiopathic pericarditis. […] In the developed world it most commonly occurs after idiopathic pericarditis, followed by prior cardiac surgery and exposure to prior chest radiotherapy. […] The true incidence of tuberculous CP in the developing world is, in all likelihood, underestimated owing to the challenge in establishing a definite diagnosis of TBP during the effusive stage of the disease. […] It is currently estimated to be 31.65 cases per 1,000 person years, and is second only to purulent disease as a cause of constriction at 52.74 cases per 1,000 person years. […] Resurgence in tuberculous CP in developed nations is very likely given the increase in refugees to these areas from the developing world. […] Iatrogenic CP may also become more common with the increased uptake of invasive electrophysiology procedures within the pericardial space.

• #60

  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120028/pericarditis

  Epidemiology […] Incidence […] common 1/10,000 annual incidence […] viral pericarditis […] accounts for 70-90% of cases […] idiopathic pericarditis […] accounts for 10-30% of cases […] Demographics […] typically affects adults between the ages of 20-50 […] risk factors include […] previous myocardial infarction […] viral, bacterial, or fungal infection […] kidney failure or ESRD

• #61

  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120028/pericarditis

  Epidemiology […] Incidence […] common 1/10,000 annual incidence […] viral pericarditis […] accounts for 70-90% of cases […] idiopathic pericarditis […] accounts for 10-30% of cases […] Demographics […] typically affects adults between the ages of 20-50 […] risk factors include […] previous myocardial infarction […] viral, bacterial, or fungal infection […] kidney failure or ESRD

• #62

  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120028/pericarditis

  Epidemiology […] Incidence […] common 1/10,000 annual incidence […] viral pericarditis […] accounts for 70-90% of cases […] idiopathic pericarditis […] accounts for 10-30% of cases […] Demographics […] typically affects adults between the ages of 20-50 […] risk factors include […] previous myocardial infarction […] viral, bacterial, or fungal infection […] kidney failure or ESRD

• #63 Pericarditis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617023/all/Pericarditis?q=Pericarditis

  Infectious pericarditis is more frequently seen in children 13 years of age, with predominance in children 2 years of age. […] 2 to 3/1,000 hospitalized children have pericarditis. […] Adolescent males constitute the majority of children hospitalized with idiopathic or viral pericarditis. […] Postpericardiotomy syndrome occurs in ~510% of children following uncomplicated cardiac surgery, particularly when the atrium has been entered.

• #64 Pericardial Disease in Patients with Cancer: Clinical Insights on Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/20/3466

  Pericardial disease is a common complication in patients with cancer and is usually associated with an unfavorable prognosis. In necropsy series of patients with cancer, pericardial involvement was observed from 2% to 15–30% of the time. […] About 5–10% of acute pericarditis may be secondary to an underlying oncologic process, resulting in a poor prognosis of oncologic disease. However, the real prevalence of pericarditis in cancer patients remains uncertain and probably underdiagnosed. […] Pericardial effusion is a relatively common incidental finding in cancer patients and entails poor prognosis and an advanced stage of the disease. Cancer treatment is responsible for about 30% of cases of pericardial effusion, although the percentage could be higher with the increased use of immunotherapy.

• #65 Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of hospitalization for acute pericarditis was estimated to be 3.32 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] Men are more commonly affected by acute pericarditis than women. […] Pericarditis in developed countries is most commonly due to malignancy or viral infection. […] In developing countries pericarditis is usually secondary to tuberculosis or HIV infection. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB. It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic pericardiocentesis in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa, while the same accounts for 4% of cases in developed countries.

• #66 Acute Pericarditis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2024/0500/acute-pericarditis.html

  Acute pericarditis is defined as inflammation of the pericardium and occurs in approximately 4.4% of patients who present to the emergency department for nonischemic chest pain, with a higher prevalence in men. […] Patients with a higher risk of complications should be admitted to the hospital for further workup and treatment. […] Kumar N, Pandey A, Jain P, et al. Acute pericarditis-associated hospitalization in the USA: a nationwide analysis, 20032012. […] Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF. Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa.

• #67 Pericarditis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditis

  About 30% of people with viral pericarditis or pericarditis of an unknown cause have one or several recurrent episodes. […] Pericarditis is an uncommon cause of chest pain. […] About 3 per 10,000 people are affected per year. […] Those most commonly affected are males between the ages of 20 and 50. […] Up to 30% of those affected have more than one episode.

• #68 Constrictive Pericarditis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157096-overview

  Although pediatric data are lacking for epidemiologic analysis, it is clear that the condition is rare in adults and even more rare in children. In all age groups, prevalence is increased among patients who are hospitalized and among patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. Cases have been reported in persons aged 8-70 years. Predilection is likely reflective of the underlying disease. Historical studies suggest a median age of 45 years, whereas more recent studies suggest a median age of 61 years (possibly reflecting ongoing demographic changes). […] There appears to be a male predominance, with some studies report a male-to-female ratio of 3:1. No racial predilection exists for this disorder. […] Between 2005 and 2014, patients with constrictive pericarditis who underwent pericardiectomy were younger, more likely to be male, and had fewer comorbidities than those who received medical management.

• #69 Constrictive pericarditis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Constrictive_pericarditis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Constriction can occur after almost any pericardial process. […] The likelihood of a constrictive pericarditis diagnosis is less than 10 in 100,000 hospital admissions considering only 9% of acute pericarditis patients develop pericardial constriction. […] This disease is more prevalent in males with a male-to-female ratio of 3:1. […] Constrictive pericarditis has been documented in people 8-70 years of age, with a median of 61 years of age. […] Incidence rates of constrictive pericarditis per person years observed were as follows: Idiopathic/viral pericarditis 76 cases per 100,000 person years, Connective tissue disease/pericardial injury 440 cases per 100,000 person years, Malignant pericarditis 633 cases per 100,000 person years, Tuberculous pericarditis 3165 cases per 100,000 person years, Purulent pericarditis 5274 cases per 100,000 person years.

• #70 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  Similarly, data on the eventual differences according to sex and age are scarce and limited to the presence of pericardial effusions in acute pericarditis where older patients present more often with pericardial effusions compared to younger individuals without any difference related to sex. […] In pericardial effusions without evidence of concomitant pericardial inflammation, no differences based on sex have emerged either. […] From an etiological point of view, pericardial effusions may have infectious and non-infectious causes. […] Infections etiologies (mainly viral infections) account for 15–30% of cases and are characterized by the elevation of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cells. […] Imaging, especially cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, reveals ongoing pericardial inflammation through pericardial edema in T2 sequences and pericardial late gadolinium enhancement.

• #71 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e317

  This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of myocarditis/pericarditis after BNT162b2 vaccination in Korean adolescents. […] A total 3,709,063 adolescents aged 12-19 received 8,135,240 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine in South Korea, and 184 cases met the Brighton criteria for the case definition of myocarditis and pericarditis with diagnostic certainty of possible and above. […] The overall incidence was 2.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.94-2.60) cases per 100,000 doses and severe cases was 0.25 (95% CI, 0.15-3.80) cases per 100,000 doses. […] The highest incidence rate was observed in boys after the second dose, with 5.01 (95% CI, 4.12-6.17) cases per 100,000 doses. […] The highest incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis after BNT162b2 immunization was observed in male adolescents after the second dose, with majority of the cases presenting with a mild clinical course and favorable outcome.

• #72 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e317

  The overall incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis within 42 days after the administration of any doses of BNT162b2 vaccine was 2.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.94-2.60) cases per 100,000 doses, and the incidence of severe cases was 0.25 (95% CI, 0.15-3.80) cases per 100,000 doses. […] The highest incidence was observed in boys after the second dose, with 5.01 (95% CI, 4.12-6.17) cases per 100,000 doses. […] Continuous surveillance of both short-term and long-term adverse events in vaccines developed using novel platforms is necessary, as safety analyses in clinical trials are limited. […] In South Korea, during the first two years of BNT162b2 vaccine administration in adolescents aged 12 to 19, a total 8,135,240 doses were administered to 3,709,063 adolescents, and a total 184 cases of vaccine-related myocarditis/pericarditis were reported.

• #73 Postmarketing active surveillance of myocarditis and pericarditis following vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in persons aged 12 to 39 years in Italy: A multi-database, self-controlled case series study | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004056

  The highest risks were observed in males of 12 to 39 years and in males and females 18 to 29 years vaccinated with mRNA-1273. […] Intensive postmarketing surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is ongoing worldwide to provide updated information on their effectiveness and safety, thereby supporting regulatory benefit/risk assessment. […] In line with these findings, recent published data from large population-based studies from Israel, United States, United Kingdom, and Denmark documented that the risks of myocarditis/pericarditis following mRNA vaccines differ by age groups, sex, and vaccine product with a higher risk in those younger than 40 years. […] Along with the enhanced passive surveillance of the Italian PharmacoVigilance network, an active surveillance, based on regional healthcare claims databases, was set up by the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) and the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) to provide real-world data on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine safety.

• #74 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  Pericardial effusion is a common pericardial syndrome with an estimated incidence of 3% and a prevalence of 5.7–9%. […] Most of the epidemiological data have been obtained from the Western world and mainly from specialized referral centers, and thus possibly subjected to referral bias. […] Relevant data from low-resource areas where tuberculosis is the main cause of pericardial syndromes overall are very scant. […] The contemporary International Classification of Diseases (ICDs) coding system raises additional concerns regarding the true frequency of pericardial effusions. […] This coding tool depicts low reliability regarding the correct categorization and may accordingly lead to diagnostic misclassifications. In this context, pericardial effusions are often misreported as acute pericarditis.

• #75 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  Pericardial effusion is a common pericardial syndrome with an estimated incidence of 3% and a prevalence of 5.7–9%. […] Most of the epidemiological data have been obtained from the Western world and mainly from specialized referral centers, and thus possibly subjected to referral bias. […] Relevant data from low-resource areas where tuberculosis is the main cause of pericardial syndromes overall are very scant. […] The contemporary International Classification of Diseases (ICDs) coding system raises additional concerns regarding the true frequency of pericardial effusions. […] This coding tool depicts low reliability regarding the correct categorization and may accordingly lead to diagnostic misclassifications. In this context, pericardial effusions are often misreported as acute pericarditis.

• #76 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  Pericardial effusion is a common pericardial syndrome with an estimated incidence of 3% and a prevalence of 5.7–9%. […] Most of the epidemiological data have been obtained from the Western world and mainly from specialized referral centers, and thus possibly subjected to referral bias. […] Relevant data from low-resource areas where tuberculosis is the main cause of pericardial syndromes overall are very scant. […] The contemporary International Classification of Diseases (ICDs) coding system raises additional concerns regarding the true frequency of pericardial effusions. […] This coding tool depicts low reliability regarding the correct categorization and may accordingly lead to diagnostic misclassifications. In this context, pericardial effusions are often misreported as acute pericarditis.

• #77 Clinical guidance for youth with myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/clinical-guidance-for-youth-with-myocarditis-and-pericarditis

  There is a temporal association between receiving mRNA COVID-19 vaccination and myocarditis and pericarditis among youth. These events are very rare. The risk-benefit decision for mRNA vaccination is favourable, and the vaccine is recommended for all eligible populations. […] Health Canada, PHAC and provincial/territorial health authorities continue to closely monitor the issue as part of the enhanced COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance. Provincial/territorial public health authorities report Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) to PHAC as part of ongoing safety efforts. Importantly, Canada’s Immunization Monitoring Program Active (IMPACT), a paediatric national hospital-based surveillance network, provides active surveillance of myocarditis/pericarditis emergency visits and hospitalizations at tertiary centres.

• #78 Clinical guidance for youth with myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/clinical-guidance-for-youth-with-myocarditis-and-pericarditis

  There is a temporal association between receiving mRNA COVID-19 vaccination and myocarditis and pericarditis among youth. These events are very rare. The risk-benefit decision for mRNA vaccination is favourable, and the vaccine is recommended for all eligible populations. […] Health Canada, PHAC and provincial/territorial health authorities continue to closely monitor the issue as part of the enhanced COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance. Provincial/territorial public health authorities report Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) to PHAC as part of ongoing safety efforts. Importantly, Canada’s Immunization Monitoring Program Active (IMPACT), a paediatric national hospital-based surveillance network, provides active surveillance of myocarditis/pericarditis emergency visits and hospitalizations at tertiary centres.

• #79 Postmarketing active surveillance of myocarditis and pericarditis following vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in persons aged 12 to 39 years in Italy: A multi-database, self-controlled case series study | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004056

  The highest risks were observed in males of 12 to 39 years and in males and females 18 to 29 years vaccinated with mRNA-1273. […] Intensive postmarketing surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is ongoing worldwide to provide updated information on their effectiveness and safety, thereby supporting regulatory benefit/risk assessment. […] In line with these findings, recent published data from large population-based studies from Israel, United States, United Kingdom, and Denmark documented that the risks of myocarditis/pericarditis following mRNA vaccines differ by age groups, sex, and vaccine product with a higher risk in those younger than 40 years. […] Along with the enhanced passive surveillance of the Italian PharmacoVigilance network, an active surveillance, based on regional healthcare claims databases, was set up by the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) and the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) to provide real-world data on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine safety.

• #80 Recurrent Pericarditis for Professionals – Professional Heart Daily | American Heart Association

  https://professional.heart.org/en/education/recurrent-pericarditis-for-professionals

  Pericarditis is inflammation of the fibroelastic pericardial sac. Acute pericarditis has been observed in ≈0.1% of hospitalized patients and 5% of patients admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of noncardiac chest pain. […] This webinar provides key takeaways for initial diagnosis and clinical evaluation strategies in recurrent pericarditis. […] Approximately 40,000 patients in the U.S. seek treatment for recurrent pericarditis. […] The Addressing Recurrent Pericarditis initiative is a multifaceted effort to improve diagnosis, treatment and quality of life for patients experiencing this disease. Through this initiative, a cohort of health care champions will participate in a learning collaborative model to identify gaps in and barriers to care, better understand the patient pathway, create best practices and disseminate these insights nationally.

• #81 New Consensus Document on Pericardial Diseases

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/consensus-document-on-pericardial-diseases-brings-needed-guidance-on-multimodality-imaging-and-therapeutics

  A new international expert consensus document detailing the applications of multimodality cardiac imaging in the diagnosis, risk stratification, management and surveillance of pericardial diseases is filling a major education gap among physicians. […] There are no American clinical guidelines on this topic, and the latest European guidelines were published in 2015, before clinical trials of interleukin-1 blockers in recurrent pericarditis were conducted, says Allan Klein, MD, Director of the Pericardial Diseases Center at Cleveland Clinic. This document informs best practices with the goal of reducing variability in the evaluation and management of these patients. […] The role of multimodality imaging in each syndrome is discussed and outlined in one or several helpful tables. Recommendations are provided and key points highlighted.

• #82 New Consensus Document on Pericardial Diseases

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/consensus-document-on-pericardial-diseases-brings-needed-guidance-on-multimodality-imaging-and-therapeutics

  The consensus document notes that it has been endorsed by American College of Cardiology (ACC) Imaging Council and the Society of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and should be used to inform the steps required for diagnosing and treating all forms of pericardial diseases. […] Following the documents imaging and treatment guidance should allow accurate early diagnosis and grading of pericardial diseases and eliminate the undertreatment of acute pericarditis, reducing the risk of debilitating chronic or recurrent disease, Dr. Wang notes.

• #83 Long COVID May Cause Long-Term Changes in the Heart and Lungs and May Lead to Cardiac & Pulmonary Diseases

  https://yubanet.com/scitech/long-covid-may-cause-long-term-changes-in-the-heart-and-lungs-and-may-lead-to-cardiac-pulmonary-diseases/

  Patients suffering from long COVID may exhibit persistent inflammation in the heart and lungs for up to a year following SARS-CoV-2 infection even when standard medical tests return normal results potentially placing them at elevated risk for future cardiac and pulmonary conditions. […] This study brings us closer to understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects the heart and lungs over time. […] We believe long COVID results in an inflammatory response that may predispose patients to premature coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and valvular damage such as stenosis or regurgitation. […] This paper provides more data to highlight that SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that profoundly affects vascular health and that every new infection can do damage. […] Among those scanned, 52 patients representing 57 percent demonstrated evidence of inflammation affecting the heart muscle, pericardium (the thin sac that surrounds the heart), heart valves, particularly the mitral valve, and the aortic and pulmonary blood vessels.

• #84 Long COVID May Cause Long-Term Changes in the Heart and Lungs and May Lead to Cardiac & Pulmonary Diseases

  https://yubanet.com/scitech/long-covid-may-cause-long-term-changes-in-the-heart-and-lungs-and-may-lead-to-cardiac-pulmonary-diseases/

  Patients suffering from long COVID may exhibit persistent inflammation in the heart and lungs for up to a year following SARS-CoV-2 infection even when standard medical tests return normal results potentially placing them at elevated risk for future cardiac and pulmonary conditions. […] This study brings us closer to understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects the heart and lungs over time. […] We believe long COVID results in an inflammatory response that may predispose patients to premature coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and valvular damage such as stenosis or regurgitation. […] This paper provides more data to highlight that SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that profoundly affects vascular health and that every new infection can do damage. […] Among those scanned, 52 patients representing 57 percent demonstrated evidence of inflammation affecting the heart muscle, pericardium (the thin sac that surrounds the heart), heart valves, particularly the mitral valve, and the aortic and pulmonary blood vessels.

• #85 Long COVID May Cause Long-Term Changes in the Heart and Lungs and May Lead to Cardiac & Pulmonary Diseases

  https://yubanet.com/scitech/long-covid-may-cause-long-term-changes-in-the-heart-and-lungs-and-may-lead-to-cardiac-pulmonary-diseases/

  Pericardial involvement was seen in 20 patients, indicating either inflammation or effusion, a buildup of fluid. […] These insights could have far-reaching implications for diagnosis and surveillance. […] These findings should change how we approach care and surveillance not only recognizing SARS-CoV-2 as a potential long-term cardiovascular risk factor, but also integrating molecular imaging into post-COVID evaluation protocols. […] We now have objective evidence that can guide earlier detection and potentially prevent future cardiopulmonary events.

• #86 Constrictive pericarditis – prevalence, causes and clinical presentation

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Constrictive-pericarditis-prevalence-causes-and-clinical-presentation

  The true prevalence of CP remains to be defined. […] It is known to occur in 0.2-0.4% of patients who have undergone cardiac surgery and has been assessed to occur in less than 1% of cases after idiopathic pericarditis. […] In the developed world it most commonly occurs after idiopathic pericarditis, followed by prior cardiac surgery and exposure to prior chest radiotherapy. […] The true incidence of tuberculous CP in the developing world is, in all likelihood, underestimated owing to the challenge in establishing a definite diagnosis of TBP during the effusive stage of the disease. […] It is currently estimated to be 31.65 cases per 1,000 person years, and is second only to purulent disease as a cause of constriction at 52.74 cases per 1,000 person years. […] Resurgence in tuberculous CP in developed nations is very likely given the increase in refugees to these areas from the developing world. […] Iatrogenic CP may also become more common with the increased uptake of invasive electrophysiology procedures within the pericardial space.

• #87 Constrictive pericarditis – prevalence, causes and clinical presentation

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Constrictive-pericarditis-prevalence-causes-and-clinical-presentation

  The true prevalence of CP remains to be defined. […] It is known to occur in 0.2-0.4% of patients who have undergone cardiac surgery and has been assessed to occur in less than 1% of cases after idiopathic pericarditis. […] In the developed world it most commonly occurs after idiopathic pericarditis, followed by prior cardiac surgery and exposure to prior chest radiotherapy. […] The true incidence of tuberculous CP in the developing world is, in all likelihood, underestimated owing to the challenge in establishing a definite diagnosis of TBP during the effusive stage of the disease. […] It is currently estimated to be 31.65 cases per 1,000 person years, and is second only to purulent disease as a cause of constriction at 52.74 cases per 1,000 person years. […] Resurgence in tuberculous CP in developed nations is very likely given the increase in refugees to these areas from the developing world. […] Iatrogenic CP may also become more common with the increased uptake of invasive electrophysiology procedures within the pericardial space.

• #88

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11886-019-1225-6

  A high index of suspicion, use of standardized definitions, and comprehensive evaluation are needed for early identification, appropriate treatment, and better outcomes for patients with cancer treatment-associated pericardial disease. […] Further research is needed to understand the pathophysiology and to evaluate how the management of pericardial conditions in these patients differ from traditional management and also evaluate new therapies. […] Pericardial effusion and pericarditis are common presentations in cancer patients and often difficult to diagnose.

• #89 Long COVID May Cause Long-Term Changes in the Heart and Lungs and May Lead to Cardiac & Pulmonary Diseases

  https://yubanet.com/scitech/long-covid-may-cause-long-term-changes-in-the-heart-and-lungs-and-may-lead-to-cardiac-pulmonary-diseases/

  Pericardial involvement was seen in 20 patients, indicating either inflammation or effusion, a buildup of fluid. […] These insights could have far-reaching implications for diagnosis and surveillance. […] These findings should change how we approach care and surveillance not only recognizing SARS-CoV-2 as a potential long-term cardiovascular risk factor, but also integrating molecular imaging into post-COVID evaluation protocols. […] We now have objective evidence that can guide earlier detection and potentially prevent future cardiopulmonary events.

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